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  • Ultrastructure  (348)
  • seaweed  (110)
  • Springer  (458)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1980-1984  (458)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-microscopic studies on reaggregate cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 225-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vascular smooth muscle ; Spontaneously hypertensive rat ; Reaggregate cultures ; Ultrastructure ; Collagen synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vascular smooth muscle cells were taken from the aortae of the WKY (normotensive) and SHR (spontaneously hypertensive) strains of rat by enzymatic dispersion and put into reaggregate culture. Initially the cells became individual spheroids having average diameters of 10 μm and surfaces that were either rough or smooth. The cells were far more complex than they appeared on their surfaces; after one day in culture, there was considerable internal variation in these cells. All the cells, whether WKY or SHR, lost the bulk of their cytoplasmic contents (including myofilaments, many mitochondria, and vesicular structures) in the early stages of culture and eventually became flattened. After 14 days in culture, these modified cells collected to form reaggregates that were commonly roughly spherical and several hundred μm in diameter. These reaggregates consisted of peripheral regions made up of several layers of flattened cells overlying cores formed by glia-like networks of cells similar in cytological appearance to the cells at the periphery. The meshes formed in this way contained cellular debris derived from dead cells or extrusion of cellular contents. It appears that SHR cells are quicker to form reaggregates than are WKY cells. Yet the SHR cells retained a rounded conformation after five days, whereas the WKY cells were more flattened and formed a more discrete aggregate at this stage of culture. However, by the fourteenth day of culture, differences between the two cell strains were not so pronounced, as far as could be judged by observations made with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Both WKY and SHR cells at 14 days appeared highly secretory, possessing large Golgi systems as well as numerous ER cisternae and mitochondria. SHR cells produced greater amounts of connective tissue at all stages of culture than did WKY cells, indicating that a similar difference may contribute to the hypertension which develops naturally in situ in SHR animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233577
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-microscopic study of innervation of smooth muscle cells surrounding collecting tubules of the fish kidney (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Smooth muscle ; Fish ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the collecting tubules of the trout and killifish kidney was studied. These tubules are surrounded by layers of smooth muscle cells which are commonly innervated. The nerve terminals contain synaptic vesicles and, occasionally, a few dense-cored granules as well. Capillaries occur in the connective tissue space between these smooth muscle cells and the collecting tubule. Epithelial cells of the collecting tubules contain abundant mitochondria and a well developed membrane system displaying parallel arrays, and were considered to be actively involved in the transport of materials. In the trout, the collecting tubules contain peculiar cells in addition to regular tubule cells. The fine structure of these peculiar cells is highly reminiscent of that of gill chloride cells. The significance of these findings may be summarized as follows: If the smooth muscles around the collecting tubule contract under neural influence, intratubular pressure may be increased and, thus affect glomerular filtration rate. The contraction of these muscles may also cause the collapse of peritubular capillaries, affecting the transport activity of tubule cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217302
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural identification of catecholaminergic fibers in the goldfish pituitary (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 621-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Pituitary innervation ; Radioautography ; Ultrastructure ; Goldfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The monoaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary gland was studied by means of light- and electronmicroscopic radioautography after in vitro administration of 3H-dopamine. The tracer was specifically incorporated and retained by part of the type-B fibers innervating the different lobes of the pituitary. In the rostral pars distalis labeled fibers were most frequently observed in contact with the basement membrane separating the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. In the proximal pars distalis and the pars intermedia, labeled profiles were detected in the neural tissue and in direct contact with the different types of secretory cells. According to the previous data concerning the uptake and retention of tritiated catecholamines in the central nervous system, it is assumed that the labeled fibers are mainly catecholaminergic (principally dopaminergic). This study provides morphological evidence for a neuroendocrine function of catecholamines in the goldfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219880
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxidase-positive endothelial cells in rat liver (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 635-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Endothelium ; Kupffer cells ; Peroxidase ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat liver fixed by perfusion with low glutaraldehyde concentrations was incubated in diaminobenzidine-containing medium to stain for peroxidase. Endogenous peroxidatic activity was found not only in Kupffer cells but also in the endothelial cells lining the sinusoids and central veins. The reaction product was localized in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. The peroxidatic activity in endothelial cells showed a concentration-dependent sensitivity to glutaraldehyde: in liver samples fixed with 0.25% glutaraldehyde, approx. 23% of the sinusoidal endothelial cells and 65% of central vein endothelium were peroxidase-positive; with 0.5% glutaraldehyde, only approx. 8% of the sinusoidal endothelial cells contained detectable amounts of the reaction product; with 1.5% glutaraldehyde all endothelial cells were consistently peroxidase-negative. No peroxidatic activity could be found in liver endothelial cells following isolation by centrifugal elutriation. Endothelial cell peroxidase may possibly be involved in defense responses of liver and/or, as a part of prostaglandin synthase system, in prostanoid production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219882
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The caveolae in rabbit sinus node and atrium (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 183-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus node ; Atrium ; Ultrastructure ; Caveolae ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Caveolae or membrane vesicles are commonly observed in smooth and skeletal muscle as well as in working heart muscle. Using sections of fixed tissue and replicas of freeze-cleaved material, we show in this study that caveolae are also very numerous in sinus node cells of the rabbit, and to a lesser degree, in the atrial cells. Caveolae increase the plasma membrane surface area by 115% in the leading sinus node, and by 56% in the atrial cells. In these two cell types, the membrane of the caveolae contains four times fewer intramembranous particles than the rest of the plasma membrane, and this difference applies to both PF and EF faces. The role of the caveolae is still unclear, but it does not seem that they have a pinocytotic function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234869
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of electrophysiologically identified neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular neurones ; Alcian-blue labelling ; Ultrastructure ; Electrophysiology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characterization of electrophysiologically identified neurones of the rat paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus was performed with extracellular labelling technique. The extracellularly recorded neurones are labelled with an electrophoretic deposit of alcian blue contained in the recording micropipette. The neurone thus labelled takes on a dark and shrunken appearance which enables its detection among neighbouring cells without, however, concealing its main morphological characteristics. 1) Spontaneously firing neurones, invaded by an antidromic action potential elicited by electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, were identified as magnocellular cells containing dense-cored vesicles of 200–250 nm in diameter. Dense-cored vesicles were not found in the antidromically activated neurones devoid of spontaneous activity. 2) Trans-synaptically activated neurones in the PVN or in its dorso-lateral edge were small cells devoid of dense secretory vesicles. 3) PV neurones in which neurohypophysial stimulation evoked no response, contained small, dense vesicles (100 nm in diameter) comparable with those found in parvocellular peptidergic neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238647
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic studies on the excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi Murray, 1911 (Eutardigrada) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridia ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Tardigrada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi consists of one dorsal and two lateral components and shows a high degree of structural complexity. In each of these a tricellular external lobe and a column can be distinguished, the two parts being connected distally. The surface of the lobe cells is increased by deep basal infoldings and fingerlike processes which form a labyrinth next to the basal lamina. Their cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and granules in amounts depending on the physiological state of the animal. Excretory crystals occur in caveolae located in the lobe: between the fingershaped processes of the cell and in the space enclosed by the basal lamina on one side and the column on the other. The column faces an extracellular channel meandering along its whole length which is surrounded on the outside by a basal lamina. Morphologically the column is similar to the protonephridial channel of Rotifera. At the ultrastructural level, the cytoplasm of the column shows numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and a well developed Golgi apparatus. The lumen of the channel is coated by glycocalyx. At the base of the column several small cells form the proximal part of a duct that communicates with the gut. The morphology and ultrastructure of the excretory system of M. richtersi have been compared with similar a system in Isohypsibius megalonyx (Greven, 1979), and on these grounds a proposal is put forward to call the excretory organs of Tardigrada “nephridia” instead of “Malpighian tubules”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239339
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preoptic area of the domestic fowl (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl ; Preoptic area ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory parvocellular perikarya were found in the preoptic region of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). The dense-core secretory vesicles belong to two categories: vesicles with a diameter of (i)80–90 nm and (ii) 110–140nm. Scattered magnocellular elements display larger dense-core granules. The parvocellular neurons form unit-like clusters, showing also zones of direct apposition of neuronal membranes. The surrounding neuropil is rich in synaptic structures, formed by at least three types of axon terminals, distinguishable on the basis of vesicular morphology. These observations confirm the findings in other avian species. The hypothetical function of this system of peptidergic neurons in the rostral hypothalamus of birds is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232144
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  • 109
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    Alterations in the distribution of glycoproteins in epithelial cells of murine colon after injection of tunicamycin (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycoproteins ; Ultrastructure ; Tunicamycin ; Colonic epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycoproteins are associated with several structures of colonic absorptive cells of the mouse. These include the cell coat, Golgi apparatus and vesicles that transport the glycoproteins from the apparatus to the cell surface (Michaels and Leblond 1976). In many in vitro systems, the antibiotic tunicamycin inhibits the glycosylation of asparagine residues yielding carbohydrate-poor glycoproteins. In the present in vivo study, tunicamycin was injected into mice. The murine colonic epithelial cells were prepared routinely for electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Cells from the experimental and control animals were similar morphologically. However, staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, revealed differences in the distribution of glycoproteins. In animals that received the higher dosages of tunicamycin there was a substantial reduction in silver staining in both the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles of colonic epithelial cells compared to these structures in cells of identically treated control tissues, whereas the staining over the cell coat was not significantly altered. Possible explanations for the staining of the cell coat in the treated animals were provided in the text. This report demonstrates the feasibility of using tunicamycin in vivo and detection of the changes obtained by the silver methenamine method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232148
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Multinucleate neurons with neurohaemal and synapsing axons at the heart and alary muscles of the butterfly Caligo beltrao Illiger (Lepidoptera) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transmitter-dualism ; Multipotential neuron ; Heart innervation ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The segmental heart nerves of Caligo beltrao Illiger (Brassolidae) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Heart and alary muscles are innervated by branching processes of single multinucleate neurons (MNNs). There is one MNN situated at each segmental fan-shaped group of alary muscles. The main nerve of the MNN consists of a bundle of processes. This nerve extends centripetally toward the CNS and corresponds to the dorsal portion of the transverse nerve. However, neither axo-somatic nor axo-axonic synapses were found, the presence of which might suggest that this nerve contains axons of different neuronal origin. The synaptic contacts of the MNN with axons originating from the CNS are therefore assumed to be established beyond the spiracular region. In addition to the neuro-muscular junctions of the smaller centrifugal axon branches there are neurohaemal release sites along the entire length of all MNN axon bundles. Axon terminals are packed with either dense-cored or multigranular vesicles. Both morphological types of vesicles are, however, found side by side in the large axons and in the perikaryon, often at the same Golgi element. These morphological findings may support the concept that more than one transmitter is produced in a single neuron. Questions that arise in reference to dual or polyfunctional neurons and to the control of cardiac activity are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236502
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  • 111
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    Ultrastructural alterations in the initial segments and in the recurrent collateral terminals of Purkinje cells following axotomy (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 415-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236507
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  • 112
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    Ultrastructure of the prothoracic gland of variously aged female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus and associated ecdysteroid titers (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysteroids ; Moulting hormones ; Xyleborus ferrugineus pupae ; Ultrastructure ; Prothoracic gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic glands of female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus at three ages (0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old) were examined for ultrastructural changes that correlate with high titers of ecdysteroids in the entire pupa. In all three ages, the prothoracic gland cells appear compact with a prominent nucleus. Lysosome-like structures with concentrically oriented internal membrane are observed in both 0-h and 72-h-old gland cells. Mitochondria are abundant in the glands of both ages, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is relatively sparse. Numerous microtubules are present in the prothoracic gland cells of 48-h-old female pupae that contain relatively high titers of ecdysteroids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum also is especially abundant at this age of the pupa. Ecdysone titers, estimated by the radioimmunoassay method (RIA), were 161.04±22.61 pg/mg, 704.25±69.02 pg/mg and 298.72±26.80pg/mg body weight in 0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old female pupae, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236915
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastructure of the trophic chamber and nutritive cord of Aspidiotus hederae (Homoptera, coccoidea) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophic chamber ; Nutritive cord ; Ultrastructure ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each ovariole of the coccidian Aspidiotus hederae contains a single oocyte connected by means of a nutritive cord to the trophic chamber. The trophic chamber consists of three nurse cells characterized by an enlarged, ramified nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. The perinuclear cytoplasm contains nuage material, large amounts of free ribosomes, and scattered mitochondria. Occasional cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and bacteroids are found in trophocyte cytoplasm. The nutritive cord contains many microtubules in parallel array interspersed with numerous free ribosomes and a few mitochondria. The nutritive cord is strengthened by trophocyte projections which surround it. Microtubules in the projections are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236927
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  • 114
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    Pore canals in the cornea of a functionally specialized area of the honey bee's compound eye (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 491-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cornea ; Compound eye ; Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the cornea in an anatomically and functionally specialized part of the honey bee's compound eye (dorsal rim area) was examined by light microscopy, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. Under incident illumination the cornea appears grey and cloudy, leaving only the centers of the corneal lenses clear. This is due to numerous pore canals that penetrate the cornea from the inside, ending a few μm below the outer surface. They consist of (1) a small cylindrical cellular evagination of a pigment cell (proximal), and (2) a rugged-walled, pinetree-shaped extracellular part (distal). The functional significance of these pore canals is discussed. It is concluded that their light scattering properties cause the wide visual fields of the photoreceptor cells measured electrophysiologically in the dorsal rim area, and that this is related to the way this eye region detects polarization in skylight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238646
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  • 115
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    The sensillum capitulum, an antennal hygro- and thermoreceptive sensillum of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 525-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hygroreceptor ; Thermoreceptor ; Sensillum capitulum ; Cockroach ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sensillum capitulum, a hygro- and thermoreceptive sensillum of the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. is comprised of four receptor cells, one glial cell, two gland cells and four enveloping cells. Each receptor cell sends a single axon to the CNS, and has a single dendrite which extends distally. The perikarya of three receptor cells are enclosed by one of the enveloping cells (number one) and the fourth by a gland cell. The dendrites of all four receptor cells are enclosed by the same enveloping cell. The dendrites contain rootlets and many microtubules. The sensory cilia arise at the end of the dendrites at the level of the inner cavity, expand from the connecting cilium in a manner similar to those of the amphinematic scolopidia, and have numerous microtubules. The 1st enveloping cell contains scolopale rod-like structures. The sensory cilia are surrounded distally by a cuticular sheath formed within the 1st enveloping cell. One of the sensory cilia disappears distally, and the remaining ones enter the sensillum cone. Of these, one branches and the other two do not. The distal ends of the unbranched cilia are differentiated into tubular structures. The sensillum cone is comprised of an inner stem and a guard wall, neither of which is perforated. The outer cavity is enclosed by the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th enveloping cells, and distally in the antenna is closely apposed to the cuticular wall. This cavity contains lipid deposits. These structural features are discussed with regard to the mechanism of hygroreception in P. americana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238649
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  • 116
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    Stereological studies on the small intestinal epithelium of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestinal mucosa ; Small intestinal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Duodenum ; Jejunum ; Stereology ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative macroscopic, light-microscopic and electron-microscopic studies were performed on the small intestine of fasted and non-fasted adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In non-fasted rats the small intestine was longer than in fasted rats. Due to the presence of villi the surface area in the duodenum and the jejunum was enlarged about six times. The microvilli on the villous crests caused a surface enlargement by 13 times in the duodenum (value corrected for overestimation due to section thickness), and 19 times in the jejunum of the fasted rats. At the base of the villi these values were about 50% lower. It was calculated that, in the fasted rats, the total enlargement of the luminal surface area — due to villi and microvilli — was 63 times in the duodenum and 81 times in the jejunum (corrected for section thickness). Differences between the villous crest epithelium and the villous base epithelium were also found with regard to the mean cell height, and the volume densities of the absorptive cell nuclei, the mitochondria, and the paracellular channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233821
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  • 117
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    Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in the green flagellateSpermatozopsis similis (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 145-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis similis ; Ultrastructure ; green flagellate ; flagellar apparatus ; function ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of the naked, biflagellate green algaSpermatozopsis similis Preisig & Melkonian has been studied in detail using an absolute configuration analysis. The two basal bodies are displaced by 350 nm in the 1/7 o'clock direction and do not overlap proximally. They are interconnected by a principal distal connecting fibre consisting of a bundle of 5–8 nm filaments and possibly two proximal striated connecting fibres. The flagellar root system is cruciate (5-2-5-2 or 4-2-4-2 system) and contains a prominent continuous system I fibre overlying the two opposite two-stranded roots. A system II fibre is absent. Pronounced structural differences have been observed in the flagellar apparatus ultrastructure at two types of flagella orientation: During backward swimming basal bodies are parallel, the distal connecting fibre is extremely contracted; during forward swimming basal bodies assume various angles (from 20° to 180°) and the connecting fibre is about five times longer compared to the contracted state. The function of the connecting fibre as a contractile organelle and the mechanism of its contraction are discussed. On the basis of the flagellar apparatus ultrastructure,Spermatozopsis similis is related toChlamydomonas-type green algae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989542
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  • 118
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    Zur Ultrastruktur und Funktion pollenverbindender Fäden beiEricaceae und anderen Angiospermenfamilien (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 189-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Onagraceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Ultrastructure ; function of pollen connecting threads and viscin threads ; palynology ; pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989383
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  • 119
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    The influence of cold acclimation on the behavior of the plasma membrane following osmotic contraction of isolated protoplasts (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cold acclimation ; Exocytotic extrusions ; Freeze-fracture ; Isolated rye protoplasts ; Lipid bodies ; Osmotic contraction ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Osmotic contraction of protoplasts isolated from cold acclimated leaves ofSecale cereale L. cv. Puma results in the formation of exocytotic extrusions of the plasma membrane. Numerous knobs or polyps were observed on the surface of the protoplasts with scanning electron microscopy. In thin sections, the extrusions were bounded by the plasma membrane with a densely osmiophilic interior. Cross-fracturing of the extrusions revealed aparticulate bodies within, a further indication that the interior of the extrusions was predominantly lipid material. Freeze-fracture of the plasma membrane suggests a possible source of this lipid material. Following osmotic contraction, the particle density on the plasma membrane protoplasmic face (PFp) increased, being reflected in both a substantial increase in paracrystalline arrays and an increase in the particle density in non-crystalline regions. This increase in particle density indicates that lipid material is preferentially lost from the plasma membrane during contraction. The density on the exoplasmic face (EFp) did not change. Together, these findings suggest that during hypertonic contraction of acclimated protoplasts, lipid material is preferentially subducted from the plasma membrane and sequestered into lipid bodies (the osmiophilic regions). The formation of lipid bodies and extrusions was readily reversible. Following osmotic expansion of acclimated protoplasts, the extrusions were retracted back into the plane of the plasma membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281163
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    Effects of metronidazole on growth, chloroplast structure and differentiation in gametophytes ofAnemia phyllitidis L. Sw. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anemia phyllitidis ; Chloroplast ; Gametophyte ; Metronidazole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Metronidazole inhibits cell division in gametophytes of the fernAnemia phyllitidis without changing morphogenetic patterns. Simultaneously the sensitivity of the prothallia against gibberellins which substitute for the natural sexual pheromone “antheridiogen A”, is increased. The inhibition of cell division is accompanied by a loss of chlorophyll and by severe changes in the ultra-structure of the chloroplasts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282004
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    Nuclear and nucleolar inclusions in root tip ofBrassica napus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Membrane ; Nucleolus ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vacuole-like structures were found in the nuclei of root tip cells ofBrassica napus. The cells containing the unusual nuclear inclusions were found to be adjacent to zones of degenerating cells. Such groups of cells occurred irregularly in the meristematic regions of the young root tips. The possibility that they represent changes which have occurred in old seeds is discussed. The “vacuole-like” structures seen in the cells adjacent to the degenerating zones were bounded by a membranous layer 12 nm thick. This is thicker than most cellular membranes. The “vacuoles” frequently contained inclusions and showed similarities to protein bodies reported elsewhere. The structures are thought to represent rearrangements of cell products which may have accumulated through an imbalance of metabolism in consequence of the imminent cell degeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280906
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    Hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus and possible implications of woronin bodies close to the hyphal apex of the latter species (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Aspergillus giganteus ; Hyphal apex ; Ultrastructure ; Woronin body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus indicates that their apical organization is very similar to that found in other filamentous fungi. Both species have an area immediately behind the hyphal apex free of all large organelles and containing a high concentration of vesicles. InA. giganteus only one size class of vesicle is clearly evident, with a mean diameter of 72 nm. InA. nidulans two size classes of vesicle were found, with mean diameters of 75 nm and 31 nm. A Spitzenkörper is evident inA. nidulans as an area very close to the tip containing only the smaller vesicles. InA. giganteus one or more apparently mature Woronin bodies were found within the first 1 μm of some hyphal apices. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280909
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    Changes in plastid ultrastructure during iron nutrition-mediated chloroplast development (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 114 (1983), S. 85-92 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Iron stress ; Sugar beet ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When grown in iron-free media, the youngest leaves of healthy green sugar beet plants became completely yellow after 6 to 8 days. This chlorosis was quickly reversed by resupplying iron. A study of the ultrastructure of the iron -stressed leaves revealed apparently normal subcellular organization except for the plastids which were small and undeveloped, contained a rudimentary, disorganized grana-fretwork and clusters of vesicles in the periphery. Twelve to 16 hours after resupply of iron, aggregates of phytoferritin were observed in the stroma, and the granal fretwork underwent further development. There was an increased orientation of the membranes along the long axis of the plastids and an increase in the length of the individual grana stacks. By 48 hours, leaf chlorophyll content was about 40% of the control. At the ultrastructural level, parallel alignment of membrane orientation was complete and the grana stacks began to increase in the number of thylakoids per stack.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279871
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    Nucleolus-associated bodies (karyosomes) in dividing and differentiating plant cells (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Nucleolus ; Pisum sativum ; Ultrastructure ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The karyosome is a spherical body up to 1 μm in diameter that lies on the nucleolus of certain plant species, particularly those with a relatively low nuclear DNA content and an areticulate nuclear structure. It can be seen in the light microscope after impregnation with silver; in the electron microscope its structure consists of fibrillo-granular material. Nucleoli of cells in root apices may bear 0, 1, or 2 karyosomes. The frequency with which these numbers of karyosomes are observed depends on the location of the cells within the apex. In roots ofPisum sativum andZea mays the nucleoli of both slowly-dividing and young differentiating cells bear karyosomes more frequently than the nucleoli of rapidly-dividing cells. The karyosome seems to adopt a preferred location on the nucleolus, lying most frequently on the nucleolar surfaces directed towards the apex or base of the root. The origin and functional significance of the karyosome are discussed. Morphological evidence suggests that it may be material that formerly was part of a fibrillar centre.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293574
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    Stomatal pore and cuticle formation inFunaria (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Peristomatal transpiration ; Stomata ; Ultrastructure ; Funaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cuticle and pore development in the guard cells ofFunaria were investigated with the electron microscope. Pore cuticle formation is simultaneous with the creation of the pore itself. The morphology of the pore cuticle is unlike that of any cuticle described in the literature. It has many lamellae which are penetrated by electron dense fibrils. Three different cuticular morphologies exist from the pore to the subsidiary cell walls. The cuticles on the pore and outer walls contain fibrils that sometimes reach to the surface. The subsidiary cell cuticle lacks fibrils altogether. It is hypothesized that (1) cuticularization of the middle lamella contributes to ventral wall separation and (2) differences in extent of cuticular fibrils are related to greater water loss from stomata than from subsidiary cells (peristomatal transpiration).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01294225
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    Microtubule organization and morphogenesis in young spores of the mossTetraphis pellucida Hedw (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 115-124 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Moss ; MTOC ; Sporogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microtubule systems appear sequentially at the distal and proximal poles of tetrad members during mid-sporogenesis in the mossTetraphis pellucida Hedw. The distal microtubule system emanates from a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) located between the single plastid and the nucleus. The distal MTOC and associated microtubules, which appear immediately after cytokinesis, are ephemeral and do not appear to be associated with the deposition of exine occuring at the same time. The proximal microtubule system, which appears slightly later than the distal system, is a more stable component of mid-sporogenesis. The proximal MTOC is an irregularly lobed, patelliform aggregation of electron-dense granules located beneath the plasma membrane at the proximal spore pole. Several bundles of microtubules radiate from the proximal MTOC and traverse the cell, enclosing the nucleus in an cone of microtubules. The proximal microtubule system is thought to function in aperture development and organelle migration. The relatively large nucleus migrates a short distance in the small spore early in the tetrad stage and maintains its acentric position at the proximal pole throughout later stages of sporogenesis. The plastid migrates later in the tetrad stage from its meiotic position parallel to the distal surface to a position perpendicular to the distal surface with one tip in close proximity to the proximal MTOC. The proximal microtubule system reaches its maximum development by the end of the tetrad stage and all micrographic evidence of it is lost in the maturation stages of late sporogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279828
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    Morphogenesis of coremia and rhizomorphs in the AscomyceteSphaerostilbe repens (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 99-114 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Sphaerostilbe repens ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Coremia ; Rhizomorphs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The differentiating stages of coremia and rhizomorphs inSphaerostilbe repens were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Vegetative mycelium is characterized by highly cytoplasmic cells rich in ribosomes and mitochondria and with few vacuoles as well as endoplasmic reticulum. Cell walls are thin attaining a maximum thickness of 0.10 μm. During the aggregating phase a prosenchymatous mass of randomly oriented cells is produced by localized elongation and branching of the filaments. The hyphae in this region have the appearance of actively metabolising cells. In the course of the differentiating phase, numerous hyphae of the median zone of the aggregate grow upward and downward to give rise to coremium and rhizomorph primordia respectively. The individual hyphal tips lay parallel to each other and cells of the growing apices retain their meristematic characteristics. At the periphery of the aggregate and to a lesser extent in the subapical rhizomorphic zone, cells reduce their cytoplasmic density as a consequence of a decrease in the number of ribosomes. These cells also increase in size and become isodiametric and vacuolated. During cellular differentiation walls increase steadily in thickness and at the elongating phase they reach 0.30 μm in the rhizomorphic cortex. Mucilaginous material is progressively deposited around hyphae and in the most differentiated zones, coalesce to fill interhyphal spaces. This extracellular matrix seems to play a role in maintaining cohesiveness of the aggregated organs. The tissue in the process of differentiation is scattered with cells highly enriched in mitochondria and with cells virtually undifferentiated. Accumulation of microfilaments takes place in the differentiating zone localized behind the immersed meristematic apex. These structures might be involved in wall synthesis. Glycogen rosettes accumulate in the vegetative mycelium surrounding the aggregating centers, suggesting the possibility of supplying energy during the differentiating processes. The vacuolar system, represented by autophagic vacuoles which are present until the differentiation phase, presumably may also participate in the biochemical changes that occur during aggregation. Coremial cells are characterized by an increase in wall thickness, a highly sinuous plasma-membrane as well as large amounts of mucilaginous compounds accumulated between hyphae, but in all other respects they resemble the cells of actively growing vegetative hyphae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279827
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    Ultrastructure of aerial stalk formation by the ciliated protozoanSorogena stoianovitchae (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 125-135 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ciliated protozoan ; Sorogenesis ; Extracellular matrix ; Secretion ; Extrusive organelles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury andOlive is an unusual kinetophragminophoran ciliate characterized by the aggregation of individual trophic cells to form a multicellular sorogen that rises aerially from the medium surface to produce a sorocarp. A light and electron microscope study of sorogenesis revealed how the sorogenic cells produce the stalk. The feeding ciliates contain numerous subpellicular expansions of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that are only one element of the secretory system necessary for stalk formation. Upon aggregation, the stalk secretory system develops further, initially with the proliferation of the subpellicular expansions. Then, during later aggregation and early sorogenesis, other secretory elements appear: stalk material vesicles, dense granule vesicles, and electron lucent vacuoles. These are all derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only the subpellicular expansions and stalk material vesicles appear to add to the stalk matrix. The dense granule vesicles could be precursors of the stalk material vesicles; the electron lucent vacuoles, which can be demonstrated to contain fibrillar material, are perhaps by-products of the secretory process. Sorogenesis inSorogena occurs by a mechanism unique among the stalk-producing protists that have been studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279829
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    Stalk function during sorogenesis by the ciliated protozoanSorogena stoianovitchae (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 136-144 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Stalk ; Ciliated protozoan ; Sorogenesis ; Extracellularmatrix ; Ultrastructure ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sorogenic cells of the haptorid ciliateSorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury andOlive secrete a hydrated, fibrillar matrix that becomes organized to form a stalk. This light and electron microscope study examines the role of the secreted stalk matrix in the development of the sorocarp. The stalk material is secreted as a compact clump or clumps of material that expands as it hydrates. The expanded stalk material is initially viscous, but soon, through dehydration or cross-linking, solidifies to form a sheath. The sheath is the outside layer of the stalk, provides structural support, and controls the expansion of the newly secreted stalk material. The sorogenic cells continue to secrete stalk material that expands once it is outside of the cell. The resulting expansion force is directed upward by the sheath, thereby moving the cells further above the surface. The continued dehydration of the sheath material provides an inwardly directed force that also contributes to the upward movement of the sorogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279830
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    Ultrastructural demonstration of loss and recovery of cytochrome oxidase activity during and after heat induction of microcycle conidiation inNeurospora crassa (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 116 (1983), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Neurospora ; Heat treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity of conidia of wild-typeNeurospora crassa was detected cytochemically at the ultrastructural level by 3,′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction during heat treatment at 46 °C and after shift down to 25 °C. At 46 °C the decrease in the enzyme activity was shown to be time-dependent (0–10 hours) in the progressively overswelling conidia. Gradual recovery of the DAB reaction occurred in mitochondria of conidia outgrowing conidiogenous germ tubes (microcycle conidiation) when shifted down to 25 °C. Inactivation of cytochrome oxidase was efficiently prevented during heat treatment in the presence of Tween 20. Such conidia no longer overswelled but still required shift down to 25 °C to produce germ tubes with delayed conidiogenous ability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279832
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    The effect of UV-B and UV-C radiation on sugar beet leaves (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 7-16 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Chloroplast ; Ultrastructure ; Ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of UV-C (254 nm) and UV-B (290–320 nm) radiation on leaves ofBeta vulgaris L. at the ultrastructural level was investigated. Although the damage caused by UV-C radiation was more striking than that resulting from UV-B radiation, several structural changes were seen in the UV-B treated material. Generally the effects of UV-B and UV-C radiation were different, suggesting different mechanisms of action, discernible even at the ultrastructural level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281779
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    The ultrastructure of the formation and development of the amoeboid tapetum inArum italicum miller (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 116-129 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pollen ; Amoeboid tapetum ; Arum italicum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A tapetum is found around all higher plant meiocytes and is thought to nourish them. It may, in turn, be influenced by their development. The mature tapetal membrane in amoeboid (or periplasmodial) tapeta, of whichArum italicum is an example, fits closely around the developing meiocyte. This description of tapetal ultrastructure starts from the meiotic prophase when the tapetum is still cellular and comprises two rows of cells on the inside of the tetrasporangiate anther. The radial walls of the still cellular tapetum start to dissolve during leptotene of the first meiosis. The lysis begins in the middle lamella in those areas penetrated by the most plasmodesmata. The walls in contact with the meiocytes on the other hand do not disappear until after the first meiosis. At telophase the now fused cytoplasmic tapetal mass begins to extend its joint plasmamembrane, amoeboid fashion, into the loculus. A cluster of microtubules can be seen at the apex of this intrusion apparently initiating or maintaining the shape of the invading plasmamembrane front. The tapetum now adheres closely to the microspores. The tapetal zone closest to the spores has a prominent population of microtubules and just a little ER, whereas the outer zone away from the spores contains all the other organelles. The inner zone, in a squash preparation, is not readily separated from the spores. The microtubules, at the middle microspore stage, are no longer to be seen in a circle around the microspores, but spread out with some lying orthogonal to the now-forming exine surface. In places the tapetal plasmamembrane begins to retract from the exine leaving roughly cone-shaped zones (spines) which become filled with fibrillar material. This material begins to be deposited on the exine surface. These “spines” are both PAS. and Coomassie-blue positive and susceptible to acetolysis.
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    The structure and histochemistry of sclerotia ofSclerotinia minor Jagger III. Changes in ultrastructure and loss of reserve materials during carpogenic germination (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 214-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Sclerotia ; Sclerotial germination ; Sclerotinia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytoplasmic reserves and extracellular substances were progressively broken down and utilized during carpogenic germination of sclerotia ofSclerotinia minor. Glycogen, wall polysaccharides and polyphosphate granules were removed first from regions of the sclerotium distant from developing apothecia, while protein bodies near the base of apothecial stipes were hydrolysed before those further away. The number of profiles of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in cortical and medullary hyphae increased at the onset of germination, indicating increased metabolism in the hyphae. In contrast to developing sclerotia, simple pores with Woronin bodies were frequent in walls and septa during germination. Hyphae that appeared to converge towards the base of apothecial initials retained their cytoplasm and organelles until late in germination and hydrolysis of their reserves was delayed; these are interpreted as translocatory hyphae, although further work is required to determine their role unequivocally. When apothecia were fully developed, hyphae throughout the sclerotium were empty and the walls and extracellular matrix of cortical and medullary hyphae had almost completely broken down.
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    Mitosis in the freshwater red algaBatrachospermum ectocarpum (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 118 (1983), S. 56-70 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Carposporophyte ; Cell division ; Mitosis ; Rhodophyta ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic ultrastructure was observed in meristematic cells of carposporophyte generations of the freshwater red algaBatrachospermum ectocarpum. Prior to nuclear division, cell elongation occurs resulting in the nucleus being located at the proximal end of the cell and separated by a large central vacuole from a distal “empty region” which the daughter nucleus eventually occupies. In late prophase, nuclear envelope-attached polar rings are situated adjacent to shallow nuclear invaginations. At prometaphase the nuclear invaginations extend deeply into the nucleus forming continuous cytoplasmic channels containing microtubules. Perinuclear ER and a typical equatorial chromosomal plate are formed by metaphase at which time the nuclear envelope lining the cytoplasmic channels has dispersed. Chromosomal and non-chromosomal microtubules converge at the poles where a single, large gap is seen in the otherwise intact nuclear envelope. Polar rings were not detected in the few mitotic cells observed beyond prometaphase but are thought to be present. During anaphase an interzonal midpiece is formed and the distal-most incipient daughter nucleus moves laterally past the central vacuole into the apical “empty region”. Features of mitosis inBatrachospermum are believed to be intermediate between those exhibited by the lower and higher orders of red algae, this being consistent with the taxonomic placement of the genus in theNemaliales, the least advanced order of the classFlorideophyceae.
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    The ultrastructure of nuclear bodies in interphase plant cell nuclei (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 118 (1983), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nuclear bodies ; Nucleolus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclear bodies are found in interphase nuclei of root apices of a number of plant species. They often show differences in structure and position relative to the nucleolus and this has led to an attempt to define two classes of body. However, in some species their separation into two classes on structural grounds alone breaks down, indicating that although they may occupy different positions within the nucleus they may in these particular cases be only different forms of the same body. The two extremes of the range of bodies examined represent what have been called “nucleolus-associated body” (karyosome) and “dense body”. The nucleolus-associated body is typically attached to, or adjacent to, the nucleolus. It is composed of fibrils 4–8 nm wide and often has an open structure showing compound threads or fibrils separated from each other by electron-lucent spaces. The dense body is more compact in structure and typically lies free in the nucleoplasm. Both types of body have an affinity for silver ions which, together with their staining reaction following treatment with EDTA, indicates that they consist of ribonucleoprotein. The characteristics of nuclear bodies found in different plant species have some relationship with the structure and DNA content of the interphase nucleus. Nucleolus-associated bodies are characteristic of species with an areticulate nuclear structure (2 C DNA content 〈6 pg), while dense bodies are common in species with a reticulate nuclear structure (2 C DNA content 〉6 pg). The possible functions of the two forms of nuclear body are discussed.
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    Ultrastructural polysaccharide localization in calcifying and naked cells of the coccolithophoridEmiliania huxleyi (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 118 (1983), S. 157-168 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcification ; Coccolithophorids ; Polysaccharide localization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Emiliania huxleyi is a marine coccolithophorid which produces coccoliths,i.e., particles consisting of calcite and macromolecular organic material. The coccoliths are formed intracellulary in specialized organelles which comprise a coccolith vesicle (CV) and a reticular body (RB), together forming the CV/RB system or calcifying system. After termination of calcification, the coccolith is extruded and incorporated into the coccosphere,i.e., one or several layers of extracellular coccoliths surrounding the cell. Apart from the coccolith-producing cells (C cells) ofE. huxleyi, there are naked cells (N cells) which seem to have lost the capacity to produce coccoliths but are very similar to the C cells in other morphological respects. Biochemical studies have revealed that polysaccharides may play a regulatory role in calcification. The aim of the present study was to determine the localization of polysaccharides in both C and N cells electron microscopically. For this purpose, a cytochemical staining technique according toThiéry (1967) was applied. The CV/RB system of C cells was conspicuously stained. Due to the excellent stainability of this system, a putative succession of morphological stages during coccolithogenesis could be described. The staining pattern of the N cells closely resembled that of the C cells. It was found, however, that the “calcifying” system of N and C cells differed in both morphology and position. It is suggested that the divergent morphology of the “calcifying” system of N cells accounts for its failure to produce coccoliths.
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    Relationships among membranes in plastids of the red algaNitophyllum punctatum (Stackh.) Grev. (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 119 (1984), S. 55-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Rhodophyta ; Nitophyllum ; Membranous body ; Plastid ; Red algae ; Thylakoidal origin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of plastids in the early stages of differentiation has been studied during the carposporogenesis of the red algaNitophyllum punctatum (Stackh.) Grev. A membranous body has been found in the plastidial matrix, which shows connections either with thylakoids, or with the plastidial genophore. More than one membranous body may be present and in some instances they show a morphological relationship also with the plastidial limiting membranes. The presence of such bodies has been observed also in fully differentiated plastids in a number of other red algae currently under study. It has been shown that the plastidial envelope may release in the matrix vesicles that give rise to the single thylakoids typical of the red algal plastids.
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    Etioplast-chloroplast transformation in maize leaves: Effects of tissue age and light intensity (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 119 (1984), S. 110-120 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plastid greening ; Zea mays ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of light intensity and cell age on the greening of etioplasts were studied in seedlings of maize. We could see that in the youngest tissues examined by us the etioplast greening is very fast and occurs according to a particular pattern which is characterized by the contemporary presence of grana and large non crystalline prolamellar bodies. On the contrary, in the oldest examined tissues the etioplast greening is slow and the formation of grana appears to be delayed and subsequent to the using up of the prolamellar bodies. In the young tissues the intensity of the light mainly affects the duration of the lag-phase preceding the chlorophyll accumulation, while in the old tissues it also affects the total amount of chlorophyllous pigments, the restraining effect of the light appearing amplified by a concomitant restraining effect of cell age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01287823
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    Pre-fertilization ovule development inCapsella: ultrastructure and ultracytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in the meiocyte (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 107 (1981), S. 27-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Capsella ; Female meiocyte ; Ovule ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pre-meiotic and prophase I ovules ofCapsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.(monosporic,Polygonum type of gametophyte development) were fixed routinely or incubated in a modified Gomori medium containing β-glycerophosphate as a substrate. Prior to the beginning of meiosis the potential meiocyte is ultrastructurally similar to the other cells of the nucellus and is distinguished only by its size and position. At the initiation of prophase I dramatic ultrastructural and ultracytochemical changes take place in the female meiocyte. These include the sudden appearance of cytoplasmic structures composed of single and multiple concentric cisternae, distinctive changes in plastids and mitochondria, and the blebbing of 0.3 μm double-membraned vesicles from the nuclear envelope. The concentric cisternae encapsulate portions of cytoplasm containing ribosomes, plastids, mitochondria, ER fragments and vesicles. Both single and multiple concentric cisternae localize high levels of acid phosphatase and function as autophagic vesicles (AVs) that sequester ribosomes and organelles for destruction during meiosis. Plastids stop dividing and become more spherical during prophase I. Some plastids localize acid phosphatase and many show continuities between the outer membrane and the plastid envelope and acid phosphatase-rich RER cisternae. Mitochondria appear as dense, contracted spheres or rods. Some mitochondria localize acid phosphatase but they do not show membrane confluencies with the ER. Some of the plastids and mitochondria that are segregated into the functional megaspore at meiosis II are destroyed but others apparantly survive meiosis and give rise to the plastid and mitochondrial populations of the young gametophyte (Schulz andJensen, unpublished). The lateral and end walls of the meiocyte show patches of intense aniline blue fluorescence and the chalazal end wall of the cell is perforated with large numbers of plasmodesmata.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275605
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    Ultrastructure of the sperms ofPlumbago zeylanica (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 107 (1981), S. 85-107 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Male cytoplasmic inheritance ; Plumbago ; Pollen grain ; Pollen tube ; Sperm ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Male gametes ofPlumbago zeylanica were examined in pollen grains and tubes using light and electron microscopy of chemically and physically fixed tissues, and Nomarski interference microscopy of isolated, living sperm cells. Male gametes are elongate, spindleshaped cells containing a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, vesicles, dictyosomes, probable microfilaments, and a variable number of plastids. In mature pollen grains ofP. zeylanica, the two sperm cells are directly linked; they share a transverse cell wall with plasmodesmata and are enclosed together by the inner vegetative cell plasma membrane. One of these two sperms is also associated with the vegetative nucleus as a consistent feature of pollen grain organization. The basis of this association appears to be a long, narrow projection of the sperm cell (averaging 〈 1 μm wide and about 30 μm long) which wraps around the periphery of the vegetative nucleus and occupies embayments of that nucleus. This association is maintained throughout pollen tube growth but becomes less extensive near the completion of tube growth and is severed following tube discharge. The consistent occurrence of the sperm-vegetative nucleus association in pollen grains, tubes and isolated pollen cytoplasm suggests that the two structures may be directly connected, but attempts to visualize this type of connection were unsuccessful. Possibly, the entwining nature and extent of complementary interfaces between vegetative nucleus and sperm may have a role in stabilizing their association. Functionally, the two sperms and vegetative nucleus appear to travel as a linked unit within the pollen tube, possibly increasing the effectiveness of gamete delivery and helping to ensure nearly simultaneous transmission of sperms into the receptive megagametophyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275610
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    Occurrence of the suberized lamella in leaves of grasses of different photosynthetic types. I. In parenchymatous bundle sheaths and PCR (“Kranz”) sheaths (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 109 (1981), S. 371-401 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: C4 Photosynthesis ; C4 Types ; Leaf blades ; Poaceae ; Suberized lamella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Leaf blades of 42 grasses (Poaceae) have been examined ultrastructurally for the occurrence of a suberized lamella in walls of parenchymatous bundle sheaths and PCR (= “Kranz”) sheaths in both large and small vascular bundles. The sample includes species from a range of major grass taxa, and represents all photosynthetic types found in the grasses. Three grasses with unusual C4 leaf anatomy were also included:Alloteropsis semialata, Aristida biglandulosa, Arundinella nepalensis. The presence of a suberized lamella in PCR cell walls was perfectly correlated with photosynthetic type. All PEP-carboxykinase type and NADP-malic enzyme type C4 species examined possessed a suberized lamella in outer tangential and radial walls, but with variable presence in inner tangential walls. PCR cells of bothAlloteropsis semialata andArundinella nepalensis also possessed a suberized lamella. A lamella was totally absent from parenchymatous bundle sheath cells of the C3 species examined (5 spp.) and ofPanicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate. It was also absent from PCR cells of NAD-malic enzyme type C4 species (14 spp.) andAristida biglandulosa. The results are discussed in relation to the leakage of CO2 from PCR cells, and to differences between C4 types in δ13C values, chloroplast position in PCR cells, and other anatomical characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01287454
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    Ultrastructure of meiosis in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum I. Prophasic microtubules and spindle dynamics (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 23-33 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Polarity ; Ultrastructure ; Mosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of microtubules develops during meiotic prophase in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.)Jaeg. &Sauerb. Development of the cytoskeleton can be traced to early prophase when the nucleus is acentric and the single plastid divides into four plastids. The cytoskeletal microtubules are associated with equidistant positioning of the four plastids at the distal tetrad poles and with migration of the nucleus to a central position in the sporocyte. The cytoskeleton, which interconnects plastids and encloses the nucleus, contributes to the establishment of moss sporocyte polarity. Just prior to metaphase I evidence of the prophase cytoskeleton is lost as the bipolar metaphase I spindle develops in association with discrete polar organizers located in opposite cleavage furrows between plastids.
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    Ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the motile diatomNavicula cuspidata (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 10-22 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diatom ; Motility ; Mucopolysaccharide ; Secretion ; Staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generation of movement in benthic diatoms is thought to be intimately associated with secretion at the raphe, a slit in the silica cell wall. The presence and distribution of extracellular substances and their source was investigated cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular material, possibly-acid mucopolysaccharide, was observed consistently within the entire length of the raphe of both valves and also as a sheath enveloping the silica frustule. Such quantities of extracellular material are absent in conventionally fixed motile diatoms. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, with fibrillar contents, distributed peripherally but concentrated along the raphe and at the cell poles, react strongly with a polysaccharide specific stain; their distribution in the cell and polysaccharide content suggest these may be the source of raphe and sheath material. Results support the most recent theories on the mechanism of locomotion in outline only; the details cannot be clarified. Localization procedures using alcian blue and silver staining of peroxidised sections are discussed briefly.
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    Ultrastructure of cell division and reproductive differentiation of male plants in theFlorideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Mitosis inDasya baillouviana (1981)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 106 (1981), S. 329-341 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dasya ; Mitosis ; Rhodophyta ; Spermatangia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitosis in the marine red algaDasya baillouviana (Ceramiales, Florideophyceae) was observed with the electron microscope. Most details of the process are quite similar to those observed in the other macroscopic red algae studied to date. However, some minor variations were noted. At late prophase a very small nuclear envelope protrusion (NEP) is formed at each division pole subjacent to the “nucleus associated organelle” known as the polar ring (PR) and 2–3 cisternae of perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (PER) are commonly present during metaphase-anaphase. In contrast, in the other florideophycean algae where mitosis has been reported, a prominent NEP is present at late prophase (McDonald personal communication,Scott et al. 1980) and only a single cisterna of PER is observed. Additionally, during mid-late interphase and in mitotically-quiescent cells ofDasya, a single cisterna of smooth-surfaced ER is always juxtaposed with each PR. The possible significance of PER in theFlorideophyceae and other multinucleate organisms is discussed as well as the likely functions of spindle-associated smooth ER. It is suggested that ultrastructural features of mitosis should be useful as criteria to aid in the interpretation of the phylogeny of red algae.
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    Ultrastructure of mitosis in the aphid-pathogenic fungusErynia neoaphidis (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 72-83 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Mitosis ; Entomophthoraceae ; Erynia neoaphidis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An account of mitosis in the aphid-pathogenic, entomophthoraceous fungusErynia neoaphidis is presented. The mitotic apparatus is characterized by a closed, intranuclear, polarized spindle. Chromosomes are permanently attached by kinetochore microtubules (kcMTs) to the poles during mitosis. The spindle develops as the spindle pole bodies migrate and separate. At metaphase the eccentric spindle contains only kcMTs and is located in a relatively chromatinfree zone. Paired sister kinetochores are arranged in a broad metaphase plate. During anaphase kcMTs shorten, astral and nonchromosomal microtubules develop and elongate and the interpolar distance increases.
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    The taxonomic significance of the mitotic spindle and nucleus-associated organelle ofEntomophaga aulicae (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 84-90 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Entomophaga aulicae ; Fungi ; Mitosis ; Nucleus associated organelle ; Taxonomy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nuclei in protoplasts ofEntomophaga aulicae contain abundant condensed chromatin and a large central nucleolus. The metaphase spindle occupies a small eccentric area of the nucleus while the remainder of the nucleus is filled with condensed chromatin. Small portions of condensed chromatin are aligned along a broad metaphase plate and connected to the spindle poles by kinetochore microtubules. The nucleus associated organelle (NAO) is a solid barlike structure which lies at the spindle poles and is closely associated with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Comparison of the nuclear characteristics ofE. aulicae with those of other members of theEntomophthorales supports the separation of theEntomophthoraceae from theBasidiobolaceae andAncylistaceae. Further comparison of details of nuclear division in theEntomophthoraceae, specifically NAO morphology, may be useful in helping to delineate evolutionary lines within the family.
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    The behavior of the plasma membrane following osmotic contraction of isolated protoplasts: Implications in freezing injury (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 83-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Freeze-fracture ; Isolated rye protoplasts ; Osmotic contraction ; Plasma membrane-derived vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Following osmotic contraction of isolated rye protoplast (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) that results in nearly a 50% reduction in volume, the plasma membrane was smooth, with no folding or pleating. Instead, deletion of plasma membrane occurred and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles were observed. As a result, the area of the plasma membrane was reduced by approximately 40%. Thin sections revealed that the cytoplasmic vesicles were membrane bound and not merely voids in the cytoplasm. High resolution video microscopy revealed the extent of vesiculation showing large clusters of cytoplasmic vesicles following osmotic contraction. Labeling the plasma membrane with fluorescein-Con-A prior to hypertonic contraction suggested that the cytoplasmic vesicles were derived from the plasma membrane. Freeze-fracture particle density on both the protoplasmic (PFp) and exoplasmic face (EFp) of the plasma membrane remained unchanged following contraction, which is consistent with a unit-membrane deletion into cytoplasmic vesicles. Upon partial re-expansion of the protoplasts, thin sections showed that the vesicles remained in the cytoplasm. These results using osmotic manipulation confirm earlier observations of isolated protoplasts at the light microscope level. Upon contraction plasma membrane is deleted into cytoplasmic vesicles, which are not readily reincorporated into the plasma membrane upon expansion. Lysis occurs before the original volume and surface area are regained.
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    Isolation and ultrastructural identification of membranes from the fungusGilbertella persicaria (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 87-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungi ; Gilbertella persicaria ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Organelle isolation ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for isolating and identifying subcellular membranes from walled hyphae ofGilbertella persicaria. Differences in thickness and symmetry of membranes and in contents of vesicles were used to distinguish different types of membranes. Mitochondria, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and vesicles with attached ribosomes from homogenized germlings equilibrated at the 1.2/1.4 M interface in discontinuous sucrose gradients. Accelerated flotation in centrifuged Ficol-sucrose gradients resulted in the additional separation of the mixed membranes into three fractions: one contained predominantly intact mitochondria, another was composed of vacuoles and vesicles coated with ribosomes, and a third was enriched in plasma membranes. Based upon morphometric analysis, these fractions contained 92% mitochondria, 53% vacuoles, and 89% plasma membranes, respectively. The source of vesicles coated with ribosomes was investigated since rapidly growing hyphae ofG. persicaria contained little rough endoplasmic reticulum as compared with other classes of membranes. Reconstruction from electron micrographs of mitochondrial fragmentation and vesiculation suggested that most of the ribosome-coated vesicles originated from disrupted mitochondria rather than from rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study demonstrates the utility of ultrastructural markers to identify membranesin vitro independent of, or as an adjunct to, cytochemical and biochemical markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282067
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    A light and electron microscopic study of stigmas inAneilema andCommelina species (Commelinaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 26-36 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aneilema ; Commelina ; Cytochemistry ; Evolution ; Papillae ; Pollination ; Secretion ; Stigmas ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stigmas of species inAneilema andCommelina are trifid and comprise elongate papillae. Progressive degeneration of papular cells is observed in stigmas from open flowers and at anthesis papillae may be moribund and collapsed. Fluid emanating from the hollow style flows onto the surface through ruptures in the cuticle at the interpapillar junctions into the interstices at maturity. This secretion stains positively for protein. Stigmas are of the “wet” type. The cuticle overlying the papillar cells is ridged and at the final stages prior to flowering this cuticle becomes detached from the underlying cellulosic wall. The sub-cuticular space so formed is filled with secretion. InAneilema species detachment of cuticle is at the papillar tip and along the lateral walls. InCommelina species the anticlinal walls of adjacent papillae are strongly attached for much of their length and thus detachment of cuticle is restricted to the papillar tip. The cell wall at the tip in both genera may proliferate forming a rudimentary transfer-cell type wall. The secretion is considered to be produced by the papillar cells. It is PAS positive but fails to stain for protein and in both the light and electron microscopes appears heterogenous. Pollen attachment, hydration, germination and early tube growth are very rapid following self-pollination, the pollen tubes entering the neck of the style within ten minutes of attachment. A unique character combination involving pollen and stigmas in these genera indicates a monophyletic origin.
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    Microcyst formation in the plasmodial slime moldDidymium iridis (1982)
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    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst-encystment ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Myxomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Myxamoebae ofDidymium iridis were removed from the bacterial food source and induced to encyst by transfer to 10 mM phosphate buffer. After 24 hours of induction approximately 90% of the myxamoebae had differentiated into microcysts. The kinetics of encystment were not significantly affected by pH or osmolarity of the encystment medium. Early stages of encystment were distinguished by the appearance of autophagic vacuoles and an extracellular “slime-like” sheath. The outer wall layer, consisting of dense fibrils, was unevenly deposited after 4 hours. An electron-lucent, second wall layer appeared between 5–10 hours followed by a densely packed, third wall layer adjacent to the plasma membrane. Wall formation appeared to involve smooth-membraned vesicles of possible Golgi origin. The vesicle contents and outer wall layer reacted with the periodic acid-silver methenamine stain for polysaccharide. The density of intramembrane particles of the protoplasmic fracture face increased during encystment with a gradual formation of aggregates of particles.
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    Tentacle contraction and ultrastructure inDiscophrya collini: The response to cations (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 92-100 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
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    Cross-linking bridges associated with the microbody-lipid globule complex inChytriomyces aureus andChytriomyces hyalinus (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Ultrastructure ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determining how the orientation and association among organelles are maintained within zoospores of theChytridiales is important to understanding the control of zoospore motility. Zoospores of the aquatic fungi,Chytriomyces aureus andC. hyalinus, contain microbody-lipid globule complexes with an elongate microbody adjacent to the portion of a lipid globule facing the cell's interior and a fenestrated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the surface of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. Mitochondria are intimately associated with the microbody. Electron microscopy of the microbody-lipid globule complex fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic acid, reveals cross-linking bridges connecting the rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the kinetosome. It is concluded that these bridges are responsible, at least in part, for the consistent location of the microbody-lipid globule complex in the zoospore body. The possible role of the rumposome as a receptor organelle is discussed.
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    Rapidly-secreting, cultured oat cells serve as a model system for the study of cellular exocytosis. Characterization of cells and isolated secretory vesicles (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 196-204 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Secretion ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cultured cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus-derived suspension cultures of oats dramatically increase the viscosity of the culture media after one month in culture. Colorimetric assays for sugars and protein, as well as measurements of viscosity, suggest that the released material is a long-chain polysaccharide, probably a pectinaceous substance. These cells grow slowly in liquid culture, yet despite their low cell density, they are able to increase the viscosity of the media several fold within seven days after media transfer. Ultrastructural observations show that oat cells have features common to actively-secreting cells; especially evident are numerous dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae. Using a combination of filtering and centrifugation techniques we were able to recover large numbers of intact secretory vesicles. The interior of the vesicles stain with periodic acid-silver hexamine, and colormetric analysis of the vesicle pellet for total sugars confirms the presence of polysaccharides in this vesicle fraction. Because of the uniformity of these cells, the high rate of secretion, and the accessability of a large vesicle population, this culture system is'a useful model for studying the secretory process in plant cells.
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    Ultrastructure and behaviour of the spindle pole body of the aphid-pathogenic fungusErynia neoaphidis (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 61-71 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Spindle pole body ; Entomophthoraceae ; Erynia neoaphidis ; Ultrastructure ; Replication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A detailed account of the ultrastructure and behaviour of the spindle pole body (SPB) of the entomophthoraceous fungusErynia neoaphidis is presented for the first time. The SPB consists of extranuclear (ENC) and intranuclear (INC) components. The ENC is a “saucepan-shaped” structure which lies in a pocket of the nuclear envelope. It is composed of a forked, fibrillar “handle” and a shallow, cylindrical “pan”. The “pan” has a wall of two layers, both of which are thickened with a regular periodicity so that they appear to be “beaded”. It is postulated that the “pan“ is formed from rough endoplasmic reticulum and that it synthesizes the amorphous, electron-dense material coating the ENC. The INC is a “saucer-shaped”, electron-dense plaque in which the ends of the spindle microtubules terminate. During metaphase, a “clear zone” separates the INC from the nuclear envelope and persists until telophase. The roles of the amorphous, electron-dense material and the “clear zone” as well as the method of SPB replication are discussed.
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    Gametogenesis inCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blastocladiales ; Chytridiomycetes ; Coelomomyces ; Cytoplasmic cleavage ; Gametogenesis ; Mosquito-copepodpathogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gametogenesis was studied inCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes), an obligate parasite of anopheline mosquito larvae and the copepod,Acanthocyclops vernalis. In infected copepods reared under a 16/8 hours light/dark photoperiod at 25 +2 °C., the gametophyte develops over a period of approximately seven days, and gametogenesis is triggered by the onset of the dark period during the last day of development. The initial step of gametogenesis is the elongation of the centriole to form the kinetosome, and measuring time from the onset of the final dark period (0 hours), this occurs prior to the beginning of the light period (8 hours). Subsequently, small vesicles that appear to originate from elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) fuse at the distal end of the kinetosome forming the flagellar vesicle into which the axonemal microtubules elongate to form the flagellum (8–12 hours). Similar small vesicles apparently also derived from rER align in planes and fuse to form cleavage furrows which delineate the gamete initials (12–14 hours). As the gamete initials begin forming, the mitochondria within each initial fuse to form a single mitochondrion that associates with the lipid globules and microbodies forming the microbody-lipid globule complex (12–16 hours). The time elapsed between the formation of the flagellar vesicle to the release of mature gametes from the copepod host is about 8.5 hours. No differences were observed in the processes or timing of gametogenesis in male and female gametophytes.
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    Ultrastructure of the gametes ofCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blastocladiales ; Coelomomyces ; Gametes ; Mosquitocopepod pathogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As part of an investigation on the developmental biology ofCoelomomyces dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes), the ultrastructure of the male and female gametes was studied. The nucleus is central and conical in shape except for a basal spur that curves back towards the large plate-like mitochondrion. A nuclear cap of ribosomes sits on the flat anterior end of the nucleus. Approximately seven lipid globules are partially embedded in the mitochondrion and are interconnected by membrane cisternae. The lipid globules are covered by a single fenestrated microbody and a backing membrane lies between the microbody and the gamete plasma membrane. The kinetosome is at the base of the nucleus and is connected to a single, posterior, whiplash flagellum. A nonkinetosomal centriole is absent. In the peripheral cytoplasm of both mating types there is a paracrystalline body of unknown composition and function. No significant ultrastructural differences were found between the male and female gametes.
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    The fine structure of granular amoebocytes from the gonads of the sea anemoneActinia fragacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 122 (1984), S. 203-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinia fragacea ; Granular amoebocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure of granular amoebocytes of the intertidal sea anemoneActinia fragacea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) has been investigated using the electron microscope. Cells from the gonads of large, intact individuals were studied in most detail, but other regions of the anemone were also examined. The amoebocytes are cells of variable appearance which are widely distributed both in the mesogloea and in the epithelial cell layers. They contain numbers of characteristic dense granules, which may enclose spherical cores of greater or lesser electron density. They also contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and a range of inclusions, some of which may have lysosomal origins. They may contain extensive deposits of glycogen, and usually smaller quantities of lipid droplets. They may take on a variety of forms, depending partly on their location within the various types of mesogloea and epithelia. The amoebocytes appear to be motile and phagocytic, and may also be involved in the storage and transport of glycogen. They are involved with gametogenesis, both during the development of the oocytes and spermatogenic cysts and during the resorption of degenerating gametes. Their possible role in the secretion or maintenance of the mesogloea remains uncertain. No evidence of amoebocytes differentiating into other cell types was obtained.
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    The nucleolar cycle in karyomeres ofTetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranichidae) in relation to replication of fragments of holokinetic chromosomes (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 78-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chromosome fragments ; Holokinetic chromosomes ; Karyomeres ; Nucleolar material ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomes and nucleoli in the karyomeres of cleavage eggs of the arrhenotokous spidermiteTetranychus urticae Koch were treated with a silver-staining procedure for nucleolar material to establish the number of nucleoli and of the chromosomes that produce them. Each of the three holokinetic chromosomes of the haploid chromosome complement produces nucleolar material. This is confirmed by observations on the ultrastructure of karyomeres in serial sections of interphase cleavage divisions. These findings are thought to be in agreement with facts from previous radiation research and may help to explain the fate of induced fragments in holokinetic chromosomes.
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    Cell division in baeocyte producing cyanobacteria (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 104-115 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Constrictive binary fission ; Cyanobacteria ; Development ; Multiple fission ; Septate binary fission ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural examination of cell division in two baeocyte producing cyanobacteria,Pleurocapsa minor andDermocarpa violaceae, reveals two distinct patterns of binary (transverse) fission. Septate binary fission, inPleurocapsa minor, involves centripetal synthesis and deposition of the mucopolymer cell wall layer (L 2). The ingrowth of the cytoplasmic membrane and L 1 cell wall layer, along with the synthesis of the L 2 cell wall layer, results in the formation of a prominent septum. Partitioning of the cell occurs by the constriction of the outer cell wall layers (L 3 and L 4) through the septum. InDermocarpa violaceae, constrictive binary fission occurs by the simultaneous ingrowth or constriction of the cytoplasmic membrane and all cell wall layers (L1, L2, L3, L4). Septate and constrictive binary fission may proceed symmetrically (medially) or asymmetrically (nonmedially). Multiple fission occurs regularly inDermocarpa violaceae and provides for a rapid means of reproduction when compared to binary fission. Successive radial and tangential divisions of the protoplast result in formation of many small daughter cells (baeocytes). The process of multiple fission is similar to septate binary fission with reduced septa being formed. However, constriction of the outer cell wall layers, through the septa, proceeds concurrently with septum formation.
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    The occurrence of calyx nodules inPsychotria spp. (Rubiaceae) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Psychotria ; Leaf nodules ; Calyx nodules ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and structure of calyx nodules in the flowers of two leaf nodulated rubiaceous speciesPsychotria punctata Vatke andPsychotria kirkii Hiern. has been described for the first time at the ultrastructural level. Bacteria, resident in colleter-secreted mucilage in the space between calyx and corolla, invade stomatal pores which develop on the calyx protoderm. The bacteria proliferate in the substomatal cavity and then invade the calyx mesophyll. This invasion is most pronounced inP. punctata where the bacteria even penetrate and enter the cells of the vascular tissue. Although no sheath forms around the calyx nodules, the calyx mesophyll cells surrounded by the bacteria become identical in shape, size and secretory function to the invasive mesophyll cells of leaf nodules. The functional and evolutionary significance of calyx nodulation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282313
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    Some aspects of the development of the endodermis and cortex ofTilia cordata andPicea sitchensis (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cortex ; Endodermis ; Picea sitchensis ; Tilia cordata ; Transfer cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The endodermis of bothTilia cordata andPicae citchensis progressess through 3 characteristic phases of development. These developments are delayed somewhat in the xylem pole endodermis ofT. cordata, while inP. sitchensis 3–5 passage cells are found. The cortex ofT. cordata is characterised by very thick walls, while that ofP. sitchensis is characterised by a thick walled layer just outside the endodermis and by 2–3 outer layers of transfer cells.
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    Observations on the ultrastructure ofFrankia sp. in root nodules ofDatisca cannabina L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 383-402 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Datisca cannabina ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the microsymbiont inside the root nodules ofDatisca cannabina have been studied by light, by transmission- and by scanning-electron microscopy. The endophyte is prokaryotic and actinomycetal in nature. The hyphae are septate and branched, diameter 0.3–0.5 μm. The tips of hyphae are swollen to form electron-dense, clubshaped to filamentous vesicles, ranging in diameter: 0.4–1.4 μm. The endophyte penetrates through walls of the cortial cells. The infected zone is kidney shaped and confined to one side of the acentric stele. The orientation of infection is reversed from other actinorhizae exceptCoriaria. The hyphae are near the host cell wall and vesicles are directed towards the central vacuole. Vesicles are aseptate and no collapsing of the vesicle cell wall (void area) has been observed. Vesicle clusters structures are globular with an opening at one side of the cluster. The host cell is multinucleate or contains a lobed nucleus. Groups of mitochondria are located in between the hyphae, suggesting a strong association between the host and the endophyte for energy supply and amino acid production. The consequences of the inability to separate the mitochondria from the vesicle clusters in nodule homogenates in physiological studies have been discussed. Isolated vesicles clusters showed dehydrogenase activity, indicated by the presence of formazan crystals, after incubation with NADH and NBT. Strongest reducing activity was found within the vesicles. The possible role of filamentous vesicles in nitrogen fixation has been discussed.
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    Mycorrhizal improvement in non-leguminous nitrogen fixing associations with particular reference toHippophaë rhamnoides L. (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 189-199 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus Hippophaë ; Mycorrhiza ; Myrica ; Nitrogenase ; Phosphate ; Triple symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The roots ofHippophaë rhamnoides which regularly bear actinomycete induced nodules when growing on Scottish sand dunes have also been found to support an endomycorrhizal association withGlomus fasciculatus. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies carried out on the indigenous infections of establishedHippophaë mycorrhizal roots would support the postulate that transport is indeed occurring between the fungal symbiont and the host plant and vice versa in respect of phosphate and carbohydrate. Experiments using various inoculation regimes, demonstrated the significant improvement in the mycorrhizal/nodulated plants compared to the nodulated-only and the mycorrhizal-only plants with respect to plant growth, uptake of phosphate and nitrogenase activity, when grown in a medium poor in combined nitrogen and soluble phosphate. Preliminary work onAlnus andMyrica species growing in Central Scotland indicates that the mycorrhizae associated with these nodulated root systems exhibit a different interaction pattern which may be dependent on habitat type and associated angiosperm species.
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    Enzymatic analysis of carrageenans: Structure of carrageenan from Eucheuma nudum (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 563-567 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Carrageenan ; Eucheuma ; structure ; enzymatic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Porphyran primary structure (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 572-575 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; porphyran ; agarases ; 13C-NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027749
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    Studies on the polysaccharide of Eucheuma III. Effects of alkali metal ions on the solution properties and gel structures of the polysaccharide from Eucheuma gelatinae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 568-571 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Eucheuma gelatinae ; carrageenan ; viscosity ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    β-Agarases from Pseudomonas atlantica (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 576-579 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; agarases ; Pseudomonas atlantica
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    Topics: Biology
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    Studies on urease extracted from Ulva lactuca (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 580-583 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Ulva ; urease ; inhibition ; hydroxyurea ; hydroxamic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Glutamate dehydrogenase of Porphyra yezoensis (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 584-587 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; algae ; Porphyra ; glutamate dehydrogenase ; NADP-dependent ; enzyme properties
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    Topics: Biology
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    Spectroscopic behavior of biliprotein from Porphyra tenera upon denaturation with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 588-593 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; biliprotein ; phycocyanin ; phycoerythrin ; spectroscopy ; denaturation
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    Isolation and characterization of R-phycocyanin from Polysiphonia urceolata (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 594-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; R-phycocyanin ; molecular weight ; isoelectric point ; absorption spectra ; fluorescence spectra
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    High-molecular-weight phloroglucinol-based tannins from brown algae: Structural variants (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 597-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Phaeophyceae ; polyphloroglucinols ; physodes ; tannins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Isolation and characterization of the chloroplast DNA of Macrocystis integrifolia (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 603-605 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; chloroplast DNA ; kelp ; restriction endonucleases ; gel electrophoresis ; autoradiography
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    Taxonomic criteria in the genus Gracilaria Grev. (Rhodophyta): An experience with the western Atlantic species (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; geographical distribution ; western Atlantic ; red algae
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027639
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    Some problems in the taxonomy of Chinese species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; taxonomy ; systematics ; marine algae ; morphology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027640
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    Seasonal reproduction and abundance of six sympatric species of Gracilaria Grev. (Gracilariaceae; Rhodophyta) on a Caribbean subtidal sand plain (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; reproduction ; abundance ; seasonality ; Caribbean marine algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027641
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    Cultivation of Gracilaria by means of low rafts (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 72-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; raft cultivation ; growth rate ; planting time ; algal weeds
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    Managing wild crops of Gracilaria in central Chile (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 77-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; marine plants ; production ecology ; resource management ; marine algae
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    Strain selection and physiology in the development of Gracilaria mariculture (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; photosynthesis ; mariculture ; agar ; carbon limitation
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    Technical aspects of nori (Porphyra) cultivation and quality preservation of nori products in Japan today (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Porphyra ; cultivation ; preservation ; pigments ; vitamin C
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    Antimicrobial and cytotoxic terpenoids from tropical green algae of the family Udoteaceae (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; green algae ; antibiotics ; cytotoxic compounds ; bioactive terpenoids ; Udoteaceae ; Chlorophyta
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027651
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    Hypocholesterolemic effect of seaweeds on rats (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; hypocholesterolemic effect ; Monostroma nitidum ; feeding experiment ; plasma cholesterol ; fractionation ; β-homobetaine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027654
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    Chinese seaweeds in herbal medicine (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 152-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; economic marine algae ; herbal medicine
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    GABA-mimetic molecules from Porphyra (Rhodophyta) induce metamorphosis of Hafotis (Gastropods) larvae (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; GABA-mimetic molecules ; red algae ; Porphyra ; metamorphic inducers ; molluscan larvae
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    Antimicrobial activity from marine algae: Results of a large-scale screening programme (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 158-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; algae ; antibiotics ; biologically active compounds
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    Studies on the biologically active compounds of the algae from the Yellow Sea (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 168-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; bromophenol ; diterpenes ; Dictyota indica ; dictyotriol A ; dictyotriol B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027658
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    Properties of Gracilaria agars (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; agar ; agarose ; Gracilaria ; porphyran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027659
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    Biochemical and immunochemical analysis of carrageenans of the Gigartinaceae and Phyllophoraceae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; carrageenans ; life history phase ; antibodies ; 13C-NMR spectroscopy ; IR spectroscopy ; Gigartinaceae ; Phyllophoraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027660
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    Conformations of κ-carrageenan in solution (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; carrageenan ; optical rotation ; viscosity ; light scattering ; chain conformation ; polysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027661
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    Behavior of tritium in the marine environment: Uptake and distribution of tritiated water and of tritiated organic compounds in unicellular and multicellular algae (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Acetabularia ; Boergesenia ; Laurencia ; Cystoseira ; radioecology ; tritium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027662
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    The apicobasal differentiation of the chloroplast population in Acetabularia: In vivo gradient of DNA synthesis (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Acetabularia ; marine alga ; apicobasal gradient ; chloroplast differentiation ; DNA synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027663
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    The effects of blue and red light on the transcellular electric potential, cytoplasmic streaming and rRNA transport in Acetabularia acetabulum (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Acetabularia ; red and blue light ; rRNA synthesis ; rRNA migration ; transcellular potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027664
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    Culture of Acetabularia calyculus from the South China Sea (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Acetabularia calyculus ; culture ; cysts ; Dasycladaceae ; gametes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027665
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    Developmental studies on cultured endolithic conchocelis (Rhodophyta) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; conchocelis ; endolith ; Rhodophyta ; culture ; development ; taxonomy ; morphology ; influence of substrate mineralogy ; morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027666
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    Studies on the morphology of conchocelis of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla and related species (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; conchocelis ; Porphyra ; comparative morphology ; cell types ; chromatophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027667
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    Ultrastructural studies on the reproductive organs of Porphyra haitanensis T. J. Chang et B. F. Zheng (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; carpospore ; carposporangia ; fertilization canal ; Porphyra ; prototrichogyne ; spermatium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027668
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    Cell wall thickenings in the taxonomy of Chondria and Husseyella (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from southern Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 224-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; cell wall thickenings ; Chondria ; Husseyella ; algal taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027670
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    A new aspect of Ulva vegetation along the Japanese coast (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 229-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Ulva ; taxonomy ; phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027672
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    The life history of Gloeophycus koreanum I. K. Lee & Yoo (Rhodophyta, Gloiosiphoniaceae) in culture (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gloeophycus koreanum ; Rhodophyta ; life history ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027673
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    The commercial cultivation of Eucheuma in China (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 243-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Eucheuma ; coral reefs ; commercial cultivation ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027675
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