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  • growth
  • Springer  (109)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • 1985-1989  (109)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (109)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (10)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162857
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and long-run stability (1987)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047540
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain ofChlorella (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964839
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941297
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376409
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition between larvae of Ips typographus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; bark beetle ; Scolytidae ; intra-specific larval competition ; growth ; simulation model ; breeding pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konkurrenz zwischen Larven des Borkenkäfers Ips typographus L. in Rundhölzern von Picea abies Karsten wurde im Laboratorium studiert. Um die Annahme zu testen, dass die Mortalität bei Borkenkäferlarven hauptsächlich von Futterkonkurrenz stammt, wurden die Parameter dieses Vorgangs geschätzt, die Zahl der Überlebenden vorausgesagt und verglichen mit der tatsächlichen Zahl Überlebender in jedem Rundholz. Die erforderlichen Voraussagen wurden mit dem Simulationsmodell von De Jong & Saarenmaa (1985) gemacht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, dass die Larven Futter aufnehmen, in dem sie sich in der zweidimensionalen Rindenschicht bewegen und dass sie sterben oder sich vorzeitig in untergewichtige Käfer verwandeln, wenn sie in ein Gebiet gelangen, dessen Futter erschöpft ist. Es wurde geschlossen, dass der wichtigste Aspekt der Larvenbewegung im Hinblick aufs Überleben das gegenseitige Ausweichen ist. Die Muster der Larvengänge, wie sie aus einem Muttergang aufgrund gegenseitigen Ausweichens entstehen, wurden berechnet; sie stimmten sehr gut überein mit den beobachteten Mustern. Das Wachstum und das Überleben wurden in separaten Versuchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass vorzeitiger Entwicklungsabschluss als Folge von Nahrungsknappheit eintritt. Das Überleben hängt davon ab, ob die Larve genug Futter zum Verpuppen erhalten hat. Dass die Larve eine bestimmte Grösse erreicht (Wachstum), war proportional zur Bewegung über eine bestimmte Distanz in der Rindenschicht. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen nahm das potentielle Trockengewicht der Puppen um 0,08 mg zu mit jedem mm Larvengang. Die minimale zur Verpuppung erforderliche Futtermenge war 20 mm Ganglänge, was proportional zu 1,6 mg Puppentrockengewicht ist. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass Futterkonkurrenz die hauptsächliche Mortalitätsursache unter Larven von I. typographus in Rundhölzern im Laboratorium ist. Zudem wurde das Simulationsmodell erfolgreich überprüft; deshalb scheint es, dass Futterkonkurrenz entsprechend der vorigen Hypothese erfolgt. Die Annahme scheint vertretbar, dass dieser letzte Schluss auch für I. typographus unter natürlicheren Bedingungen zutrifft.
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to provide parameters for a simulation model for Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). This model illustrates larval competition and predicts brood survival in bolts. Brood survival depended upon larvae attaining a weight of at least 1.6 mg dry weight. The pattern of larval foraging in a bolt is hypothesized to be regulated by mutual avoidance among larvae. An analytical solution is presented for the construction of the pattern of larval paths originating from a single maternal gallery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195567
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  • 7
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    Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301746
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  • 8
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    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187498
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  • 9
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    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376401
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  • 10
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    Yield and growth response to potassium of grain sorghum as influenced by variety in a savanna soil of Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051372
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  • 11
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    A mathematical model of plant growth with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root/shoot ratio ; nutrients ; light ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mathematical analysis presented in this paper of plant growth is based on the assumption that the influence of deficiencies in the major root nutrients of water, N, P and K is to reduce the fraction of the plant mass devoted to photosynthesis by increasing the root fraction, thereby diminishing the rate of growth of the total plant. A reciprocal phenomenon occurs with deficiency of light. Using literature data on the influence of environmental conditions on plant growth and in particular on the root/shoot ratio, the relevant rate expressions are derived in a simple form and appear to be generally similar for a wide range of plants during their vegetative phase of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063321
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  • 12
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    A mathematical model of root exploration and of grain fill with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root ; soil exploration ; grain fill ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a model is derived for the exploration of the soil by roots in a growing crop with particular reference to cereals. The distribution of root density with depth is related to the growth of the above-ground parts and to the varying demand these place on the roots modified by the changing texture and nutrient status of the soil with depth. In the second part of the paper the growth of cereal seeds is modelled by being related to the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and the duration of its life following anthesis. The death of the plant is considered to be a consequence of the parasitic action of the seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063322
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  • 13
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    Growth, yield components and micronutrient nutrition of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization and plant density (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; nitrogen fertilization ; plant density ; yield components ; growth ; micronutrient nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and yield components in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization ranging from 50 to 200 kg N ha−1. Ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio, number of ears plant−1, plant height and dry matter production increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. Tasselling in maize was hastened by N fertilization. Increasing plant density from 25000 to 75000 plants ha−1 increased plant height, dry matter production and delayed tasseling but reduced ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio and number of ears plant−1. Increased N supply and plant density had no influence on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in ear leaf; except that Mn concentration increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 150 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen × plant density interactions on the concentrations of the micronutrients in maize ear leaf were not significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050279
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  • 14
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    Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 96 (1986), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436665
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  • 15
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    Dynamics of increase in muscle fibers in fishes in relation to size and growth (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Teleost fish, freshwater ; muscle, white myotomal ; myotomal muscle ; muscle fibers ; fish size ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of increase of white myotomal muscle fibers of four species of freshwater teleosts (Salmo gairdneri, Pimephales notatus, Esox masquinongy andE. americanus vermiculatus) from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae) representing a variety of maximum attainable sizes and growth rates, have been investigated. There are at least three major differences in these dynamics, and there appears to be an association between the ability of a fish species to attain large size (and grow fast) and its ability to recruit new fibers into this predominant tissue of the myotomal mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004500
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  • 16
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    Fourier analysis of vertebral shape change due to growth and selection for large and small body size (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
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    Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt, Switzerland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877173
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    Relationship of prodigiosin condensing enzyme activity to the biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its precursors inSerratia marcescens (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 397-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940425
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    The establishment, growth, phenology and longevity of two species of Helianthemum in the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 486-490 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Helianthemum ; growth ; flowering ; age ; drought response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hills of the Negev highlands, west of Sede Boqer, are typically covered by various half-shrub communities, including the deciduous species of Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss., an Irano-Turanian element that grows only on north facing slopes, and H. ventosum Boiss., a Saharo-Arabian element which grows on both slopes but mainly on those facing south. Upon irrigation, plants of H. vesicarium preserve their natural rhythm of activity during winter and remain deciduous throughout the summer. On the other hand, under a similar irrigation treatment, the growth and flowering season of H. ventosum is modified and is extended well into the summer. Thus, H. ventosum shows a high phenological plasticity, while H. vesicarium seems to be very conservative. The different response of the two species to an improved water regime may partly explain the differences in their natural habitats: H. vesicarium on the more humid north facing slopes and H. ventosum mostly on the more arid and extreme south facing ones. Plants of both species which grow near boulders attain larger sizes and denser stands than those on the slopes. Age analysis based on xylem ring counts of 859 plants of the two natural populations showed that the plants did not exceed 14 years and most of them reached the age of some 5 years only. In general more seedlings are established during rainy year-clusters than during dry ones. However, no direct correlation between seedling establishment and the annual rainfall of specific years could be found. The rapid turnover of plants in the stands of both species of Helianthemum resembles the behavior of desert annuals rather than that of most desert shrubs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379286
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    Lespedeza phenolics andPenstemon alkaloids: Effects on digestion efficiencies and growth of voles (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 713-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; phenolics ; feeding trials ; digestibility ; growth ; Lespedeza cuneata ; Penstemon digitalis ; Microtus pennsylvanicus ; Microtus ochrogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lespedeza cuneata contains high levels of phenolics and is a common food plant of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus);Penstemon digitalis contains substantial quantities of alkaloids and is a common food plant of meadow voles and prairie voles (M. ochrogaster). We investigated the palatability of these plants and the effects of their secondary compounds on the digestion efficiencies and growth of both species of voles. Voles ate very little of either plant when alternative food was present. Phenolics and alkaloids were extracted from the plants, incorporated into separate artificial diets, and fed to weanling voles for three weeks.Lespedeza phenolics reduced the growth of meadow voles but not prairie voles throughout the feeding trial. These compounds disrupted digestion, reducing protein digestibility by more than half.Penstemon alkaloids lowered only the initial growth rates of prairie voles and had no significant effect on meadow voles. Prairie voles tended to increase food consumption rates on bothLespedeza andPenstemon diets. This response offset some of the decrease in digested protein intake in the first case, and offset the increased metabolic cost of processing the diet in the latter case. Our results indicate that althoughLespedeza phenolics andPenstemon alkaloids do influence consumption and digestibility of artificial diets, they do not greatly reduce the performance (i.e., growth or survival) of voles when consumed at levels generally observed for wild voles. However, these compounds probably do place an upper limit on the amount of freshLespedeza andPenstemon that can be consumed and contribute to the generalist feeding strategy of voles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012104
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    Growth ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum ; glycoalkaloid ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; protein ; growth ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; α-tomatine ; α-solamarine ; β-solamarine ; α-solamine ; α-chacomine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as measured by weight gain, was determined when larvae were reared on synthetic diets containing measured quantities of protein and one of fiveSolanum glycoalkaloids. Data were analyzed to determine if growth was affected by these two aspects of phytochemical variation independently, or if there was a significant interaction component in larval weight gain to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. For four of the five glycoalkaloids examined, a bivariate regression model without interaction accurately accounted for growth ofL. decemlineata larvae. For alpha-tomatine, however, a regression model with the addition of a (protein × glycoalkaloid) interaction term more accurately accounted for larval growth. The influence of this interaction was less than either protein or glycoalkaloid concentration alone. The variation in protein concentration accounted for most of the variation in larval growth, and high protein concentrations could more than offset the effect of high concentration of any of the five glycoalkaloids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020350
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    Resolving causes of developmental continuity or “tracking.” I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 133-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: genes ; environment ; development ; growth ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Models of developmental continuity and change in quantitative phenotypes may be tested using longitudinal data from twins. We illustrate a procedure for establishing the power and required sample sizes for detecting developmental transmission against an alternative common-factor hypothesis. We explore the general effects of different heritabilities, different fidelities of environmental and genetic developmental transmission, and varying numbers of occasions of measurement. In addition, a constraint of wide application is postulated for the action of the environment; either environmental effects are transmitted (learned) and occasion specific or they exert a constant influence which is not transmitted (learned). While the situations we examine are necessarily restricted here, our explorations of power show that, providing that we measure on at least four occasions, it is easy to detect developmental transmission with workable sample sizes.
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    Anorexia and sexual maturity in female white rock chickens. I. Increasing the feed intake (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 383-387 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: anorexia ; maturity ; feed intake ; growth ; chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term selection for low juvenile body weight has resulted in a line of chickens where sexual maturity is retarded or prevented because of anorexia.Ad libitum-fed pullets which had not commenced egg production by 240 days of age were randomly assigned to be force-fed or fedad libitum. Increasing food intake via force-feeding caused a significantly greater proportion of females to commence egg production than was noted forad libitum-fed controls. Moreover, of those pullets that commenced lay, age at onset was significantly earlier in those force-fed than in those fedad libitum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260938
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    Propranolol apparently separates the physical and compositional characteristics of muscle growth induced by clenbuterol (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: muscle ; growth ; adrenergic agents ; clenbuterol ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of propranolol on clenbuterol-induced changes in muscle fibre size and protein content were studied. Propranolol did not inhibit the ability of clenbuterol to stimulate protein accretion but reduced the increase in muscle fibre size. The compositional and physical characteristics of clenbuterol-induced muscle growth thus appeared to be separated by propranolol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01122727
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    Investigations on sprout growth in cv. Maris Piper: tuber wounding effects and growth from tuber cores of different dimensions (1985)
    Springer
    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sprouts ; food reserves ; growth ; branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf des Keimwachstums wurde mit Knollen, die in verschiedenen Abständen vom keimenden Auge verletzt waren. untersucht. Die Inkubation erfolgte bei 12°C im Dunkeln in feuchtem ‘University of California’ Kompost. Obwohl die Steigerung des Keimtrockengewichtes mit der Zunahme an verfügbarem Knollensubstrat erhöht wurde, hatte die Verletzung noch einen zusätzlichen steigernden Einfluss, sowohl auf das Keimtrockengewicht als auch auf das Längenwachstum, das noch stärker gefördert wurde (Abb. 1). Wahrscheinlich sind sowohl das Ausmass der Verletzung als auch der Abstand der Verletzung vom Keim wichtig in bezug auf den Wachstumseinfluss. Der Einfluss der Grösse der Knollenstücke auf das Keimwachstum wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Zusätzlich zu der positiven Wirkung des steigenden Knollenstückgewichtes auf die Erhöhung des Keimtrockengewichtes zeigte sich noch ein weiterer Einfluss durch eine Vergrösserung des Knollenstückdurchmessers (Abb. 2). Wurden die Knollenstücke in Kompost gepflanzt, zeigte sich in bezug auf das Längenwachstum sowohl der Haupt-als auch der Seitentriebe ein umgekehrtes Verhältnis zum Frischgewicht der Knollenstücke, aber ein positives zum Durchmesser der Knollenstücke bei konstantem Frischgewicht (Abb. 3). Die Zahl der Seitentriebe pro Auge war mit dem Frischgewicht der Knollenstücke positiv korreliert.
    Abstract: Résumé La cinétique de la croissance du germe a été étudiée à l'aide de tubercules blessés à différentes distances des yeux, en maintenant des explantats à 12°C et à l'obscurité, dans un compost humide mis au point à l'Université de Californie. Bien que l'accumulation de matière sèche dans le germe ait été stimulée par l'augmentation du substrat assimilable provenant des gros explantats, la blessure a provoqué un effet cumulatif sur la teneur en matière sèche du germe et, de façon plus conséquente, sur son élongation (fig. 1). Il semble que l'importance de la blessure ainsi que sa distance par rapport à l'oeil jouent un rôle déterminant sur le dégré de réponse du germe. Des expériences ont également été réalisées sur des fragments de tubercules pour déterminer l'effet de la dimension de l'explantat sur la croissance du germe. En plus de l'effet positif sur la teneur en matière sèche, dû à l'augmentation du poids de l'explantat, on a observé un effet favorable lorsque le diamètre de ce dernier était plus élevé (fig. 2). Après plantation dans le compost, le taux d'élongation du germe principal et des germes ramifiés tendait à être inversé par rapport au poids frais de l'expplantat mais restait positif par rapport à son diamètre, à poids frais égal (fig. 3). Le nombre de ramifications par oeil était en relation directe avec le poinds frais de l'explantat.
    Notes: Summary Sprout dry weight accumulation was stimulated by an increase in the amount of tuber substrate available. Wounding had an additional promotory effect on both dry weight accumulation and extension growth. Sprout dry weight accumulation from tuber cores of the same fresh weight was enhanced by an increase in the diameter of the core when samples were planted either in perlite or UC compost. In compost, elongation rates of both main and branch sprouts were inversely related to core fresh weight but positively related to core diameter when fresh weight was kept constant. The number of branch sprouts per eye was positively related to core fresh weight.
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    Zebra mussels and polystyrene (1985)
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    Aquatic ecology 19 (1985), S. 179-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: zebra mussels ; polystyrene ; settlement ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of settled and metamorphosed larvae of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is clearly retarded when polystyrene plates are used as a substrate compared with the growth of those forms attached to PVC plates. Possibly, low molecular weight compounds are released into the aquatic environment by the polystyrene and these materials may have a strongly adverse effect upon the growth of young zebra mussels. There is no difference in colonization of young mussels between PVC and polystyrene plates if these plates are sufficiently overgrown with bacteria and algae.
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    Light, temperature and nitrogen starvation effects on the total lipid and fatty acid content and composition ofSpirulina platensis UTEX 1928 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; blue-green algae ; biosynthesis ; growth ; gamma linolenic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The total lipid and fatty acid content ofSpirulina platensis UTEX 1928 was 7.2 and 2.2% respectively of cellular dry weight under controlled conditions supporting high growth rates. With increases in irradiance from 170 to 870 μmol photon m−2 s−1, growth rate increased, total lipid decreased, and fatty acid composition was unaffected. At 1411 μmol photon m−2 s−1, total lipid increased slightly and percent composition of the fatty acid gamma linolenic acid increased. Growth and total lipid content ofS. platensis were affected by changes in growth temperature from 25 to 38 °C. With increased growth rate, total lipid content increased. This suggests that the storage of carbon increases at temperatures supporting high growth rates. The degree of saturation increased with temperature. Although the percent composition of gamma linolenic acid was higher at lower growth temperature, production was still primarily a function of growth rate. The effect of temperature on fatty acid content and degree of saturation was of secondary importance. Nitrogen starvation increased total lipid content but decreased fatty acid content as a percentage of dry weight; composition of the fatty acids was unaffected. N-starvation appeared to suspend synthesis of long chain fatty acids inS. platensis, suggesting that some other compound stores fixed carbon when nitrogen is limiting. It was concluded that fatty acid production inS. platensis is maximized by optimizing culture conditions for growth.
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    Global evaluation of growth in a rural population: comparative analysis of shape and size (1986)
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    International journal of anthropology 1 (1986), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: growth ; shape and size ; Spanish population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this work the analogies and differences in shape and size between a rural school population (6–14 aged) of the Lozoya-Somosierra region (Madrid) and several recent and past Spanish populations from different environments have been studied. The results show the growth trend as well as the influences of ecological and socioeconomical factors.
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    Differentiation betweenPhaeocystis pouchetii (Har.) Lagerheim andPhaeocystis globosa Scherffel (1987)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Phaeocystis pouchetii ; P.globosa ; temperature tolerances ; colony shapes ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Arctic clone ofPhaeocystis pouchetii LAGERHEIM was compared toPhaeocystis globosa SCHERFFEL isolated from the southern North Sea with regard to temperature tolerance and colony shapes. Already youngP.pouchetii colonies (〈100 μm) show the typical distribution of the cells in groups, separated from each other by wide zones of cell-free mucilage; the maximum colony size is ca 2 mm in diameter.P.pouchetii colonies form clouds with bubble-like vesicles, spherical colony-shapes are seldom found.P.globosa colonies are spherical up to a size of 2 mm; the cells are distributed homogeneously over the periphery of the colonies. A ‘pouchetii’-like distribution of cells never occurs either in the spherical young colonies or in the pear-shaped old colonies (size up to 8 mm). A development from the colony shape of the ‘globosa’-type to the ‘pouchetii’-type or vice versa was never found. Therefore the colony shape has to be considered a constant distinctive character. Single cells ofP.pouchetii andP.globosa cannot be separated from each other by using the light microscope; this also holds for the flagellates and the non-motile cells.P.pouchetii grows well between 0°C and 14°C,P.globosa between 4°C and 22°C, respectively. Because of the distinctive differences in the morphology of the colonies and the differences in temperature tolerances we propose thatPhaeocystis globosa should no longer be considered conspecific withPhaeocystis pouchetii.
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    Proliferative activity of endotheliocytes of growing capillaries of the rabbit cornea (1987)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 699-703 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: capillary ; colchicine ; proliferation ; cornea ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00841844
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    Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; peanuts ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhizae ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut plants (cv. Shulamit) were grown in an Oxisol soil in pots in the glasshouse to assess effects of soil sterilization and inoculation with spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) on the response to five rates of phosphorus (0 to 240 kg P ha−1) and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 kg Zn ha−1) fertilizers. Both P and Zn nutrition were affected by VAMF activity but the dominant role of VAMF in this soil type was in uptake of P. In the absence of VAMF there was a clear threshold level of P application (60 kg P ha−1) below which plants grew poorly, which resulted in a sigmoidal response of dry matter to applied P. The maximum response was not fully defined because dry matter production continued to increase up to 240 kg P ha−1. Tissue P concentration of non-mycorrhizal plants increased linearly with P rate and was always significantly less than that in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants responded without threshold to increasing P rate, attaining maximum dry matter at 120 kg P ha−1 in inoculated sterilized soil and at 30 kg P ha−1 in nonsterile soil. These differences in maximal P rates and in the greater dry matter produced in sterile soil at high P rates were attributed to the negative effects of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla in nonsterile soil. Plant weight did not respond to zinc fertilizer but tissue Zn concentration increased with applied Zn. Tissue Zn concentration and uptake were increased by VAMF.
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    Effects of raw soy flour feeding in weanling pigs: comparison with rats and monkeys (1985)
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 35 (1985), S. 331-337 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: raw soy flour ; heated soy flour ; casein ; growth ; pancreatic enzymes ; RNA ; DNA ; rats ; pigs ; monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Feeding of raw and heated soy flour (RSF & HSF) for 4 or 8 weeks to weanling swine was compared with feeding of casein diets. There was essentially no growth in pigs fed RSF, whereas body weight increased 4.5 fold over 8 weeks with either casein or HSF. No change in pancrease weight as percent body weight was found in any group in either experiment. Both total pancreatic RNA and DNA were decreased in RSF groups, although RNA and DNA/mg pancreas were increased by the RSF diets. Total pancreatic protein, as well as protein/mg, were decreased in RSF-fed pigs compared to casein and HSF. Pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase, and fecal trypsin were decreased in RSF-fed pigs to varying degrees compared to either HSF or casein. HSF and casein performance was equivalent in all parameters measured. Results of these experiments are compared with results of feeding similar diets to rats and monkeys.
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    The effect of fluidized bed combustion residue on the composition and nutritional quality of food crops for hamsters and rats (1985)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 35 (1985), S. 359-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: fluidized bed ; minerals ; balance trials ; growth ; organs ; hamster ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Food crops (corn, oats, soybeans, vegetables) were grown on soils treated with fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR) or hydrated lime. The composition of the foods and their nutritional quality were evaluated in growth, balance and carcass composition studies with growing hamsters and rats. Application of FBCR had little effect on elemental concentrations of dietary components. Weight gains in hamsters over a 6 week period were higher on FBCR than on lime-treated corn diets, but there were no differences due to FBCR in gains of hamsters on the oats diets or in rats on either of the cereal based diets. Apparent retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, sulphur and magnesium was determined by balance and by carcass analysis. Differences in mineral retention between FBCR and lime treatments were generally small and inconsistent. Analysis of the whole body of hamsters showed lower concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and copper with FBCR compared to lime-treated corn diets; little difference in body composition was found in the rat. There was no significant accumulation of heavy metals in liver, kidney, bone, serum or hair (of rats only) and no significant differences in concentrations of elements in organs due to application of FBCR to soils on which the dietary components had been grown.
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    Incidence of inhibitory pseudomonads in the Pacific Northwest (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: downy brome ; growth ; inhibition ; lentil ; pea ; winter barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Incidence of pseudomonads inhibitory to the root growth of till and no-till seeded crops winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), and no-till winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), top and bottom of a seeded slope, and on the weed downy brome (Bromus tectorum) was investigated. Pseudomonads on the rhizoplane of these plants ranged from 106 to 108 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram dry weight of root. Neither tillage management nor site on a seeded slope affected colonizing numbers. Total numbers of pseudomonads were reduced in a second sampling, particularly on winter barley roots. However, more inhibitory pseudomonads were found in the second sampling. Several of the isolates, both inhibitory and stimulatory from different host plants, were bioassayed against winter wheat seedlings. Generally, the effect was different on the winter wheat than on the host plant indicating the organisms had some specificity. Several pseudomonads were isolated that severely reduced downy brome root growth and not that of winter wheat.
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    Growth and NPK uptake of high-yielding cotton grown at different nitrogen levels in a permanent-plot experiment (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter ; growth ; N-fertilizer rates ; NPK uptake ; seed cotton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and N, P, K uptake of Acala SJ-2 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) were investigated in an irrigated permanent-plot field (Typic chromoxerert) at Bet Dagan, Israel, under semi-arid conditions using different nitrogen levels: 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha−1. The total dry matter accumulation at these levels was 9.0, 10.7, 15.1, 17.1 and 15.6 ton ha−1, respectively. The uptake of N, P and K was 110, 144, 267, 322 and 301 kg N ha−1∶31, 34, 46, 44 and 38 kg P ha−1; and 120, 151, 208, 251 and 230 kg K ha−1, respectively. Dry matter production, as well as N, P, K uptake by the cotton plants were greatly increased by raising the N application levels to 120 or 180 kg N ha−1, but the pattern of accumulation and relative distribution of dry matter and NPK among plant organs were not considerably affected.
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    Differences in responses of various radish roots to salinity (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 191-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeroponics ; growth ; lateral-roots ; radish ; Raphanus ; tap-roots ; salinity ; growth-regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extension growth of tap-roots, initiation of lateral roots and extension growth of first lateral roots were investigated with young radish plants (Raphanus sativus cv. Rex) in aeroponic growth cabinets. Growth was not affected by 50 mM NaCl. At higher NaCl concentrations the three growth processes were adversely affected, but not at the same magnitude: Initiation of new laterals was found to be the most salt-tolerant process, whereas growth of laterals was the most sensitive one. Thus, it seems that even within one root sytem, different root-types respond independently to environmental stresses. Such individual responses may alter the appearance of the root system and, thus, be of ecological significance.
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    Relationship of respiratory pathways in soybean cell suspensions to growth of the cells at various glucose concentrations (1985)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 4 (1985), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Soybean ; growth ; respiration ; glucose ; alternative respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Green soybean cells (Glycine max L.) were grown in suspension culture on B5-medium containing various glucose concentrations (2%, 4% or 8% glucose and 2% glucose + 2% or 6% mannitol). Respiratory parameters have been determined in these cells in relation to growth. The length of the growth phase and the amount of dry weight produced increased with higher glucose concentrations. In cells cultured in the presence of 2% glucose, 4% glucose or 2% glucose + 2% mannitol, the activity of the cytochrome pathway (V cyt )and the capacity of the alternative pathway (V alt )were not significantly different. Also the contribution of the alternative pathway to total respiration was essentially the same. The glucose content of cells grown in 2% or 4% glucose was roughly equal, which might explain the absence of any effect of the increased glucose concentration on the respiratory parameters. In cells grown in 8% glucose or on 2% glucose + 6% mannitol, both the activity of the cytochrome pathway and the capacity of the alternative pathway were lower. High values of ρ (approaching 1) were found in these cells, meaning that the alternative pathway is nearly fully operative. This is probably caused by the impairment of the cytochrome pathway due to the high osmotic value of the medium. ATP-production per batch per day has been calculated from oxygen uptake data, integrated and compared with cellular dry weight production to give values of 13-15.3 g dry weight produced mole ATP-1. The described experiments produce no direct evidence for a function of the alternative pathway as ‘energy overflow’ in soybean cells. The higher alternative pathway activity in the lag phase might be attributed to the great demand for intermediates during this phase.
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    Influence of suboptimal temperature on biomass production of potato populations of Andean and European origin (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 23-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum sp. ; Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; biomass production ; growth ; frost tolerance ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants grown from seed derived by crossing conventional European S. tuberosum material were compared with plants grown from seed derived by crossing S. tuberosum with various, Andean frost resistant tuberbearing Solanum species. Biomass growth at optimal (20°/10°) and suboptimal (10°/4°) temperatures was studied. Differences in increase of fresh and dry matter were found between populations of Andean and European orgins at 10°/4°. At 20°/10° no such differences were found. At suboptimal temperature, Andean hybrids produced significantly more fresh and dry matter than European crosses in two harvests (64 and 178 days old plants). Statistically, Andean hybrids were found to produce the same amount of dry matter per day at both temperatures, over the complete growth period. Height increase and flower development were strongly depressed in European crosses under the suboptimal temperatures, but much less so in Andean crosses. The Andean material appears to be an under utilized resource in potato breeding for cool climates.
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    Effects of temperature on growth and water relations of cacao (Theobroma cacao var.Comum) seedlings (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 3-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cacao ; growth ; temperature ; Theobroma cacao ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 55-day-oldTheobroma cacao var.Comum seedlings varied with temperature regimes, various plant parts, growth parameters, and time of harvesting. Over a 60-day period the optimal day-temperature regimes were near 33.3°C for dry weight increase and relative growth rates of seedlings and leaves; 30.5°C for increase in leaf area, height growth, and leaf abscission; 22.2°C for dry weight increase of stems or roots, stem diameter growth, and root-shoot ratio. The rates of increase in dry weights of stems or roots as well as root-shoot ratios declined progressively at temperatures above 22.2°C Partitioning of dry matter was affected by temperature regime, with proportionally more photosynthate retained by shoots and less translocated to roots at high temperatures. The progressive decrease in the root-shoot ratio at temperatures above 22.2°C may decrease drought tolerance of seedlings because roots will be less capable of absorbing endugh water to replace transpirational losses. This was shown by more negative shoot water potentials at high temperatures.
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    Effects of switches in nutrient levels during the life cycle of spring wheat (1987)
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; growth ; influx ; iron ; magnesium ; nutrient solution ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Accumulation of cations in roots and shoots and influx of K+(86Rb+) and Ca2+(45Ca2+) into the roots were investigated in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Svenno). Plants were sampled at four main developmental stages: tillering, shooting, heading and grain filling. The effects of switches between a high and a low supply of nutrients were characterized. Growth of the shoots and roots was affected by the switches. A high supply of nutrients at the seedling stage and towards tillering supported a high growth rate, while a further high supply of nutrients increased vegetative growth and delayed grain filling. An early high supply of nutrients followed by a low supply at shooting, heading and grain filling accelerated root growth and growth of the main culm. Switches of the mineral supply gave only small changes in concentration of Mg in the plants. Generally, the K+(86Rb+) influx into the roots decreased during ontogenesis, while Ca2+(45Ca2+) influx increased more or less independent of the switches between nutrients levels.
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    The effect of root temperature on rose plants in relation to air temperature (1987)
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    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: air temperature ; development ; growth ; plant water relations ; root temperature ; Sonia roses ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rose plants (Rosa hybrida ‘Sonia’=‘Sweet Promise’) were grown in heated (minimum night temperature 17°C), and unheated greenhouses with or without root heating to 21°C. These trials covered 6 growth cycles extending over two winter seasons. In the heated greenhouse, root heating did not increase yield, flower quality or plant development. In the unheated greenhouse, root-heated plants grew as well as those in the air-heated greenhouse as long as the air temperature did not fall below 6°C. When minimum night temperatures fell below 6°C, growth, yield and quality were reduced, irrespective of root temperature. Daytime plant water relations were studied in plants growing at 6 different root temperatures in the unheated greenhouse. Leaf resistance to water diffusion was lowest at optimal root temperature. Total leaf water potential was not significantly affected by root temperature.
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    The effects of kinetin on callus characters in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Medicago sativa ; alfalfa ; lucerne ; callus culture ; initiation ; growth ; morphology ; histology ; regeneration ; cytokinin autotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three callus initiation media, B2-k, B2, and 7951, were used to study the effects of kinetin on callus initiation, morphology, histology, and regenerability in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The presence of kinetin in callus initiation media retarded callus initiation, but enhanced division and differentiation of callus cells. Calluses induced on kinetin-containing media (B2 and 7951) had many compact cell aggregations, which were considered meristematic regions that might differentiate to plantlets on a regeneration medium. Visually, these calluses were compact and had many nodular structures. In contrast, most calluses induced on a kinetin-free medium were composed of large, individual cells and had friable structures without nodules. After transfer to a hormone-free medium, calluses induced on kinetin-containing media regenerated more frequently than those induced on a kinetin-free medium, but cytokinin (kinetin) autotrophism also occurred. Autotrophism was sexually transmissable and especially affected by the female parent.
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    The effects of (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4 triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol (Paclobutrazol:PP333) and root pruning on the growth, water use and response to drought of Colt Cherry rootstocks (1985)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 3 (1985), S. 37-45 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: PP333 ; Paclobutrazol ; Cherry ; root pruning ; water use ; growth ; drought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4 triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol (PP333) on the growth and transpiration of normal and root pruned colt rootstocks was measured. PP333 reduced plant height, stem diameter increment, leaf number, area and weight and stem weight. Root pruning reduced root, leaf and stem weight, and plant height in control plants. PP333 reduced both total water use and transpiration per unit leaf area and increased stomatal resistance. In control plants root pruning also reduced total water use and increased stomatal resistance. 15 days after the beginning of the experiment half the plants in all treatments were allowed to dry out. The effects of drought, i.e. reduced transpiration, growth and leaf water potentials, were smaller in PP333 treated than in control plants.
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    Polyamine levels as related to growth, differentiation and senescence in protoplast-derived cultures of Vigna aconitifolia and Avena sativa (1985)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 3 (1985), S. 329-337 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Protoplast ; growth ; differentiation ; senescence ; polyamines ; inhibitors ; Vigna ; Avena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have previously reported that aseptically cultured mesophyll protoplasts of Vigna divide rapidly and regenerate into complete plants, while mesophyll protoplasts of Avena divide only sporadically and senesce rapidly after isolation. We measured polyamine titers in such cultures of Vigna and Avena, to study possible correlations between polyamines and cellular behavior. We also deliberately altered polyamine titer by the use of selective inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, noting the effects on internal polyamine titer, cell division activity and regenerative events. In Vigna cultures, levels of free and bound putrescine and spermidine increased dramatically as cell division and differentiation progressed. The increase in bound polyamines was largest in embryoid-forming callus tissue while free polyamine titer was highest in root-forming callus. In Avena cultures, the levels of total polyamines decreased as the protoplast senesced. The presence of the inhibitors α-difluoromethyl-arginine (specific inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase) and dicyclohexylamine (inhibitor of spermidine synthase) reduced cell division and organogenesis in Vigna cultures. Addition of low concentration of polyamines to such cultures containing inhibitors or removal of inhibitors from the culture medium restored the progress of growth and differentiation with concomitant increase in polyamine levels.
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    A comparison of the effects of mechanically-induced stress, ethephon and silver thiosulphate on the growth of cauliflower seedlings (1986)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 4 (1986), S. 33-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Cauliflower ; mechanically induced stress ; ethephon ; ethylene ; silver thiosulphate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mechanically-induced stress (MIS) was applied to cauliflower seedlings by brushing with paper for 1.5 minutes each day. With the possible exception of the effect on leaf 1 thickness, none of the growth responses induced by MIS were significantly nullified by spraying the seedlings with the ethylene inhibitor, silver thiosulphate (STS). The ethylene-releasing compound, ethephon, induced some changes in cauliflower growth similar to those caused by MIS, such as reduced shoot and leaf 1 weight, a reduction in cotyledon and leaf 1 area, and an increase in the thickness of leaves 1 and 2. However, other effects of ethephon were different from those of brushing. Petiole length and diameter and the weight and area of leaf 2 were reduced by brushing but generally increased by ethephon. STS reversed, at least partially, most of the ethephon effects on growth, thus demonstrating that it acts as an inhibitor of ethylene action in cauliflower. The results are discussed in relation to the possible endogenous control of MIS growth responses by endogenous ethylene and auxin.
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    Effect of ‘Mixtalol’ on growth, yield and yield components of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Mixtalol ; long chain alcohols ; Indian mustard ; Brassica juncea ; growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mixtalol (a mixture of long chain aliphatic alcohols varying in chain length from C24 to C32) applied to Brassica juncea plants as foliar spray caused an increase in secondary and tertiary branching with consequent enhancement in seed yield through increased number of inflorescences and siliquae per plant. The percentage of immature siliquae and shattering of siliquae decreased with this treatment. Mixtalol increased total dry matter of plants, partitioning coefficient and harvest index. The contents of starch, protein and oil were also higher in seeds from Mixtalol treated plants.
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    Effects of heating on growth and condition of pikeperch (Lucioperca lucioperca) in lowland ponds created by sand extraction (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 122 (1985), S. 213-217 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: thermal pollution ; growth ; condition ; pikeperch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rates of pikeperch (Lucioperca lucioperca L.) originating from two lowlands ponds in the north of Belgium, one of which is heated by the effluents of power plants, were compared by means of scalimetry and operculometry. The overall condition of the fish in both ponds was also investigated. The pikeperch grew significantly faster in heated water, although overall condition was comparable. Seasonal variations resulted in the heated pond arriving at a temperature higher than the optimum.
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    Effect of photoperiod on the growth of Azolla pinnata R. brown (1985)
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    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; growth ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoperiod has a profound effect on the growth of Azolla pinnata. Fresh mass, dry mass and moisture content were maximum in 12 h and minimum in 0 h (dark) photoperiod. Frond colour, root characteristics and sporocarp production were also affected under different treatments. The plants were capable of growing under continuous illumination and unnatural photoperiods.
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    Hatching conditions for Eocyzicus spinifer (Conchostraca:Crustacea) from Iraq (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 263-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eocyzius ; growth ; ecological ; hatching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some ecological aspects of Eocyzicus spinifer collected from a temporary freshwater pond near Baghdad are described. Physical and chemical variables of the pond are given. The relationship between age and growth of both sexes under laboratory conditions are documented.
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    A simple trickle chamber for rearing aquatic invertebrates (1986)
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    Hydrobiologia 133 (1986), S. 271-274 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: invertebrate ; Amphipoda ; Gammarus pulex ; growth ; reproduction ; laboratory rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chamber for laboratory rearing of aquatic invertebrates is described. The animals are reared in plastic dishes, through which a recirculating water volume is passed. The design ensures identical water quality in a high number of parallels. The chamber is constructed for rearing the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex, but can be used in studies of growth, reproduction etc. of other aquatic invertebrates as well.
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    Comparative growth and condition of northern stream-dwelling rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ambloplites rupestris ; growth ; condition ; latitude ; lake ; stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth and condition of rock bass,Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque), inhabiting the Middle Thames River near London, Ontario, Canada, are compared with growth in other northern streams and lakes, across the species' range in latitude, and between the sexes. Growth in streams was not less than in lakes, contrary to expectation. The condition and maximum size and age attained by stream inhabitants reflected the rigours of their environment. Growth in northern streams was less than in southern streams, due likely to the decreased ‘growing season’ length. Northern fish were typically in better condition, however. Sexual dimorphism in size was demonstrated, males being heavier and longer at age than females, although the sexes did not differ in condition.
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    Seasonal and spatial distribution of cryptophycean species in the deep, stratifying, alpine lake Mondsee and their role in the food web (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 161 (1988), S. 185-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; flagellates ; seasonality ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data are presented on the depth-time distribution of four cryptophycean species (Cryptomonas marssonii, C. cf. ovata, C. pusilla and Rhodomonas minuta var. nannoplanktica) over a three year investigation period in Mondsee, Austria, a deep, stratifying alpine lake. Net rates of population increase and decrease are calculated and related to environmental variables (temperature, light, turbulence) and impact by herbivorous zooplankton. Although cryptophyceans rarely comprise more than 15 – 20% of total phytoplankton biovolume they contribute considerably to plankton community dynamics.
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    Effect of temperature on growth, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 164 (1988), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater snail ; growth ; reproduction ; survival ; temperature ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.
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    The diet and growth of O-group flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.), in the River Dee, North Wales (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diet ; growth ; flounder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many O-group flounder, Platichthys flesus, live in the lower reaches of rivers in North West Europe; while there is extensive information on the niche that they occupy in estuarine and marine environments, little is known of their life in freshwater. The diet of O-group flounder in the Lower Welsh River Dee was studied by stomach contents analysis of diel and seasonal samples. The dominant prey were chironomid larvae and pupae, tubificid oligochaetes and cyclopoid copepods. There was little quantitative variation in diet temporally, although a weak crepuscular pattern of stomach fullness was shown. There was wide variation in length and weight in all months, but the mean values at age I were 60 mm and 2.9 g respectively.
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    Metabolism of polyamines in NaCl-resistant cell lines from Nicotiana sylvestris (1985)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 3 (1985), S. 365-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Salt-resistant cell lines ; polyamines ; proline ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The polyamine titers in three cell lines of Nicotiana sylvestris were compared: Type 1, rapidly adapting to NaCl; Type 2, constantly resistant to NaCl; Type 3, a saltsensitive wild strain. During short-term cultivation in MS medium in the presence of 170 mM NaCl (1 passage, 14 d) the changes in polyamine titer in cell suspensions of type 1 (in a slightly adapted state) and non-adapted wild strain (type 3) showed a considerable increase in spermidine and spermine and a decrease in putrescine. After prolonged adaptation to NaCl (20 passages) the putrescine content in the cells of type 1 and of type 2 was increased at the expense of the polyamines. This suggests that the pattern of polyamine titer varies under short- and long-term adaptation to NaCl. The inverse ratio between growth processes and changes in polyamine and proline level indicates that polyamines fulfil primarily a protective and osmorepulatory function in plant cells under NaCl stress.
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    The effect of phytoplankton and suspended sediment on the growth of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 127 (1985), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Corbicula ; inorganic particle selection ; food limitation ; phytoplankton ; growth ; bivalvia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile Corbicula fluminea Müller (1774) were cultured at 15.3 °C in the laboratory on eight combinations of suspended sediment and phytoplankton. Sediment concentrations were 2.6, 25, 50, and 150 mg l−1. Chlorophyll a levels were 15.6 and 62.5 µg l−1. Clam tissue growth was found to be independent of silt concentration but increased at the higher chlorophyll level (p 〈 0.05). The growth experiment was repeated at 24 °C with chlorophyll a concentrations of 18.9 and 112.6 µg l−1. Growth was again greater at the higher phytoplankton level (p 〈 0.05). These results demonstrate that Asiatic clam populations are food-limited most of the growing season in the Northern and Western portions of California's eutrophic Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta where chlorophyll a levels average less than the lower of these values. Comparisons of clam growth in the laboratory and estuary support the food limitation hypothesis as at the higher food concentration laboratory tissue growth was 2.3 and 3.8 times greater during the high and low temperature evaluations than in the estuary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004190
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    Food consumption of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Trewaves) exposed to sublethal concentration of diammonium phosphate (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 128 (1985), S. 233-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sarotherodon mossambicus ; diammonium phosphate ; feeding rate ; growth ; conversion efficiency ; toxicity ; fish ; inorganic fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract S. mossambicus was exposed to toxic and sublethal concentrations of the fertilizer diammonium phosphate (0.2 to 1.0 g l−1). Mortality, food utilization and growth were studied. At a concentration of 0.6 g l−1 DAP, 100% mortality was observed within 96 h; no mortality occurred at 0.5 g l−1; LC50 was 0.55 g l−1. Rearing the fish in increasing sublethal concentrations of DAP, it was found that the feeding rate decreased from 25.4 mg g−1 fish−1 d−1 (fish reared in DAP-free water) to 10.1 mg g−1 d−1 at the highest sublethal concentration (0.5 g l−1). Growth rate was drastically reduced. At high sublethal concentrations of DAP, the fish lost reserve energy, in addition to the energy obtained from food intake for survival, as a result of increased swimming activity and opercular beats.
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    Life cycles and distribution of atherinids in the marine and estuarine waters of southern Australia (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 139 (1986), S. 23-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Atherinidae ; estuaries ; life cycles ; distribution ; growth ; gonadosomatic index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New and published data have been collated for the biology and distribution of atherinid species abundant in the coastal saline waters of Australia below 30°S. This information has been used to determine whether these species typically spawn at sea or pass through the whole of their life cycle in estuaries, and in one case, also lagoons and saline lakes. Length-frequency data, gonadosomatic indices and distribution records indicate that in south-eastern AustraliaCraterocephalus honoriae andAtherinosoma microstoma typically reach total lengths less than 90 mm, have a one-year life cycle and breed within estuaries. This parallels the situation recently described forAtherinosoma elongata, Atherinosoma wallacei andAllanetta mugiloides in south-western Australia (Princeet al., 1982a; Prince & Potter, 1983). The marine speciesAtherinosoma presbyteroides, which reaches a similar size and has a one year life cycle in both south-western and south-eastern mainland Australia, only enters estuaries in large numbers in the former region. WhileAtherinomorus ogilbyi is also found in estuaries and typically breeds at sea, it reaches total lengths as great as 189 mm and has a longer life thanA. presbyteroides. The limited data forAtherinason esox andAtherinason hepsetoides demonstrate that both these marine atherinids can attain total lengths of 139 and 108 mm respectively and live for longer than a year but do not enter estuaries in large numbers. The latter species is unique amongst southern Australian atherinids in having a distribution which extends into deeper water. It is suggested that landlocking may have played a role in the evolution and success of the estuarine mode of lifesensu stricto ofA. wallacei, A. elongata, A. microstoma, A. honoriae andA. mugiloides in southern Australian waters.
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    Growth and behaviour of six species of amphibian larvae in a winter pond in Israel (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 140 (1986), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; behaviour ; tadpoles ; niches ; pond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different ecological niches on growth and behaviour of larvae of four frogs (Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, Pelobates syriacus, Rana ridibunda), and two salamanders (Salamandra salamandra and Triturus vittatus) found in a winter pond was studied. S. salamandra, T. vittatus, R. ridibunda and B. viridis were found most of the time on the bottom of the pond. However, H. arborea tadpoles were found throughout the pond and were usually sedentary, as compared with P. syriacus which moved up and down constantly. S. salamandra, T. vittatus, R. ridibunda and R viridis tadpoles from the bottom of the pond grew faster than the tadpoles from the surface of the pond. However, tadpoles of H. arborea and P. syriacus growing at the bottom or on the surface developed at similar rates. The invertebrate biomass increases during the summer and was higher at the bottom of the pond than at the surface. However the amount of chlorophyll a was about the same at the surface and at the bottom of the pond. S. salamandra and T. vittatus tadpoles feed on various types of of invertebrates, R. ridibunda and H. arborea and B. viridis tadpoles feed on vascular plants and algae, and P. syriacus tadpoles feed on both invertebrates and plants.
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    A holistic approach to ecosystem health assessment using fish population characteristics (1989)
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 123-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ecosystem stress ; fish populations ; growth ; fecundity ; condition factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The status of a fish population is a reflection of the overall condition of the aquatic environment in which that population resides. As such, fish population characteristics can be used as indicators of environmental health. Simple and inexpensive methods to follow fish population responses to environmental degradation are lacking. This paper outlines a protocol whereby environmental impacts on fish populations are classified by five patterns based on characteristics such as mean age, fecundity and condition factor. The patterns summarize population changes and describe responses to exploitation, recruitment failure, the presence of multiple stressors, food limitation and niche shifts. Classification is best based on the selection, and appropriate sampling, of a comparable reference population. Population characteristics can be used to examine ecosystems exposed to stressors for evidence of long-term damage, and when used with biochemical indicators, can be a powerful tool for ecosystem health assessment. The five responses are illustrated using published data on a number of species challenged by increased predation pressure, acidification, eutrophication, mine waste and reservoir impoundment. Application of this scheme will aid in directing and focusing research efforts on crucial aspects impacted by changing conditions.
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    Recent research on Spirulina in Italy (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Spirulina ; physiology ; growth ; seawater ; biomass production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046110
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    Effects of diesel oil and subsequent recovery of commercial benthic algae (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Ascophyllum nodosum ; Laminaria digitata ; growth ; diesel oil ; recovery ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046141
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    Growth of Gracilaria sp. in the laboratory (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 375-379 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; growth ; Gracilaria ; cultures ; Rhodophyta ; marine algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046156
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    Growth rates in culture of several species of Sargassum from Florida, USA (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 399-404 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; growth ; light intensity ; mariculture ; temperature ; salinity ; Sargassum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046159
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    Nitrogen metabolism in Gracilaria secundata Harv. (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 431-441 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria secundata ; growth ; NH inf4 sup+ -uptake ; nitrogen storage ; free amino acids ; pigments ; citrulline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046164
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    Larval Mirogrex terraesanctae (Cyprinidae) of Lake Kinneret (Israel): growth rate, plankton selectivities, consumption rates and interaction with rotifers (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 169 (1988), S. 91-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: cyprinid larvae ; growth ; plankton selectivities ; food requirement ; predator-prey interaction ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rotifer Synchaeta pectinata dominated gut content of first feeding Mirogrex larvae (7 mm, 10 days age) and was a selected prey of neuston-caught larvae up to 15 mm TL. A negative L-value (linear index of selection) applied to predation on nauplii and copepodites by 7 and 8 mm larvae; nevertheless, caloric intake was dominated by copepods in 8–10 mm larvae. Neuston-caught larvae 13–20 mm TL fed selectively on Cladocera, especially Bosmina, and on the rotifer Asplanchna spp. Growth, estimated from otolith ring counts and from analysis of size distribution data, ranged from 3 to 7 mm mo−1, with higher rates for early spawned larvae. When consumption as estimated from gut content, was compared to amounts of food required for growth, it appeared that the smallest larvae were underfed, while 13–16 mm fish obtained rations close to sufficiency. Rotifer standing stock biomass in Lake Kinneret has decreased in recent years, especially in winter, the spawning period of Mirogrex. Postulated causes are predation by an increasingly large population of Mirogrex larvae, and decrease of external supply. Larval distribution appeared to be linked to S. pectinata abundance; highest densities of both organisms occurred in the area of inflow from the Jordan and Golan streams. Larval food enrichment of inflow water by fish pond drainage might have caused observed increases in Mirogrex stock size since 1960.
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    The life cycle and growth ofIsoperla grammatica andI. difformis (Plecoptera) in southernmost Sweden: intra- and interspecific considerations (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 175 (1989), S. 97-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Plecoptera ; Isoperla ; life cycles ; growth ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on the life cycle and growth ofIsoperia grammatica andI. difformis from eight southern Swedish streams demonstrated that the former species shows greater between-stream differences than the latter species.I. grammatica larvae had typically two periods of rapid growth, autumn and spring, whileI. difformis larvae grew mainly in autumn-winter. In one of the streams, however,I grammatica grew rapidly throughout all winter. Maximum larval size differed between streams, and so did the timing of the first appearance of nymphs and nymphal maturation. Temperature was probably the most influential factor explaining all these differences. While sexual dimorphism inI. grammatica is slight but significant, it is very prominent inI. difformis. The sizes of larvae overlapped little between species as well as sexes suggesting that intra- and interspecific competition was, or had been, important. InI. grammatica this reduced overlap was expressed in several size-classes of males and females successively replacing each other, resulting in a meandering pattern of the size distribution charts. There were additional indications of possible interactions, such as a significant negative correlation between the densities of the two species.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Local growth differences in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in a Baltic archipelago (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 121 (1985), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: perch ; Perca fluviatilis ; Baltic Sea ; growth ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) at ten stations in the archipelago of Luleå, Gulf of Bothnia, is described. Considerable growth differences were found between stations. Growth rate was clearly negatively correlated to the population density of perch (measured as gill net catches). Probable causes of the growth differences (food competition and lack of suitable food objects) and possible consequences (local differences in expected life-time fecundity) are discussed.
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    Age, growth and life history of Culaea inconstans (Pisces: Gasterostidae) in Delta Marsh Lake Manitoba (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 135 (1986), S. 35-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Culaea ; Gasterostidae ; Otoliths ; frequency histogramme ; age ; growth ; asymptotic length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Culaea inconstans in delta Area, Lake Manitoba matures in the second summer of life, when between 29 and 65 mm in total length and one year of age. Spawning starts at the end of May after migration into the creeks and channels in the marsh. By June 11–12 the yearlings are under 20 mm in total length. The greatest part of growth is completed in the first summer of life. The asymptotic or average maximum length, L∞ was 89.06 mm. Aging of fish was done by reading otoliths and plotting length frequency histograms. Fish set the first ring, a false check, in otoliths within the first month of life and the annual ring is set by the adults on June 1 of the second summer of life. Culaea inconstans was generally found to be an annual fish which died after spawning in the second summer of life. A high positive correlation coefficient was found for body-otolith relationship. The length-weight regression lines were significantly different from one another and from zero, the F-value being significant at 1% level. The condition factor was found to be variable.
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    Effect of light intensity on the growth of Azolla pinnata R. Brown at Ranchi, India (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 126 (1985), S. 49-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata ; growth ; light intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light intensity has a profound effect on the growth of Azolla pinnata R. Brown. Fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were maximum at 80 000 lux, but maximum frond area was attained in 50% light intensity. There was a wide variation in frond colour under different treatments. Frond texture, root characteristics and sporocarp production were also affected. The plant expresses heliophytic characteristics.
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    Growth responses of two Laminaria saccharina populations to environmental variation (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 229-232 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; Laminaria saccharina ; growth ; temperature ; salinity ; light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046134
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    Growth and production in wild and cultured stocks of Chondrus crispus (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 349-354 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Irish moss ; growth ; Chondrus crispus ; aquaculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046151
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    Temperature-dependent development and growth of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the laboratory (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 167-168 (1988), S. 285-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Calanus sinicus ; Copepoda ; development ; growth ; Inland Sea of Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus was reared in the laboratory under excess food conditions, and its development and growth rates were measured at various temperatures. Egg development time (DH, days) was dependent on temperature (T °C), and was expressed as DH = 55.3 (T + 0.7)−1.44. Post-embryonic development followed the equiproportional rule. The stage duration was short in NI and NII, but compensatingly longer in NIII. Between NIV and CII, it was nearly isochronal, and beyond CII, it tended to increase gradually. The time from egg to adult was expressed as DCVI = 1258 (T + 0.7)−1.44. The specific growth rate was also temperature-dependent and highest from CI to CIII, intermediate from NII to CI and from CIII to CV, and lowest from CV to CVI. The growth rates of C. sinicus are higher than those of co-occurring small copepods such as Paracalanus, Acartia and Microsetella.
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    Effect of copper and zinc on the growth and emergence of Epeorus latifolium (Ephemeroptera) in an indoor model stream (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: effects ; heavy metals (Cu, Zn) ; mayfly ; growth ; emergence ; indoor artificial streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of Cu and Zn through food as well as through the water on the growth and emergence of the young larvae of Epeorus latifolium (Ephemeroptera), were investigated using an indoor model stream. The critical lowest concentrations of Cu which have significant effects on the growth of the larvae were between 10 and 15 µg l-1 Cu. Growth and emergence of the larvae fed on the algae (diatoms) which accumulated more than 1000 µg Cu g-1 (dry wt.) were significantly impaired. Growth of the mayfly larvae exposed to 100 or 300 µg l-1 Zn ceased after the second week, and all died before emergence. At 30 µg l-1 Zn, the growth rate decreased gradually and many larvae died before emergence. The molt interval also nearly doubled that of the control at these concentrations. Growth and emergence of the mayfly fed the algae which accumulated more than 2000 µg g-1 of Zn were significantly affected.
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    Growth in a freshwater snail under laboratory conditions in relation to eutrophication (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 125-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; Hydrobiidae ; growth ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shell growth in the snail Potamoryrgus jenkinsi (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae) was measured under laboratory conditions. Individuals of populations from two lakes differing in trophic status were kept in water with sandy substrates from each environment. Growth was faster in the environment of the more eutrophic lake, regardless of the origin of the snails; this held in particular for the smallest size class.
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    Daily changes of uptake of inorganic carbon and nitrogen, and their relation to phytoplankton blooms in late spring-early summer in Lake Nakanuma, Japan (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 185 (1989), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium uptake ; carbon uptake ; chlorophyll a ; growth ; loss ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daily changes of inorganic carbon and nitrogen uptake were measured in May in 1986 in Lake Nakanuma, Japan. Uptake of inorganic carbon and ammonium in the light-bottle experiments in the 1 m layers, showed daily changes similar to chlorophyll a changes, though the uptake activities peaked before chlorophyll a peaks (phytoplankton blooms) appeared. Potential growth rates of phytoplankton and observed growth rates were calculated from the uptake rates and chlorophyll a changes. The potential growth rates did not always correspond to the observed growth rates. The potential growth rates did not correlate with the loss rates. The correlation between the observed growth rates and the loss rates was better. These results suggest that though the increase of uptake activities may be necessary for occurrence of phytoplankton blooms, loss processes may affect the occurrence of blooms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036610
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    The effect of 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine and 17-α-methyltestosterone on growth and body composition of the glass stage of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L) (1986)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 1 (1986), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: methyltestosterone ; thyroid hormone ; growth ; protein ; fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the influence of orally administered 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) or 17-α-methyltestosterone (MT) on growth and body composition of the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) during the glass stage. Elvers receiving 20 or 40 ppm of T3 in the food weighed significantly more (P 〈 0.05) than controls. However, after 61 days of treatment a dosage of 60 ppm was not efficacious. Terminal percentages of body protein were significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) in elvers that received 20 ppm or 40 ppm T3 in their diets, than in the control. Crude body fat content was higher (P 〈 0.05) in elvers receiving 20 ppm (29% fat) or 40 ppm (28% fat), than in the controls (26% fat). Compared to the control, diets containing T3 at 20 or 40 ppm increased the body glucose concentration. Glass eels fed a diet containing 1 or 10 ppm MT grew significantly more slowly (P 〈 0.05) than the controls. Total body protein content was higher (P 〈 0.05), but total body crude fat content was lower (P 〈 0.05) in elvers fed a diet with 1 or 10 ppm MT compared to the controls. Total body glucose concentration of elvers administered 10 ppm MT was significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) than that of the control groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290255
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    Effects of thyroid hormone supplementation of canola meal-based diets on growth, and interrenal and thyroid gland physiology of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1987)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; thyroid hormones ; cortisol ; growth ; proximate analysis ; blood composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout fed a 26% canola meal-based (CM) diet for 12 weeks at 15°C exhibited reduced growth, lower feed conversion, enlarged thyroid glands and lower plasma thyroid hormone (TH) levels than comparable fish fed equinitrogenous, equicaloric soybean meal-based (SB) diets. Supplementation of the SB diets with either T4 (20 mg/kg) or T3 (10 or 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the growth rate, feed conversion and thyroid histology of the trout. However, plasma T4 levels weredepressed in trout fed the T4- and high T3-supplemented SB diets. In trout fed T4- and T3-supplemented CM diets the growth rates and feed conversion were not significantly different from those of the SB-fed groups. Moreover, in the T4-supplemented group, plasma T4 levels were in the normal range. However, thyroid enlargement was evident in all the CM-fed fish, and plasma T3 levels were markedly elevated in groups fed the T3-supplemented CM diets. The data suggest that antithyroid components in the CM diets inhibited TH synthesis (but not their release), and impaired TH clearance from the circulation. There were no significant differences in plasma cortisol levels in the 8 treatment groups, nor were there differences in the histological appearance of the interrenal gland. However, when the data from SB- and CM-fed fish were pooled, plasma cortisol levels in the SB-fed fish were significantly lower than in the CM-fed animals. Glucosinolates at a level of 164 mg/kg diet were toxic to young trout, but the effect was ameliorated by dietary TH supplementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183001
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    Endocrinology and fish farming: Aspects in reproduction, growth, and smoltification (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: endocrinology ; fish ; farming ; reproduction ; spawning ; sex control ; growth ; smoltification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004734
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    Growth and acetylene reduction activity by intact plants ofAlnus incana under field conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 118 (1989), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus incana ; field ; Frankia ; growth ; intact plants ; nitrogenase activity ; nitrogen fixation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen-fixing grey alder,Alnus incana (L.) Moench, has a potential use in forest soil restoration and as part of energy forestry plantations. As a first step to estimate nitrogen fixation byA. incana under field conditions we performed studies on nitrogenase activity and its possible relation to abiotic factors and growth of the alders. Nitrogenase activity was measured as acetylene reduction activity (ARA) on eleven 1-year-old seedlings ofA. incana inoculated with a local source ofFrankia and planted in an experimental plot located in Umeå, northern Sweden. Each alder was planted into an open-ended cylinder which was closed with a gas tight lid around the stem base to serve as cuvette during ARA measurements. Propane served as tracer gas. ARA was measured in the middle of the day at 15 occasions during 26 June to 29 September 1987. Growth was recorded as leaf area and top shoot length at each ARA measurement until the end of August. Weather conditions were recorded for the whole growing season. Maximal ARA was recorded in late July or early August and ranged from 1.86 to 106μmol C2H4plant−1h−1. Final leaf area ranged from 0.022 to 0.124 m2. A relationship between ARA and the number of hours of sunshine during the same day was observed. ARA in relation to soil temperature increased during the study period, except for the last measurements. ARA in relation to leaf area was initially high but decreased later on. It is suggested that as leaves got older their contribution to photosynthesis per unit leaf area decreased and their potential to deliver nitrogen for retranslocation within plant increased. Both of these events would cause reduced ARA per unit leaf area. The data on ARA, growth, and abiotic factors taken together supported the view that sunshine and weather conditions affected photosynthesis and thereby delivery of assimilates to the nodules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02232791
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    Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose upon growth and invertase activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures (1989)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 16 (1989), S. 89-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; suspension cultures ; 2-deoxy-D-glucose ; invertase ; sugars ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures grew well when provided with glucose, fructose, sucrose or raffinose. Galactose and melibiose supported less growth unless supplemented with glucose or fructose. In combination with ten different sugar mixtures, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) inhibited culture growth. Inhibitory effects of dGlc were more marked with fructose, melibiose, raffinose or mixtures of these sugars in the culture medium. The presence of glucose or galactose reduced the inhibitory effects of dGlc on culture growth. Experiments with radioactive labelled sugars demonstrated that dGLc uptake was greater in the presence of fructose than glucose, and that growth inhibition of dGlc coincided with its uptake. Reduced protein content was also associated with the inhibitory effects of dGlc. Cultured cells contained lower levels of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity during the active phase of culture growth (up to 25 days after subculture) than when growth had peaked and subsequently declined. Acid and alkaline invertase activities were not greatly reduced by exogenous hexoses. Invertase activity was greatest during periods of low protein content in all cultures and was inhibited by dGlc during the latter phases of the culture period. Free intracellular sugars throughout the culture period consisted mainly of glucose and fructose.
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    Environmental effects on feed utilization (1986)
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 2 (1986), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; environmental influences ; salinity ; oxygen ; temperature ; growth ; protein synthesis ; feed utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both external and internal factors affect the response of fish to variations in dietary quantity and quality. An attempt is made to review major, recent studies on the series of intermediate steps (intake, digestion, metabolism, excretion and retention) involved in the global response of fish to environmental changes. Among these external factors, greater attention is however devoted to those that are the most important natural effectors within the aquatic environment: temperature, ambient oxygen and salinity. The changes brought about by a change in temperature at different levels of nutrient utilization have been studied to a great extent in the recent past. As temperature affects in the first instance, the voluntary food intake, a discussion on current nutrient requirement data should preferably be dealt with in absolute terms. While critical levels of oxygen below which growth is hindered are sufficiently defined for many species, precise data on the direct effects of oxygen deficiency on nutrient utilization are still fragmentory. With regard to salinity, a distinction between stenohaline and euryhaline species and a knowledge of the physiological mechanisms corresponding to their life cycles are required before attempting comparative analyses. Within euryhaline species, best performances are noted at salinities isotonic to the internal medium. Despite accumulating evidence on the effects of cyclical phenomena, the chronobiological approach to fish culture remains practically unexplored.
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    Nutrition, hormones and growth (1986)
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 2 (1986), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: androgens ; growth ; hormones ; insulin ; nutrition ; protein ; steroids ; triiodothyronine ; thyroxine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A review is presented relating to the effects of hormones on food intake and nutritional state and also of the effects of food intake and nutritional state on hormone activity. These interactions and their effect on fish growth are described. Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, and gonadal steroids have all been implicated in the normal growth processes of fish and their metabolic actions have been related to the nutritional state of the animal. Furthermore, variations in plasma levels and hormone application appear to affect food intake and food conversion. Anabolic steroids and their possible involvement in aquaculture practice has been an area of active investigation for the past few years. The current situation is reviewed, particularly regarding relevance to protein intake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02264082
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    Smoltification induced by a ‘skeleton’ photoperiod in underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 11-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: skeleton photoperiod ; smolt ; endogenous rhythm ; growth ; osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Underyearling coho salmon fry were subjected to three initial photoperiod treatments (6L∶18D, 10L∶14D, 14L∶10D) for two months and subsequently to three final treatments (16L∶8D, 9L∶6D∶1L∶8D, 10L∶14D) in a factorial design. Growth rates and seawater adaptability were monitored regularly. The groups that were exposed initially to 6L∶18D or 10L∶14D and then to 16L∶8D grew faster and had lower plasma sodium ion levels after seawater challenge tests than any of the other groups. Fish which were initially exposed to 6 L or 10 L daylength and then to a 9L∶6D∶1L∶8D skeleton photoperiod, showed a slightly lower growth rate and seawater adaptability than those given the corresponding complete 16L∶8D photoperiod. However fish maintained on skeleton photoperiods had significantly greater growth rates and seawater adaptability than those kept on the 10L∶14D photoperiod. This indicates that it is not the accumulated number of hours of exposure to light that initiates smolting, but rather the time during the day when light is experienced. Fish exposed initially to 14L∶10D showed little or no response to subsequent changes in photoperiod, suggesting that responsiveness to inductive photoperiods depends on the initial photoperiod treatment.
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    Endocrinology and fish culture (1989)
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; endocrinology ; reproduction ; hypophysation ; growth ; stress ; behavior ; fish culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the current practice of fish culture the use of hormones is mainly limited to the field of reproduction, and more precisely to induce or synchronize ovulation and stimulate spermiation. The practice of pituitary homogenates injection (called hypophysation) which started in the early 1930's has allowed spectacular developments in the culture of some cyprinid species, especially in China, India and Europe. HCG has been used successfully in a limited number of species and LHRH-A, often associated with antidopaminergic compounds, started to be used in some species, especially cyprinids, on a commercial scale. Sex steroids are now commonly used to reverse the sex of some species in salmonids, cyprinids, tilapias. Due to legal restriction and consumer opposition, the tendency is to limit the use of steroids, especially in fish which are later offered to consumption. GH, which significantly stimulates growth and reduces the food conversion rate in laboratory experiments, will possibly be used on a large scale in fish farms. Endocrinology has considerably increased the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling some physiological functions; this has allowed the identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity, and helps in the management and the process of domestication (most of the cultured fish species have been taken form the wild recently).
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    Effects of triiodothyronine and propylthiouracil on thyroid function and smoltification of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (1987)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: salmon ; smoltification ; thyroid ; receptor ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; propylthiouracil ; growth ; osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were fed diets containing triiodothyronine (T3; 4 or 12gmg), propylthiouracil (PTU; 1.5 or 6.0 mg/g), or both T3 (12μg/g) and PTU (1.5 mg/g) from January 10 to May 29. Plasma T4 and T3, concentrations were maintained within normal physiological limits in all groups of treated fish. Increases in plasma thyroxine (T4) occurred in late April in groups receiving the high dose of T3 or PTU, or the combination of T3, and PTU. Peaks of plasma T4 occurred in May in the other groups. Thyroid follicle epithelial cell height was increased in the groups in the following order: highest; PTU (6.0 mg/g), PTU (1.5 mg/g), PTU + T3, control, T3 (4gmg/g), T3 (12μg/g); lowest. In March specific binding of T3 by liver nuclei was not affected by treatment with T3 (12μg/g) but was decreased 30% by treatment with PTU (6.0μg/g). Body growth, food conversion efficiency, and pigmentary changes were increased by T3 (12μg/g), decreased dose-dependently by PTU, and unaffected by the other dietary treatments. All treatments altered body proximate composition. Food consumption and the ability to osmoregulate in seawater were decreased in fish fed 6.0 mg/g PTU, but were unaffected by the other dietary treatments. These results suggest that during smoltification: 1) Thyroid hormones may be involved in control of thyroidal function and body growth and pigmentary changes, 2) Hypo-osmoregulatory competence is not further stimulated by exogenous T3 and 3) PTU does not block T4 synthesis but may block T3, action by interfering with nuclear T3 binding.
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    Interacting effects of diet and environmental temperature on biochemical parameters in the liver ofLeuciscus idus melanotus (Cyprinidae: Teleostei) (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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    Effects of diet and feeding time on daily variations in plasma insulin, hepatic c-AMP and other metabolites in a teleost fish,Dicentrarchus labrax L. (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diets ; feeding time ; growth ; circadian rhythms ; insulin ; c-AMP ; lipids ; proteins ; carbohydrates ; teleost fish ; sea bass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile sea bass, 1.5 years old, of mixed sex, held on long photoperiods were fed early on the photoperiod and late on the photoperiod, using different diets. Fish fed natural diets showed a daily rhythmicity of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP, plasma glucose, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content, however, fish fed a commercial diet did not show this daily rhythmicity except for plasma insulin levels. In addition, these fish had significantly lower levels of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP and plasma glycerol than the group fed on the natural diets at similar feeding times. The time of feeding also induced different rhythmicity patterns in hormones and metabolites as well as a significant change in their mean levels. These facts are discussed in relation with the pre-feeding activity and increased appetite exhibited by the fish fed late on the photoperiod and with their implications on fish culture.
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    Thyroidal compensation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed canola meal (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; glucosinolates ; thyroid hormones ; growth ; thyroid histology ; adaptation ; compensatory growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were fed either a soybean mealbased (SM) or canola meal-based (CM) diet for up to 20 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothryonine (T3) levels were significantly lower in the CM-fed fish sampled after 12 weeks. However, there appeared to be some compensation after 12 and 20 weeks in that the thyroid hormone levels in trout fed the CM were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed fish. Nevertheless, there was marked thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the CM-fed fish sampled at 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly lower in the CM-fed fish in comparison to the SM-fed fish throughout the 20 week study period. Plasma T4 levels were similar in SM-fed fish sampled 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment, but plasma T3 levels progressively increased over this period, as did the apparent activity of the thyroid tissue based on histological criteria. Fasting for up to 8 weeks resulted in the arrested growth of the SM-fed fish, and a loss in body weight of the CM-fed animals over the 8 week period of the fast. In addition, the plasma thyroid hormone levels in the fasted fish tended to be lower than in fish fed both the SM and CM diets prior to fasting, and there was histological evidence indicating a reduced activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. However, thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy were still evident in the fasted fish previously fed the CM diet indicating that the adverse affects of CM diets are not completely reversible after 8 weeks. In fish fed the CM diet for 12 weeks and then the SM diet for up to a further 8 weeks (diet C-S) there was a compensatory increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels evident within 4 weeks after the change in diet, but no apparent decrease in thyroid hyperplasia or hypertrophy. In addition, in the fish fed the C-S diet there was a marked compensatory growth rate, and an increased feed: gain ratio; body weights of this group of fish were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed animals after 20 weeks of study, indicating a considerably higher growth rate over the last 8 week period.
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    The growth and reproductive endocrinology of adult triploid Pacific salmonids (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: growth ; endocrinology ; reproduction ; triploid ; salmonid ; sterilization ; aquaculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the effect of triploidy on growth and reproductive endocrinology in the months leading up to and including spawning in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, and pink salmon,Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. Growth rates were the same for diploid and triploid rainbow trout, but triploid female pink salmon were smaller than maturing diploid females and diploid and triploid males of the same age. Triploid males of both species developed typical secondary sexual characteristics and had normal endocrine profiles, although their cycle appeared to be delayed by about one month. Triploid females remained silvery in appearance and showed no endocrine signs of maturation, even at the level of the pituitary. Thus, although triploids of both sexes are genetically sterile, only the females do not undergo physiological maturation.
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    The effect of feeding three anabolic steroids in different combinations on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein and nucleic acid levels of liver, kidney, brain and muscle of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: carp ; anabolic-androgenic steriods ; growth ; tissue RNA/DNA ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study on the effect of three different anabolic-androgenic steroids on the growth, food conversion efficiency and nucleic acid contents of liver, kidney, brain and muscle of carp,Cyprinus carpio was undertaken. The three steroids, methyltestosterone (MT), ethylestrenol (EE) and oxandrolone (ON), were fed in different combinations at final concentrations of 5 or 6 mg/kg diet for 60 days. No effect on the growth was observed in any of the experimental groups. A decrease in the specific growth rate (11–21%) and food conversion efficiency (20–29%) was noted. Feeding of drugs increased the cranio-somatic and reno-somatic index in all except one group. Hepatosomatic (ON+MT) and viscero-somatic (ON+MT; EE+MT+ON) indices decreased. Protein increased and RNA/DNA decreased in only one group while a decrease in protein/DNA was observed in the liver of all experimental groups. RNA/DNA increased and protein/RNA decreased only in one group while no effect was seen in protein and protein/DNA contents in any of the treated kidneys. Proteins, protein/RNA and protein/DNA decreased in certain groups in brain tissue. In muscle, no effect was seen in proteins or protein/DNA. Protein/RNA decreased in all but one group while RNA/DNA was higher only in the group fed all the three steroids together.
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    Growth, photosynthesis and photorespiration of Lemna gibba: response to variations in CO2 and O2 concentrations and photon flux density (1985)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 6 (1985), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; Lemna gibba ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight and Relative Growth Rate of Lemna gibba were significantly increased by CO2 enrichment up to 6000 μl CO2 l−1. This high CO2 optimum for growth is probably due to the presence of nonfunctional stomata. The response to high CO2 was less or absent following four days growth in 2% O2. The Leaf Area Ratio decreased in response to CO2 enrichment as a result of an increase in dry weight per frond. Photosynthetic rate was increased by CO2 enrichment up to 1500 μl CO2 l−1 during measurement, showing only small increases with further CO2 enrichment up to 5000 μl CO2 l−1 at a photon flux density of 210 μmol m−2 s−1 and small decreases at 2000 μmol m−1 s−1. The actual rate of photosynthesis of those plants cultivated at high CO2 levels, however, was less than the air grown plants. The response of photosynthesis to O2 indicated that the enhancement of growth and photosynthesis by CO2 enrichment was a result of decreased photorespiration. Plants cultivated in low O2 produced abnormal morphological features and after a short time showed a reduction in growth.
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    Toxicokinetics of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1989-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; corn ; DIMBOA ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; tritiated DIMBOA ; toxicokinetics ; topical application ; body burden ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the major hydroxamic acid present in corn, and its tritiated derivative, were prepared synthetically for use in the determination of the toxicokinetics of this insect deterrent in the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis. In growth studies with DIMBOA (0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/g diet), the mean time to pupation and adult emergence were significantly lengthened by an increase in concentration. Pupal and adult weights, for both female and male, decreased with an increase in concentration. Increased larval and pupal mortality occurred at the highest concentration of DIMBOA. DIMBOA, at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/g diet, resulted in a decrease in the number of egg masses produced per female, and at 0.5 mg/g diet, in a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass. Larvae fed from the neonate stage on a diet containing 0.2 mg [3H]- + [1H]DIMBOA/g diet showed an increase in the content of label from fourth to fifth instar, but levels declined at pupation and emergence. A large amount of the labeled compounds was excreted by the insect in the pupal case. In dose-related studies, both uptake and excretion increased with an increase in concentration of DIMBOA (0.05, 0.2, 0.4 mg/g diet), while a body burden (concentration in the tissues/concentration in the frass) of approximately 0.25 was maintained for all concentrations. At the highest dose of DIMBOA (0.4 mg/g), the ECB increased consumption, possibly to compensate for the toxic effects of the compound. In topical application studies, elimination of the labeled compound in the frass was rapid, reaching 65% by 4 hr and 88% by 48 hr. Accumulation of label in tissues other than hemolymph was low. The results show that the ECB does possess adaptive mechanisms to deal with the effects of this host-derived compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01207432
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  • 96
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    Survival and growth of Ajellomyces (Blastomyces) dermatitidis on oak leaves coated with saliva (1987)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 99 (1987), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Blastomycosis ; Ajellomyces (Blastomyces) dermatitidis ; growth ; oak leaves ; saliva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Yeast-form cells of Ajellomyces dermatitidis transferred to unsterilized and sterilized oak leaves in a humidity chamber failed to grow and produce mycelium. Transfers of these cells to Mycobiotic agar resulted in the growth of A. dermatitidis from all 5 autoclaved and 4 of the 11 unsterilized leaves. Soaking oak leaves with human airways secretions or saliva and inoculating them with yeast-form cells, and pouring sterile H2O on the leaves 10 days to 2 months later, permitted growth on 11 out of 36 leaves. It was concluded that these two natural substances, airways secretions and saliva, inhibited bacteria and furnished nutriment to A. dermatitidis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436682
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Growth and macromolecular content of the dimorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and the effect of hydroxyurea and other inhibitors (1988)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54 (1988), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans ; Pullularia pullulans ; dimorphism ; growth ; macromolecules ; hydroxyurea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth kinetics and the macromolecular content of the yeast and ethanol-induced hyphal forms of Aureobasidium pullulans were studied. During the morphological transition from yeasts to hyphae, both the protein and RNA content decreased significantly, the mycelial form containing only 76% of the amount of protein in the yeasts, and 38% of the RNA. The DNA was the only component tested whose level increased during the transition. Among several compounds inhibiting macromolecular synthesis, only hydroxyurea showed a remarkable effect on the morphology of A. pullulans, inducing the mycelial morphology. The macromolecular composition of hydroxyurea-treated cultures changed with time in a way similar to that of the ethanol-Tween 80-ammonia medium, and to that of carbon-starved cultures, without ethanol or glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393959
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of root systems of tomato genotypes on growth and earliness, studied in grafting experiments at low temperature (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 693-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato genotypes ; root activity ; grafting experiment ; low temperature ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The contribution of the roots to growth and earliness of 29 genotypes of tomato cultivated under low energy conditions, was analysed in two grafting experiments. There were significant effects of the rootstocks on the vegetative growth, earliness and fruit production of the different scions, but not on plant length or number of leaves or trusses. There was hardly any interaction between rootstock and scion. The commercial rootstock KNVF and a commercial breeding line especially promoted vegetative growth of all scions, but the former delayed flowering of the scion by 6–7 days. The breeding line also stimulated early flowering. Most of the IVT breeding lines selected for growth and early production under low energy conditions scored very poorly as rootstock. Implications for breeding tomatoes with efficient root systems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041520
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various media constituents on the growth of Cinchona ledgeriana tissue cultures and the production of alkaloids and anthraquinones therein (1985)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 4 (1985), S. 199-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Cinchona ; tissue culture ; growth ; alkaloids ; anthraquinones ; medium composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the methods reported by De Fossard et al. (11) the influence of various media constituents on the growth and the alkaloid and anthraquinone production in Cinchona ledgeriana callus cultures was studied. Growth and indole alkaloid production (e.g. cinchonamine) was improved by higher auxin levels. The best growth was observed in the light, although many media resulted in no growth at all in the light. Anthraquinone production was highest at lower auxin levels. Quinoline alkaloid levels (e.g. quinidine) were highest in media with low auxin concentrations. Low and medium cytokinin concentration benefited the quinoline alkaloid production. From the results it was concluded that the pathways leading to the various secondary products, anthraquinones, indole alkaloids and quinoline alkaloids are, at least partly, regulated independently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040194
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of initial sucrose and nitrate concentrations on the growth of Cinchona ledgeriana cell suspension cultures and the production of alkloids and anthraquinones (1986)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 7 (1986), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Cinchona ledgeriana ; cell culture ; growth ; alkaloids ; anthraquinones ; medium composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of initial concentrations of two of the major medium components, sucrose and nitrate, on the growth and the production of alkaloids and anthraquinones in cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgeriana Moens was studied. It was found that maximum growth and maximum alkaloid yield were obtained with a B5-medium containing the normal level of nitrate and 4% sucrose, whereas the anthraquinone yield was maximum at 8% sucrose at the normal level of nitrate. Maximum contents of secondary metabolites, expressed as μg.gDW-1, were found using a medium containing 2% sucrose, but four times the normal nitrate concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043917
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