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  • Lepidoptera  (146)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (116)
  • Springer  (262)
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • 1980-1984  (262)
  • 1940-1944
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (262)
  • International Union of Crystallography
Years
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative efficiency of nitrogen fixation in pea root nodules (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hydrogen inhibition ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peas ; Relative efficiency ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to investigate the causes of low relative efficiency, RE, in legume root nodules. Nitrogen fixing activity and RE varied with time of incubation of nodules and with different temperatures and oxygen concentrations. The effects of nitrogen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration were also examined. In each case the RE was inversely related to nitrogen fixing activity; measured by acetylene reduction. Increasing the nitrogen concentration had no effect on either nitrogen fixing activity or RE. Experiments with isolated bacteroids gave higher RE values than the whole nodules from which they were isolated. All the results were consistent with hydrogen inhibition of nitrogenase within the nodule being the cause of low RE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178620
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology, physiology and infectivity of twoFrankia isolates An 1 and An 2 from root nodules ofAlnus nitida (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 45-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Alnus nitrida ; Frankia ; Host-specificity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different strains, An 1 and An 2, were obtained from root nodules ofAlnus nitida Endl., collected from one locality in the area of its natural habitat near Bahrin, District Swat, Pakistan. The light and electron microscopy of the isolates revealed the occurrence of septate and branched hyphae bearing sporangia and vesicles. The strains differed in their growth requirements, nitrogen-fixing ability and production of extracellular pigments, thus indicating the existence of more than oneFrankia strain in the same locality. In the absence of combined nitrogen in the medium strain An 1 formed vesicles and fixed N2 (up to 200 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1.h−1), while strain An 2 under the experimental conditions formed only few vesicles and fixed N2 at a very low rate (ca 10 nmol C2H4. mg protein−1 .h−1). The nitrogenase activity of strain An 1 was strongly affected by the O2 concentration.Frankia An 1 and An 2 were infective and effective onA. nitida andA. glutinosa but not onDatisca cannabina andElaeagnus umbellata. Both An 1 and An 2 strains were more infective and effective onA. glutinosa thanFrankia strains AvcIl and CpI1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277839
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) associated with leaves of different cultivars of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Beijerinckia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paddy ; Phyllosphere ; Silicification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was conducted to study the levels of nitrogen fixation on the leaf or sheath surfaces of four cultivars of paddy plants by using acetylene reduction technique. Varying levels of positive nitrogenase activity were observed on all the leaf surfaces. Sheath of IET 1991 cultivar showed a higher rate of fixation than the leaf surface. All the nitrogen-fixing organisms on the leaf or sheath surfaces belonged to the genus Beijerinckia. There was no correlation between the bacterial density and the level of fixation. Scanning electron microscopic data revealed that the upper surface of IET 1991 leaf was highly silicified and the microflora was either scanty or nil while the lower surface appeared quite different and harboured more micro-organisms. Similarly, the inner surface of sheath was devoid of silicification and showed the presence of micro-organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182928
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneity withinFrankia sp. LDAgpl studied among clones and reisolates (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Frankia ; Infectivity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sporulation ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Frankia sp. LDAgpl, an isolate from spore positive nodules ofAlnus glutinosa, only slowly infects its host plant. Reisolates obtained from occasional nodules caused by infection with LDAgpl, are capable of infecting the alder much more rapidly. A variability analysis of LDAgpl has been performed to obtain more insight into the question whether these reisolates constitute a different genotype within LDAgpl and if the plant is exerting an influence during plant passage. High dilutions of mildly sonicatedFrankia suspensions were plated to obtain genetically homogeneous colonies. Clones thus generated showed differences in growth pattern, sporulation and C2H2-reduction on media containing propionic acid as sole C-source (P-medium). Differences in sporulation on P-medium indicate that LDAgpl was a highly heterogeneous strain. Comparisons of sporulation on several different media gave evidence that the differences in sporulation between LDAgpl clones are the result of differences in efficiency of propionic acid utilization. The differences observed between the reisolates and LDAgpl clones indicate that the reisolates constitute a different genotype, which could be selected for by the plant during the infection process. Comparison with similar changes in phenotype occuring in a spore negative type strain fromA. glutinosa is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277838
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological studies on N2-fixing root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. andAlnus nitida Endl. from Himalaya region in Pakistan (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 129-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizas ; Alnus nitida ; Amino acid composition ; Datisca cannabina ; Hydrogen uptake ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nodulation and the morphology and physiology of the nodules were studied onDatisca cannabina, a perennial herb from northern Pakistan andAlnus nitida, a nodulated tree in the same locality. Both species bear coralloid clusters of actinorhizal nodules. The main free amino acid inD. cannabina nodules was arginine while the predominant free amino acid inA. nitida nodules was citrulline. The infectivity of crushed nodules of both types of plants on their respective host was about 106 infective particles per gram of nodule fresh wt. In cross-inoculation experiments crushed nodule inoculum fromA. nitida failed to induce nodulation onD. cannabina seedlings but the crushed nodule inoculum fromD. cannabina caused low nodulation on seedlings ofA. nitida (103 infective particles. g. nodule fresh wt.). The activity of nitrogenase, hydrogenase and respiration (O2 uptake) were measured in detached nodules, nodule homogenates and the 20 μm residue and 20 μm filtrate preparations from the nodules of both species. Both species showed similar patterns of activities except that only the nodule homogenate and 20 μm residue preparations fromD. cannabina showed pronounced enhancement of the O2 uptake by succinate which was further stimulated by ADP. This has in part been explained by the presence of mitochondria in close connection with the endophyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277845
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Rice response to inoculation with N2-fixing and P-solubilizing microorganisms (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Inoculation ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate solubilization ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculation effect ofA. chroococcum, P. striata andA. awamorii on yield and nutrients uptake in rice was studied under green house conditions. The organisms appreciably increased the yield and uptake of nutrients with or without chemical fertilizers. Phosphorussolubilizing microorganisms and a mixture of the three showed better response than the rest of the treatments among single and mixed culture inoculations respectively. Chemical fertilizers further improved the yield and nutrients uptake. The yield response remained unaffected by replacing superphosphate with rock phosphate and microbial inoculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182344
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Nitrogen fixation efficiency, natural15N abundance, and morphology of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) root nodules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mesquite ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N natural abundance ; Nodule morphology ; Rhizobium bacteria ; Woody legumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relative nitrogen fixation efficiencies (RE 1-[H2 evolved÷C2H2 reduced]·100) of four mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.torreyana) rhizobia (Strains WR 1001, WR 1002, L5, L9) and a cowpea rhizobia (Strain 176A32) on mesquite were evaluated in a glasshouse experiment. Plant yield, shoot N accumulation, and the natural15N abundance (δ15N) of nodule tissue were determined. Strain WR 1002 failed to nodulate mesquite and strain L5 produced ineffective nodules. Among the three effective strains (WR 1001, L9, 176A32) the cowpea strain (176A32) and strain L9 had significantly higher RE than strain WR 1001. Differences in RE, however, were not accompanied by significantly higher plant yield and shoot N accumulation. The difference in15N abundance between foliar tissue and nodules (nodules minus leaves) was 0.47 δ15N for the ineffective L5 nodules, while for the effective WR 1001, L9, and 176A32 nodules, respectively, this difference was 8.35, 7.81, and 8.35 δ15N. This indicates a similar relationship between N2-fixing effectiveness and natural15N enrichment of nodules that was previously observed in soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merr.). Strains WR 1001 and L9 produced elongate, indeterminate nodules typical for mesquite. The ineffective L5 nodules had few infected cells and an abundance of cortical amyloplasts. Mesquite nodules produced by the cowpea strain were spherical and were somewhat more similar in internal morphology to determinate nodules typical of cowpea than indeterminate nodules normally associated with mesquite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182350
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  • 108
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    Observations on the ultrastructure ofFrankia sp. in root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184330
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  • 109
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    Effect of lime additions to acid strip-mine spoil on survival, growth and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of several woody legume and actinomycete-nodulated species (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 353-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Actinomycete-nodulated ; Legume ; Lime ; Mine spoil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An acid mine spoil in Southern Indiana was amended with lime (CaCO3) (0.0, 12.5, 25 and 39t/ha) and planted withElaegnus umbellata Thunb.,Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Robinia fertilis Ashe, ‘Arnot’,Myrica pensylvania Lois,Caragana arborescens L. andShepherdia argentea Nutt. Survival and soil data were collected periodically and plants were harvested 15 months after planting. Nodule and top dry weights were determined and acetylene reduction assays performed on the nodules. Addition of lime caused significant increases in pH, and 39 t/ha of lime were required to maintain a pH above 5.5. Survival of plant material was greatest at the highest lime addition, although response of individual species varied.Elaeagnus umbellata, R. pseudoacacia, R. fertilis ‘Arnot’, andA. glutinosa appeared more tolerant of the harsh conditions. OnlyC. arborescens showed a linear increase in top dry weight due to lime addition.Alnus glutinosa andS. argentea achieved statistically the same growth regardless of pH, andR. fertilis ‘Arnot’ andE. umbellata did not increase in top dry weight above an addition of 25 t/ha.Robinia pseudoacacia achieved maximum top dry weight at 25 t/ha, whereasM. pensylvanica growth declined with increasing pH. Nodule dry weights increased with increasing pH; however,S. argentea showed greater nodule dry weights at lower lime levels. Acetylene reduction rates increased with lime addition.Elaegnus umbellata did not respond above 25 t/ha lime, whereasA. glutinosa did not show an increase until this point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184328
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  • 110
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    A pellet method to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living rhizobia (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living Rhizobium cells. After aerobic growth in a nutrient solution, the bacteria are centrifuged. Acetylene reduction by the rhizobial cells in the pellet can be measured within a few days. Hydrogen gas frequently stimulates acetylene reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149721
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  • 111
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    Isolation and partial characterization of Fix− mutants from Rhizobium strain 32H1 (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 395-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fix− mutants ; Fix+ revertants ; Macroptilium lathyroides ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight ineffective mutant strains were isolated from N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenized cultures of cowpea Rhizobium strain 32H1. Strains CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5 and CR6 induced more, but smaller, nodules than the wild type. With the exception of strain CR2, these mutant strains reduced less than 1% of the amount of acetylene reduced by the wild type, in both the free-living and symbiotic assays. Strain CR2 reduced acetylene in the free-living assay but not in the symbiotic assay. Strains CR7 and CR8 responded variably (5–20% of the wild type) in free-living and symbiotic acetylene reduction assays. Nodules also varied from small white to normal-sized pink nodules. The phenotypic characteristics of the mutant strains were consistant with all leguminous plants tested and were stable upon reisolation from nodules. Fully effective revertants were selected from 4 of the ineffective mutant strains by the use of the leguminous plant,Macroptilium lathyroides. Serology, patterns of resistance to anti-bacterial agents, phage-typing, and antibiotic resistance markers were used to confirm strain identification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181357
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  • 112
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    Competition of strains of Rhizobium of the cowpea group in two soil types (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 251-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition of Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Vigna radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Competition of five strains of Rhizobium of the cowpea group, onVigna radiata (L) Wilcjeck variety ML 5, was tested in loamy clay and loamy sand soils. Strains RM 6 and RM 5 were effective nodulators in loamy clay soil, and strains MNH, M 20 and RM 6 were effective nodulators in loamy sand soil. Strains RM 6 and MNH predominated nodule formation in loamy clay and loamy sand soils respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184256
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  • 113
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    Effect of ammonium or nitrate on nitrogen fixation by a terrestrial Blue-green alga (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fertilisers ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of ammonium or nitrate-nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation by an algal crust are compared. Nitrate-nitrogen up to 3.0 μmoles N g−1 sand/algal crust at 60% water holding capacity did not affect fixation, whereas an ammonium-nitrogen concentration of 0.2 μmoles N g−1 crust markedly depressed fixation. Consequences of these differential effects are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184259
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  • 114
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    Nitrogen fixation by the woody legumeLeucaena leucocephala in Tanzania (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agro-forestry ; Acetylene reduction ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Nematode root knots ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule biomass ; Woody legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nitrogen fixation rate in a 4-year-old stand of the woody legumeLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. was estimated in the field at a rather dry site in Tanzania by use of an acetylene reduction technique. The diurnal mean value during April–May was 35 nmol C2H4 mg−1 (dry weight) nodules h−1, with a variation between 22±8 and 48±12 nmol C2H4 mg−1 (dry weight) nodules h−1 in early morning and at midday, respectively. The nodule biomass was determined by auger sampling to be 51±16 kg (dry weight) ha−1. Most of the nodules were found at the 10–30 cm soil depth level. A rough calculation of the amount of nitrogen fixed annually arrived at 110±30 kg ha−1. The results give strong support for the use ofL. leucocephala for soil enrichment in less humid areas of tropical Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203398
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  • 115
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    The effect of wood charcoal on the growth and nodulation of garden peas in pot culture (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 125-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Charcoal ; Garden pea ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fertilisation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Pisum sativum ; Wood charcoal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a factorial pot experiment on garden peas investigating the effect of growing medium, inoculation, nitrogen fertilisation and charcoal addition, shoot growth was significantly better in John Innes potting compost than in 50/50 peat/sand compost and when receiving nitrogen fertilisation but was depressed by the presence of wood charcoal. In the peat/sand medium, root systems were smaller but carried more and larger nodules. The number of nodules was increased by inoculation but the addition of carbon decreased root size, nodule number and nodule size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203411
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  • 116
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    Lack of effect of toxic aluminium concentrations on nitrogen fixation by nodulatedStylosanthes species (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes hamata ; Stylosanthes humilis ; Stylosanthes scabra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25, and 100μM) on nitrogen fixation by well-nodulated plants ofStylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis andStylosanthes scabra are reported. Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium CB756 and grown for 21 days in an aluminium-free nutrient solution at pH 5.3 before imposition of the aluminium treatments. Nitrogen fixation was measured both by the increase in total nitrogen content of the plants and acetylene reduction in roots of plants harvested at 10 and 20 days after imposition of the aluminium treatments. Solution aluminium concentrations as high as 100μM, had no detrimental effect on nitrogen fixation in any species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183981
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  • 117
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    Effect of two granular nematicides on growth and nodulation ofArachis hypogea L. (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth ; Nematicide ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of two granular nematicidesviz. oxamyl and fenamiphos, on the nodulation and growth of Rhizobium inoculatedArachis hypogaea L. was studied in glasshouse and field trials. In the glasshouse trial at the suggested rates of application shoot fresh weight was significantly reduced by oxamyl whilst root fresh weight was similarly affected by fenamiphos. In the field trial vegetative growth and plant emergence were significantly reduced by both nematicides. Nodulation at the higher rates of application was increased by both oxamyl and fenamiphos whilst oxamyl caused a significant increase in pod number at the highest rate of application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183808
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  • 118
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    Effect of inoculation withGlomus mosseae on nitrogen fixation by field grown soybeans (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alginate ; A value ; Endomycorrhiza ; Glomus mosseae ; Inoculant ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This field study was undertaken to determine the effect of inoculation withGlomus mosseae on N2 fixation and P uptake by soybean. The inoculation withGlomus mosseae was achieved using a new type of inoculant, alginate-entrapped (AE) endomycorrhizal fungus. N2 fixation was assessed using the A value method. In P-fertilized plots, inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae increased the harvest index based on dry weight (+20%) and N content of seeds (+17%), the A value (+31%) and %N derived from fixation (+75%). Inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae decreased the coefficient of variation for the A value and for the dry weights of the different plant parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197937
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  • 119
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    Response of maize toAzotobacter chroococcum (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374521
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  • 120
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    Total nitrogen uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374522
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    Increased root exudation of14C-compounds by sorghum seedlings inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Associative nitrogen fixation ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudate ; Soil bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Organic components leaked fromSorghum bicolor seedlings (‘root exudates’) were examined by recovering14C labelled compounds from root solutions of seedlings inoculated withAzospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii orKlebsiella pneumoniae nif-. Up to 3.5% of the total14C recovered from shoots, roots, and nutrient solutions was found in the root solutions. Inoculation with Azospirillum and Azotobacter increased the amounts of14C and decreased the amounts of carbohydrates in the root solutions. When sucrose was added as a carbon source for the bacteria, the increase of14C in the solutions did not occur. Quantities of14C found in the root solutions were proportional to amounts of mineral nitrogen supplied to the plants. Bacterial growth also was proportional to nitrogen levels. When sorghum plants were grown in soil and labelled with14CO2, about 15% of the total14C recovered within 48 hours exposure was found in soil leachates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372460
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    Nodulation and N2 fixation byInga jinicuil, a woody legume in coffee plantations (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Inga jinicuil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Nodule biomass ; Nutrients ; Shading ; Tropics ; Woody legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different fertilizers and soil shading on nodulation and acetylene reduction ofInga jinicuil seedlings. Initially, seedlings produced maximum nodule biomass when grown with high levels of phosphorus but reduced the most acetylene under intermediate phosphorus fertilization. These response differences, however, gradually diminished with age, being negligible when the seedlings were a year old. Nitrogen fertilization inhibited nodulation and acetylene reduction throughout the experiment. Potassium did not significantly affect nodulation, but low levels of potassium stimulated, and high levels inhibited acetylene reduction activity relative to unfertilized control plants. Neither magnesium nor molybdenum affected nodulation or acetylene reduction. Soil shading resulted in decreased nodule biomass and less nitrogen-fixing activity during summer months. However, the data suggest that shading may favour nitrogen fixation in colder periods by moderating soil temperatures. These results confirm findings from an earlier field study and show that nodulation and nitrogen-fixing activity by leguminous trees is influenced by the types and amounts of nutrients supplied. This suggests that the quantity of nitrogen fixed by leguminous shade trees in coffee plantations may be amenable to manipulation through simple management techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185099
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    TheParasponia parviflora—Rhizobium symbiosis. Host specificity, growth and nitrogen fixation under various conditions (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 309-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Amino-acid composition ; Chromosome number ; Cross-inoculation ; Growth various substrates ; Medium composition ; Nitrogen fixation ; Parasponia parviflora ; Root nodule ; Temperate Rhizobium species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cross-inoculation experiments withParasponia parviflora plants and a large number of Rhizobium strains isolated from legumes, mainly of temperate origin, showed that strains ofRhizobium trifolii andR. lupini could produce root nodulation in Parasponia. Root nodulation was also obtained with some tropical Rhizobium isolates such as those from Arachis and Albizzia, but not withRhizobium japonicum strains. In addition, strains ofR. leguminosarum, R. phaseoli andR. meliloti produced abnormal root nodules or pseudo-root nodules in Parasponia seedlings. All root nodules induced in Parasponia by foreign Rhizobium species lacked, however, nitrogenase activity. Testing the reverse combination Parasponia-Rhizobium on legumes yielded with regard to root nodulation negative results, except withVigna sinensis and twoMacroptilium species (M. atropurpureum andM. lathyroides). The root nodules produced in the latter legumes showed nitrogenase activity.Trema cannabina seedlings inoculated with Parasponia-Rhizobium invariably did not produce root nodules. The feasibility of Parasponia to accept foreign rhizobia bacteria or to produce pseudo-nodulation is probably genetically determined. In a karyological study it was shown thatParasponia parviflora had the chromosome number 2n=20. Growth experiments revealed thatP. parviflora can be cultivated in water culture, perlite and in soil (pot) culture. It can also be grown in agar tubes, although growth under these conditions is sometimes rather variable. Nitrogenase (C2H2) tests showed that water-culture root nodules were 5–10 times less active than those from perlite culture, soil or agar tubes. On the whole, nitrogenase activity of root nodules grown on the various substrates and receiving different treatments, was rather variable.Vigna sinensis plants inoculated with Parasponia-Rhizobium showed on basis of fresh nodule weight a 3–4 times higher nitrogenase activity as compared with the same strain on Parasponia. However, as shown by acetylene reduction tests of nodule slices, the main activity of mature Parasponia root nodules is situated in the apical part of the root nodule. On fresh weight basis the nitrogenase activity of this nodule section is of the same order as that of leguminous root nodules. Intact Parasponia plants showed higher nitrogenase activities than excised root nodules. The maximal nitrogen fixation rate ofParasponia parviflora plants was 20–25 μmol. C2H4·g−1 fresh weight nodule tissue.h−1, which value is comparable to that of legumes and higher than estimates obtained by Parasponia in the field. No decrease of the nitrogen-fixation rate was observed in Parasponia plants tested in a diurnal cycle during the 12-hours dark period. Amino-acid analyses of Parasponia root nodules showed large quantities of aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine suggesting a role of these amino acids in the nitrogen fixation or transport processes. In contrast to actinorhizal root nodules Parasponia root nodules do not contain citrulline. The latter amino acid was, however, found—although in rather low concentration—inVigna sinensis andMacroptilium atropurpureum nodules obtained withParasponia-Rhizobium.
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    Host-genetic control of nitrogen fixation in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis: complication in the genetic analysis due to maternal effects (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 449-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Genetic control ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum L. ; Rhizobium Maternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pea cv. Afghanistan a recessive gene sym 6 prevents the full expression of nitrogenase activity in root nodules, induced byRhizobium leguminosarum strain F 13. In contrast, nitrogenase activity is fully expressed in pea cv. Iran. A comparison of the reciprocal hybrids of these two plants showed that the size of the plant was determined by the mother plant (maternal effect). Therefore the shoot weight and the total amount of nitrogen fixed are not suitable as parameters for a genetic analysis. The % nitrogen of the shoot and the specific activity of the nodules per gram of nodules are more reliable, but for practical purposes the specific activity of the nodules expressed per gram of shoot tissue can be used.
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    Physiological and symbiotic characteristics of fast-growingRhizobium japonicum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Asian-type soybean ; Fast-growingRhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium physiology ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in fast-growing (FG)Rhizobium japonicum. Carbon nutritional patterns linked these rhizobia to other FG rhizobia. They were able to use hexoses, pentoses, disaccharides, trioses, and organic acids for growth, but they were unable to use dulcitol or citrate. These rhizobia produced acid with all carbon sources except intermediates of the Krebs cycle. FGR. japonicum showed no vitamin requirements and were tolerant to 1% NaCl but not to 2%. They nodulated cowpea, pigeon pea, and mung bean but not peanut. Effective, nitrogen-fixing symbioses were observed only with cowpea and pigeon pea. In addition, FGR. japonicum formed effective symbioses with Asian-type soybeans. We concluded that although the physiological characteristics of FGR. japonicum were similar to other FG rhizobia, their symbiotic properties were similar to slow-growing rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182807
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    A modified sucrose fractionation procedure for the isolation of frankiae from actinorhizal root nodules and soil samples (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizal plants ; Bacterial isolation techniques ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Soil ; Sucrose density fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The isolation and pure culture of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing frankiae has always been difficult. In the past the isolation of these actinomycetes directly from soil samples has proven impossible and isolations from root nodules of many genera has been only poorly successful. We report here a modified sucrose fractionation procedure which increased the success of isolations from root nodules and which permitted the isolation ofFrankia directly from soil samples. Crushed nodule suspensions or soil suspensions were incubated briefly in 0.7% phenol (carbolic acid) just before application to a sucrose density gradient. This phenol incubation decreased the number of contaminating eubacteria and fungi but more importantly increased the number ofFrankia developing on the isolation plates. If the phenol incubation was used solely without sucrose fractionation noFrankia were isolated, suggesting the death of the organisms due to phenol toxicity. The use of selective nitrogen-deficient media proved important for the isolation of frankiae from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277837
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    Identification of the endophypte ofDryas andRubus (Rosaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 105-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cytology of root nodules ; Dryas drummondii ; Frankia ; Geographic distribution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rubus ellipticus ; Ultrastructure of endophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root nodules ofDryas drummondii are of the coralloid type (Alnus type). The endophyte is present in the middle cortical cells of the root-nodule tissue. Transmission electron micrographs revealed an actinorhizal endophyte with septate hyphae and non-septate spherical or ovoid vesicles. Vesicles always possess at the base a septum; septa formation in the endophyte is always associated with the presence of mesosomes. Branching of the endophyte is not necessarily correlated with septum formation. Hyphal structures are more prominent in the apical part of the root nodule and vesicles are more numerous in a broad zone below this. In the middle and towards the base of the root nodule the endophytic structures appear in a stage of disintegration. Vesicles appear in a broad region near the periphery of the host cell and regularly show no strict orientation towards the host-cell wall. In the center of the host cells only hyphae occur. In the intercellular spaces between the host cells theFrankia endophyte produces spore-like structures although the outline of the sporangia is often faint. The coralloid root ofRubus ellipticus shows characteristically a basal rootlet initiated below the dichotomous branching of the nodular lobes, but extending beyond the root nodule. The endophyte is only present in the outer cortex of the root nodule in a 1–2 cell wide layer. This endophytic layer is bounded, internally as well as externally, with a 4–5 cell wide layer of tannin-filled host cells. The implications of this situation are discussed. Tannin-filled cells occur regularly inRubus species and their arrangement has been used for taxonomic purposes within the genus. TheRubus endophyte is aFrankia species with septate hyphae and distinctly septate spherical vesicles. The ultrastructure of the vesicles of theRubus endophyte is very similar to that of theAlnus endophyte.
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    Field evaluation of N2-fixation and N-utilization by phaseolus bean varieties determined by15N isotope dilution* (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 397-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Isotope techniques ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen utilization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium ; Varietal comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in N2-fixation byPhaseolus vulgaris bean cultivars were successfully evaluated in the field using15N isotope dilution technique with a non-fixing test crop of a different species (wheat). The Phaseolus cultivars could have been similarly ranked for N2-fixation capacity from either seed yield or total nitrogen yield, but the isotope method provided a direct measure of N2-fixation and made it possible to estimate the proportion of fixed to total nitrogen in the crop and in plant parts. Amounts of nitrogen fixed varied between 24.59 kg N/ha for the 60-day cultivar Goiano precoce to 64.91 kg N/ha for the 90-day cultivar Carioca. The per cent of plant nitrogen due to fixation was 57–68% for the 90-day cultivars and 37% for Goiano precoce (60-day cultivar). Fertilizer utilization was 17–30% of a 20 kg N/ha fertilizer application. 100 kg N/ha fertilizer application decreased N2-fixation without suppressing it totally. Differences in yield between the highest yielding (Carioca) and the lowest (Moruna) 90-day cultivars were also due apparently to varietal differences in efficiency of conversion of nitrogen to economic matteri.e. seed, as well as to differences in capacity of genotypes for N2-fixation.
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    Effect of soil temperature on nitrogen fixation on roots of rice and reed (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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    A non-destructive field assay for soybean nitrogen fixation by acetylene reduction (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Glycine max L. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A system for employing open-ended root chambers to measurein situ acetylene reduction rates under field conditions is described. Gas mixtures containing about 2 mbar acetylene were continuously flowed through the chambers providing a continuous record of acetylene reduction. These chambers have been used to measure acetylene reduction rates of soybeans during three growing seasons. The system has proved to be reliable with a high degree of precision. The large amount of plant-to-plant variability observed in N2 fixation research has been confirmed by the data collected with this system. However, such variability in physiological studies can be reduced by using a non-destructive system to compare the response of an individual plant with its rates before treatment.
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    Light quality, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and growth in white clover plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Light quality ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trifolium repens ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possibilities of using light quality treatments to gain an understanding of the mechanisms controlling the allocation of photosynthate for symbiotic nitrogen fixation were studied. White clover (Trifolium repens) plants were grown at the same photon irradiance in red, blue and green light treatments. Growth, nodulation and the carbon/nitrogen economies of the plants were measured. Both photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area and shoot-root ratios were affected by the treatments. However, the carbon/nitrogen economies of the plants and the fraction of the total plant weight allocated to nodule growth were unaffected.
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    Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in the phyllosphere of some economically important plants (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 151-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Beijerinckia ; C3 and C4 plants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phyllosphere ; Wettability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixation on leaf surfaces of sugarcane, sorghum, ragi, bamboo and mulberry plants was determined by using acetylene reduction assay. The data revealed varying levels of positive nitrogenase activity on the surfaces. Beijerinckia was observed to be the predominant diazotroph on the leaves. No correlation between fixation rates and C3 or C4 plant species was discerned. The possiblity of improving phyllosphere nitrogen fixation has been discussed in light of the above observations.
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    Specific and general effectiveness ofRhizobium trifolii populations from different agricultural locations (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium trifolii populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness ofRhizobium trifolii isolates from five locations in southern Britain representing contrasting soil types has been examined with five white clover varieties. The average effectiveness of Rhizobium isolates varied considerably as did the average productivity of plant varieties. The largest differences were, however, associated with Rhizobium population × plant variety interactions. These were often large enough to reverse relative yield differences between white clover varieties. The implications of these results for improving clover productivity in nitrogen fixation are discussed.
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    The role of microorganisms in mediating and facilitating the uptake of plant nutrients from soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 77-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Mycorrhizas ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphate uptake ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No root systems in nature are without a microbial population. These may be freeliving or symbiotic. The incidence and nutrition of the freeliving microorganisms is discussed. Shortage of substrate makes it unlikely that the N-fixers in the population can fix useful amounts of N. There is a possibility that P supply is improved, but an analysis of possible processes shows them to be rather unlikely, and evidence for them to be poor. Manganese and iron uptake can be altered by microbial activity. Growth of plants can be affected by non-nutritional bacterial effects. The ecology of Rhizobium in the soil is briefly discussed, and the varying needs of different identified strains is stressed. Mycorrhizal infection of plants leads to large growth increases in appropriate conditions. This is almost always linked to increased P uptake, but zinc and copper nutrition can also be improved. The processes involved are briefly discussed. Rapid and extensive infection is important; it is very sensitive to temperature. New modelling methods are now becoming available to measure the behaviour of the fungal infections. The microorganisms require C compounds from the plant, and new measurements of this cost are discussed. The possibility of practical use of mycorrhizal fungi seem to be improving.
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    Effect of lime, phosphorus and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens) grown in UK hill soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hill soils ; Lime ; Mycorrhiza ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phosphorus ; Rhizobium ; Symbioses ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The responses of white clover (cv NZ Grasslands Huia grown in four UK hill soil types) to additions of lime and P, to inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, and to differences in soil water status were assessed in pot and field experiments. With a deep peat soil in pots, shoot production, nodulation and N fixation by clover were increased by 160, 130 and 85% respectively following inoculation with mycorrhiza, but in the field, despite a doubling of root infection, there was no response in growth. On a brown earth soil in the field inoculation with one endophyte (Glomus mosseae L1) out of four tested depressed production of white clover shoots by 42% but enhanced that of leeks (Allium porrum) by 50%; the others were without effect. With dry peaty podzol and brown earth soils in pots, clover shoot production was highest with added P when a water holding capacity of 80% was maintained, but roots from the latter had only 2.6 compared to 68 nodules per plant from the former. Further work is required to explain poor nodulation in the brown earth soils.
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    Nouvelle méthode pour mesurerin situ l'activité nitrogénase par réduction de l'acétylène (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Field method ; Medicago sativa L. ; Mucilaginous substances ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A non-destructive method using a special device for measuringin situ acetylene reducting activity by nitrogen fixing plants is described. Plant roots are isolated from external atmosphere with a mucilaginous material laid on the soil around the plants. Acetylene or ethylene is directly injected into or taken from the soil around the nodules. Using this device the values of acetylene reducing activity ofTrigonella foenum graecum L. andMedicago sativa L. are much higher than those obtained with the same plants placed under polyethylene bags. This method is not expensive and allows the detection of low enzyme activities. It doesn't perturb plant physiology and can be used for young plants as well as for plants with ramified stems at their base.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs décrivent un dispositif qui permet de mesurer l'activité nitrogénasein situ par réduction de l'acétylène chez les plantes fixatrices d'azote, sans perturber leur physiologie et sans les détruire. Le système racinaire est isolé de l'atmosphère extérieure par une substance mucilagineuse déposée sur le sol autour des plantes testées. Les gaz acétylène ou éthylène sont injectés ou prélevés directement dans le sol au niveau des nodosités. Avec ce nouveau dispositif les valeurs de l'activité réductrice d'acétylène obtenues surTrigonella foenum-graecum L. etMedicago sativa L. cultivés en plein champ, sont très supérieures à celles mesurées sur ces mêmes végétaux enfermés dans une enceinte en polyéthylène. Cette méthode peu onéreuse, permet de détecter des activités réductrices faibles; elle est utilisable sur des jeunes plantes et également sur des individus ramifiés à la base.
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    Influence of soil water potential on respiration and nitrogen fixation ofAzotobacter vinelandii (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter ; Nitrogen fixation ; N2-fixing efficiency ; Respiration ; Soil ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Respiration and N2-fixation (acetylene reduction) ofAzotobacter vinelandii have been studied at a variety of soil water potentials. Both processes were strictly linked and strongly reduced at water potentials between −0.6 and −1.3 MPa. Complete inhibition occurred below −2.1MPa. Osmotic potentials in soil compared to matric potentials of the same value were less inhibitory to respiration and acetylene reduction by Azotobacter. The N2-fixing efficiency (mg N/g glucose) was not influenced by water potentials ranging from −0.1 to −2.1 MPa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182142
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    An intact plant assay for estimating nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of sorghum and millet plants grown in pots (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 15-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C2H2 reduction ; Intact-plant assay ; Millet ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase activity ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A non destructive intact-plant assay for estimating nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of pot-grown sorghum and millet plants is described. Plants with intact shoots sustained more activity than plants whose tops were removed prior to the assay. With this technique individual plants can be assayed several times during their life cycle. The C2H2 reduction was linear up to 16h incubation in this assay procedure. More rapid diffusion of C2H2 was achieved by injection through a Suba seal in the bottom of the pot. The equlibration of injected C2H2 in the gas phase of the pots filled with sand and sand:FYM media was completed within 1 h. Significantly higher nitrogenase activity and better growth of sorghum and millet plants occurred when plants were grown in a mixture of sand and farmyard manure (FYM) than when plants were grown in vermiculite, soil, or sand + soil medium. Nitrogenase activity and plant growth were greater in a mixture of sand with 2 and 3% FYM than with 0.5 and 1% FYM. Activity was higher when the plants were incubated at 33°C and 40°C than at 27°C. Activity also increased with increasing soil moisture. There were significant differences amongst 15 sorghum cultivars screened for associated nitrogenase activity. This new technique has good prospects for screening cultivars of millet, sorghum and other grain crops for their nitrogen-fixing ability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220766
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    Response ofSetaria italica to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense as compared toAzotobacter chroococcum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Azotobacter chroococcum ; Effect on yield ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Setaria italica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under controlled conditions in pots filled with sand, vermiculite and field soil, inoculation withA. brasilense-Cd ATCC 29729 or withAzotobacter chroococcum caused increases above controls in the weight and N content of panicles ofSetaria italica. In no case, however, did N increases in test plants exceed the initial total N content. High acetylene reduction activities (1,000–2,000 nmole/h/pot) could be found only in plants inoculated withAzospirillum. Inoculation withAzospirillum (strain-Cd) in the field caused a significant increase above noninoculated controls of 18.5% in shoot dry weight, ofSetaria italica. Azotobacter caused a non significant increase of 8%. No significant differences were found between yields ofSetaria italica grown in soil inoculated withA. chroococcum, and those of plants grown in the presence ofA. vinelandii. A. brasilense-Cd was more effective in the field thanA. brasilense Sp-7 ATCC 29145. The results suggest that Azospirillum may increase yields ofS. italica more efficiently than Azotobacter under local field conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220772
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    Improving nitrogen fixation in legumes by plant breeding; the relevance of host selection experiments in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 285-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184268
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    Distribution et utilisation des assimilats carbonés en relation avec la fixation symbiotique d'azote chez le soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 163-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notes: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220244
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    Efficiencies and inefficiencies in the legume/Rhizobium symbiosis—A review (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184267
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    Enhancing growth and nitrogen uptake by soybeans using pesticides (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 133-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Benomyl ; Pesticides ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybeans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Benomyl applied to the seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) inoculated with a benomyl resistant strain ofRhizobium japonicum increased the relative abundance of nodules formed by the inoculum strain and the numbers of the added rhizobium on the roots, the total N content, the percentage N, the yield at one plant density and, in one of four soils, the pod weight of soybeans grown in the greenhouse. Oxamyl applied to the seeds, foliage or both of soybeans inoculated with an oxamyl resistant strain ofR. japonicum increased the yield, N content, percentage N, and weight of nodules, pods and grain and enhanced the relative frequency of nodules formed by the inoculum strain. It is suggested that pesticides or other antimicrobial agents and rhizobia resistant to these inhibitors may provide a new means for increasing nitrogen fixation by soybeans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206902
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    Yield increases in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) inoculated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 87-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Grain yield ; N-content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight. Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N2-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220773
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    Developing a breeding strategy to exploit quantitative variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184271
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    Gene centres, a source for genetic variants in symbiotic nitrogen fixation: The symbiotic response of the cultivated pea toRhizobium leguminosarum strains from Europe and the Middle East (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 359-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Co-evolution ; Domestication ; Gene centre ; Genetic variability ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum L ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples from several European countries; Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Greece, contained rhizobial populations capable of forming an effective symbiosis with the cultivated pea cv. Rondo from the Netherlands. The range of variation among the European Rhizobium strains, as expressed on pea cv. Rondo, was not so large and almost the same variation could be found within the rhizobial population within each country. Superior Rhizobium strains for the Dutch pea were not restricted to soils from the Netherlands but were also found in those from Sweden and Italy. Soils from Turkey and Israel also contained Rhizobium strains capable of nodulating pea cv. Rondo. However, the genetic variation among these Middle East Rhizobium strains was much larger than that of the European strains. When tested on pea cv. Rondo the majority of the Middle East strains belonged to the medium or low effective classes and only a few strains were comparable with European Rhizobium strains. Dutch Rhizobium strains induced effective nodules on both the Dutch pea cv. Rondo and the Swedish cv. L 110. However, in association with a Turkish Rhizobium strain effective nodules were formed on pea cv. Rondo and ineffective nodules on cv. L 110. We suggest that the genetic uniformity of EuropeanR. leguminosarum strains is the result of selection and domestication of Rhizobium strains originally derived from the gene centres of the pea plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184273
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    Effect of pheromone concentration on organization of preflight behaviors of the male gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; preflight male behavior ; (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (+)-dis-parlure ; wing-fanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) in a wind tunnel at 24° respond to decreasing dosages (1 μg to 0.1 pg) of (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane with a decrease in probability of wing-fanning, an increase in wing-fanning latency, and an increase in the number of behaviors (body jerks, antennal twitches, steps, and wing tremors) preceding fanning. Males initiating any behavior prior to wing-fanning had a 70% probability of wing-fanning and 97% of the males that wing-fanned eventually flew. The sequence of behaviors from quiescence to flight is not organized in a hierarchy, as this concept is used in ethology, nor is it dependent upon the concentration of pheromone. The time-average threshold concentration of pheromone for response of ca. 90% or more quiescent males is ca. 1.9 × 10−17 g/cm3 over 〈 0.3 min.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987639
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    Evaluation of time-average dispersion models for estimating pheromone concentration in a deciduous forest (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1081-1108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone dispersion ; active space ; Sutton model ; Gaussian plume model ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Sutton and more recent Gaussian plume models of atmospheric dispersion were used to estimate downwind concentrations of pheromone in a deciduous forest. Wind measurements from two bivane anemometers were recorded every 12 sec and the pheromone was emitted from a point source 1.6 m above ground level at known rates. The wingfanning response of individually caged male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) at 15 sites situated 20 to 80 m downwind was used to monitor when pheromone levels were above threshold over a 15-min interval. Predicted concentrations from these Gaussian-type models at locations where wing fanning occurred were often several orders of magnitude below the known behavioral thresholds determined from wind tunnel tests. Probit analyses of dose-response relationships with these models showed no relationship between predicted dose and actual response. The disparity between the predictions of concentration from these models and the actual response patterns of the male gypsy moth in the field was not unexpected. These time-average models predict concentrations for a fixed position over 3-min or longer intervals, based upon the dispersion coefficients. Thus the models estimate pheromone concentrations for time intervals appreciably longer than required for behavioral response.
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    Identification of new sex pheromone components inTrichoplusia ni, predicted from biosynthetic precursors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1309-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the previously identified components (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, sex pheromone glands ofTrichoplusia ni release (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic blend of these six compounds elicited complete flights to the source from 95% of the males tested and elicited hairpenciling responses at the end of the flights from 88% of the males tested. This blend was not significantly different from intact pheromone glands, which elicited complete flights to the source from 98% of the males tested and hairpenciling responses from 91% of the males tested. In contrast, the previously identified two-component blend elicited significantly fewer complete flights to the source (33%) and did not elicit hairpenciling responses from any of the males tested. The search for additional sex pheromone components was prompted by our previous identification of unusual fatty acyl moieties in the gland that seemed to be possible biosynthetic intermediates.
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    Role of pheromone components in evoking behavioral responses from male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; insect sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of the male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), to two sex pheromone components and female crude extract were studied. Both in a wind tunnel and the field, males were better able to locate a source consisting of a 1∶1 mixture of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate than a source consisting of the triene alone. The addition of the diene increased the time spent in the vicinity of the pheromone source, time spent on the source itself, and also increased the average number of visits to the source per individual when compared to the triene alone. The triene elicited high levels of locomotor activity and may play a major role in eliciting earlier (long-range) steps in the behavioral sequence of sexually activated moths. The diene appeared to influence later (short-range) behavior. The behavioral responses of males to a 1∶1 mixture of the diene and triene were similar to those elicited by female crude extract.
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    Host selection byBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Blepharipa pratensis ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; host selection ; contact chemical ; parasite behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The host selection process ofBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L., was investigated. Once in the host's habitat, and following contact with a recently damaged leaf edge (cut, torn, eaten), the fly orients perpendicular to the edge and moves back and forth with the front tarsi grasping the damaged edge. Oviposturing (oviposition intention) may occur. Leaf exudates appear to arrest the fly on the leaf and increase tarsal examination (searching). If an edge of a gypsy moth-eaten leaf is contacted, oviposition usually occurs. Significantly more eggs are laid when host-browsed foliage is encountered, compared to mechanically cut or damaged foliage, indicating response to a cue left by the host during feeding. The number of host-damaged leaf clusters in an area significantly enhances oviposition there; in field-cage tests, significantly more eggs (7911) were laid in simulated-crown areas with all clusters browsed, compared to the adjacent areas containing 1/2 browsed (4200 eggs) and undamaged clusters (2209 eggs). A host selection sequence is suggested and discussed.
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    Sex pheromone of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 973-982 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Laspeyresia nigricana Steph. ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; single-ion monitoring ; electroantennography ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), was identified as (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ylacetate (E,E8,10–12∶Ac) (approximately 0.1 ng/abdominal tip), in vacuum distillates of virgin female abdominal tips and volatiles emitted by calling females, from its chemical properties and capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry data. SyntheticE,E8,10–12∶Ac and the natural pheromone elicited similar quantitative electrophysiological and behavioral responses from male moths. Other related compounds which also attract male moths in the field,viz., (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienal, were not detected in the pheromone andE,E8,10–12∶Ac was not found in male moths.
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    Potential uses of kairomones for behavioral manipulation ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1377-1384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia ; (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; kairomone ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of kairomone pattern and preconditioning on parasitization rates of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) byCotesia (=Apanteles)marginiventris (Cresson) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse using a hexane extract of frass and actual fall armyworm frass. Parasitization rates increased 55 and 26% in Petri dishes and on corn seedlings, respectively, when the entire experimental area was sprayed with the frass extract. Applying the extract in spots resulted in a 20–30% reduction in parasitization compared to treating the entire area. However, spot application produced significantly better parasitization rates compared to the control treatment. Exposing the parasitoids to actual fall armyworm frass resulted in ca. 50% greater retention in the release area and an increase of ca. 60–75% in the number of parasitoids searching.C. marginiventris parasitized factitious hosts topically treated with an extract of fall armyworm frass.
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    Filbertworm sex pheromone (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melissopus latiferreanus ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; filbertworm ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (E,E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; conjugated diene isomerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol acetates were identified in a 1∶4.3 ratio in the extract of abdominal tips of female filbert-worm moths,Melissopus latiferreanus (Walsingham). The identifications were based on electroantennogram (EAG) analysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, ozonolysis, and synthesis. TheE,Z isomer produced the stronger EAG response. In the field tests of various ratios ofE,E∶E,Z, the ratio found in the extract captured the most males. The pureE,E isomer initially was not attractive by itself (〈0.1%E,Z) but became attractive after a few days, presumably because of isomerization. TheE, Z isomer (〈0.1%E,E) was attractive initially, but this compound might have isomerized faster than theE,E isomer. A study of the isomerization showed that regardless of the initial mixture of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate isomers, almost complete equilibration existed after one month. The equilibrium mixture consisted of 9%Z8,E10, 65%E8,E10, 23%E8,Z10, and 3%Z8,Z10. Concentrations in rubber septa (1∶4 ratio ofE,E toE,Z) of 0.03–3.0 mg/septum produced equivalent trap catches.
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    New sex attractants for 35 tortricid and 4 other lepidopterous species, found by systematic field screening in the Netherlands (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractants ; field screening ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; dodecen-1-ol ; dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Most of the known sex attractants and pheromones found for Tortricidae attract species of the subfamily Tortricinae. In order to find more sex attractants for species of the subfamily Olethreutinae, about 60 one- and two-component lures were screened for attractancy in different biotopes in the Netherlands. Most of the chemicals tested were straight-chain dodecen-1-ols and their acetates. The species captured belonged to the following families and subfamilies: Tortricinae (5), Olethreutinae (30), Noctuidae (2), Gelechiidae (1), Gracillariidae (1). Some of the species captured are recorded as pest species in forestry:Epinotia tedella, Gypsonoma aceriana, Cydia strobilella, C. zebeana, Petrova resinella, Blastesthia turionella, andB. posticana.
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    Sex attractant for currant clearwing mothSynanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1371-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1 -ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a pest in many parts of the world. In field tests it was found that (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate attracts males of this species. The synthesis of this compound and of its geometrical isomer (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988118
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    Optimized conditions for sex attractant trapping of male redbacked cutworm moths,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 585-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; trapping ; redbacked cutworm moth ; Euxoa ochrogaster ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mixtures of (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetates in ratios 〉100∶1 are powerful, specific sex attractants for redbacked cutworm male moths. Bioactive lures were produced by admixture of these pure compounds or through syntheses involving catalytic bond shifting. Best field trapping was obtained with 200∶1 (Z)-5∶(Z)-7 ratio, at lure doses (on rubber) of 0.1–2.0 mg, using cone swivel traps with 10- to 13-mm orifices, or Pherocon® 1-CP sticky traps, at a height of 50–90 cm. The pheromone traps were more efficient than large blacklight traps and captured the various morphological forms of the moth in similar ratios.
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    Sex pheromone of the woodbine leafroller moth,Sparganothis sp. (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 797-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Sparganothis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ylacetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ylacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the woodbine leafroller,Sparganothis sp., includes (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, based on chemical analysis of gland extracts, electroantennogram tests, and field trapping. Highest trap catches were obtained when these compounds were dispensed in the relative proportions observed in the female gland. (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate also was found in gland extracts, but significantly reduced trap catches. The saturated compounds tetradecan-1-ol and tetradecan-1-yl acetate were found in gland extracts as well, but were not tested. The amounts of these compounds per female gland were 127, 93, 17, 20, 25, and 3 ng, in the order named.
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    Models for dispersal of vapors in open and confined spaces: Applications to sex pheromone trapping in a warehouse (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 929-950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; attractance ; behavioral threshold ; Plodia interpunctella ; Indian meal moth ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; orientation ; chemical communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methods are presented for mathematically determining dispersal of a vapor in still air, in turbulent air of zero average velocity, and in turbulent or laminar air currents of constant, nonzero average velocity. The methods are combined with several assumptions about insect behavior to derive an insect attraction model that predicts: (1) In a warehouse a searching insect is likely to be attracted to a calling insect if it comes within an attraction sphere, 0.4–2.5 m in radius. (2) The attraction spaces of typical sex pheromone-baited traps that emit pheromone at rates greater than 0.01 ng/sec extend beyond the boundaries of a 10 × 10 × 10-m warehouse. (3) The searching behavior of an attracted insect is likely to be altered from an extensive to an intensive pattern if it comes within an altered-behavior sphere, 6–60 cm from a calling insect or within 10 m of a trap emitting 0.76 ng/sec. (4) Pheromone does not sink unless it is emitted along with a large amount of a high-vapor pressure solvent. The model is used in support of several hypotheses, including: (1) The effect of an adsorptive surface on the vapor concentration after an extended period of emission is negligible except at positions near the surface. (2) Sex pheromone-baited traps with sources of small dimensions have greater trapping efficiency than otherwise identical traps with sources of large dimensions.
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    2-Furaldehyde from baldcypress (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 89-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baldcypress ; Taxodium distichum ; 2-furaldehyde ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; growth inhibition ; toxicity ; Georgia silkworm industry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Furaldehyde was growth inhibitory and toxic to larvae ofBombyx mori at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Baldcypress,Taxodium distichum, heartwood released this volatile at concentrations in excess of these levels. The adverse effect of this chemical on silkworms may partially account for the demise of the Georgia silkworm industry (circa 1765), after the construction of a baldcypress rearing facility.
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    Synthesis of sex pheromone components of the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) and of the western tent caterpillar,Malacosoma californicum (Packard) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; isomers ; 5,7-dodecadienal ; sex pheromone ; Malacosoma disstria ; Malacosoma californicum ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All four geometrical isomers of 5,7-dodecadien-1-ol have been stereoselectively synthesized by using Wittig condensation reactions. (5 Z,7E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol and its corresponding aldehyde are components of the sex pheromone of the forest tent caterpillar. (5 E,7 Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal is a component of the pheromone of the western tent caterpillar. These compounds have been successfully tested in the field.
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    Feeding preferences of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) larvae to some host-plant chemicals (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 391-402 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Abies balsamea ; feeding stimulants ; feeding deterrents ; feeding preference ; sugars ; glycosides ; amino acids ; organic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Single-choice and three-choice tests were used to determine the relative importance of host-plant chemical extracts in eliciting feeding by spruce bud worm larvae. Water-soluble components of the host trees are the most important and, of these, the sugar and glycoside fractions are the most stimulating. The amino acid and organic base fractions have no apparent effect. The organic acid fractions deter feeding slightly.
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    A four-component pheromone blend for optimum attraction of redbacked cutworm males,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 615-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Redbacked cutworm ; Euxoa ochrogaster ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone blend ; sex attractant ; parapheromone ; Z-5-decenyl acetate ; Z-5-undecenyl acetate ; Z-5-dodecenyl acetate ; Z-7-dodecenyl acetate ; Z-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four acetates,Z-5-decenyl acetate,Z-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, in microgram ratios of 1∶200∶2∶1 or 1∶200∶6∶2 were excellent, specific sex pheromone blends for capturing male redbacked cutworm moths in cone traps. Blends in ratios of 1∶200∶2∶1 and 2∶200∶2∶1 at 1000 μg/ rubber septum dispenser remained highly effective for 6 weeks under field conditions. The essential minor components,Z-5-decenyl,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, became inhibitory at concentrations of about 10% in the blends, and this may be an important general phenomenon in lepidopteran pheromones. Blends involving a parapheromone,Z-5-undecenyl acetate, withZ-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate, in microgram ratios of 8∶200∶2∶1 or 20∶200∶6∶2 were also excellent specific attractants for this species. TheZ-8-dodecenyl acetate had no obvious effect on the attraction of the redbacked cutworm males.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: X. Laboratory studies on manipulation of host-finding behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum riley1 with a kairomone extracted fromHeliothis zea (boddie) moth scales (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 635-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogramma tidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noeturidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley females to the kairomone found inHeliothis zea (Boddie) moth scales is examined.
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    Sex pheromone of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 655-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Saltmarsh caterpillar moth ; Estigmene acrea ; (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal ; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal ; (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxy-heneicosadiene ; fall webworm moth ; Hyphantria cunea ; insect sex pheromone ; cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosane ; trans-9,10-epoxyheneicosane ; linolealde-hyde ; linolenaldehyde ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds have been identified as components of the sex pheromone emitted by females of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (Drury). These are (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal (I), (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), and (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene (III). In female tip extract they were found in a ratio of 1∶6∶25, respectively, and in trapped female effluvia the ratio was 1∶6∶27, respectively. Combinations of III with either I or II elicited sustained upwind flight in a wind tunnel, but none of these compounds by themselves did so. There is evidence that the antennal acceptor site for III is chiral.
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    Comparative distribution and persistence of disparlure in woodland air after aerial application of three controlled-release formulations (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 867-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; controlled release ; laminated dispensers ; hollow fibers ; microcapsules ; atmospheric permeation ; mating disruption ; air concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Disparlure, the gypsy moth sex pheromone, was aerially applied to three plots, using a different controlled-release formulation-gelatin microcapsules, flakes of plastic laminates, or hollow fibers-in each plot. Disparlure concentrations in air were measured intermittently over a 34-day period after application. Measurements were made at four heights above ground: 0.3,2,5, and 10m. Wind speed and air temperature were measured concurrently. Disparlure was emitted from the microcapsules and fibers at very high levels for the first day or two; thereafter, all three formulations produced gradually decreasing aerial concentrations. After 32–34 days, concentrations in all plots ranged from 1.5% to 15.5% of those on the first day, although most of the pheromone remained in the formulations. Results suggest that the effective life of all three formulations for mating disruption by atmospheric permeation would be near 30 days under the test conditions, with fibers likely to have the shortest life. Concentrations varied diurnally throughout the experiment, with highest levels generally between 1400 and 2200 hr each day. Concentrations were highest at the 10-m height with microcapsules and at the 0.3- and 10-m heights with flakes, but were similar at all heights with fibers. Biological implications of the results are presented.
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    Analysis of field-weathered lures containing (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, a sex attractant for the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1049-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; lure ; formulation ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Natural rubber stoppers treated with 1, 3, or 10 mg of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, an attractant for male pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), were exposed in the field during the summer of 1978 and samples analyzed at intervals. The results for all three doses fitted well to first-order loss curves with half-lives of 63.5, 64.7, and 67.3 days, respectively. Thus, lures with an initial dose of 3 mg of the attractant retained approximately 1 mg after 3 months of field exposure; they should therefore maintain a constant level of attractiveness throughout this period because previous field studies showed that moths were equally responsive to fresh lures containing between 1 and 10 mg of the attractant. There was no loss of attractant during the preparation of lures or after 4 months at −15 ° C and only 13% was lost during 3 months of storage at room temperature.
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    Sex pheromone of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (ESP) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1081-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; tomato looper ; sex pheromone identification ; glass WCOT capillary chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Z-7-dodencenyl acetate ; Z-9-tetra-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Z-7-Dodecenyl acetate (A) andZ-9-tetradecenyl acetate (B), in a 5∶1 ratio, have been identified as sex pheromone components of femalePlusia chalcites. In addition, small amounts of dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate have been found in the abdominal tip extracts. This is the first known Plusiinae species which utilizes a two-component primary sex pheromone system. The most effective lure found in field experiments was a mixture of 1 mg A and 0.2 mg B absorbed on rubber septa.
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    Larval osmeterial secretions of the swallowtails (Papilio) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1089-1113 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Osmeterial secretion ; Papilio larvae ; Lepidoptera ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene ; aliphatic acid ; ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The larval osmeterial secretions of sixPapilio species examined displayed a remarkable qualitative change at the fourth larval ecdysis. The secretions of 4th (penultimate) instar larvae ofP. machaon, P. memnon, P. helenus, P. bianor, andP. maackii principally comprised mono- and/or sesquiterpenoids. The compounds identified from these species included α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-selinene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, germacrene-A, germacrene-B, caryophyllene oxide, methyl 3-hydroxy-n-butyrate, and acetic acid. In contrast, the secretion of 4th larval instar ofP. xuthus, although containing similar terpenic compounds, was accompanied by large amounts of aliphatic acids and their esters: isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, methyl isobutyrate and methyl 2-methylbutyrate. On the other hand, the osmeterial secretions of 5th (last) instar larvae varied little in quality among the six species, and the identified compounds consisted of isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, methyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and isovaleric acid, the last of which was specific toP. bianor andP. maackii. The chemical alteration of osmeterial exudate synchronized at the final larval ecdysis with the larval morphological change (particularly in body coloration) that appears to be of defensive significance against predators.
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    Site of secretion of the trail marker of the eastern tent caterpillar (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Malacosoma americanum ; eastern tent caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; trail pheromone ; pheromone secretory site ; silk trail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new site of secretion of a chemical trail marker was found on the sternum at the tip of the last abdominal segment of the larva of the eastern tent caterpillarMalacosoma americanum. Larvae marked from this site by drawing their sterna along the substrate when they extended existing trails in search of food and again when they established recruitment trails to food-finds. Differences in the quantity or quality of the marker deposited by exploring and recruiting caterpillars may account for the greater activity of the recruitment trails.
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    Sex pheromone of fall armyworm (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 267-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; mating behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), sex pheromone, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate (DDA) and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (TDA), were tested alone and in combination to determine their effects on male sexual response and inhibition of mating in the laboratory. The threshold response for FAW males was lower for TDA than for DDA, and males responded to TDA over a wider range of dosages. Although TDA is not attractive to FAW males in the field, this compound was highly effective in reducing mating under laboratory conditions.
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    Directional flow of male scent released byPseudaletia separata walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its repellent effect on adults and larvae of four noctuid and one phycitine moth (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1263-1270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudaletia separata ; male scent ; repellent pheromone ; repellent allomone ; nonspecificity ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air movement around a malePseudaletia separata Walker, observed using the smoke of an incense stick during wing-fanning, showed that the air moves away from the female and backwards. Moths moved or flew away immediately when vaporized benzaldehyde was blown over their antennae in a screen cage set in a greenhouse. This repellency lacked species, sex, or individual specificity. Male scent acts as an inhibitor to conspecific males and, at the same time, to other moths if they approach the male in courtship. Inhibition of ovipositional and larval locomotory behavior by benzaldehyde was also demonstrated.
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    Sex pheromone components of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1305-1321 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; straight-chain acetates ; single-cell recordings ; electroantennography ; behavior ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; entrainment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of female abdominal tips ofAgrotis segetum by means of GC-MS showed the presence of 13 aliphatic acetates and alcohols. (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate was found to be the main component in the extracts at amounts of about 1 ng/female. (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenol were present to the extent of 49 and 19%, respectively, of the main component. Minor components could be identified as decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, a tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, a hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenol. The presence and biological activity of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the extracts could be detected by GC-EAD. Tested by EAG (Z)-5-decenyl acetate evoked the highest response among pheromone candidates, followed by (E)-5-decenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. Single-cell recordings from 100 male antennal sensilla trichodea revealed receptorcells highly sensitive to (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, (Z)-8-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate as well as (Z)-5-decenol. The (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate receptors were activated significantly also by female extracts. When tested in a tube olfactometer, a blend of decyl, (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate evoked the same male response as did female glands. Tested in the field, this blend was more attractive than virgin females. Other authors previously reported many of the compounds identified in the present study. However, both quantitative and qualitative discrepancies exist among the various investigations, possibly due to the existence of geographical races.
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    Novel sex pheromone components from the fall cankerworm moth,Alsophila pometaria (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 463-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria (Harris) ; fall cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone extract from fall cankerworm moths,Alsophila pometaria, attracted conspecific males in field tests. Four EAG-active components were isolated from the extract and identified by GC-MS, highfield PMR spectroscopy, and microchemical techniques asn-nonadecane (I), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (II), (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene (III), and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetrane (IV). Studies of the behavioral responses of male moths in a flight tunnel to the isolated components showed II, III, and IV were the major components of the sex pheromone. No sex pheromone behavioral responses were observed for I.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988092
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    Role of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate pheromone components in the sexual behavior of the (Z) strain of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn ; borer ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A glass tube olfactometer bioassay was used to examine pheromone response of males of the (Z)-pheromone strain ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The presence of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate at the natural ratio to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97∶3; Z∶E) did not consistently elevate wing-fanning, upwind walking, or clasper extrusion over (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate alone. This bioassay did not reveal the behavioral role of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate.
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    Mate location strategies of gypsy moths in dense populations (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; attractant ; pheromone ; population densities ; sexual selection ; location strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In high-density populations, the male gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) “appetitive” flight is primarily vertical and within 1–50 cm of tree boles. Preceding location of a female, males land on trees or occasionally tree foliage and walk while wing-fanning. In high-density populations females may mate before calling, often prior to wing expansion or hardening. Additional matings may occur before any or full deposition of egg masses. Virgin females are not coy, whether their wings are unexpanded, or hardened and held rooflike, or whether they are calling or not. They generally mate with the first willing male and do not exercise sexual selection by an acceptance or rejection reaction. The mating structure in dense populations would seem to reduce selective pressure for female emission of and direct male anemotactic flight to attractant pheromone. A low proportion of males “search” appropriate objects, especially tree trunks, in the walking-wing-fanning state. Such males often are successful in locating virgin females before calling commences. This male strategy presumably would not be successful in low population densities.
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    Plant-determined variation in cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus reared on milkweed plants in California (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1823-1857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterflies ; Asclepias californica ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; ecological chemistry ; plant-insect interactions ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; chemotaxonomy ; coevolution ; thin-layer chromatography ; cardenolide fingerprints ; cardenolides ; calotropagenin glycosides ; calactin ; calotropin ; uscharidin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in gross cardenolide concentration of the mature leaves of 85Asclepias californica plants collected in four different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution ranging from 9 to 199 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 66 μg/0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats contained a normal distribution of cardenolide ranging from 59 to 410 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 234 μg. Cardenolide uptake by the butterflies was a logarithmic function of plant concentration. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 143 to 823 μg with a mean of 441 μg and also was normally distributed. Populational variation of plant cardenolide concentrations occurs within subspecies, but the northern subspeciesA. c. greenei does not differ significantly from the southernA. c. californica. Generally higher concentrations occur in butterflies from northern populations and in females. No evidence was adduced that cardenolides in the plants adversely affected the butterflies. Low cardenolide concentrations in the leaves and the absence of cardenolides in the latex characterize bothA. californica andA. speciosa, but notA. eriocarpa. Thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems isolated 24 cardenolide spots in the plants, of which 18 are stored by the butterflies. There was a minor difference in the cardenolide spot patterns due to geographic origin of the plants, but as in our previous studies, none in the sexes of the butterflies. UnlikeA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa, A. californica plants lack cardenolides withRf values greater than digitoxigenin. Overall, the cardenolides of bothA. californica andA. speciosa are more polar than those inA. eriocarpa. A. californica plants contain cardenolides of the calotropagenin series including calotropin, calactin, and uscharidin, and the latter is metabolically transformed by monarch larvae to calactin and calotropin. Cardenolides of this series also occur inA. vestita, andA. cordifolia from California, the neotropicalA. curassavica, and the AfricanCalotropis procera, Gomphocarpus spp., andPergularia extenso; they therefore cross established taxonomic lines.A. californica is the predominant early season milkweed in California and may be important in providing chemical protection to the spring generation of monarchs in the western United States.A. speciosa, A. eriocarpa, andA. californica each imparts distinctive cardenolide fingerprints to the butterflies, so that ecological predictions are amenable to testing.
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    Effects of dodecyl acetate andZ-10-tridecenyl acetate on attraction ofEupoecilia ambiguella males to the main sex pheromone component,Z-9-Dodecenyl acetate (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Z-9-Dodecenyl acetate ; Z-10-tridecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; behavior ; wind tunnel ; field trapping ; European grape moth ; Eupoecilia ambiguella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction ofE. ambiguella males toZ-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12∶Ac), alone and in combination with dodecyl acetate (12∶Ac) orZ-10-tridecenyl acetate (Z10-13∶Ac) was tested in both wind-tunnel and field experiments. In the laboratory, response toZ9-12∶Ac reached a distinct dosage optimum at which attraction was nearly as good as to live females. Addition of 12∶Ac, a minor component of female glands and effluvia, had no effect at low doses ofZ9-12∶Ac and only marginally improved attraction at the optimum. However, inclusion of 12∶Ac with an overdose ofZ9-12∶ Ac fully restored activity. In the field,Z9-12∶Ac alone was not very attractive at any dose; catches markedly increased by adding 12∶Ac and climbed with increasing dose of each compound up to 10 mg. Optimum ratio ofZ9-12∶Ac to 12∶Ac was 1∶1 to 1∶5. Another compound,Z10-13∶Ac, had the same effect as 12∶Ac in the laboratory and the field but was effective at a lower dose. In the field, inclusion of the synergist permits use of high cap loads to attract more males, perhaps from greater distances.
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    Trimerization ofEarias insulana sex pheromone, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, A phenomenon affecting trapping efficiency (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Earias insulana ; spiny bollworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; trimerization ; Chromatographic analysis ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone ofEarias insulana, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, may trimerize extensively to form a crystalline trioxane derivative. The structure of the trimer was deduced from its CI-MS and NMR spectra. Capillary GC analysis resulted in the thermal decomposition of the trimer to the monomer. This process could be studied on a 2-m packed column under specific conditions. A convenient separation between the pheromone and its trimer was achieved by TLC. The trimer was inactive in the field, and it has a harmful effect on the performance of the polyethylene dispenser. Material which contains large amounts of the trimer is unsuitable for field use, even if applied at high dosage. The pheromone should be analyzed by NMR or TLC in addition to GC in order to detect the presence of its trimer. The trimerization process is catalyzed by acid which should therefore be completely eliminated from the storing vessels.
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    Eucalyptus oils in larvae of gum emperor moth,Antheraea eucalypti (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1489-1496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antheraea eucalypti ; Saturniidae ; Lepidoptera ; larval oral ; discharge ; Eucalyptus oils ; monoterpenoids ; sesquiterpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ether-soluble portion of the foregut fluid from the larvae ofAntheraea eucalypti (Saturniidae) was found to contain traces (0.1–0.2%) of isoprenoids. The isoprenoids were those that were major components of the oils from the leaves of theEucalyptus species on which the larvae fed and were also soluble in the foregut fluid. This observation demonstrated that these larvae did not sequester the leaf oils in their foregut or use them for defense. The compositions of the oils, which were steam-distilled from the bodies and feces of the larvae, were identical with those of the oils from the leaves of the host trees. This fact implied that the volatile components of the leaf oils had not been metabolized and had no effect on the growth or feeding of the larvae, at least on the twoEucalyptus species examined. In order to explain the coevolution ofA. eucalypti andEucalyptus species, components of the leaf oils were suggested to serve the function of an ovipositional attractant to the female moths.
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    Iridoid glycosides and host-plant specificity in larvae of the buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1567-1577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; Junonia coenia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant specificity ; coevolution ; insect-plant interaction ; Plantago lanceolata ; buckeye ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) feed primarily on plants in four families: Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Acanthaceae. These plant families have in common the presence of a group of plant secondary compounds, the iridoid glycosides. Larvae were reared on three plant species and two artificial diets, one with and one without iridoid glycosides.Larvae grew poorly and had low survivorship on the artificial diet without iridoid glycosides, while growth and survival on the artificial diet with iridoid glycosides was comparable to that on plants. Choice tests using artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides showed that larvae: (1) chose diets with iridoid glycosides (in the form of a crude extract or pure compound) over a diet without; (2) showed no preference between the diet with the crude extract and that with pure iridoid glycoside, and (3) preferred the artificial diet with ground leaves of the host plant,Plantago lanceolata, over the diet with pure iridoid glycosides. The artificial diet that larvae had been reared on prior to these tests had no effect on subsequent larval preferences in the choice tests.
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    Redundancy in a chemical signal: Behavioral responses of maleTrichoplusia ni to a 6-Component sex pheromone blend (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1635-1658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; redundancy ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The flight response of maleTrichoplusia ni was observed in a flight tunnel to a sex pheromone blend composed of six components:Z7–12∶Ac, 12∶Ac,Z5-12∶Ac, 11-12∶Ac,Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac. The number of males reaching a 3000-μg source of this blend was 〉 95%, equal to that observed to female glands and significantly greater than with the previously identified two-component blend (Z7-12∶Ac + 12∶Ac). In subtraction tests, all five-component blends, with the exception of the blend lacking the primary componentZ7-12∶Ac, and several four-component blends elicited similar peak levels of upwind flight, source contacts, and hairpencil displays to that observed with the six-component blend. We characterize the substitution of certain minor components for one another as a form of redundancy in the chemical signal and suggest that it contributes to response specificity and signal recognition in males. The results also support the concept that the full blend of components acts as a unit to influence male behavior at all phases of the response. Individual minor components were not responsible for eliciting specific behaviors in the sequence.
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    Sex attractant for three species of the genusOncocnemis: O. chandleri (Grt.),O. cibalis (Grt.), andO. mackiei (B. & Benj.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1701-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Oncocnemis chandleri ; Oncocnemis cibalis ; Oncocnemis mackiei ; (5E7Z)-5 ; 7-dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oncocnemis chandleri, O. cibalis, andO. mackiei were attracted to chemically baited traps in the field. In all three cases, (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was a key component for attraction. Attraction ofO. chandleri to traps baited with the (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was inhibited by addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate.O. cibalis required both (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate for attraction. Electroantennogram responses for the three species are also reported.
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    Male wing-gland pheromone ofEphestia elutella (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 667-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ephestia elutella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; male pheromone ; pheromone bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone extracted from glands on the forewings of maleEphestia elutella (Hübner) elicits a stereotyped courtship response from conspecific females. A bioassay for this sex pheromone was developed based on this behavior. Maximum production and responsiveness for males and females, respectively, occurred in insects more than 24 hr old.E. elutella females were not responsive to extracts made fromE.figulilella Gregson,E. kuehniella Zeller,E. cautella (Walker), orPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) males.
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    Biosynthesis of sex pheromone components and glycerolipid precursors from sodium [1-14C]acetate in redbanded leafroller moth (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 681-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller moth ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; radiolabel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sodium [1-14C]acetate in water-dimethyl sulfoxide (1∶1) was applied topically to sex pheromone glands ofArgyrolaenia velutinana. Radiolabel was incorporated into the pheromone components (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and also into triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, ethanolamine phosphatides, and choline phosphatides. In the triacylglycerols, radiolabel appeared in (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, tetradecanoate, hexadecanoate, and octadecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, the same acyl moieties incorporated radiolabel but at lower levels. In the diacylglycerols and ethanolamine phosphatides, only the radiolabel in hexadecanoate and octadecanoate was above the limit of detection. At different times following application of sodium [1-14C]acetate, the relative proportions of labeled (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate changed very little, but the relative proportions of labeled fatty acyl moieties in the triacylglycerols and choline phosphatides changed markedly. After 8 min, triacylglycerols had incorporated about equal amounts of radiolabel into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, and tetradecanoate. As the incubation time was increased, triacylglycerols accumulated proportionately more radiolabeled (E)-11-tetradecenoate than (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, and accumulated proportionately less radiolabeled tetradecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, at all times of incubation the amount of radiolabel incorporated into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate was small but above the limit of detection, and the amounts of radiolabel in (E)-11-tetradecenoate and tetradecanoate were smaller and often below the limit of detection. In both the triacylglycerols and the choline phosphatides, the relative proportion of radiolabeled hexadecanoate decreased with time, and that of octadecanoate increased.
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of redbacked cutworm,Euxoa ochrogaster, and modification of sex attractant blend for adult males (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 573-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennographic detector ; Euxoa ochrogaster ; Lepidoptera ; identification ; mass chromatograms ; mass spectrometry ; redbacked cutworm ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone washes from calling female moths of redbacked cutworm,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), contained the following acetates that are structurally similar to those of known lepidopteran pheromones (%): decanyl (8.7), dodecanyl (8.5), (E)-5-dodecenyl (3.3), (Z)-5-dodecenyl (76.4), (Z)-7-dodecenyl (3.1), and (Z)-9-dodecenyl (trace〈0.5%). This is the first time that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate has been identified as a pheromone component. Three types of specific receptor cells were found in the male antennae, and they responded to (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetates, respectively. Strong electroantennographic detector responses were also recorded for these three acetates and for (Z)-5-undecenyl acetate. The evidence for the presence of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in the pheromone washes was inconclusive. The presence of (Z)-7- and the absence of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetates were confirmed by a special electroantennographic detector technique in which the detector antennae were from males of other species that were known to have strong responses to these acetates. This is a very useful technique. Field results show that low concentrations (0.1–1.3%) of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate were synergistic when tested in a previously reported blend, but 6% was inhibitory. Similarly, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at 2% or less may be essential for the attraction of males, but in previous tests at 14% it also was inhibitory. Species-specific attractant blends for redbacked cutworm males are described.
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    Odor of a papilionid butterfly (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 867-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male scent ; Atrophaneura alcinous ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; benzaldehyde ; phenylacetaldehyde ; 2-phenylpropenal ; n-heptanal ; 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one ; linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde (major component), 2-phenylpropenal,n-heptanal, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, and linalool were identified as compounds responsible for the male scent ofAtrophaneura alcinous alcinous. These substances were present predominantly in the wings, and the quantity of them was largest at the inner margin of the hind wing. Female wings also contained some of them in much smaller (except a few components) amounts. The relative proportion of each component exhibited manifests sexual differences.
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    Anemotactic response threshold of the Indian meal moth,Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to its sex pheromone (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 919-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; anemotaxis ; Plodia interpunctella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; behavioral threshold ; behavioral alteration threshold ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; Indian meal moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different concentrations of the sex pheromone (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate on the upwind anemotactic behavior of the malePlodia interpunctella (Hübner) was measured at 23 ± 1 ° C and 34 ± 1 ° C. The stimulus-response regression lines were analyzed by a new procedure that accounts both for control responses in the absence of pheromone and also for peak responses below 100% in the presence of concentrations considerably above the normal physiological levels. From the regression line for each temperature, the upwind anemotactic thresholds were calculated to be 1.34 × 106 molecules/cm3 at 23 ° C and 1.65 × 104 molecules/cm3 at 34 ° C, similar to other thresholds reported in the literature. Since departures from the two lines occurred at the highest concentrations tested, near 108 molecules/cm3, the upwind anemotactic behavior may change qualitatively above an altered-behavior threshold that is about two orders of magnitude higher than the upwind anemotactic threshold. The lower response at 23 ° C suggests that cool temperatures inhibit flight in response to pheromonal stimulation.
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    On the persistence of disparlure in the human body (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male gypsy moths from a sparse infestation in Italy to an observer apparently contaminated with disparlure at least two years previously is reported. Other examples of pheromone contamination of people or things are also recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995754
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  • 190
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    Comparing the effectiveness of sexual communication disruption in the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) using different combinations and dosages of its pheromone blend (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disruption of communication ; Oriental fruit moth ; Grapholitha molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficacy of disruptant blends comprised of different combinations of the Oriental fruit moth's pheromone components was determined in field tests. Disruption was evaluated by comparing male moth catch at synthetic and female-baited traps in disruptant and non-treatment areas. Three atmospheric dosages of a 8-dodecenyl acetate (93.5%Z∶6.5%E) blend, representing two successive 10-fold decreases in concentration (2.5 × 10−2 g/hectare/day to 2.5 × 10−4 g/hectare/day) were tested alone and in combination with an additional percentage of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol. Male moth orientation to traps was eliminated in plots exposed to the two highest binary acetate dosages. However, significantly more males were captured in synthetic-baited traps in the lowest acetate-alone treatment, indicating a diminution of disruption efficiency. In contrast, inclusion of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol in the disruptant blend effected essentially complete disruption of orientation at all concentrations tested. Mating success ofG. molesta pairs confined in small cages apparently was not affected by the presence of relatively high concentrations of the binary acetate and the acetate-alcohol blends. This suggests that habituation and/or adaptation of male response, at least for comparatively “close-range” behaviors, did not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987698
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  • 191
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    Seven-week persistence of an oviposition-deterrent pheromone (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 583-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition ; deterrent pheromone ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cabbage leaves sprayed with a water solution of the oviposition-deterrent pheromone ofPieris brassicae remain deterrent to ovipositing females for at least 14 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pheromone, when dried on a glass surface, retains activity for a period of at least 7 weeks. After 7 days under vacuum conditions, some pheromone is still present, indicating a low volatility and / or high stability of (an active fraction of) the pheromone. After 125 eggs are slowly rinsed with 300 ml water, they still release detectable quantities of the pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987706
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  • 192
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    Effect of day length and light intensity on 2-tridecanone levels and resistance inLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toManduca sexta (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 707-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta (L.) ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; day length ; light intensity ; 2-tridecanone ; glandular trichome ; resistance ; allelochemic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract First instarManduca sexta (L.) larvae confined on foliage fromLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) plants grown under a long-day regime exhibited greater mortality than larvae on foliage from plants grown under a short-day regime. 2-Tridecanone, a toxin important in the insect resistance of PI 134417, was significantly more abundant in the foliage of plants grown under the long-than the short-day regimes. Light intensity influenced neither 2-tridecanone levels nor the expression of resistance. The density of glandular trichomes, which secrete 2-tridecanone, was influenced by an interaction between day length and light intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990303
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  • 193
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    Growth inhibitors in tomato (Lycopersicon) to tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 753-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; α-tomatine ; rutin ; chlorogenic acid ; caffeyl aldaric acid ; allelochemics ; tomato ; tomato fruitworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several compounds that retard the larval growth of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie) have been isolated and identified from tomato leaves,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. The major allelochemics are α-tomatine (I), chlorogenic acid (II), rutin (III), and a new caffeyl derivative of an aldaric acid (IV). The isolation, analyses, and toxicity of these compounds toH. zea are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990307
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  • 194
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    Biological amplification for increasing electroantennogram discrimination between two female sex pheromones ofSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 791-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroantennogram ; biological amplification ; pheromones ; Boarmia selenaria ; Geometridae ; Matsucoccus josephi ; Homoptera ; Coccoidea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleSpodoptera littoralis stimulated by a mixture ofS. littoralis female sex pheromone with a positional isomer and by the pheromone alone, gave greatly amplified electroantennograms (EAGs) when the antennae were connected in series. The technique is described and examples are given of its use in screening extracts for EAG activity. Dose-response curves obtained with this technique are presented and discussed. Through biological amplification, EAG discrimination between the pheromones was increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992378
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  • 195
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    Alleviation of α-tomatine-induced toxicity to the parasitoid,Hyposoter exiguae, by phytosterols in the diet of the host,Heliothis zea (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 927-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987618
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  • 196
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1057-1061 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae parasitoids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987627
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  • 197
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    Synthesis of (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, the chiral component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), with an option for asymmetric induction (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller tea tortrix moth ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; asymmetric induction ; 10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate ; ester ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new route to (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, a minor component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), is described. An optional sequence that permits the generation of the chiral center with enantiomeric excesses (ee's) as high as 74% (R) or 80% (S) employing the available (S)-(−)-prolinol as a chiral auxiliary may be included. High-performance liquid chromatography of diastereomeric intermediates allows preparation of products with greater ee's.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984004
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  • 198
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    Feeding responses of eastern spruce budworm larvae to sucrose and other carbohydrates (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; carbohydrates ; sucrose ; feeding preference ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spruce budworm larvae reared on an artificial diet were tested for preference of twelve carbohydrates over a water control. A strong preference for sucrose was seen, followed by fructose, inositol, and glucose. Male and female larvae do not differ in their responses to sucrose. The behavioral threshold for sucrose is at 10−4 to 10−3 M, with a peak response in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 M sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984019
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  • 199
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    Sex pheromone of the avocado pest,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 255-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western avocado leafroller ; Amorbia cuneana ; sex pheromone ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major volatile components in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofAmorbia cuneana consisted of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. The identification was based on electroantennogram bioassay of gas Chromatographic effluent from sex pheromone gland extract, relative retention times on polar and nonpolar gas chromatographic columns, chemical degradation (ozonolysis, saponification), mass spectrometry, chemical synthetic methods, and field tests. Based on mass spectrometry and retention times by capillary gas chromatography, traces of (E)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and 1-tetradecanol acetate were also present in the extract. Traps baited with a combination of synthetic (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates caught more males than did traps baited with females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984021
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  • 200
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    Looplure efficacy and electrophysiological responses in three plusiinae species (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1455-1462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Efficacy ; electroantennogram ; looplure ; response threshold ; sex attractant ; trapping ; Trichoplusia ni ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Rachiplusia ou ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Source concentration differences of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, or looplure, were evaluated for field trapping efficiency and electrophysiological responses with malePseudoplusia includens (Walker),Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) andRachiplusia ou (Guenné) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sticky traps baited with 1000 μg of the lure captured a significantly greater (P 〈 0.05) number of maleP. includens andT. ni than any other concentration;R. ou males were caught at a greater rate in traps baited with 100 μg of looplure, significantly more (P 〈 0.05) than with 1000 μg. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies demonstrated that antennae of maleP. includens have a lower response threshold to looplure than eitherT. ni orR. ou antennae, the latter demonstrating the highest significant threshold of response. No differences in the stimulus-response functions of the three species were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989102
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