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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of excess vitamin D3 on calcium metabolism in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 21 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of excess vitamin D3 on calcium metabolism in rainbow trout was investigated. Trout were reared for 24 weeks on diets containing 4000, 104 000 or 1 004 000 iu of supplemental vitamin D3 kg-1 dry diet. No effect of excess vitamin D3 was detected in the weight gain, feed efficiency or total mortalities of trout in the different groups. None of the fish showed any signs of hypercalcaemia and no significant difference was detected in the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium content of the trout vertebrae or total carcass. However, there was a significant increase in the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of the skin in trout reared on the highest supplemental level of vitamin D3 (1 004 000 iu kg-1 diet). No overt signs of renal calcinosis were detected in any of the trout. This study indicates that trout are resistant to excess vitamin D3, and that excess vitamin D3 does not appear to be related to the increased incidence of renal calcinosis in rainbow trout.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb02842.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of pre-fasting diet and water temperature on liver glycogen and liver weight in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, during fasting (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of feeding an isocaloric and isonitrogenous trout diet that contained different levels of digestible carbohydrate (cerelose) to rainbow trout at either 10 or 15° C on liver glycogen and liver weight was determined in two fasting studies of 12 and 41 days duration. Trout fed diets with increased levels of digestible carbohydrate (HC) had significantly higher liver-body weight ratios (LW) and liver glycogen (LG) than trout reared on low digestible carbohydrate diets (HF). Both LW and LG declined in fasting trout previously fed HC diets but declined little in fasting trout previously fed HF diets. Trout reared at 10° C had higher LW and LG than trout reared at 15° C on either the HC or HF diets. During fasting, the trout reared on HC diets at 10° C required a longer period of time for the LG and LW to decline to the levels of trout reared on the low carbohydrate diets, than did trout reared on the HC diets at 15° C. The results indicate that both pre-fasting diet and water temperature can affect liver glycogen utilization and liver weight in fasting trout. Prolonged elevation of LW and LG in fasting trout could jeopardize the survival rate of stocked trout, particularly at low water temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03895.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dietary selenium on the occurrence of nephrocalcinosis in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout were fed practical-type diets containing 0.6, 6.6 and 114 μg/g selenium for 16 weeks at approximately 15°C. Fish reared on the highest levels of dietary selenium had a significant reduction in final body weight, feed: gain ratio and increased mortality. Haematocrit, plasma calcium, glucose, and protein levels did not vary significantly. Ninety per cent of the fish fed the diet containing the highest level of selenium developed nephrocalcinosis. Fish with occult nephrocalcinosis had significantly increased levels of kidney calcium and those with overt nephrocalcinosis had significantly increased levels of kidney calcium and magnesium, and liver magnesium. Microscopically, the majority of renal damage was tubular with the renal interstitium becoming inflamed only when tubules degenerated. The pathogenesis of selenium-induced nephrocalcinosis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1984.tb01202.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of increased liver glycogen and liver weight on liver function in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: recovery from anaesthesia and plasma 35S-sulphobromophthalein clearance (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 5 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Juvenile rainbow trout (initial mean body weight 17 g) reared on practical trout diets containing different levels of available carbohydrate for 8–24 weeks were assayed for liver function based on the time required to recover from the anaesthetics tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222), 2-phenoxyethanol (2PE) and tertiary-amyl alcohol (TAA), as well as plasma clearance of 35S-sulphobromo-phthalein (BSP), Liver/body weight ratios (LBW) and percentage liver glycogen content (LG) increased in a linear manner with increased available carbohydrate. The mean recovery time (MRT) of trout anaesthetized with 2PE and TAA increased linearly with increased LBW and LG. No difference was observed in the MRT of trout anaesthetized with MS222 which is not metabolized in the trout liver. There was a significant linear regression of the biological half-life of plasma BSP on LBW (MR2= 95.7) and LG (MR2= 99.6). The results indicate that increased liver glycogen and liver weight due to higher levels of available carbohydrate affect the liver function of rainbow trout. These liver function tests may be applicable in determining acceptable levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1982.tb00473.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of available dietary carbohydrate content on tolerance of waterborne copper by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 19 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of increased available dietary carbohydrate on the tolerance of waterborne copper by rainbow trout was investigated. Trout were reared for six to eight weeks on one of four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets which varied in available carbohydrate content due to either processing (extrusion v. steam-pelleting) or supplementation with cerelose (0 or 21%). The incipient lethal level (ILL) of copper for trout reared on the low-available-carbohydrate steam-pelleted diet was 350 μg I−1, significantly higher than the 276 μg I−1 shown for trout reared on the high-available-carbohydrate extruded diet. The ILL of copper for the low-carbohydrate group (0% cerelose) was 408 μg I−1, significantly higher than the ILL of 246 μg I−1 of trout reared on the high-carbohydrate diet (21% cerelose). Increased available dietary carbohydrate resulted in increased liver glycogen content and liver-body weight ratios and decreased liver protein content. Significant correlations were evident between waterborne copper tolerance and liver glycogen, liver-body weight ratios and liver protein. Relative to those on high carbohydrate diets, livers of fish on low-carbohydrate diets contained higher concentrations of copper after seven days of exposure to 0 or 196 μg I−1 of copper. The elevated liver glycogen levels, resulting from increased dietary carbohydrate, are thought to have impaired liver function, thus reducing copper tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1981.tb03819.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic toxicity of dietary disodium arsenate heptahydrate to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 21 (1991), S. 518-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile rainbow trout were fed semi-purified diets containing graded levels of disodium arsenate heptahydrate (DSA) for 12–24 weeks under standard laboratory conditions to define the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) and to correlate signs of toxicity with diet and tissue arsenic concentrations. The MATC for DSA was between 13 and 33 μg As/g diet or 0.281–0.525 mg As/kg body weight/day. The most sensitive and reliable indicator of chronic dietary DSA toxicity in rainbow trout was chronic inflammation of the gallbladder wall. Chronic inflammatory changes in the sub-epithelial tissues of the gallbladder wall were evident in 71% of rainbow trout exposed to 33 μg As/g diet for 24 weeks, and 100% of rainbow trout exposed to 65 μg As/g diet for 24 weeks or 49 μg As/g diet for 12 weeks. No fish exposed to 13 μg As/g diet or less for up to 24 weeks showed any demonstrable gallbladder lesions or any other ill effect of arsenic exposure. Other signs of chronic dietary DSA toxicity to rainbow trout included decreased growth rate, mild to moderate anemia, and, at higher levels of exposure, active feed refusal leading to decreased feed consumption. Mild nephrocalcinosis was noted in one experiment where kidney arsenic residues exceeded 14 μg As/g tissue dry weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183873
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between dietary ascorbic acid status and deficiency, weight gain and brain neurotransmitter levels in juvenile rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri (1989)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 6 (1989), S. 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: rainbow trout ; serotonin ; dopamine ; norepinephrine ; neurotransmitters ; feed intake ; appetite ; satiety ; scurvy ; ascorbic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the interrelationships between dietary ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations, brain neurotransmitter levels and weight gain in juvenile rainbow trout. At the end of 4 weeks and until the end of 12 weeks of feeding test diets of varying AA concentrations (0–320 mg AA/kg diet), increased weight gain was noted in fish fed the AA-free diet. However, by the end of 13 weeks and until the end of the experiment this phenomenon was no longer evident; instead the fish showed the more classical deficiency signs of anorexia and decreased weight gain. After 12 and 24 weeks, there were no significant differences in brain serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) between fish reared on the different test diets. However, after 12 weeks of feeding the test diets, brain 5-HT, brain AA and weight gain were significantly correlated with one another. No such relationships were found for brain NE or brain DA. After 24 weeks of feeding the diets, the relationships between brain 5-HT, brain AA and weight gain were no longer apparent. Similarly, after 24 weeks brain NE and DA were also unrelated to brain AA and weight gain. These results provide evidence that in very young rainbow trout, AA deficiency, brain 5-HT levels and weight gain were related. However in fish reared on the diets for 24 weeks these relationships were no longer evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875605
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thyroidal compensation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed canola meal (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; glucosinolates ; thyroid hormones ; growth ; thyroid histology ; adaptation ; compensatory growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were fed either a soybean mealbased (SM) or canola meal-based (CM) diet for up to 20 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothryonine (T3) levels were significantly lower in the CM-fed fish sampled after 12 weeks. However, there appeared to be some compensation after 12 and 20 weeks in that the thyroid hormone levels in trout fed the CM were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed fish. Nevertheless, there was marked thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the CM-fed fish sampled at 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly lower in the CM-fed fish in comparison to the SM-fed fish throughout the 20 week study period. Plasma T4 levels were similar in SM-fed fish sampled 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment, but plasma T3 levels progressively increased over this period, as did the apparent activity of the thyroid tissue based on histological criteria. Fasting for up to 8 weeks resulted in the arrested growth of the SM-fed fish, and a loss in body weight of the CM-fed animals over the 8 week period of the fast. In addition, the plasma thyroid hormone levels in the fasted fish tended to be lower than in fish fed both the SM and CM diets prior to fasting, and there was histological evidence indicating a reduced activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. However, thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy were still evident in the fasted fish previously fed the CM diet indicating that the adverse affects of CM diets are not completely reversible after 8 weeks. In fish fed the CM diet for 12 weeks and then the SM diet for up to a further 8 weeks (diet C-S) there was a compensatory increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels evident within 4 weeks after the change in diet, but no apparent decrease in thyroid hyperplasia or hypertrophy. In addition, in the fish fed the C-S diet there was a marked compensatory growth rate, and an increased feed: gain ratio; body weights of this group of fish were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed animals after 20 weeks of study, indicating a considerably higher growth rate over the last 8 week period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874797
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary carbohydrate and growth, body composition and heat increment in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1986)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 1 (1986), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: heat increment ; carbohydrate ; rainbow trout ; body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine growth, body composition and heat increment (HI) of rainbow trout reared on isonitrogenous high digestible carbohydrate (HC) and high fat (HL) diets at 15°C. Trout reared on the HC diet had a significantly lower final body weight and carcass lipid content and a significantly higher feed:gain ratio and carcass protein content than trout reared on the HL diet after 12 weeks on the test diets. The lower carcass lipid composition indicates that trout do not readily convert dietary carbohydrates into fat. HI of trout reared on the HC diet was significantly higher than that of fish reared on the HL diet. Considering the poor utilization of dietary carbohydrates as an energy source and the apparently low conversion of dietary glucose into fat, the cause of the higher HI associated with the HC diet is not completely understood. However, it is possible the elimination of excess dietary glucose is an energy dependent process resulting in an increased heat production which would partly account for the increased HI. Furthermore, if the HC diet is a low net energy diet, then the metabolism and utilization of dietary and tissue proteins (amino acids) for energy by the trout may also be partly responsible for the increased HI of the trout reared on the HC diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290208
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does oral 3,5,3 ′-triiodo-l-thyronine affect dietary glucose utilization and plasma insulin levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)? (1987)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: carbohydrate ; rainbow trout ; triiodo-L-thyronine ; insulin ; cortisol ; plasma glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the effect and interaction of dietary carbohydrate level and triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) supplementation on the growth, physiological response and plasma insulin and cortisol levels of rainbow trout. The oral administration of T3 significantly increased the growth, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency of trout, indicating an increased protein and perhaps energy utilization in these fish. However, T, administration did not significantly increase the utilization of dietary glucose as an energy source by the trout. Similarly, the administration of T3 did not significantly affect plasma insulin levels in either the fed or the fasted trout. Plasma insulin levels were significantly higher in fed trout reared on the non-T3 supplemented high carbohydrate diet in comparison to trout reared on the low carbohydrate diets. This indicates that increased dietary carbohydrate stimulates increased insulin secretion in the trout. Therefore, although rainbow trout are not insulin-deficient, they can still be considered a diabetic-like animal due to their poor glucose tolerance. Plasma cortisol levels were not affected by diet composition and altered plasma glucose levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110878
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