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  • Lepidoptera  (165)
  • Springer  (165)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1980-1984  (146)
  • 1975-1979  (19)
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  • Springer  (165)
  • Cambridge University Press
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Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of sex pheromone components and glycerolipid precursors from sodium [1-14C]acetate in redbanded leafroller moth (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 681-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller moth ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; radiolabel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sodium [1-14C]acetate in water-dimethyl sulfoxide (1∶1) was applied topically to sex pheromone glands ofArgyrolaenia velutinana. Radiolabel was incorporated into the pheromone components (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and also into triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, ethanolamine phosphatides, and choline phosphatides. In the triacylglycerols, radiolabel appeared in (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, tetradecanoate, hexadecanoate, and octadecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, the same acyl moieties incorporated radiolabel but at lower levels. In the diacylglycerols and ethanolamine phosphatides, only the radiolabel in hexadecanoate and octadecanoate was above the limit of detection. At different times following application of sodium [1-14C]acetate, the relative proportions of labeled (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate changed very little, but the relative proportions of labeled fatty acyl moieties in the triacylglycerols and choline phosphatides changed markedly. After 8 min, triacylglycerols had incorporated about equal amounts of radiolabel into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, and tetradecanoate. As the incubation time was increased, triacylglycerols accumulated proportionately more radiolabeled (E)-11-tetradecenoate than (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, and accumulated proportionately less radiolabeled tetradecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, at all times of incubation the amount of radiolabel incorporated into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate was small but above the limit of detection, and the amounts of radiolabel in (E)-11-tetradecenoate and tetradecanoate were smaller and often below the limit of detection. In both the triacylglycerols and the choline phosphatides, the relative proportion of radiolabeled hexadecanoate decreased with time, and that of octadecanoate increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994228
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 721-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; secondary sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol acetate [(Z)-9-TDA], identified originally as the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), acted as a secondary sex pheromone when it was tested in sticky traps in field tests. Low-level synergism was obtained when 2 and 10% quantities of (Z)-9-TDA were added to 100 μg of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate, which is now considered the primary sex pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986556
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  • 103
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    Chemical conversion of 9-tetradecen-1-ol acetates to 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetates, sex attractants for male clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 759-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; attractants ; 9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; clearwing moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of many species of clearwing moths are attracted by one of the geometrical isomers of 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate or by a mixture of isomers. The synthesis of (E,Z)-, (E,E)-, and (Z,E)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate is described starting with the (Z)- and (E)-9-tetraceden-1-ol acetates, which are commercially obtainable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986560
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of redbacked cutworm,Euxoa ochrogaster, and modification of sex attractant blend for adult males (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 573-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennographic detector ; Euxoa ochrogaster ; Lepidoptera ; identification ; mass chromatograms ; mass spectrometry ; redbacked cutworm ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone washes from calling female moths of redbacked cutworm,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), contained the following acetates that are structurally similar to those of known lepidopteran pheromones (%): decanyl (8.7), dodecanyl (8.5), (E)-5-dodecenyl (3.3), (Z)-5-dodecenyl (76.4), (Z)-7-dodecenyl (3.1), and (Z)-9-dodecenyl (trace〈0.5%). This is the first time that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate has been identified as a pheromone component. Three types of specific receptor cells were found in the male antennae, and they responded to (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetates, respectively. Strong electroantennographic detector responses were also recorded for these three acetates and for (Z)-5-undecenyl acetate. The evidence for the presence of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in the pheromone washes was inconclusive. The presence of (Z)-7- and the absence of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetates were confirmed by a special electroantennographic detector technique in which the detector antennae were from males of other species that were known to have strong responses to these acetates. This is a very useful technique. Field results show that low concentrations (0.1–1.3%) of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate were synergistic when tested in a previously reported blend, but 6% was inhibitory. Similarly, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at 2% or less may be essential for the attraction of males, but in previous tests at 14% it also was inhibitory. Species-specific attractant blends for redbacked cutworm males are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987669
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  • 105
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    Odor of a papilionid butterfly (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 867-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male scent ; Atrophaneura alcinous ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; benzaldehyde ; phenylacetaldehyde ; 2-phenylpropenal ; n-heptanal ; 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one ; linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde (major component), 2-phenylpropenal,n-heptanal, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, and linalool were identified as compounds responsible for the male scent ofAtrophaneura alcinous alcinous. These substances were present predominantly in the wings, and the quantity of them was largest at the inner margin of the hind wing. Female wings also contained some of them in much smaller (except a few components) amounts. The relative proportion of each component exhibited manifests sexual differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990470
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  • 106
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    Anemotactic response threshold of the Indian meal moth,Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to its sex pheromone (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 919-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; anemotaxis ; Plodia interpunctella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; behavioral threshold ; behavioral alteration threshold ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; Indian meal moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different concentrations of the sex pheromone (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate on the upwind anemotactic behavior of the malePlodia interpunctella (Hübner) was measured at 23 ± 1 ° C and 34 ± 1 ° C. The stimulus-response regression lines were analyzed by a new procedure that accounts both for control responses in the absence of pheromone and also for peak responses below 100% in the presence of concentrations considerably above the normal physiological levels. From the regression line for each temperature, the upwind anemotactic thresholds were calculated to be 1.34 × 106 molecules/cm3 at 23 ° C and 1.65 × 104 molecules/cm3 at 34 ° C, similar to other thresholds reported in the literature. Since departures from the two lines occurred at the highest concentrations tested, near 108 molecules/cm3, the upwind anemotactic behavior may change qualitatively above an altered-behavior threshold that is about two orders of magnitude higher than the upwind anemotactic threshold. The lower response at 23 ° C suggests that cool temperatures inhibit flight in response to pheromonal stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990476
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  • 107
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    On the persistence of disparlure in the human body (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male gypsy moths from a sparse infestation in Italy to an observer apparently contaminated with disparlure at least two years previously is reported. Other examples of pheromone contamination of people or things are also recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995754
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  • 108
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    Comparing the effectiveness of sexual communication disruption in the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) using different combinations and dosages of its pheromone blend (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disruption of communication ; Oriental fruit moth ; Grapholitha molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficacy of disruptant blends comprised of different combinations of the Oriental fruit moth's pheromone components was determined in field tests. Disruption was evaluated by comparing male moth catch at synthetic and female-baited traps in disruptant and non-treatment areas. Three atmospheric dosages of a 8-dodecenyl acetate (93.5%Z∶6.5%E) blend, representing two successive 10-fold decreases in concentration (2.5 × 10−2 g/hectare/day to 2.5 × 10−4 g/hectare/day) were tested alone and in combination with an additional percentage of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol. Male moth orientation to traps was eliminated in plots exposed to the two highest binary acetate dosages. However, significantly more males were captured in synthetic-baited traps in the lowest acetate-alone treatment, indicating a diminution of disruption efficiency. In contrast, inclusion of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol in the disruptant blend effected essentially complete disruption of orientation at all concentrations tested. Mating success ofG. molesta pairs confined in small cages apparently was not affected by the presence of relatively high concentrations of the binary acetate and the acetate-alcohol blends. This suggests that habituation and/or adaptation of male response, at least for comparatively “close-range” behaviors, did not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987698
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  • 109
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    Seven-week persistence of an oviposition-deterrent pheromone (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 583-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition ; deterrent pheromone ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cabbage leaves sprayed with a water solution of the oviposition-deterrent pheromone ofPieris brassicae remain deterrent to ovipositing females for at least 14 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pheromone, when dried on a glass surface, retains activity for a period of at least 7 weeks. After 7 days under vacuum conditions, some pheromone is still present, indicating a low volatility and / or high stability of (an active fraction of) the pheromone. After 125 eggs are slowly rinsed with 300 ml water, they still release detectable quantities of the pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987706
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  • 110
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    Effect of day length and light intensity on 2-tridecanone levels and resistance inLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toManduca sexta (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 707-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta (L.) ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; day length ; light intensity ; 2-tridecanone ; glandular trichome ; resistance ; allelochemic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract First instarManduca sexta (L.) larvae confined on foliage fromLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) plants grown under a long-day regime exhibited greater mortality than larvae on foliage from plants grown under a short-day regime. 2-Tridecanone, a toxin important in the insect resistance of PI 134417, was significantly more abundant in the foliage of plants grown under the long-than the short-day regimes. Light intensity influenced neither 2-tridecanone levels nor the expression of resistance. The density of glandular trichomes, which secrete 2-tridecanone, was influenced by an interaction between day length and light intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990303
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  • 111
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    Growth inhibitors in tomato (Lycopersicon) to tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 753-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; α-tomatine ; rutin ; chlorogenic acid ; caffeyl aldaric acid ; allelochemics ; tomato ; tomato fruitworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several compounds that retard the larval growth of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie) have been isolated and identified from tomato leaves,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. The major allelochemics are α-tomatine (I), chlorogenic acid (II), rutin (III), and a new caffeyl derivative of an aldaric acid (IV). The isolation, analyses, and toxicity of these compounds toH. zea are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990307
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  • 112
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    Biological amplification for increasing electroantennogram discrimination between two female sex pheromones ofSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 791-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroantennogram ; biological amplification ; pheromones ; Boarmia selenaria ; Geometridae ; Matsucoccus josephi ; Homoptera ; Coccoidea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleSpodoptera littoralis stimulated by a mixture ofS. littoralis female sex pheromone with a positional isomer and by the pheromone alone, gave greatly amplified electroantennograms (EAGs) when the antennae were connected in series. The technique is described and examples are given of its use in screening extracts for EAG activity. Dose-response curves obtained with this technique are presented and discussed. Through biological amplification, EAG discrimination between the pheromones was increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992378
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  • 113
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    Alleviation of α-tomatine-induced toxicity to the parasitoid,Hyposoter exiguae, by phytosterols in the diet of the host,Heliothis zea (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 927-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987618
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  • 114
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1057-1061 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae parasitoids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987627
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  • 115
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    Synthesis of (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, the chiral component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), with an option for asymmetric induction (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller tea tortrix moth ; Adoxophyes sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; asymmetric induction ; 10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate ; ester ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new route to (±)-10-methyl-1-dodecanol acetate, a minor component of the smaller tea tortrix moth (Adoxophyes sp.), is described. An optional sequence that permits the generation of the chiral center with enantiomeric excesses (ee's) as high as 74% (R) or 80% (S) employing the available (S)-(−)-prolinol as a chiral auxiliary may be included. High-performance liquid chromatography of diastereomeric intermediates allows preparation of products with greater ee's.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984004
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  • 116
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    Feeding responses of eastern spruce budworm larvae to sucrose and other carbohydrates (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; carbohydrates ; sucrose ; feeding preference ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spruce budworm larvae reared on an artificial diet were tested for preference of twelve carbohydrates over a water control. A strong preference for sucrose was seen, followed by fructose, inositol, and glucose. Male and female larvae do not differ in their responses to sucrose. The behavioral threshold for sucrose is at 10−4 to 10−3 M, with a peak response in the range of 0.01 to 0.05 M sucrose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984019
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  • 117
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    Sex pheromone of the avocado pest,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 255-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Western avocado leafroller ; Amorbia cuneana ; sex pheromone ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major volatile components in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofAmorbia cuneana consisted of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. The identification was based on electroantennogram bioassay of gas Chromatographic effluent from sex pheromone gland extract, relative retention times on polar and nonpolar gas chromatographic columns, chemical degradation (ozonolysis, saponification), mass spectrometry, chemical synthetic methods, and field tests. Based on mass spectrometry and retention times by capillary gas chromatography, traces of (E)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and 1-tetradecanol acetate were also present in the extract. Traps baited with a combination of synthetic (E,E)- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates caught more males than did traps baited with females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984021
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  • 118
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    Looplure efficacy and electrophysiological responses in three plusiinae species (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1455-1462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Efficacy ; electroantennogram ; looplure ; response threshold ; sex attractant ; trapping ; Trichoplusia ni ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Rachiplusia ou ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Source concentration differences of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, or looplure, were evaluated for field trapping efficiency and electrophysiological responses with malePseudoplusia includens (Walker),Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) andRachiplusia ou (Guenné) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sticky traps baited with 1000 μg of the lure captured a significantly greater (P 〈 0.05) number of maleP. includens andT. ni than any other concentration;R. ou males were caught at a greater rate in traps baited with 100 μg of looplure, significantly more (P 〈 0.05) than with 1000 μg. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies demonstrated that antennae of maleP. includens have a lower response threshold to looplure than eitherT. ni orR. ou antennae, the latter demonstrating the highest significant threshold of response. No differences in the stimulus-response functions of the three species were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989102
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  • 119
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    Sex pheromone of the fall webworm moth,Hyphantria cunea (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 383-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; fall webworm moth ; American white moth ; Hyphantria cunea ; salt march caterpillar moth ; Estigmene acrea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal ; linolealdehyde ; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal ; linolenaldehyde ; (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds have been identified as sex pheromone components produced by female fall webworm moths,Hyphantria cunea (Drury). These compounds are: (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal (I), (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), and (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene (III). The ratio of these compounds was approximately 5∶6∶13, respectively, in female tip extracts prepared from U.S.S.R, insects and approximately 1∶8∶21, respectively, in extracts from U.S. insects. The ratio in female effluvia trapped from U.S. insects was 1∶6∶27, respectively. Compound III plus either I or II is effective in eliciting upwind flight in a wind tunnel. Compounds I, II, and III are also components of the sex pheromone system of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (Drury).
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    Compounds modifying the activity of two sex attractants for males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; inhibitor ; Synergist ; lure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-10-Dodecen-1-yl acetate (E10–12∶Ac) and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ylacetate (E,E8,10–12∶Ac) are sex attractants for males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.). Thirty-two structurally related compounds with chain lengths of 9–14 carbon atoms were exposed withE10–12∶Ac orE,E8,10–12∶Ac in traps in the field to investigate their influence on the activity of the attractants. Only alchols and acetates unsaturated at C-8, -9, or -10 greatly influenced moth captures. (Z) and (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol were weak synergists forE10–12∶Ac but no synergists forE,E8,10–12∶Ac were found. (Z) and (E)-8-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol inhibited bothE10–12∶Ac andE,E8,10–12∶Ac while (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol, 10-dodecyn-1-ol, (Z) and (E)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, and undecyl acetate inhibited only the former attractant.
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    Mate-seeking behavior and reduced mating byEphestia cautella (Walker) in a sex pheromone-permeated atmosphere (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 507-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Almond moth ; Ephestia cautella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stored products ; pest management ; behavior ; density ; flight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mating rate ofEphestia cautella (Walker) was inversely related to the level of pheromone permeating the air. However, permeation did not prevent mating by altering the number of females calling or the frequency, duration, or pattern of male flight. Instead, permeation probably prevented mating by reducing the distance from which a male can respond to a female. The pheromone level necessary to achieve a particular reduction in mating increases with moth density.
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    Sex pheromone ofPandemis heparana (Den. and Schiff.) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 663-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pandemis heparana ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; insect behavior ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenl-ol ; tetradecyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 90% (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, 5% (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, 5% (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, dodecyl acetate (〈1%), and tetradecyl acetate (〈1%) were identified from gland extracts ofPandemis heparana females by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (including mass fragmentography studies), chemical characterization, total synthesis, laboratory and field bioassays. In the field, a mixture of (Z)-11-tetradecen-l-yl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-yl acetate (95∶5) was found to be essential for attractiveness ofP. heparana males.
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    Effects of pheromone components and their degradation products on the response ofHeliothis spp. to traps (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 755-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Heliothis virescens ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis zea ; bollworm ; virelure ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract None of the isolated degradation products of (Z)-11-hexadecenal [(Z)-11-HDAL] affected the catches of either tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)] or bollworm [H. zea (Boddie)] moths when dispensed with pheromone from cotton dental rolls in cone traps. Also, none of the degradation products of (Z)-9-tetradecenal [(Z)-9-TDAL] had an effect on trap catches of tobacco budworm moths. Two of the three chemicals that have previously been identified in ovipositor washes of tobacco budworms but that are absent in those of bollworms caused a reduction in capture of bollworms: (Z)-9-TDAL (1.0 μg/trap) caused a 96% reduction in trap catch and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (20.0 μg/trap) caused a similar reduction. Tetradencenal (40 μg/trap) had no effect on trap catch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988316
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    Response of the ichneumonid parasiteNemeritis canescens to Kairomones from the flour moth,Ephestia kuehniella (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 843-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1 ; 3-diones ; Ephestia keuhniella Zeller ; (syn.Anagasta kuehniella Zeller) ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) (syn.Venturia canescens (Grav.)) ; Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) ; Ephestia elutella (Hubner) ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones, a novel class of compounds in the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia(=Anagasta) kuehniella Zeller, act as kairomones. Their relative activities in eliciting oviposition responses from the larval parasiteNemeritis(=Venturia) canescens (Grav.) are reported.
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    Pheromone hydrolysis by cuticular and interior esterases of the antennae, legs, and wings of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 859-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antennae ; esterases ; pheromone degradation ; cuticle ; olfaction ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Examination was made of the hydrolytic activities of esterases obtained from the antennae, legs, and wings of 3-day-old cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), by elution and by homogenation of those appendages. Pheromone hydrolysis in 1-min assays was monitored by use of tritium-labeled (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and thin-layer chromatography to separate the reaction products. Listed according to the activities of the esterases obtained by homogenation, the organs were antennae 〉 legs 〉 wings. In contrast, the order according to the activities of the eluted esterases was wings 〉 legs 〉 antennae. Also, the eluted enzymes were less active than the esterases obtained by homogenization. The relatively high pheromone-hydrolyzing activity present in homogenized antennae suggests that the esterases originated inside the antennae and lends support to the hypothesis proposed in earlier investigations that pheromone-inactivating enzymes may play an important role in the olfactory process, possibly by clearing pheromone from the vicinity of the olfactory receptors. The esterases detected on the cuticle, on the other hand, may function by preventing surface accumulation of pheromone. The higher measured esterase activity in homogenates of prothoracic legs than of mesothoracic or metathoracic legs suggests that the prothoracic legs, which are used to clean the antennae of debris, may function by removing and degrading pheromone from the surface of antennae.
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    Development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 923-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldehyde pheromone ; bioluminescence ; corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; insect pheromone ; navel orangeworm ; Amyelois transitera ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; assay for aldehydes ; Pyralidae ; Noctuidae ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone levels in the glands of individual female moths of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), and the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) were quantitively measured by means of a new bacterial bioluminescence assay specific for aldehydes. The sensitivity and rapidity of the bioluminescent assay enabled studies to be conducted on the dependence of the pheromone levels in the spruce budworm on age and the effect of photoperiod on the pheromone levels in the corn earworm. The bioluminescence assay provides a rapid and sensitive approach for studying aldehyde pheromone levels and their regulation in insects.
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    Development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 935-945 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldehydes ; bioluminescence ; insect pheromones ; Porapak Q ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; (E)-11-tetradecenal ; trapping ; bioassay for aldehydes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed bioluminescent assay was used to measure quantitatively the amount of (E)-11-tetradecenal, the major component of the sex pheromone of the spruce budworm, trapped on Porapak Q®. The bioluminescent response was linearly related to the amount of aldehyde either deposited on the absorbent or trapped from an airstream. However, the recovery of pheromone from Porapak was dependent on whether the air was prefiltered (through Porapak) or taken directly from the atmosphere. Furthermore, pheromone on Porapak was lost with time during the flow of air through the absorbent, indicating that trapping of aldehyde pheromone should be conducted for short periods of time for optimal recoveries. The applicability of the assay system for the rapid and direct measurement of the release rates of aldehyde pheromone lures was demonstrated for pheromone lures used for baiting spruce budworm traps.
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    Sex pheromone of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) its chemical transformations in sunlight and heat (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (E, Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; European grapevine moth ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; photoisomerization ; conjugated diene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photo- and radical isomerization of (E, Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (DDA) leads to an equilibrium mixture of all four possible geometric isomers of 7,9-DDA in the ratio ofE,E, 69–76%;Z,E, 11–13%;E, Z, 12–15%; andZ, Z, 1–3%. Iodine catalysis of the isomerization takes place even in dark at room temperature and is probably a radical reaction.
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    Composition, quantification, and periodicity of sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens females (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1043-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Z11-16:Ald ; 16:Ald ; Z9-14:Ald ; 14:Ald ; sex pheromone emission ; gland volatiles ; blend composition ; pheromone emission rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone gland volatiles from individualHeliothis virescens (F.) females were collected and analyzed on an SP-2330 capillary gas-liquid chromatography column for identification and quantification of the compounds emitted. Only four of the seven compounds previously reported as pheromone components appeared consistently in the volatile collections: 14:Ald, Z9-14:Ald, 16:Ald, and Z11-16:Ald. The female glands did not emit the same amounts of these compounds throughout a 24-hr period; they emitted maximum quantities between 6 and 11 hr after the onset of scotophase with the remainder of the photoperiod having minimal emission rates. Although the absolute quantities fluctuated, the percent compositions of the compounds remained about the same throughout the 24-hr period.
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    Initial field trials with the synthetic sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate has been shown to be highly active in catchingThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) males in field trials carried out in different parts of Spain. A variety of formulations containing antioxidants or solid paraffin were tested. Formulations containing 3 and 10% ofE isomer showed a decrease of activity compared with those prepared with pureZ isomer. Dodecyl acetate, also found in the virgin female gland, did not show any synergistic effect when tested in a 9∶1 mixture with the synthetic pheromone. The product exhibited a remarkable persistence of activity under the field conditions even in the absence of stabilizer.
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    Spodoptera exigua: Capture of feral males in traps baited with blends of pheromone components (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; rubber septa ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; beet armyworm ; trapping sticky trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field tests were conducted with various blends of acetates and alcohols previously identified as components of the sex pheromone for the beet armyworm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). The compounds were formulated on rubber septa and placed in sticky traps positioned in fields populated withAmaranthus sp., a favored host of this species. Moth captures were highest in traps baited with septa containing a blend of 0.1 mg (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (Z9,E12–14∶Ac) and 0.01 mg(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14∶OH). Additionally, we confirmed that all combinations of acetates tested alone captured significantly fewer males than blends containing a 10∶1 ratio ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH. A 10∶1 formulation ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH in hollow fibers was also attractive to feral BAW males.
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    Field trapping of diamondback mothPlutella xylostella using an improved four-component sex attractant blend (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Crymodes devastator ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Noctuidae ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to three known sex lure components [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol], (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was field-proven as a trace coattractant for malePlutella xylostella, with an optimal content below 0.01% in blends. This potent four-component lure for diamondback males also attractedCrymodes devastator males, and in this respect is not different in its attractancy from virgin diamondback females. Replacement of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in the four component lure with (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, at the level of 10% of the total lure mixture, did not alter its attractancy for diamondback males, but it did inhibit attraction ofCrymodes devastator. The status of biologically active components as possible sex pheromones or para-pheromones is discussed.
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    Chemical basis for host selection byHemileuca oliviae (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1425-1437 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Range caterpillar ; Hemileuca oliviae ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; C4 plants ; C3 plants ; tannins ; grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When provided a choice between grass species with C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, larvae of range caterpillar,Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell, selected C4 grasses. The basis for host selection was examined by conducting analyses of moisture, crude protein, total available carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, astringency, condensed tannin, silica, and pubescence of 14 grass species, and correlating host plant chemical characteristics with host preference. Most of the variation in host preference was explained by tannin characteristics (astringency and condensed tannin); C3 grass species had significantly higher tannin levels than C4 species.
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    Identification of two components of the sex pheromone of the moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Fortricidae ; lightbrown apple moth ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, have been identified in extracts of females of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). The two compounds are active as a coalitive pair and are present in extracts of females in a ratio of about 20∶1.
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    The role of iridoid glycosides in host-plant specificity of checkerspot butterflies (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 475-493 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphydryas ; checkerspot ; host-plant specificity ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; coevolution ; insect-plant interaction ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential role of iridoid glycosides as feeding stimulants forEuphydryas chalcedona larvae was examined in three laboratory experiments. The first experiment examined larval behavior in choice tests between an artificial diet with no additives (AD) and an artificial diet with the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, added (AD + I) in one group; and AD and AD plus a crude extract from which the iridoid glycoside catalpol was crystallized (AD + Ex) in the second group. The larvae were found more often on AD + I or AD + Ex. The second experiment quantified larval consumption of artificial diets when given a choice of AD or AD + I, and AD or AD + Ex, and showed that larvae ate significantly more AD + I or AD + Ex than AD. The third experiment compared growth and survival on six diets: AD; AD + I; artificial diet with dried, ground upScrophularia californica leaves (AD + S); artificial diet with dried, ground upPlantago lanceolata leaves (AD + P);S. californica leaves (S); andP. lanceolata leaves (P). Growth was best onS. californica leaves, and survival was highest onS. californica andP. lanceolata leaves. There were no differences in growth rate or survival between AD andAD + I. Thus, iridoid glycosides serve as feeding attractants and stimulants for larvae ofEuphydryas chalcedona and are suggested as the basis of radiation in butterflies of the genusEuphydryas.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 695-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; parasitoid ; Telenomus remus ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.
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    Dose-response relationship for two components of the sex pheromone of lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 715-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; dose-response surface ; isobole ; male response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay studies with mixtures of the two components from the sex pheromone ofE. postvittana are used to construct a dose-response surface. The surface clearly shows the existence of a response maximum and that an optimum ratio of the two components applies over a wide range of concentrations. Probit transformations of the same data are used to construct an isobologram. The isobole has a sharp minimum at a ratio for the two components close to the ratio produced by the females.
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis virescens in a sustained-flight tunnel to combinations of seven compounds identified from female sex pheromone glands (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 747-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior ; rubber septa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the seven compounds that have been identified from femaleHeliothis virescens sex pheromone glands was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. The two compounds initially described as pheromone components, (itZ)-11-hexadecenal and (itZ)-9-tetradecenal, were necessary for behavioral activity to occur. Of the remaining five compounds, hexadecanal was most consistent in elevating behavioral activity of males when it was added to treatments. Live, calling females elicited greater sexual activity from males than did the 7-compound mixture on rubber septa.
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    Experiments with a two-component sex attractant of the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.), and some evidence for the presence of both components in natural female sex pheromone (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1317-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; Autographa gamma L. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; silver Y moth ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; ester ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol were synthesized and tested on males of the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.) for sex attractant activity. The key step of the synthesis was the isomerization of acetylenic alcohol (III) with potassium 3-amino-propylamide. In EAG tests with a series of dodecen-1-yl acetates and alcohols, the highest activity was elicited by these two compounds. In field tests using three different kinds of dispensers, highest catches were achieved with a mixture of (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -ol which contained 1–5% of the alcohol. Some evidence was also found for the presence of both compounds in extracts of the abdominal tip of females. The quantities of these components in the extract was 1.0 ng/female for the acetate, and 1.1 ng/female for the alcohol.
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    Cardenolide sequestration by the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera; Arctiidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 521-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cycnia tenera ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias ; milkweeds ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; allelochemics ; plant-insect interactions ; plant secondary chemistry ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; kin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cycnia tenera adults, reared as larvae onAsclepias humistrata, had 10 times higher cardenolide concentrations, and contained 15 times more total cardenolide, than did moths reared onA. tuberosa. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed that each individual cardenolide visualized in the adult moths reared on the former host plant corresponds to one present in the plant, thus demonstrating that the insects' cardenolides are indeed derived from the larval food. Adult weights were significantly greater when the larvae had been fed upon the higher cardenolide plant species,A. humistrata. Similar results for other milkweed-feeding insects have been interpreted by some authors as evidence against a metabolic cost of handling cardenolides. However, such interpretations confound cardenolide differences among milkweed species with other differences in plant primary and secondary chemistry that affect insect growth and development. While the cooccurrence inC. tenera of other noxious chemicals (e.g., alkaloids) is not precluded, cardenolides sequestered from larval host plants have probably contributed to the evolution of visual and auditory aposematism in this species. As the eggs are laid in large clutches and larvae are gregarious, such aposematism may have evolved via kin selection.
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    Stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate, the major component of the sex pheromone of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 863-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; pine processionary moth ; Thaumetopoeapityocampa ; Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; sex pheromone ; synthesis ; biological activity ; ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A short and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-1 1-yn-1-yl acetate is described. The main feature is a low-temperature Wittig reaction of a triphenylpropylphosphonium bromide with a long-chain alkylated propargyl aldehyde.
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    Field attractiveness of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal pheromone blends to male spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1327-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm moths ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; attractants ; isomeric blends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract E∶Z blends of (E)-11-tetradecenal were field tested (three experiments) for their attractiveness to male spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths in northern Maine. Blends of 92.5–99%E isomer caught the most moths (three experiments); blend 95%E had the highest cumulative catch throughout two experiments. Rates of catch per hour for the four most attractive blends (92.5–99%E) showed highly variable responses among experiments; however, similarities were noted for rates of catch within the same experiment. For all experiments and observation hours, blend 95%E had the highest mean rate of catch.
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    Sex pheromone of a conifer-feeding budworm,Choristoneura retiniana, Walsingham (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura retiniana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; forset insects ; Tortricidae ; insect behavior ; E- andZ-11-tetradecenyl acetates ; E- andZ-11-tetradecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone components collected from femaleChristoneura retiniana included 11-tetradecenyl acetates and alcohols. The major component wasE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14∶Ac) with a lesser amount ofZ isomer necessary to induce male response. A 92∶8 ratio ofE,Z11–14∶ Ac appeared optimal. The alcohol component was present at about 10% of the total pheromone mixture, and traps baited with acetates plus alcohol surpassed unmated females in their degree of attractiveness. Chemical analysis indicated a 9∶:1 ratio of theE — Z isomers of 11-tetradecenyl alcohol (11–14∶ol) pheromone components, although bait formulations containing a predominance of either theE orZ isomers were equally successful in field bioassays. Based on male response to traps,E- andZ11–14∶Ac (92∶8E — Z) are essential pheromone components for long-range sex attraction. The 11–14∶ ol enhanced attraction when added at 10% of the total pheromone blend.
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    Role of diet in host selection ofHeliothis virescens by parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1535-1541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; Heliothis virescence ; synomone ; kairomone ; host location ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that chemicals attractive toCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), previously identified in cotton, were not present in wheat germ diet-rearedHeliothis virescens (F.) larvae. Diet-reared larvae fed cotton obtained the chemicals from cotton, with the consequence of enhanced kairomonal activity of the larvae and their frass toC. sonorensis. Parasitoids, presented a choice between cotton, cotton plus hosts, hosts alone, and control in an olfactometer, responded non-randomly, with the greatest number of responses to cotton plus hosts, and three times as many responses to cotton alone as to larvae alone. The role of the plant in the parasitoid-host relationship is discussed.
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    Sex pheromone components of fall cankerworm moth,Alsophila pometaria (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1579-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria(Harris) ; fall cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; synthesis ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene, sex pheromone components ofAlsophila pometaria, were synthesized by stereoselective Wittig reactions and found to be spectroscopically and chromatographically identical to isolated natural material. Flight-tunnel bioassays and field-trapping experiments confirmed that the two tetraenes together with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene are sex pheromone components. While traps baited with either tetraene individually captured conspecific males in field-trapping experiments, addition of the triene, which captured no males by itself, to either tetraene resulted in synergistic responses.
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    Syntheses of unconjugated (Z,Z)-diolefinic insect pheromones on insoluble polymer supports (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z, Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate ; (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate ; solid phase synthesis ; Synanthedon pictipes ; lesser peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa ; peachtree borer ; Synanthedon hector ; cherry tree borer ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; pink bollworm moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A 2% cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing pendant trityl chloride groups was used as the solid support in the synthesis of (Z, Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate, a component of the sex attractant of the lesser peachtree borer,Synanthedon pictipes, the peachtree borer,Synanthedon exitiosa, and the cherry tree borer,Synanthedon hector. This solid-phase synthesis is compared with a similar synthetic approach in solution. The solid-phase synthesis of (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate, a component of the pheromone of the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella is described.
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    Behavioral and biological responses ofCotesia marginiventris to kairomones of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; kairomones ; fall armyworm ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Potential kairomone sources of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were bioassayed with females ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) in Petri dishes (10 cm diam). MatedC. marginiventris females, ranging in age from 1 to 3 days exhibited the most intense bioassay responses to potential sources of kairomone. Contacting a FAW-damaged corn leaf modified the pattern of movement inC. marginiventris from random to one exhibiting a significant increase in klinokinesis. No significant differences were present in kairomone responses of nonconditioned and conditioned parasitoids and parasitoid response to kairomones did not change throughout the photophase (0800–1800 hr). Removal of one, both, or the first eight antennal segments reduced or eliminated the response of the parasitoid to kairomones. Female parasitoids did not exhibit a preference for corn leaves damaged by a particular fall armyworm instar and parasitization rates were highest in larvae 48 hr old.
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    Variability in accumulation of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in needles of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) following long-term budworm defoliation (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1469-1476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Proanthocyanidins ; condensed tannins ; plant-herbivore interactions ; Douglas-fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; nested ANOVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term defoliation by budworms was associated with higher levels of soluble proanthocyanidins in the current year needles of Douglas-fir trees. The proanthocyanidin contents of needles from defoliated Douglas-fir trees were considerably more variable than those levels of undefoliated ones. The increased mean and variability of proanthocyanidin levels following defoliation may have interesting ecological consequences for Douglas-fir and its defoliators.
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    Fate of photosensitizing furanocoumarins in tolerant and sensitive insects (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 893-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xanthotoxin ; psoralen ; isopsoralen ; furanocoumarin ; Papilio polyxenes ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae ; metabolism ; detoxification ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fate of [14C]xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) was studied in larvae of insect species that are tolerant (Papilio polyxenes Stoll) or sensitive (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) to the phototoxic effects of photosensitizing psoralens. Both insects metabolize xanthotoxin by oxidative cleavage of the furan ring, but the detoxification occurs at a much more rapid rate inP. polyxenes in which 〉95% of an oral 5 μg/g xanthotoxin dose is metabolized within 1.5 hr after treatment. The detoxification of psoralens byP. polyxenes appears to occur primarily in the midgut tissue prior to absorption, with the result that the intact phototoxin does not reach appreciable levels in body tissues. Studies with an angular furanocoumarin indicated that isopsoralens are metabolized byP. polyxenes at a somewhat slower rate than observed for psoralens; however, a reduced rate of metabolic detoxification of isopsoralens probably does not explain the fact that psoralen tolerance inP. polyxenes does not extend to the isopsoralen series.
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    Sources of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), kairomones eliciting host-finding behavior inCotesia (=Apanteles) marginivenitris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1019-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; kairomone ; host-finding behavior ; Cotsia (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; frass attraction ; scales attraction ; pest management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay responses inCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) females to materials derived from fall armyworm (FAW) larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were most intense for frass and somewhat less intense for larval and pupal cutical materials, scales, exuviae, silk, and oral secretion, with FAW larval hemolymph eliciting only a slight response. The highest percentage of ovipositor probing was caused by frass (100%) and moth scales (90%). Various types of corn-leaf damage when assayed alone did not produce responses as intense as when assayed in combination with frass, cuticle material, and oral secretion. Parasitoid response was somewhat better to frass derived from FAW larvae feeding on corn and peanut leaves than from larvae feeding on the foliage of soybeans, Bermuda grass, cowpeas, or laboratory diet. Hexane and chloroform were better than methanol and water for extracting active material from FAW frass, and chloroform was the best of these solvents for extracting corn leaves. Serial dilutions of frass extracts resulted in a reduction in parasitoid response.
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis zea moths in sustained-flight tunnel to combinations of 4 compounds identified from female sex pheromone gland (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the four compounds that have been identified from sex pheromone glands ofHeliothis zea female moths was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to (Z)-11-hexadecenal alone, but greater levels of behavioral activity were evoked with the addition of (Z)-9-hexadecenal to the treatment. Addition of hexadecanal or (Z)-7-hexadecenal to the initial two components had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel whether added singularly at both the normal gland-emission ratio or at varying ratios or in combination at the normal ratio. Live, calling females elicited levels of sexual activity from males not significantly different from that elicited by the mixture of (Z)-11- and (Z)-9-hexadecenal on cotton wicks.
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    Multichemical resistance of the coniferPodocarpus gracilior (Podocarpaceae) to insect attack (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 547-559 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Podocarpus gracilior ; conifer ; resistance ; multichemical defense ; norditerpene dilactones ; phytoecdysone ; biflavones ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; feeding deterrency ; Bombyx mori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Podocarpus gracilior is resistant in nature to insect attack. Apparently, the resistance ofP. gracilior is due to a multichemical defense mechanism. Chemicals identified as potential components of the multichemical defense are four norditerpenedilactones, including nagilactones, C, D, and F, which cause insect feeding deterrent activity ultimately coupled to an insecticidal activity, and podolide, an insecticide; two nonlethal growth-inhibiting biflavones, podocarpusflavone A and 7″,4′″-dimethylamentoflavone; and the ecdysis-inhibiting phytoecdysone, ponasterone A.
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    Effect of foliage proximity on attraction ofChoristoneura occidentalis andC. retiniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to pheromone sources (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromonetrap placement ; western spruce budworm ; modoc budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Choristoneura retiniana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone-baited traps located close to both host and nonhost crowns were more attractive than traps located between crowns for bothC. occidentalis Freeman andC. retiniana (Walsingham) at both 10 m and at 1.5 m above the ground. At 10 m height, traps located in host foliage were more attractive than those located in nonhost foliage, but at 1.5m height there was no significant difference. These results were obtained for both dense and sparse populations ofC. occidentalis and sparse populations ofC. retiniana. We conclude that the tree species on which a virgin female is located is not an important factor restricting mating between closely relatedChoristoneura spp. Also, the tree species on which a trap is located may not be an important factor that must be standardized in developing pheromone monitoring systems forC. occidentalis andC. retiniana.
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    Behavioral effects of secondary components of sex pheromone of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) free (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; western spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromones ; behavior ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory wind tunnel, upwind flight and close-range orientation to a pheromone source by maleC. occidentalis were facilitated by the addition of the secondary componentsE/Z11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (89∶11) andE/Z11-tetradecen-1-ol (85∶15) to low source concentrations of the primary components,E/Z11-tetradecenal (92∶8). Male responses to the blends tested never equalled their responses to virgin females. The primary components alone, when released at a rate similar to that of a “calling” female, never elicited male upwind flight or source location. However, the addition of the secondary components enhanced these behavioral sequences.
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    Apparency of pulsed and continuous pheromone to male gypsy moths (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attractant ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; threshold ; anemotaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quiescent male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) exposed in a wind tunnel to either pulsed (0.5-, 2- or 5-sec on, followed by a two-fold time interval off) or continuous streams of synthetic pheromone responded similarly in the proportions and latencies of wing fanning. Similarly, upwind anemotactic flight tracks in pulsed (1-sec on and 1-sec off) and continuous plumes of pheromone were indistinguishable. These data suggest that in the gypsy moth (1) pulsed pheromone stimuli would not lower the threshold, despite the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio; and (2) temporal modulation of the pheromone plume at 1-sec intervals does not alter the “preprogrammed” upwind flight pattern.
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    Male scent-producing structures inColias butterflies (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 13-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Butterfly ; Colias philodice ; chemical communication ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; male scent ; courtship ; sex brands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During successful courtship in sulfur butterflies, virgin females respond to males by assuming a stationary posture and extending the abdomen ventrally from between the hindwings, thereby permitting copulation. In the clouded sulfur,Colias philodice Godard, this response was used in a laboratory bioassay to confirm the existence of a male chemical signal demonstrated by a previous worker and to document the signal's behavioral function and source. The male scent is shown to be required, in part, to reliably elicit abdominal extension and to be emitted from a patch of cells and scales associated with the dorsal surface of the male hind wing near the wing base. Experiments also show that evaporation of the signal is reduced when the source is covered by the forewing as it is at rest and in flight. These data, coupled with other information on male chemical signals in sulfur butterflies and other Lepidoptera, suggest that in sulfurs the morphology and chemistry of the scent glands along with the behavior of the male are structured in a way that minimizes the evaporative loss of scent from the wings when the male is not courting females.
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    Lesser peachtree borer: Influence of pheromone concentration, isomeric blend, and experimental design on trap capture (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 361-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; lesser peachtree borer ; field test design ; Synanthedon pictipes ; clearwing moths ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trap capture data from Ohio and Wisconsin show that (E,Z)-3-13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate alone is an effective trap bait for maleSynanthedon pictipes (Grote and Robinson). Attractiveness increased by increasing attractant concentration but not by adding theZ,E geometrical isomer.S. pictipes males partitioned themselves in a linear fashion among traps baited with 10–100 μg of attractant in 10-μg increments. Furthermore, they discriminated between 50- and 100-μg baits placed in the same tree. These and other results indicate that, in clearwing experiments involving noninhibitory compounds and blend tuning, high trap density can be used successfully.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402914
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    Pharmacodynamics of some individual milkweed cardenolides fed to larvae of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 321-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardenolides ; monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus L. ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; storage ; regulation ; metabolism ; uscharidin ; calactin ; calotropin ; uzarigenin ; digitoxigenin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae), store only some of the cardenolides present in the larval milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) host. Feeding known doses of individual cardenolides to 4th instar monarch larvae led to more efficient larval tissue incorporation at low doses than at high ones, and favored storage of cardenolide glycosides over genins. A qualitative regulation also occurs during larval feeding; calactin and calotropin were stored as such but uscharidin was rapidly converted to a mixture of calactin and calotropin which were the forms stored by the larvae. Two genins, uzarigenin and digitoxigenin, were stored by larvae as polar cardenolide metabolites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402911
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  • 159
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    A trail pheromone from silk produced by larvae of the range caterpillarHemileuca oliviae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and observations on aggregation behavior (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 655-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Range caterpillar ; Hemileuca oliviae ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; trail pheromone ; aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methylene chloride-extractable chemical(s) from range caterpillar larval silk facilitates trail-following and aggregation by early-instar larvae, but late-instar larvae are less responsive to the pheromone. Larval aggregation does not reduce water loss when larvae are exposed to low humidity, nor does aggregation prevent predation by the antFormica neoclara Emery. Grouped larvae gain weight and complete early stadia more rapidly as compared to solitary larvae. Aggregation may provide increased visibility to herbivores and increase the impact of urticating spines, thereby decreasing inadvertant predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987676
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  • 160
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    Dodecyl acetate, a second pheromone component of the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 727-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dodecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dodecyl acetate was identified as a second component of the sex pheromone ofTrichoplusia ni (Hübner). Dodecyl acetate comprised 9.6% by weight of the total pheromone [(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate plus dodecyl acetate] extracted from glands and 7.3% by weight of the total pheromone evaporated from the surfaces of glands. Dodecyl acetate appears to function as a short-range pheromone component. Evaporation at female release rates of a 10∶90 mixture of dodecyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the field caused a significantly greater percentage of males to land on the pheromone source, increased significantly the time they spent on the source, but decreased significantly the time they spent searching for the source when within 50 cm, as compared to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990397
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  • 161
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    Selection of a polyethylene tubing formulation of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate and its use in disrupting pheromone communication inHeliothis zea (Boddie) (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 6 (1980), S. 771-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Release rate ; polyethylene ; formulations ; controlled release ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The release rates of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate (Z9TDF) from four sizes of polyethylene tubing were measured periodically for 50 days by collecting the Z9TDF vapors on a polymeric adsorbent. The resulting release rate curves had shapes that were determined by the tubing's diameter and wall thickness. One tubing size that combined good longevity with adequately high release rates was tested in the field to determine whether it could disrupt pheromone communication of the corn earworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). We observed a low percentage of disruption, but release rate measurements made concurrently showed that the tubing was releasing Z9TDF normally. In a second field test, a larger quantity of Z9TDF was released, and 87% disruption was attained for 66 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990401
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  • 162
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    Sex pheromone components isolated from china corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis guenée (lepidoptera: Pyralidae), (E)- and (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetates (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 841-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; sex pheromone ; corn borer ; (E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecyl acetate ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; selected ion monitoring technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components from the corn borer spreading widely in China,Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée, have been identified as (E)-and (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetates (E andZ12–14∶ Ac). The ratio ofE isomer toZ isomer was 53 ∶ 47. Traps containing 1 × 10−7−1 × 10−5 g of these compounds captured more males than did live females or their tip extract (3–6 female equivalents). Tetradecyl acetate (14 ∶ Ac) was also identified in the tip extract. Its quantity was about 1.8 times the sum of the other two isomers. However, including this compound in its natural ratio in pheromone traps resulted in a decrease in trap catches (P〈 0.05).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992382
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  • 163
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    Identification of a sex pheromone ofHeliothis subflexa (GN.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and field trapping studies using different blends of components (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1011-1022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Heliothis subflexa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; reproductive behavior ; field trapping ; capillary chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eight compounds were isolated from the sex pheromone gland ofHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) and identified as hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-7-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. Although the whole blend was found to be an effective male attractant, the deletion of alcohols from the blend increased trap captures considerably. Further, although the binary mixture of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal caught some maleH. subflexa, significant increases in captures were noted when the three acetate components were included in the blend.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987623
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    Ultrastructural study of the postembryonic development of the neural lamella of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Neural lamella ; Postembryonic development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neural lamella encapsulating the brain of the wax moth Galleria mellonella develops from a very thin (80–120 nm) layer in the first larval instar, resembling the basal lamina, to a thick (1–4 μm) sheath composed of two zones in the seventh (last) instar. After its breakdown at the time of larval-pupal ecdysis the neural lamella is reconstructed in the pupa, 2–3 days before pupaladult ecdysis. The cells of the perineurium seem to be responsible for the formation of the neural lamella, both in the larva and pupa, even though its ultrastructure differs at these stages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233592
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    Innervation of heart and alary muscles in Sphinx ligustri L. (Lepidoptera) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 467-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart innervation ; Lepidoptera ; Neuromuscular junctions ; Perisynaptic reticulum ; Neurohaemal secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ursprung und Verlauf der Herznerven bei Sphinx ligustri und Ephestia kuehniella wurden unter Verwendung von Präparationsunterlagen aus Bleiblech rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Herz und Alarmuskeln von Sphinx ligustri wurden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des caudalen Herzabschnitts im Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Alarmuskeln bilden eine unvollständige Hülle um das Herz aus überwiegend längs orientierten Fasern, antagonistisch zum Faserverlauf im Herzmuskel. Herz und Alarmuskeln sind multiterminal über die transversalen Segmentalnerven innerviert, deren größte Zweige ein elektronentransparentes und mehrere neurosekretorische Axone enthalten. Verdickungen der Segmentalnerven enthalten möglicherweise Nervenzellen. Laterale Herznerven wurden nicht gefunden. Synaptische Axonendigungen nur eines Typs sind in den Alarmuskeln häufig, im Herzmuskel seltener. Sie werden nur von dem zentralen Axon aus gebildet. Die neuromuskulären Kontaktstellen sind von Gliazellen bedeckt, die über zahlreiche Ausläufer mit der Muskelzelle verzahnt sind und mit ihr ein “perisynaptisches Retikulum” bilden. Die Gliazellausläufer dringen in das T-System bis zu den Z-Banden vor. Exozytose von Neurosekret-Vesikeln in das perisynaptische Interzellularsystem wird angenommen. Neurohämale Abgabeorte finden sich entlang der Nervenäste und in speziellen Nervenendigungen auf der Höhe der Ostien. Der mögliche Einfluß der Innervierung auf die Herzaktivität wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The origin and orientation of the heart nerves in Sphinx ligustri and Ephestia kuehniella were investigated by scanning electron microscopy using a special technique which involved pinning the dissected specimens on a stabilizing metal pad. The heart and alary muscles in Sphinx particularly their caudal extremity were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. The alary muscles form an incomplete sheath around the heart with a mainly longitudinal fibre orientation, e.i. antagonistically to the fibres of the heart itself. The heart and alary muscles are multiterminally innervated by branches of the transverse segmental nerves. All branches contain a single electron lucent axon; the thickest branches also possess several neurosecretory axons. Swellings of the segmental nerves may indicate the position of nerve cell bodies. There are no lateral heart nerves. Only one type of neuromuscular junction is abundant in the alary muscles but less frequently found in the heart. The terminals originate from the central axon only. They are capped by glial cells, which interdigitate with the muscle cells. They penetrate into the T-system toward the Z-discs and form a complex intercellular space system. Exocytosis of dense-cored vesicles into this “perisynaptic reticulum” seems likely. Sites of neurohaemal release are distributed along the nerve branches and special nerve endings occur at the level of the ostia. The possible nervous influence upon heart activity is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220970
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