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  • Articles  (419)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (419)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1980-1984  (419)
  • 1970-1974
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  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (419)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference report (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040112
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040201
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurementsBased on a paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, 29 November-1 December 1978.The technique described in this paper is sometimes referred to as oxygen consumption calorimetry for convenience, although no calorimetric measurements are involved. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption provides a simple, versatile and powerful tool for estimating the rate of heat release in fire experiments and fire tests. The method is based on the generalization that the heats of combustion per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same for most fuels commonly encountered in fires. A measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption can then be converted to a measure of rate of heat release. Data on heats of combustion are presented to support this generalization. The applicability of the technique to combustion under fire conditions is examined, possible sources of error in the measurements are discussed, and applications of the method are reviewed. It is concluded that the accuracy of oxygen consumption based rate of heat release measurements should compare favorably with those derived from conventional calorimetric measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040202
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxidative pyrolysis of plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiments using a thermobalance, a hot-plate and a moving furnace have all shown that polymers can evolve oxidation products in air even at moderate temperatures. These gases can include carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and acrolein. The amounts are generally low except near the very top of the temperature range used in some processes. Tests in the vicinity of three different extruders have confirmed some of these small-scale findings but also showed that the evolved gases were adequately handled by the ventilation installed. The evolution of other gases in certain cases has also been briefly studied. Some measure of the heat evolved in oxidative pyrolysis has also been obtained for polyethylene. The polymers investigated were low density and high density polyethylene, poly(ethylene vinylacetate), polypropylene, poly(vinylonitrille) polypropylene, poly(vinylchloride), polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), polycarbonate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 6-6, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene and one nature material (wood).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of the effect of softening and fire resistance of materials on burning characteristics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An important observation during full-scale fires was that burning behaviour is often determined by softening characteristics as well as ignitability, flame spread, etc. Examples include stacking chairs where thermoplastics give a rapid rate of fire growth and suspended ceilings where thermoplastics reduce fire hazard. A test rig has been progressively developed at RAPRA to reproduce the mechanisms and fire growth rates of stacked chairs and to evaluate the role of softening in fire growth. Although the ignitability of fire-retarded materials is less than that of non-fire-retarded grades, the fire growth rate in stacks is similar and may be related to the softening behaviour determined by exposing sheets of material to radiant heat. The rate of fire growth in stacks may be significantly reduced by modifying the softening behaviour of materials, e.g. by using asbestos-reinforced thermoplastics which can form an integral, non-melting felt or by using non-melting materials such as SMC or wood.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flame-Retarded polypropylene: A comparison of large- and small-scale tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes work carried out on flame-retarded polypropylene comparing results on selected small-scale laboratory fire tests with those obtained on a larger-scale test designed to simulate the typical real life hazard situation. In the latter test a number of important parameters such as heat build-up, Hame spread, smoke development and gas evolution were assessed. The results indicate that there is need to use both types of tests to gain a fuller understanding prior to using new materials. An assessment based on small-scale tests alone could be misleading and allow the use of potentially hazardous material in the particular application involved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire testing of upholstered furniture and bedding (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 92-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considerable concern has been expressed about the increasing number and changing pattern of fires and the fact that modern upholstered furniture is relatively easy to ignite and, once ignited, burns rapidly to produce large quantities of smoke and toxic gas. This led to a number of major research programmes and to the evolution of a number of test procedures in the UK. The first major test procedure was published in 1976 by the BPF in conjunction with RAPRA, BRMA and FIRA. An important aspect of this approach was the linking of ignition and rate of initial burning data with the application of the product and the environmental hazard. It was evolved within a short period of time to proved furniture designers and specifies with a means of avoiding products of high risk. The DOE/PSA are using a comprehensive series of Fire Retardant Specifications to control and specify their upholstered furniture and bedding. Specifications have been developed which enable individual components and sub-assemblies as well as the final product to be characterized in terms of ignitability and burning characteristics, i.e. temperatures, smoke, and carbon monoxide production. BS DD58 and BS 5852 Part1, ignitability tests for upholstered seating are essentially a combination of BPR and DOE/PSA test procedures. Cigarettes, gas flames and wooden cribs are used for the ignition sources and are positioned on a composite seat/back test rig.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040208
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to testing materials in the NBS smoke chamber (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The standard NBS/Aminco smoke test chamber is critically examined from the point of view of repeatability and reproducibility of the apparatus itself. Individual components contributing to the overall determination are examined and suggested lines for improvement are made which should result in more consistent results. Problems associated with the presentation of results are discussed and a new approach which includes time-weighted data is proposed. This attempts to consider the rate dependence of smoke production in one calculated figure rather than isolated observations such as maximum optical density. Utilizing the NBS/Aminco chamber, a novel procedure for determining the smoke evolution characteristics of materials has been developed which can be considered to simulate more closely the progress of thermal degradation that a material undergoes in a real fire.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040209
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further variations of smoke density with heat flux (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 104-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat flux in the NBS smoke chamber has been varied from 1.0 to 5.0 W cm-2 in 0.5 W cm-2 steps for some fifteen natural and synthetic materials. These experiments confirm the results given in previous papers for a smaller heat flux range, namely that smoke density varies ove4r the temperature/heat flux range. The extended range studied ensured that a much higher proportion of the materials reached a heat flux at which ignition occurred. As before at this and higher heat fluxes, the experiments were repeated in the flaming mode to ensure better reproducibility. With a few exceptions the general shape of the specific optical density/heat flux plot was similar, with a steep rise to a peak and then a corresponding drop to a low value at high fluxes. At 5 W cm-2the drop had not been reached in some cases, but it is assumed to occur later by inference from earlier work on a smaller-scale apparatus at high temperatures. Complex materials can give unusual plots during the transition from pyrolysis to combustion. This is true of certain polymers containing fire retardant when the pyrolysis of the additive can have a separate effect.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040210
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of diammonium phosphate on the flammability of wood and wood-polymethylmethacrylate composites (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of diammonium phosphate has been examined on sawdust-polymethylmethacrylate composites. It has been observed that the char formation depends on the distribution of DAP in sawdust and polymethylmethacrylate. An interesting correlation was found between the mass burning rates of the composites and the extent of char formation during thermal degradation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040303
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical and toxicological assessment of combustion products from cellular plastics: Comparison of ‘DIN tubular’ and ‘potts’ furnaces (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The internal temperature of rigid foam undergoing combustion in the DIN tubular traveling furnace using conditions previously employed for gas generation and analysis has been studied. Unexpected findings were obtained in that the material exhibited no insulating effect and temperatures within the core of the foam were up to 25% (+125°C at 500°C) greater than has been assumed or indeed aimed for. An explanation of the phenomenon has been put forward and proved by further experiment. Suggested practices to be adopted in the future to minimize the effect are described. Using these practices the gaseous combustion products from the materials studied at 500°C were found not to change in type or distribution; however, rather more accurate description of combustion temperature is achieved. With a static furnace of the ‘Potts Pot’ type a very much smaller temperature differential is observed, hence better definition of combustion temperature is allowed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040302
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flame lengths under ceilings (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The evaluation of hazards from developing room fires often requires a knowledge of flame lengths developed by burning objects. Procedures for estimating flame lengths have been available only for vertical plume fires, where there is no flame impingement on the room ceiling. Calculational procedures are developed for approximate calculation of flame lengths when part of the flame flow is along the ceiling. Four common geometries are treated: unbounded ceiling, plume near corner, plume in corner and one-directional corridor spread. Ceiling flame lengths are calculated by use of the assumption that the total air entrained up to the flame tip is the same for ceiling flow as for the free fire. Comparison with limited experimental data suggests potential for prediction in full-scale room fires.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040304
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of heat release criteria in reaction-to-fire tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical approach is developed for evaluating quantitatively the heat evolved during a reaction-to-fire test. This involves determining the transfer function from two head balance equations, one concerning the walls and the other the air in the test box. A comparison between this theoretical approach and the empirical ‘area under the curve’ method has been made for 34 tests on electrical cables. It is shown that the empirical method is unacceptable.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040309
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Temperature of instantaneous ignition (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 163-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040310
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040401
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The early fire behaviour of combustible wall lining materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of the Australian Standard AS 1530 Part 3 ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ from the study of the fire behavior of cellulosic wall linings in simulated room fires has been outlined. Similar studies for assessing a wider range of wall linings are now reported including various plastic facings applied to hardboard. Using similar parameters for ignitability, spread of flame, heat evolved and smoke developed, the behaviors of the linings in the standard test have been compared to the behavior in corner-wall burns. Two methods of ignition were used for the burns; (a) timber cribs; and (b) impressed radiant heat with a pilot flame. The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the standard test as a multi-parameter assessment of materials in a fire hazard situation. The test has been validated for the wider range of wall lining materials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040402
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Fire performance standards and the problem of fire risk assessmentThis paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is submitted that the development of a set of complementary performance test standards and of an algorithm for calculating from the test results the inherent potential of products for harm is the prerequisite of any progress towards a coherent fire risk assessment philosophy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040403
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat release rate in fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the definition of heat release rate in fires is given in terms of heat of combustion and mass loss rate of the fuel. Various components of the heat of combustion are defined. The dependency of heat of combustion components and mass loss rate on factors such as fire stages, oxygen to fuel ratio, heat flux received by the fuel, chemical composition of the fuel vapors and products are enumerated. Applications of heat release rate data for relative fire hazard of fuels, for various fire conditions, for human escape potential from fires and for the operation of fire-sensing devices are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040405
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    An ignition test for plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 201-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040407
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  • 20
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    Diary (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. vi 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050111
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  • 21
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    Fire research on cellular plastics. Final report of the Products Research Commirttee by John W. Lyons and members of the Products Research Committee. pp. 213, privately published, April 1980. Available while supply lasts, without charge, from FRIS, Center for Fire Research, Bldg. 224 Room B250, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, USA (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050109
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  • 22
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050201
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  • 23
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    The effect of sample size on the burning behaviour of thermoplastic materials in the critical oxygen index test (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The dependence of the Critical Oxygen Index values of some thermoplastic materials on sample sixe is reported. The extent of melting of this class of material is shown to be important in determining the effect of sample size on the index.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050207
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  • 24
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    Correction to a table of relationship between rate of burning and oxygen concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 131-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050309
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050401
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  • 26
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    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050310
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    Short-term creep of concrete at elevated temperatures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 142-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results of a study of time-dependent deformation of concrete over a period of five hours at room and elevated temperatures (22 to 649°C) are described. The influences of load, temperature and material variables are examined and data compared with several mathematical models commonly used to describe concrete creep behavior. Information obtained from this study will help in evaluation of the design of concrete structures to withstand fire and other high temperature environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050403
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    The thermal decomposition of polyurethanes and polyisocyanurates (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 133-141 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of a number of TDI- and MDI-based biscarbamates (model compounds for polyurethane foams) between 200°C and 1000°C showed that the urethane linkage undergoes an O-acyl fission at about 300°C to generate the free isocyanate and alcohol. In the case of the flexible foam analogues, the newly generated TDI reacts further to generate volatile polyureas, termed ‘yellow smoke’. The MDI residues generated in the decomposition of a rigid foams react to yield non-volatile polycarbodiimides. Both the yellow smokes and the polycarbodiimides decompose above 600°C to give a mixture of nitriles (including HCN) as well as a number of olefinic and aromatic compounds. The use of 13C labeling indicated that HCN and all the other nitriles generated during the high temperature decompositions originate in the thermal fission of the aromatic ring, the nitrile carbon being the 2-, 4- or 6- carbon of MDI.
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    Determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gas chromatography using a column with a molecular sieve was applied to the determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation of polymeric materials. Attention was paid to the variance of individual determinations and conclusions were drawn regarding reproducibility of the processes studies. The carbon monoxide content in pyrolysis and thermooxidation products of the commonest polymeric materials and the effect of temperature on the amount of carbon monoxide formed were determined.
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    Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 153-162 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ignitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood-based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm -2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood-based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.
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    Progress on fire safety standards. Fire standards activities in ASTM (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 177-178 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050408
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    The critical oxygen index test as a potential screening test for aerospace materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050407
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    Letter to the editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 179-179 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050409
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    Measuring the leakage of door assemblies during standard fire exposures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 163-174 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of applying the tentative, high temperature, International Standards Organization test methods DP 5925 Part 3, which was developed to measure smoke leakage of door assemblies during the course of a standard fire endurance test, are reported. A critical analysis reveals that the basic objective of the test method is limited in its utility in that fire scenarios in high-rise buildings may not be adequately simulated. Independent of this limitation, the analysis then identifies certain theoretical problems with the test method and its procedures. These lead to a conclusion that the test method is not generally reliable. An alternative test concept which appears to remove this limitation and all of its problems is described, and its development is advocated.
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    Conference report (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 180-181 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050410
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    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050411
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060101
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    Fire safety of soft furnishings - an overview (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 16-22 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fire risk posed by soft furnishings such as bedding materials and upholstered furniture and the strategies being developed to reduce the number of fire-related casualities are reviewed from a Canadian point of view. Statistics from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom indicate that a substantial reduction in the number of fire deaths would be possible if the ability of assemblies of materials to resist ignition by smokers' materials, such as cigarettes and matches, could be improved. The post-ignition performance of furnishings that results in generation of heat, smoke and toxic gases is also important from a safety point of view. A need exists for both full-scale and small-scale fire tests, and for mathematical modelling for present and future control strategies.
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    An investigation of the variation of oxygen index of materials with changes in pressure (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An apparatus has been designed and a procedure adopted for studing the oxygen index of materials over a range of pressures. It has been found that the oxygen index falls with increase in pressure so that materials become more flammable, the effect being more marked with the less flammable materials. An empirical method has been devised for predicting the oxygen index at varying pressures.
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    Normalized heat load: A key parameter in fire safety design (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 27-31 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that he normalized heat load is a suitable parameter for ranking various enclosure fires on a ‘potential for destruction’ scale. This parameter is convertible to the familiar fire resistance.
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    Inorganic elements in the tracheas of fire fatalities (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 32-37 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Concentrations of elements were determined in tracheal specimeans of fatal fire casualties and of non-fire fatalities. Elevated concentrations of antimony, bromine, zinc, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, cadmium and gold found in the group exposed to the fire environment were associated with deposition of soot. The presence of raised concentrations of antimony in fatalities was found to occur in association with increased content of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood and was greatest in fires involving major destruction of property. A relationship between the increased concentration of this element and the use of antimony containing fire-retardants in construction materials could not be demonstrated.
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    Detection and measurement of hazardous gases. Heinemann Educational Books, London, and Exeter, New Hampshire, USA, 1981. £25.00. ISBN: 0-435-71030-3 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060112
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    News (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060113
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    How well are we measuring smoke?Note This paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 65-67 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Estimates of the errors in light extinction measurements of smoke resulting from forward scattered light entering the detector and from the spectral width of the light source are presented. It is shown for specific examples that each of these effects can lead to an error of about 25% in typical applications. A potential method for calibrating extinction instruments is described.
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    Development of an improved radiant heat source for fire testing (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 68-71 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development, construction, and testing of a gas-fired radiant heat source for use as part of a fire test method is described. The unit has been shown capable of operation over extended periods at surface temperatures yielding radiance corresponding to that of a black body at 935 °C. This permits a 60% increase of specimen irradiance over that possible with a burner previously used, without modifying the specimen-burner configuration factor. One such application of this burner allows operation with specimen irradiance levels at 5 W cm-2 or for short periods at levels approaching 7 W cm-2 at higher temperatures. This performance is achieved while maintaining effective spatial separation between specimen and heat source. This assists in avoiding imposition of vitiated air near the surface of a burning specimen. Some performance data are provided on its behavior when supplied with natural gas. The unit can burn propane but only with a significant reduction of thermal output.
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    The Delphi method - a complement to research (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 76-79 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In making fire safety decisions the designer often finds that some input variables concerning his problems are chance variables. As detailed statistical data are rarely available the designer must rely largely on his expert judgment. With the application of the Delphi method such decisions can be optimized and formalized. The essence of the Delphi method is described and its use illustrated through an example related to the assessment of fire resistance requirements.
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    Toxic gas tests in perspective (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 72-75 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of the 1979 UK fire statistics and the Annual Report of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys shows that only 1 death per 1000 is attributable to toxic gases from combustion. However, of the ‘deaths by violence’ it rises to 30 (3%). As 37% of all fires in occupied buildings were confined to the first item ignited and 53% to the area of origin it is postulated that such fires (and the consequent deaths) largely concerned substances which will burn on their own. From experience these are largely materials with limiting oxygen indices below 22 or 22-28 for restricted burning only. Those with limiting oxygen indices 〉28 cannot on their own sustain combustion. These considerations suggest the mode in which toxic gas tests should be conducted, i.e., horizontally or vertically and vertically only for the first two groups, respectively, and in the presence of a fire sustainer for the limiting oxygen index 〉28 group. Wood in the form of a wooden crib is suggested as suitable. To this end some experiments are described with PVC placed on top of a No. 5 crib (PSA). These latter show that, making the best assumption possible from the existing data, the wood contributes about 63% to the toxicity and the PVC 37%. On the large scale, other work has shown that wooden cribs alone will give lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide for significant periods. Thus difficult-to-burn substances need to evolve gases of exceptional toxicity for their contribution to be worth considering.
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    Modeling of NBS mattress tests with the harvard mark V fire simulation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 80-95 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: NBS burned eleven mattresses made up with bedding in two different rooms, typical of a residential bedroom and a nursing home patient room, respectively. Seven of the mattresses flamed and burned vigorously, the other four were of a construction or so heavily flame-inhibited that they only smoldered. The burning behavior of the seven that flamed was modeled with the Harvard Mark V fire simulation. The experimental burn behavior for tests conducted in one room was well reproduced using only total weight of combustible, surface area and heat of combustion. Smoke production values were found to have little effect on the predicted behavior except for the smoke production itself. Fires in a second room, whose ventilation was intentionally restricted by the configuration of the adjoining space, could not be as well reproduced by the present, single-room fire model. During this study several changes were made to the simulation. The most significant change was the inclusion of mixing of the hot exiting fire gases with the cold incoming air. As a part of this, the inter-layer radiation exchange was reformulated to include the effect of smoke contamination of the lower layer. The reformulation of the radiation model has a marked effect on the predicted upper layer gas temperatures, generally improving the quality of the simulation.
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    A fire test device suitable for small-scale testing of fire retardant coatings (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A fire test device suitable for small-scale, comparative testing as a first step in investigating the performance of fire retardant materials is described. The procedure developed is not intended to predict the performance of a given material in a real fire, since the local conditions can be extremely variable. However, the parameters in the device can be varied over a wide range to screen the performance of various materials in given situation. Typical results for an intumescent mastic consisting of epoxy resin, hardener and melamine phosphate are quoted, together with appropriate calibration curves. A method of estimating the thermal resistance of the developing char is also discussed.
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    Diary (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 99-99 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070210
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    Studies on the measurement of smoke propensity of UPVC (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The smoke propensity of plastics as measured in the NBS Smoke Chamber method has been rationalized in terms of the influence of specimen thickness and resolved in a relation between mass optical density (MOD) and mass loss, which gives two parameters for characterizing behaviour, a maximum MOD for thin specimens and an asymptotic MOD for thicker ones. Data have been obtained for unplasticized piolyvinylchloride formulations and compared to that obtained by the Arapahoe Smoke Chamber and the Australian Standard method (AS 1530 Part 3). Although correlation coefficients between the methods were generally poor, the same formulations were ranked as the best performers in each method and the improvement over a standard formulation was potentially important in terms of wider acceptance under Australian building regulations.
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    The persistence of burning of textiles in different oxygen environments and the determination of the extinction oxygen index (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence that oxygen has on the burning behaviour of cotton single- and multilayered fabries has been determined by recording persistence of burning times as a function of oxygen concentration. For a given fabric subjected to a specified igniter application time, an extinction oxygen index parameter, EOI, may be determined. EOI is defined as the oxygen concentration expressed as a volume fraction in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture, necessary to give a persistence of burning time equal to zero. For a given fabric, EOI is found to decrease as the igniter application time increases and two limiting EOI values may be observed, one corresponding to zero inginter application conditions and one for igniter application times greater than 10 s. At any given ignition time, the extinction oxygen index increases linearly with fabric area density and decreases linearly with the logarithm of the respective air permeability. Similar results are observed for nylon 6.6 and polyester single- and multilayered fabrics. The validity of the extinction oxygen index is discussed with reference to other published works.
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    Heat transmission of proban®-treated fabrics subjected to a radiant heat source (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The apparatus described in DIN 4842 was used to measure the heat transmission of a series of Nomex, polyester-cotton, Proban®-Treated cotton, untreated cotton and wool workwear fabrics subjected to a radiant heat source. Heat transmission was found to be dependent on the incident heat flux, fabric weight and fabric thickness. At the heat flux levels tested, 10 KJ m-2s-1 and 20 KJ m-2s-1, heat transmission was found to be largely independent of the fibre composition of the fabric when single layers of fabric were tested. The level of heat transmission was reduced by the use of multiplayer assemblies or a reflective aluminium coating, but the greatest reduction was obtained when air spaces were interposed between the fabrics. Conbinaitons of fabrics were developed which transmitted less than 205 KJ m-2s-1 during testing at incident heat flux levels of 10 KJ m-2s-1 and 20 KJ m-2s-1.
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    Ignition resistant upholstery by coating PU flexible foam with vinylidene chloride copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A method is described by which the UK Upholstered Furniture (Safety) Regulations of 1980 may be complied with. By coating the surface of flexible polyurethane foam with vinylidene chloride copolymer latex, a fire retardant surface is obtained. This enables most fabric/foam combinations to pass both the cigarette and the match tests as laid down in BS5852. The coating process can be carried out with a brush, a roller or by spraying. Drying can be at room temperature or by using heat and/or a forced draught. Using about 350 gm-2 only certain deep-pile fabrics fail, and even hen additionally back-coating them with PVDC can ensure compliance. The presence of thin wadding or stockingette makes no difference, but thick wadding will burn with the fabric for more than the mandatory two minutes without setting fire to the PU foam. Fabrics successfully tested with the coated PU foam include cottons, polypropylene, acrylic, polyester and ‘Dralon’. After 80 000 indentations in a standard test the coating was still effective, as it was also after heating in a detergent for 4h.
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    Correlation of smoke and fumes from overheated materials in an aircraft fuselage and in a laboratory test apparatus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 132-149 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To assess the utility of a laboratory test for smoke and fume emission from overheated materials, six materials were heated to 500°C in larger amounts in three locations in an air-conditioned aircraft fuselage on the ground. Smoke, acidic or alkaline gases and carbon monoxide were monitored. It was shown that the laboratory test results could be a basis for predicting the smoke- and fume-emission behaviour of materials subjected to overheating, e. g. in aircraft in flight.
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    Assessment of toxic hazards of smoke: Toxicological potency and intoxication rate thresholds (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 128-131 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Smoke toxicity test methods which determine only lethal toxicological potency under ‘worst case’ conditions do not satisfactorily address the critical issue of relative hazard, including time-to-escape and tenability limits resulting from the fire performance of materials under comparable conditions. Since threats to escape from a fire are largely time-dependent, toxic insults produced by burning materials should also be considered as rate processes. Assessment of time thresholds exhibited by burning materials under test conditions to effect performance impairment (incapacitation) of an animal model would appear to be more relevant than lethal toxicological potencies in estimating probability of successful escape from fires. A model is advanced in which intoxication rate thresholds for materials are obtained using a rodent exposure test method. Concentration-time curves, obtained from experimentally derived concentration-time-response surfaces, are the basis for estimating rate thresholds which are distinctively different for each material and which vary as a function of test conditions. it is this performance impairment response surface which is potentially a key to the modeling of toxic hazards of smoke in perspective with other hazards presented by fire.
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    Rate of heat release by oxygen consumption in an open test arrangement (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 206-216 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; oxygen consumption ; spectral energy distribution ; weight measurement ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for measuring the rate of heat release from building materials in an open test arrangement. The method is based on an oxygen consumption technique. A vertical sample is placed under an open hood in which the combustion gases and a certain amount of air are collected. The decrease in oxygen concentration and the mass flow of the gases are measured in the exhaust duct. The rate of heat release is then calculated. The equipment has been calibrated with good agreement between input and measured effects. The total response time for the system is 10s. The method has been used for testing building materials at radiation intensities up to 5W Cm-2. It is able to distinguish between different board materials, and the repeatability is good, The paper describes the equipment, including the weighing of a burning sample and the selection of test condition. Smoke and gas analysis can be added when desirable. Some test results with building materials are also presented.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040101
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    Letters to the Editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 323-324 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610050308
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    Announcement (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 148-148 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610060112
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    Implementation of computer procedures and stress-strain laws in geotechnical engineering, 2 volumes, edited by C. S. Desai and S. K. Saxena, Acorn Press (Box 4007, Duke Station, Durham, N.C. 27706), 1981, No. of pages: 704, Price: $48·50 (U.S.) (extra U.S. $12·00 for outside of U.S. and Canada); and evaluation of constitutive parameters for geological materials, edited by C. S. Desai, 1981, No. of pages: 151, Price: U.S. $15·00 (available from first author Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 147-147 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610060111
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    The prediction of frost penetration (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 287-290 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The effectiveness of the heat balance integral approach in determining the extent of frost penetration of the ground is illustrated.
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    Finite element analyses of isotropic and anisotropic cohesive soils with a view to correctly predicting impending collapse (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One major problem encountered when using the finite element method to simulate the load-deformation behaviour of an elasto-plastic soil mass is that the theoretical collapse load is generally exceeded, and in some cases the numerical solution fails to exhibit a collapse load. A mixed variational principle is used as the basis for developing the governing equations of deformation and the results from this are compared with those obtained from the use of the virtual power equation. The former is found to give improved results and is generalized to include description of finite deformation. An Eulerian frame of reference is used. The method of approximating configuration changes in the numerical solution procedure is found to determine the shape of the load-deformation curve. Finally, a simple method of accounting for anisotropy of yield is presented.
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    Settlement of inhomogeneous consolidating soils - II: The symmetrically loaded massSupport of this investigation by the National Science Foundation under grant ENG 75-07711 is gratefully acknowledged. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 73-88 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: We continue our study of the consolidation of inhomogeneous clay soils with an analysis of the response of a soil mass, whose shear modulus increases linearly with depth, to axially symmetric pressure on its surface. This extends the work reported in Part I on the corresponding one-dimensional problem of a clay column, and generalizes researches of Gibson and coworkers on the elastic model of the soil (i.e., the initial response).Because of great mathematical complexity when Poisson's ratio is allowed to assume arbitrary values, we have confined ourselves (as did Gibson in several of his papers) to variations of the modulus from a zero surface value, this being in reasonable accord with published test results on London clay. The deflection of points within this region, the deflection relative to the central one (that is, the shape of the deformed loading area), as well as the absolute deflection of surface points exterior to the load.
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    Settlement of inhomogeneous consolidating soils - I: The single-drained layer under confined compressionSupport of this investigation by the National Science Foundation under grant ENG 75-07711 is gratefully acknowledged. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 57-72 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The settlement and excess pore pressure are calculated for a column of water-saturated clay in which the permeability and/or shear modulus vary with depth. Several fairly general laws of variation are investigated. In each case, the soil is assumed to have a permeable top surface and to rest on an impervious substrate.For all the variations examined, in which the shear modulus increases with depth below the surface but the permeability of the soil remains constant, the deflection at a given instant after imposition of the load decreases and the degree of settlement increases with increasing rate at which the change with depth takes place. It is found that, when the variation over the height of the column is one order of magnitude or less, the curve of degree-of-consolidation versus time is reasonably wellapproximated by the curve for a homogeneous soil whose modulus equals the depth-averaged value. When, in addition, the permeability decreases with depth, the approximation becomes less accurate.The same approximation, for moderate increase in shear modulus with depth, predicts satisfactorily the process of dissipation of excess pore pressure at a given depth, but breaks down when the variation in modulus is large.Finally, it is shown that the effect of variable modulus on the settlement is greater than of a comparable variation in permeability.
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    Announcements (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040210
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    Technical notes on practical applications (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070402
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    The consolidation problem treated by a consistent (static) finite element approachResearch supported by the C.N.R. (Italian National Research Council). (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 435-455 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The consolidation problem in a plane strain porous elastic medium is treated by adopting a consistent formulation of the finite element model. To this purpose, the fluid-phase behaviour is modelled in static terms through a piecewise linear description of the pore pressure field and the behaviour of the two-phase medium is consistently modelled through rigorously equilibrated piec̰ewise linear stress distribution.Incompressibility of the pore fluid and of the skeleton grains is assumed, as is linear elastic behaviour of the solid phase.After a compact description of the model, the governing equations for the continuum problem are recalled and the solution system for the discretized problem is obtained following Galerkin's method of weighted residuals. Some examples are finally illustrated, in order to assess the reliability of the approach and to introduce possible comparisons with other methods.
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    Fundamental results concerning the settlement of a rigid foundation on an elastic medium due to an adjacent surface load (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 209-223 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper examines the interaction between a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an isotropic elastic halfspace and a concentrated surface load which acts at a finite distance from the foundation. Owing to the action of the external load the rigid foundation experiences an extra settlement and a tilt. The expressions for the extra settlement and the tilt are evaluated in exact closed form. It is also shown that these deformations due to the external load satisfy Betti's reciprocal theorem. The auxiliary solution required for the application of the reciprocal theorem is derived from the analysis of the problem of a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an elastic medium and subjected to an eccentric load. The, results developed for the interaction between the rigid circular foundation and the external concentrated load are utilized to generate, among others, solutions for the settlement and tilt induced at a rigid foundation due to its interaction with uniformly or non-uniformly distributed loads with circular and square plan shapes.
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    Letter to the editor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 283-285 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Announcements (1983)
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 286-286 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070214
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    A constitutive model for sand with anisotropic hardening rule (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 305-320 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An anisotropic hardening model for sand or other granular materials is presented. The state of initial densification is represented by a configuration surface and the state of loading by a loading surface in the stress space. The domain of elastic response may not exist and the irreversible strain is assumed to occur for both active and reverse loading. The derived constitutive equations are applicable both for dense and loose sands. Some model predictions are compared with available experimental data for triaxial compression and extension under undrained condition.
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    A family of Houbolt methods for dynamic vibration problems (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 321-336 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: We extend the well-known Houblt method for dynamic vibration problems to a class of methods suitable for a variable-order variable-step computer program implementation. We discuss the numerical stability properties of these methods and derive a family of extensions with improved stability properties. Finally we present some numerical results which compare a variety of Houbolt methods with other well-known Backward Differentiation methods, demonstrating in passing the practical value of the stability, concepts.
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    A simple contact-friction interface element with applications to buried culverts (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 371-384 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A simple friction-contact interface element is introduced which simulates frictional slippage, separation, and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating at a common interface and subsequently deforming with an arbitrary static loading schedule. Constraint equations between initially mating node pairs and the general principle of virtual work are used to formulate the interface element for a finite element solution procedure. Some advantages of the interface element include; easy implementation intostandard finite element programs, direct determination of interface forces without round-off problems, and the generality afforded by the virtual work formulation to include other non-conservative models in the system.The application of the interface element to an idealized buried culvert problem illustrates that the model behaves properly. A second application, for a long-span culvert installation with incremental soil loading, demonstrates the importance of modelling slippage at the culvert-soil interface in order to conform with experimental observations.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070401
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    Some applications of the boundary element method in geomechanics (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 419-433 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper presents the complete formulation for the application of the Boundary Element Method to solve non-tension material problems. The formulation is based on including an extra term due to an initial stress field into the boundary integral statement. This is then used to iterate the solution until a state of non-tension is achieved. The resulting iteration process is very simple to apply and basically consists only of a single matrix-vector product. The applications show that accurate resultscan be obtained for boundary discretizations involving a small number of unknowns. Whenever possible, results are compared with analytical solutions or finite elements.
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    Letter to the editor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 499-499 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070411
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    Announcement (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 500-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070413
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    Vibration of a homogeneous half-space of arbitrary Poisson's ratio interrupted by a frictionless plane (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 45-55 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The work presents an exact expression for the Hankel transform of the surface displacement of a rigid circular body performing harmonic vertical vibrations on a homogeneous elastic half-space of arbitrary Poissn'S ratio interrupted at some depth by a frictionless horizontal plane. The limiting case of the uninterrupted half-space is recovered in each of the extreme cases when the frictionless plane coincides with the surface or sinks to an infinite depth. Furthermore, the static case is derived in the limiting case of zero frequency and it is shown that the result agrees with the limiting case of zero gradient shear modulus variation for the static case of the incompressible non-homogeneous half-space.It is also established that Poisson'S ratio effect is linear, and the important proposition is again sustained that only surface shear modulus dominates vibrations on elastic media whereas any other factor such as the interruption of the frictionless plane as in the present case, merely constitutes a negligible secondary parameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080104
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    Announcements (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080107
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    A comparison between finite element and finite difference explicit formulations for triangular and quadrilateral plane-strain elements (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 217-224 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: For non-linear dynamic problems, it has been recognized that an explicit time-integration method of approach is a very efficient way of solving the dynamic equations of motion. The numerical formulation and computation for such problems fall into the two general categories of finite elements and finite differences. Over the years, there have been many arguments between schools which adopt the finite element approach and those which adopt the finite difference approach. At one extreme, arguments areconcerned with the superiority of each approach and at the other end of the spectrum the arguments are about which approach is a subset of the other. The most common of these arguments are concerned with efficiency and accuracy. This publication addresses the accuracy issue with specific reference to explicit calculations in which the analysis domain is discretized into triangular or quadrilateral plane-strain elements. It concludes that if the same basic assumptions are made in the two approaches, they, will give identical answers for problems in this category.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610050208
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    A finite difference method for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 513-517 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method is devised for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ. It is based on direct experimental simulation of the finite difference approximation to the one-dimensional heat conduction equation.The method does not require the soil to be homogeneous except between the three thermometers that are used, at depths z + d, z and z - d. Nor need the energy input curve be sinusoidal. However, it must be fairly smooth for the finite difference approximation to be accurate.Experimental results for London Clay are presented, obtained using thermometers at depths of 1, 6 and 11 cm to give a mean thermal diffusivity of 0.0074 cm2/s at a depth of 6 cm. This value is consistent with other estimates of diffusivity for clay soils.The method is capable of automation, and should be suitable for use on engineering sites, at low cost.The method is capable of generalization to other linear diffusion equations containing one independent parameter. The same limitation also applies to its application to constitutive or geometrical non-linear one dimensional diffusion equations, and each equation requires individual study to assess feasibility of use of the method.The method in effect uses the usual finite difference approximation, not to prepare a numerical solution, but to design an experiment carried out essentially within the finite difference ‘molecule’. The measured parameter of the diffusion equation is the usable product of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080602
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    Trapezoidal footings on non-linear subgrades (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 519-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The pressure versus settlement response is highly non-linear for soils, in general. In the present study, a cubic equation of the type p = K1w - K2w3 is suggested to incorporate the non-linear behaviour. A trapezoidal footing with constant depth resting on a subgrade having non-linear response is analysed. The resulting fourth order non-linear differential equation with variable coefficients is solved by using the Galerkin technique and beam characteristic functions are employed to obtain faster convergence. The results are presented in the form of non-dimensional charts for valid ranges of footings and soil parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080603
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    Engineering properties of soils and rocks, F. G. Bell, Butterworths (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 139-140 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070114
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    Computational procedures for non-linear three-dimensional analysis with some advanced constitutive laws (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 143-171 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Computational procedures for implementing some constitutive models are described and introduced in three-, and two-dimensional finite element procedures; here variable moduli, Drucker-Prager, critical state and cap models are considered. Consistent numerical schemes are presented with applications to a number of example problems. These procedures can provide successful results with advanced constitutive laws for three-dimensional analysis of a wide range of non-linear problems.
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    Three-dimensional analysis of Infiernillo dam during construction and filling of the reservoir (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 225-243 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element program has been prepared to study the behaviour of Infiernillo dam during construction and filling of the reservoir. A linear stress-strain behaviour of materials has been assumed. The parameters are deduced from the movements measured during construction, checked with the results of oedometer tests at the laboratory. The no tension strength of granular materials has been introduced following Zienkiewicz et al.9 Collapse of the upstream shell is introduced into the calculation in a simple way from the settlement observed upon flooding under constant stress at the oedometer.A good agreement is found between measured and calculated movements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070207
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    Errata (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 285-285 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610070212
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    Finite element seepage flow nets (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A variational principle and the corresponding finite element equations for determination of the stream function for soil seepage problems is given using the standard finite element potential solution as data. The procedure is very simple and independent of the element type employed. Generalization of the method to multiply connected domains is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080307
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    An analytical solution for axisymmetric tunnel problems in elasto-viscoplastic media (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 325-342 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analytical solution is presented for the time-dependent stresses and displacements in plane strain around a circular hole when it is loaded by an axisymmetric internal and far-field pressure. The material is assumed to be elasto-viscoplastic with dilatant plastic deformations according to a non-associated flow rule. Strain softening is considered by a modified St. Venant slider which is characterized by Mohr-Coulomb yield conditions for both the peak and the residual strengths.
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    Letter to the editor (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 409-409 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610080408
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    The analysis of deformations caused by loading applied to the walls of a circular tunnel (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 445-455 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analytical solution to the problem of a load applied to a portion of the wall of a circular tunnel installed deep in a homogeneous isotropic material has been found. The solution is obtained by taking a Fourier transform, in the axial direction, of the field quantities and then representing these as a Fourier series in the polar angle. The integration which is necessary for the inversion of Fourier transforms has to be performed numerically using Gaussian quadrature.The solution has been used to analyse the problem of uniform normal loading applied over rectangular patches of the tunnel wall. An indication of how the solution can be applied to the tunnel jacking problem is given.
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    Finite element models for rock fracture mechanicsProtions of this paper were presented at the 18th U. S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Keystone, Colarado, 1977. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 25-43 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element model for the prediction of discrete fracture propagation in rock structures loaded in compression is presented. The model integrates any one of three theories for mixed-mode fracture initiation; it contains an energy balance algorithm for predicting crack increment length, and incorporates recent developments in finite element stress-intensity factor computation. The predictions of the model are compared with the observed fracture response of a real rock structure. Results show that the model accurately predicts both stable and unstable fracture progagations observed experimentally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040103
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    Pile capacity in a softening soil (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 185-189 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method for determining the load-deformation response of a pile in a softening soil is presented. The results demonstrate the degree to which the flexibility of the pile can affect its ultimate capacity.
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    A finite element method for studying the transient non-linear thermal creep of geological structuresWork performed under the auspices of the USERDA. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 255-276 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element theory, suitable for describing the long-term transient thermal creep of geomechanical structures where the material obeys an arbitrary type of creep law, is presented. The method takes into account large deformation effects, is stable for the large time steps required to model geophysical phenomena and accurately simulates changing, incompressible, plastic flow fields. Applications of the theory to the prediction of long-term creep and creep rupture of simple engineering structures, are given. The theory is also applied to predict the thermal creep of layered media to study the mechanics of folding and rift formation.
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    On two limiting cases of a multisurface hardening model (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 389-391 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040409
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    Announcement (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610050102
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    Numerical identification of soil-structure interaction pressuresPart of this paper was orally presented at the 21st Polish Solid Mechanics Conference, Porabka-Kozubnik, Poland, September 1979. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 33-56 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A numerical approach is presented for the ‘identification’ (or back calculation) of the earth pressure acting on embedded or retaining structures. The procedure is applicable to structures of any shape and requires a set of in situ measurements that may include displacements of points on the structure, values of concentrated forces, values of distributed loads at some locations, etc. Possible limiting values of the unknown loads, non-linear structural behaviour, varying accuracies of the input data are accounted for in the problem formulation. Depending upon the type of problem, the solution is reached by means of the unconstrained or constrained minimization of a suitably defined error function. As an example, the proposed approach is applied to the identification of the earth pressure acting on some typical geotechnical engineering structures.
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    Load transfer from an elastic pile to a saturated porous elastic soil (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 115-138 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The quasi-static development of the force, pore pressure and displacement is obtained in the system of a circular elastic pile partially embedded in a saturated porous elastic soil, and loaded axially on the top. The porous elastic soil is governed by Biot's theory. The problem is decomposed into two systems, namely, an extended porous elastic half-space in the absence of the pile characterized by the material constants of the medium, and a fictitious pile represented by a Young's modulus equal to the difference between the Young's moduli of the real pile and the medium. The problem is found to be governed by a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Laplace transforms are applied to time functions involved, and Hankel transforms to the radial coordinate of which the origin is at the centre of the pile. Numerical solutions are obtained for final and initial solutions for various practical values of the parameters involved.
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    Announcements (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 225-228 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610050209
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    Non-linear analysis of a joint element and its application in rock engineering (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 229-245 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In this paper models are given for analysis and description of non-linear properties of joints, weak intercalations and interfaces in rock masses.Models for analysis consist of four parts, i.e. shear displacement model, normal deformation model, shear strength model and a relationship between unit shear stiffness and normal stress.The method of non-linear analysis given in this paper is based on an incremental procedure.The proposed method is available for different types of shear-displacement curves, and also adapted to the complicated process of loading-unloading-reloading.The results of computer simulation of an in-situ shear test obtained by this method gave a good fit to the measured data.The method of non-linear analysis of joint elements has been used in some practical rock engineering problems, and some interesting results and conclusions have been obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610050302
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