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  • Articles  (142)
  • maize  (77)
  • phosphorus  (68)
  • Springer  (142)
  • 1985-1989  (114)
  • 1980-1984  (28)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (142)
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  • Articles  (142)
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  • Springer  (142)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer regime and changes in the phosphate and potash status of a silty marine clay soil during 25 years (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil fertility ; phosphorus ; potassium ; green manure ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the soil phosphorus and potassium status on three farming systems in the Northeast Polder during 25 years are related to the fertilizer regime over this period. The changes in the nutrient status of the soil are reflected in fertilizer policy. High rates of phosphate dressings markedly increased the phosphate status of the soil and built up a reserve of phosphate. In contrast, the potassium status decreased by about half, because only potatoes in the rotation were dressed with potassium. Methods of fertilization are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to possible improvements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of N fertilizer rate, soil water tension and soil texture on growth and N uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: maize ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrogen uptake and concentration ; soil texture ; water tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize was grown at four rates of N (28, 112, 252 and 448 mg pot−1) and basal P and K dressings at three soil water tensions on three soils of contrasting texture for 40 days in a greenhouse during July/August 1978. Water tensions were maintained as nearly as possible at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.08 MPa. Dry matter yield increased with increase in N rate and decrease in soil water tension. N concentration in the tissue increased with both N rate and increase in soil water tension. Soil water tension had no effect on N uptake, but N uptake increased with increase in N rate. The effect of the interaction of soil water tension and N application rate on dry matter yield was significant. While there was no significant response to moisture tension with the lowest N rate, there was progressively and significantly more response to moisture tension at the higher N application rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066447
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055398
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and mycorrhizal interaction on uptake of P and trace elements by maize (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: VAM fungi ; phosphorus ; molybdenum ; interaction ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) when applied to soils can result in marked increases in plant growth and P uptake. Application of molybdenum can also result in a synergistic interaction with phosphorus, with reslutant increases in plant dry matter production. The current investigation was designed to evaluate P X Mo X VAM interactions on yield and P uptake of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using soils from Missouri and Jamaica (West Indies) which were very low in available soil P. Corn was grown in pots amended with P and VAM, with and without Mo. Colonizing Jamaican soil amended with P withGlomus etunicatum increased shoot dry matter weights significantly. Greatest P uptake occured in treatments receiving the highest application of P and mycorrhizal inoculation. There was a significant difference between the two soils with respect to treatment effects on micronutrient accumulation of the test crop. The decreases in Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo concentration of corn leaves between control and the treated pots, is attributed to dry matter dilution effect. The results indicated that mycorrhizal inoculation increased the dry matter significantly in Jamaican soil amended with P, however not in Missouri soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054731
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of several nitrogen fertilisers applied in surface irrigation systems. I. Crop response (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 97-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertigation ; N fertilisers ; surface irrigation ; maize ; yield and N status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of several N carriers applied in the surface irrigation water on the growth, yield and N status of maize was studied in 2 seasons. The carriers applied in the water included anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea and they were compared with a preplant band application of anhydrous ammonia and a control treatment. All N treatments received 100 kg N ha−1. The site used in the second experiment was less responsive to N fertiliser than the first site and the crop growth in the second season was affected by an attack of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). Urea, as a N source for fertigation, was superior to the ammonium forms, while the nitrate carriers were the least efficient. Water-run urea increased the maize yield by 27% when compared with the band application in the first season but was 6% lower in the second season. Fertigation allowed N to be applied during the grand period of growth when N stress was most likely to occur. This technique for applying N fertiliser to surface irrigated crops has been adopted by commercial growers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051004
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051011
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracking phosphorus patterns in mango (Mangifera indica L) and possible relations to floral induction (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bark ; floral induction ; leaves ; mango ; phosphorus ; shoots ; stems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus concentration was tracked in four types of mango shoots. The mean phosphorus concentration was highest in laterals existing on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season, followed by young flush arising in July, laterals existing on shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and having further extension of growth. A higher percentage of floral induction was noted in the laterals on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season. The study clearly showed the association of availability of phosphorus with floral induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048797
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048799
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of broadcast P applications and small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed on continuously cropped corn (Zea mays L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: broadcast P ; corn ; fertilizer with the seed ; maize ; pop-up fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of corn (Zea mays L.) to broadcast P applications and to small amounts of fertilizer placed with the seed (fws) was measured in three field trials conducted for 10 years. Five rates of P (0, 11, 22, 45, and 90 kg ha−1 yr−1) were applied with and without 4.0-6.4-3.2 kg N, P, K ha−1 placed with the seed (fws) in a factorial arrangement of treatments. The fws treatment delayed emergence at all sites, reduced final emergence at two of the three sites, increased seedling dry weights at the 4 to 6 leaf stage and reduced the time to 50% silking at two of the three sites. Ear moisture content at harvest was reduced by fws at all sites which indicated that fws advanced maturity. The fws treatment increased grain yield at two of the sites by 1.3 and 2.3%, respectively. Broadcast P applications increased seedling dry weight at all sites but decreased the time to 50% silking only at one site. Broadcast P decreased ear moisture content and increased grain yield at two sites. There was a significant fws by broadcast P interaction in the most P deficient soil such that response to broadcast P was lessened by fws. The interaction was strongest during the early stages of growth and decreased with maturity resulting in no fws by broadcast P interaction for grain yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048800
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A conceptual model for initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is formulated to describe the amount of effective phosphorus in soil. For a source that is immediately fully effective only three parameters are required — the amount of effective phosphorus initially present, the proportion of phosphorus remaining effective after each year, and a parameter which determines the lower limit for the amount of effective phosphorus. An extension of the model to sources that release their phosphorus slowly requires one further parameter — the fraction of such phosphorus released each year. The effective phosphorus in soil is then related to yield using the Mitscherlich equation. The model gave a good description of the growth response ofStylosanthes humilis to superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) over three years on a red earth at Katherine, N.T. Furthermore, it enabled a quantitative assessment to be made of the residual value of the CCICP that was not achieved in an earlier analysis of the data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051007
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048634
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  • 16
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    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050345
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  • 17
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    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074365
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  • 18
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    Mathematical algorithm for effective phosphorus determination in a rice based cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value ; rice based ; sources of P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model similar to the one suggested by Probert [3] is used to calculate effective phosphorus in two rice crops followed by green gram. The effective phosphorus values are then related to dry matter yield, grain yield and phosphorus uptake in the three crops using linear and Mitscherlich equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064178
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  • 19
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    Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit) prunings as nitrogen source for maize (Zea mays L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Leucaena ; prunings ; placement ; time of application ; N-source ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, prunings as N source for maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated in field and pot trials at Ibadan, southern Nigeria. An N deficient, sandy Apomu soil (Psammentic Usthorthent) was used. The prunings significantly increased N uptake of seedlings and N percentage in ear leaves of maize. High maize gain yield was obtained with application of 10 tons fresh prunings or a combination of 5 tons fresh prunings and N at 50 kg ha−1. The prunings as N source, appeared to be more effective when incorporated in the soil than when applied as mulch. In the pot trial, prunings applied two weeks before planting was more effective than when applied at time of planting maize. Under screen house conditions, the apparent N recovery from prunings with early incorporation about equals that of fertilizer N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050199
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    Effect of different nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in different ecological zones of Nigeria (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil nutrient status ; nitrogen fertilization ; maize ; yield component ; ecological zone ; relative yield ; soil testing ; spacing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies on the effect of nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on maize yield and yield components at eight different sites representing six different ecological maize growing zones of Nigeria conducted during 1976, 1977 and 1978 indicated that N significantly influenced yield at six of the eight sites, NIFOR, Umudike and Uyo (rain forest zone), Mokwa and Samaru (Savanna zone) and Riyom (derived savanna zone). Optimum N required for maize varies between 50 and 100 kgN in the different zones. There was no response to spacing except at Umudike, Uyo and Riyom, and no significant interaction between N and spacing at any location. Nitrogen application significantly influenced earweight at Ikenne, NIFOR, Umudike, Uyo and Mokwa. Nitrogen application had a significant effect on the number of cobs at NIFOR, Uyo and Mokwa, while spacing significantly influenced number of cobs at all locations except Uyo. Husk weight was significantly increased by nitrogen application at four locations, NIFOR, Uyo, Mokwa and Samaru, but spacing had no effect on this yield component in any of the other locations except Umudike. There was an N by spacing interaction on husk weight at Umudike and Mokwa. Nitrogen application significantly influenced lodging at tasseling at Uyo, Mokwa and Riyom, whilst there was a significant effect of spacing at Uyo and Samaru. At harvest, lodging was not influenced by N application but spacing significantly affected lodging at Ibadan and NIFOR. Both N application and spacing had no significant effect on shelling percentage at any location. The high correlation between relative yield and available Zn(r = 0.77), Cu (r = 0.63) and Fe (r = − 0.66) of the soil at all the locations has shown that: (i) other nutrients besides N, P and K affected maize yield, therefore the inclusion of other nutrients besides N, P and K in the fertilizer recommendation for maize should be encouraged; (ii) different levels of NPK fertilizer plus other nutrients are required in each ecological zone and this can be determined by soil testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01834811
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    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063405
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    Evaluation of two unusual high analysis compounds as fertilizers, including possible slow release features (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049562
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    Nitrogen leaching and uptake from calcium cyanamide in comparison to urea and calcium ammonium nitrate in an ultisol from the humid tropics (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ammonium nitrate ; calcium cyanamide ; humid tropics ; maize ; nitrate leaching ; rice ; ultisol ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaching loss of N applied as calcium cyanamide (CaCN2 — 19% N), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN — 26% N) to a coarse textured, kaolinitic ultisol profile was studied in the laboratory using undisturbed soil columns. The soil columns were leached with an amount of water equivalent to the annual rainfall of the sampling site (2420mm) using a rainfall simulator over a period of 42 days. The ‘leachability’ of the three N fertilizers differed greatly and followed the order of CAN 〉 urea 〉 CaCN2. Most of the N lost through leaching was in NO3 form. Calcium cyanamide lost only 3% of applied N. Breakdown of CaCN2 to NH4 was incomplete (64%) and nitrification in the soil was inhibited resulting in negligible leaching loss. Nitrogen retained in the soil columns after the leaching cycle was mainly in ammoniacal form irrespective of source of N used. Effectiveness of CaCN2 as a N source was also studied in a greenhouse experiment with maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa) as testing crops. Calcium cyanamide applied one week before sowing of crops was as effective as CAN and urea under conditions of no N leaching. When applied at the time of planting and two or more weeks before planting gave lower dry matter yields and N uptake than CAN and urea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315104
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    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049804
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049117
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    Shortened bush fallow rotations with relay-cropped Inga edulis and Desmodium ovalifolium in wet central Amazonian Peru (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 173-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: bush fallow ; agroforestry ; Inga edulis ; Desmodium ovalifolium ; shifting cultivation ; wet tropics ; sustainable system ; maize ; cassava ; plantain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Palcazu Valley alluvial Inceptisols are relay-cropped with maize-cassavaplantain in rotation with 2–5 years of tree fallow. These lands, of limited extent, yet important for Yanesha Indian subsistence production, are being cropped even more intensively as population increases and land is converted to other uses. The relay-planting of the tree-thicket combination Inga edulis with Desmodium ovalifolium into the on-farm crop sequence was evaluated as a means to accelerate fallow recovery and thereby shorten fallow rotations. Three experiments with Inga/Desmodium planted with cassava-plantain and one with rice under different weeding regimes after a Desmodium fallow were conducted. Inga and Desmodium were not chopped back or pruned during these experiments. Desmodium/Inga suppressed herbaceous weeds from one year after planting. Desmodium/Inga accumulated more woody biomass than natural fallows. Cassava yields were unaffected by the presence of Desmodium/Inga, while plantain yields were greater under Desmodium/Inga compared to natural weeds. Desmodium/Inga, while promising for shortening fallow rotations, demonstrated potential difficulties: increased labor for establishment, tendency of Desmodium to weediness in later crop cycles, and suppression of the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123120
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    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129653
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    Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol: I: Soil moisture and crop yields (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 7-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: No-till ; plow-till ; cowpea ; maize ; oxygen diffusion rate ; allelopathy ; alley cropping ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted on a tropical Alfisol at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects on soil moisture and crop yields of three agroforestry systems. Effects of agroforestry treatments involving two perennial shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium), each at 2-m and 4-m row spacings, were compared with no-till and plow-till systems of seedbed preparation. Measurements were made for soil properties, runoff and erosion, nutrient losses in runoff, and crop growth and yield for a uniform maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) rotation. All of the six plots, each measuring 70 × 10m, were established on a natural slope of about 7%. Alterations in soil properties and effects on crop growth were evaluated for six consecutive years from 1982 through 1987. Seed germination and seedling establishment of Leucaena hedgerows were satisfactory while establishment of Gliricidia from stem cuttings was unsatisfactory. Maize germination and crop stand were normal while that of cowpea were suppressed by both Leucaena and Gliricidia. Maize growth and yield were suppressed only in the vicinity of hedgerows. Maize grain yield in agroforestry systems averaged about 10 percent lower than that of the control. In contrast with maize, agroforestry systems drastically suppressed cowpea grain yield. The average cowpea yield in agroforestry systems was 30 to 50% of the control. Regardless of the mangement system, grain yields declined over time at the rate of 340 and 96 kg ha−1yr−1 for maize and cowpea, respectively. Hedgerows of Leucaena and Gliricidia acted as windbreaks. Consequently, soil moisture content in the top 0–5 cm layer in agroforestry systems was generally higher than that in the control during both wet and dry seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00159066
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    Dry matter content and mineral composition of potatoes grown in Cyprus (1980)
    Springer
    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360677
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    Effect of light intensity on root growth, mycorrhizal infection and phosphate uptake in onion (Allium cepa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium ; light intensity ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139935
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    Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; peanuts ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhizae ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut plants (cv. Shulamit) were grown in an Oxisol soil in pots in the glasshouse to assess effects of soil sterilization and inoculation with spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) on the response to five rates of phosphorus (0 to 240 kg P ha−1) and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 kg Zn ha−1) fertilizers. Both P and Zn nutrition were affected by VAMF activity but the dominant role of VAMF in this soil type was in uptake of P. In the absence of VAMF there was a clear threshold level of P application (60 kg P ha−1) below which plants grew poorly, which resulted in a sigmoidal response of dry matter to applied P. The maximum response was not fully defined because dry matter production continued to increase up to 240 kg P ha−1. Tissue P concentration of non-mycorrhizal plants increased linearly with P rate and was always significantly less than that in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants responded without threshold to increasing P rate, attaining maximum dry matter at 120 kg P ha−1 in inoculated sterilized soil and at 30 kg P ha−1 in nonsterile soil. These differences in maximal P rates and in the greater dry matter produced in sterile soil at high P rates were attributed to the negative effects of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla in nonsterile soil. Plant weight did not respond to zinc fertilizer but tissue Zn concentration increased with applied Zn. Tissue Zn concentration and uptake were increased by VAMF.
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    Response of field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization for yield and nitrogen fixation (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chickpea ; phosphorus ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of phosphorus at 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 in the presence of a uniform dressing of nitrogen (N) and potash (K2O) each applied at 20 and 24 kg ha−1 to chickpea (CM-88) grown in sandy loam soil in a replicated field experiment improved the nodulation response of the crop, increased its grain yield (ka ha−1) by 18, 59, 40 and 14 percent, biomass yield (ka ha−1) by 32, 32, 54 and 14 percent, biomass N (kg ha−1) by 31, 48, 49, 19 percent, and biomass P (kg ha−1) by 26, 40, 41 and 11 percent, respectively. The effect of phosphorus on the nitrogenase activity of the excised roots of chickpea was, however, inconsistent.
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    Identification of rhizobacteria from maize and determination of their plant-growth promoting potential (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: rhizobacteria ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria activity ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During the growing season of 1986, the rhizobacteria (including organisms from the ectorhizosphere, the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere) of 20 different maize hybrids sampled from different locations in the Province of Quebec were inventoried by use of seven different selective media. Isolates were characterized by morphological and biochemical tests and identified using the API20E and API20B diagnostic strips.Pseudomonas spp. were the prominent bacteria found in the rhizoplane and in the ectorhizosphere.Bacillus spp. andSerratia spp. were also detected, but in smaller numbers. In the endorhizosphere,Bacillus spp. andPseudomonas spp. were detected in order of importance. Screening for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria was carried out in three soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. The results depended on the soil used, but two isolates (Serratia liquefaciens andPseudomonas sp.) consistently caused a promotion of plant growth.
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    Relationship between root elongation rate and diameter and duration of growth of lateral roots of maize (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: axile root ; maize ; root diameter ; lateral root ; rhizotron ; root elongation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to describe the relationship between elongation rate and diameter of maize roots and to estimate the length and growth duration of lateral roots of maize. Diameters and elongation rates of roots were measuredin situ on plants grown 5 weeks in small rhizotrons under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experimental period the roots were harvested and diameters of axile and lateral roots were measured. The frequency distribution of diameters of harvested roots was bimodal with a minimum at 0.6 mm; 97% of axile roots were larger than this value and 98% of the lateral roots were smaller. Root elongation per day increased as diameter increased but the slope of the relationship with lateral roots was about 2.5 times that with axile roots when separate linear regressions were fitted to the two populations. The length of lateral roots found on axillary roots between the base and about 30 cm from the apex was approximately 2.2 cm. All of the data was consistent with the hypothesis that the lateral roots grew for about 2.5 days and then ceased growing. The axillary roots continued to grow throughout the experimental period at a rate of about 3 cm day−1.
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    Effects of phosphorus on the morphology of VA mycorrhizal root system of leek (Allium porrum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 334-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium porrum L. ; phosphorus ; root growth ; root morphology ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leek plants were raised on sterilized soil/sand medium amended with Ca(H2PO4)2. H2O ranging up to 750 mg Pkg−1. Addition of P increased total root length by increasing the initiation of laterals, which extended at a constant rate. This change in root growth was paralleled by the P inflow into the plant, but not by the P concentration of the plant, suggesting that it is the rate of P uptake which affects root branching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370427
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    Variability of C, N and P content of a tropical semiarid soil as affected by soil genesis, erosion and land clearing (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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    Stimulating effects of foliar K-fertilizer applied at the appropriate stage of development of maize: A new way to increase yield and improve quality (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; foliar K fertilizer ; grain ; K-salts ; maize ; protein ; spraying site ; sweetness ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of eight experiments was conducted using large pots to (1) find the most effective date, site, concentration of K-solution and K-salt for foliar K-fertilization of maize plants (Zea mays, L.) grown with sufficient K-supply in soil, (2) explain why maize responded to the K-treatment, and (3) examine the influence of various levels of N and P supplies on the effectiveness of K-fertilizer via the leaves. A single spraying on sweet maize and field maize on any day between 50% tasselling date to 10 days after tasselling shortened maturity date, increased grain yield, stover yield, grain-stover ratio, absorption of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, sweetness of young grain (of sweet maize), and crude protein content of grain. However spraying on the third day after 50% tasselling was most effective. The second application later than 7 days after the 50% tasselling date suppressed the effects of spraying on the most effective date. In application of many repetitive sprayings covering the most effective date, a spraying program with late spraying could reduce grain yield. KNO3, 2.5% KNO3-solution, and applications on all aerial parts were found to be the most effective. Increases in grain yield for spraying on all aerial parts, spraying on ear leaf only, spraying on all leaves above ear leaf and applying K to soil were 74%, 51%, 41% and 23%, respectively. The foliar K-fertilization affected maize by stimulating chlorophyll synthesis and not by increasing leaf area. A balance in N and K supplies was determined to be effective for the K-fertilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370297
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    In situ ion exchange resin bags to estimate forest site quality (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370284
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    Zein proteins: a multigene family from maize endosperm (1982)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1982), S. 191-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: maize ; endosperm ; zein ; structural genes ; chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the main aspects of the genetic organization of the synthesis of zeins in maize endosperm. Recent advances in zein chemistry and biochemistry are discussed and the organization of zein structural genes is presented with particular emphasis on their arrangement within a multigene family. Maize chromosomes 7 and 4 bear zein structural genes. The regulation of zein synthesis is discussed in relation to opaque loci and a model is presented to explain the relationship between the regulatory genes02 and06 and the synthesis of zein polypeptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01108630
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    A model to predict the zinc status of soils for maize (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alluvial soils ; environmental conditions ; maize ; soil properties ; soil Zn status ; soil Zn tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study, carried out over 2 years, was to evaluate the effect of soil properties on the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to zinc applications and relate these properties to soil test Zn for predicting the Zn status of soils considering the effect of environmental conditions. The relative yield, expressed as an index of crop response, was related through multiple regression to CEC (or clay), electrical conductivity (or exchangeable Na), and bulk density consistently throughout the two year period that included one relatively wet, cool and cloudy growing season when variations in relative yield were explained also by 0.5M NaHCO3-extractable-P and organic C. A procedure is presented to establish limits for the soil propeties and soil-test-extractable-Zn and to meaningfully combine them into a model to predict soil Zn status. A model that combined soil test Zn, texture and electrical conductivity was satisfactory for the purpose of prediction and for adoption for soil testing on a routine basis. The suggested approach may be suitable for designing models with soil properties associated with crop responses to micronutrients in other situations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327256
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    Effects of P, K, and liming on soil pH, Al, Mn, K, and forage barley dry matter yield and quality for a newly-cleared Cryorthod (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; Cryorthod ; dry matter yield ; fertilization ; forage barley ; liming ; managanese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; protein ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forage barley dry matter yield and quality, as well as soil pH, Al, and Mn were monitored in response to P, K, and lime application on a newly cleared Typic Cryorthod (Orthid Podzol). The overall yearly yield level was affected by precipitation. Without liming soil acidification occurred after three years of production. The liming rate of 2.2 Mg.ha−1 was found optimal for maintaining initial pH levels (5.66) and increasing forage barley yields. It was also found optimum for K and P utilization for these first years of production. Soil pH dropped an average of 0.33 units over the three years on unlimed P plots and 0.46 units over 4 years on K plots. Phosphorus and K fertilization increased N utilization and resulted in decreased soil acidification. Phosphorus availability was greater in the first year of cropping than in subsequent years, this was likely due to the effects of higher available moisture, liming release of native P, and effects of initial fertilization. There was a 148% increase in total dry matter yield and an 85% increase in protein yield of forage barley with P application. Liming increased total forage barley yields an average of 69% and total protein yields 48%. Reduced barley yields in unlimed plots were due to low soil pH. After two years of cultivation, unlimed plots contained exchangeable Al and soluble Mn levels reported toxic for other soils. The higher liming rates of 4.4 and 6.6 Mg.ha−1 reduced soluble Mn to near critically low levels. soil Al and Mn were highly correlated to pH. Soil exchangeable Al, Mn, and soluble Mn along with tissue Al were inversely correlated to percentage yield. The average yield respone to three levels of applied K, increased from zero initially to 67% by the fourth year. Total dry-matter production increased 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 15% with K fertilization over four years. About 60% of the yield response occurred between the 0 and 22kg K.ha−1 rates. Initial soil exchangeable K levels were not maintained even at the highest 66kg K.ha−1 treatment. Soil exchangeable Al and soluble Mn were elevated with dropping pH. Soil K reserves and resupply of exchangeable K in these soils over the long term will be an important factor in crop production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372527
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    Effects of added organic residues and calcium carbonate on polyphosphate hydrolysis in four Quebec soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic residues ; phosphorus ; polyphosphate hydrolysis ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphatase ; pyrophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyphosphate hydrolysis was studied in three surface samples and one subsurface sample of Quebec soil treated with alfalfa residues (44.8 t ha−1) and farmyard manure (FYM; 44.8 t ha−1); and in two acid soil samples treated with CaCO3 (12.5 t ha−1). The polyphosphates used were Na4P2O7. 10H2O (NaPP) and PolyN (a triammonium pyrophosphate-orthophosphate mixture). Each polyphosphate was added at a rate of 1.00g P kg−1 soil. Addition of alfalfa residues promoted polyphosphate hyrolysis of both NaPP and PolyN through reduced polyphosphate sorption and increasing pyrophosphatase activity. Application of FYM increased polyphosphate hydrolysis in Uplands topsoil and retarded hydrolysis in the other soils. Hydrolysis was probably reduced because of orthophosphate (OP) introduced with the FYM. Added CaCO3 accelerated polyphosphate hydrolysis in an acid topsoil sample through reduced sorption, but slowed hydrolysis in the subsoil sample, due to a reduction in enzyme activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372528
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    The root surface phosphatases ofEriophorum vaginatum: Effects of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and inorganic phosphorus (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371136
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    The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371147
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    Mass selection for kernel depth in early maize (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; combining ability ; correlated response ; inbreeding depression ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effectiveness of mass selection for kernel depth in an early maize (Zea mays L.) synthetic, i.e. NDSAB, was evaluated in eight North Dakato environments. Four cycles of selection for deeper kernels were evaluated for grain yield and associated traits by using corresponding randomly selected subpopulations of NDSAB to adjust out inbreeding effects on selected subpopulations. General combining ability (GCA) effects of selected subpopulations also were evaluated for these traits. Subpopulations selected from one to four cycles for deep kernels were reciprocally crossed to corresponding randomly selected subpopulations in a factorial mating design. Subpopulations, selfed subpopulations, and subpopulation crosses were evaluated for yield and associated traits. Subpopulations selected for deep kernels generally had deeper kernels, higher yields, heavier kernels, more kernel rows per ear, and lower test weights than corresponding randomly selected subpopulations. Differences in GCA effects among selected and unselected subpopulations generally corresponded to differences between selected and unselected parental subpopulations. Inbreeding effects from selfing were observed for all traits, but no average heterosis was detected when subpopulation crosses were compared to parental subpopulations. Reciprocal differences were observed for all traits except kernel depth, but these differences were inconsistent relative to whether deep kerneled females made superior hybrids to unselected females. Results supported the use of mass selection for kernel depth as a means of grain yield improvement in the short term for NDSAB. However, negative associations of kernel depth with test weight may restrict long term use of this procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00730650
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    The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures. I. germination of inbred lines and their F1s (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; germination ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two collections of inbred lines were divided into early (E), medium (M) and late (L) germinating lines, on the basis of days to germination under growth-cabinet conditions at 8°C and 6°C constant temperatures. Tolerance of low temperatures was found to be an heritable trait and characteristic of each inbred line. When the inbreds and F1s were tested at 6°C the single crosses of early germinating lines showed earlier germination than crosses between slow germinating lines. Thus the performance of F1s greatly depends on the parental lines used in the crosses. Differences observed in some of the reciprocal crosses were attributed to maternal effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021466
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    Grain-fill characteristics of early maize strains selected for variable R-nj expression (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 839-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; aleurone ; anthocyanin ; correlated response ; endosperm ; kernel growth ; mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain-fill rates and durations were estimated for three early maize (Zea mays L.) strains developed by mass selection for variable R-nj aleurone color expression. Strains selected for high, random, and low color expression were evaluated for rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA), effective filling period duration (EFPD), and lag period duration (LPD). Strains from cycles 3 and 4 were grown in 1980 and 1981, respectively, to test the hypothesis that selection for variable R-nj expression had changed rate and/or duration of grain-fill. Results indicated that while selection for high R-nj expression increased RDMA and decreased EFPD, low color selection reduced RDMA and increased EFPD. LPD was increased slightly by high color selection. The relationships of these characteristics to previously observed yield, stability, and ear moisture differences among these strains are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042165
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    The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures II. Harvesting time, number of kernels and plant height at maturity (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 475-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; harvesting time ; number of kernels ; final plant height ; heterosis ; additive-dominance effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A set of 11 inbred lines of grain maize and generations derived from them were grown at a latitude further north than the generally accepted limit of the crop in the U.K. Analyses of variance for harvesting time, number of kernels and final plant height showed significant differences between the inbred lines and between their F1, F2 and backcross generations. A- and C-scaling tests or the joint scaling test were used to analyse the means of parents, F1, F2 and the two backcross generations for 8 reciprocal crosses. These tests showed that for all the crosses the addivite-dominance models were adequate for the characters. i.e. there was little or no evidence of non-allelic interactions. There was some evidence for heterosis for number of kernels and plant height, that of number of kernels being particularly impressive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022944
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    Recurrent selection for seed quality traits in an opaque-2 maize population (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 857-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; phenotypic recurrent selection ; kernel quality traits ; modified opaque-2 types ; correlated responses ; mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this research was to evaluate the response to phenotypic recurrent selection for four seed quality traits, i.e. protein content, dye binding capacity, tryptophan content, and specific weight, in a modified opaque-2 population of maize (Zea mays L.). Changes in other agronomic traits were also studied. Four selection cycles, using as selection criterion an index constructed from the four seed quality traits, were completed on an individual plant basis. The material from each cycle and from testerosses of each cycle with a homozygous opaque-2 tester was grown for two consecutive years to evaluate the progress due to selection. The results showed that four cycles of recurrent selection induced sizeable variations among cycles for all selected traits. The rate of progress for the four seed quality traits was nearly linear. Further-more, theldata show that improvement in seed-protein related traits had no negative effects on grain yield and kernel weight, when evaluated as the mean performance of testerosses. There was also no appreciable alteration in the other agronomic traits caused by selection for seed quality traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035424
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    Analysis of the spatial variability of maize root density (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: horizontal variability ; maize ; root clumping ; soil compaction ; soil structure ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The spatial arrangement of maize roots was studied in a clay loam field in order to test the regularity of root arrangement, which is implicitly assumed when distances between neighbouring roots are calculated. For that. we carried out a mapping of root contacts on six superposed horizontal planes which cut the rooting volume of several area samples. Three situations were studied: (i) one inter-row out of two was compacted down to the base of the ploughed layer (28 cm), but not in non-tilled layers (28 to 200 cm); (ii) a mechanical obstacle was placed at the base of the ploughed layer; (iii) one inter-row out of two was compacted down to half the depth of the ploughed layer. On all horizontal planes, the spatial arrangement or root contacts followed a non-regular, clustered pattern for a 10−2m scale of study, even in parts of soil which had not been disturbed by compactions. In the first two situations, where obstacles met the base of the ploughed layer, root density in non-tilled layers was several times lower below the obstacles than below the remaining parts of the ploughed layer. This caused a 10−1 m sized variability which was superimposed on to the 10−2 m one. Conversely in the third situation, obstacles had no appreciable effect on root density in non-tilled layers. Obstacles located at the base of the ploughed layer therefore prevented root access to non-tilled layer and caused a ‘shadow effect’ in the non-tilled layers. This effect is probably due to the main vertical direction of roots in these layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370555
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    Analysis of the spatial variability of maize root density (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: distances ; maize ; root density ; root clumping ; soil structure ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out in a maize field in order (i) to study the horizontal variability of the root length per unit volume (Lv), and (ii) to compare two methods of calculation of distances between roots: the first was based on the classical calculation of half the mean distance between neighbouring roots (HMDR), and the second was a direct graphical method carried out on root maps, on 5 superposed horizontal planes. Lv was measured at silking in adjacent, 10−3m3-sized parallelepipeds, and in 2-cm edged cubes taken in non-compacted zone. At a 10−3m3 scale, the distribution of Lv was bimodal in each layer, with one mode in non-compacted zones and the other, which was 20 times lower, below the wheel tracks. The study on a contimetre-sized scale in the non-compacted parts showed a very skewed distribution, with differences between cubes of more than one order of magnitude. The HMDR per layer were smaller than 2 cm to a depth of 60 cm, whereas the direct method showed that an appreciable proportion of points in the soil were at a distance more than 10 times the HMDR from the nearest root. It would therefore have been incorrect to consider, as it is generally assumed in water uptake models, that the maximum distance which water had to travel to the nearest root was the HMDR. Here, root mapping was therefore a better solution than measurement of Lv for characterizing root system as a water sink.
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    Development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and the uptake of immobile nutrients inLeucaena leucocephala (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; Glomus aggregatum ; immobile nutrients ; Leucaena leucocephala ; phosphorus ; Tropeptic ; Eutrustox ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection in the roots of Leucaena grown in a sand-soil mixture in the greenhouse increased rapidly with time and reached a peak value of 84% at 30 days from planting. The pattern of immobile nutrient uptake and accumulation closely paralleled that of the development of infection, particularly during the first 10–30 days after planting. Significant changes in dry matter yield were also observed only after a significant portion of the root length was colonized byGlomus aggregatum. The development of VAM infection was not accompanied by growth depression at any of the sampling periods. However, VAM roots had very high levels of Cu which was not translocated to shoots. It is hypothesized that such a diversion of Cu by the endophyte from the host could cause growth depression under conditions where the soil volume is supplied with sub-optimal levels of Cu.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371200
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    Reassessment of root competition for P of field-grown maize in pure and mixed cropping (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 299-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: lupin ; maize ; phosphate ; root competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root competition for phosphate (P) in the field was calculated with maize i) as singly grown plants, ii) in pure cropping and iii) in mixed cropping with lupin. The experimentally determined parameters used for this purpose were thein situ root-distance pattern as registered by autoradiography and the P-depletion cylinder around a maize root as determined autoradiographically under radial diffusional flow. The results do not indicate any competition for P between roots of adjacently grown plants in either pure or mixed cropping. On the other hand, the P-depletion cylinders of approximately one third of the roots of an individual maize plant were found to overlap. However, when allowance was made for the concentration gradients within a depletion cylinder, the actual competition for phosphate was less than 1%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371230
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    Response of cereals to nitrogen in sole cropping and intercropping with different legumes (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereals ; cowpea ; groundnut ; intercropping ; legumes ; maize ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pigeonpea ; sole cropping ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of sole and intercropped cereal to nitrogen fertilization was compared in three contrasting cropping systems, sorghum/pigeonpea, maize/groundnut, and sorghum/cowpea. The cereal in these systems responded to nitrogen similarly as in sole cropping, although different legumes affected the cereal differently. There was no current season benefit from the legume, whether it matured earlier or later than the cereal, and for high yields the cereal in intercropping needs fertilizer application. Response to nitrogen varied with the amount and distribution of seasonal rainfall. With increased nitrogen fertilizer applied to the intercropped cereal, the legume yields were suppressed. The optimum dose for the intercropped cereal was similar to that for sole cropping but it was 50% less in a dry year particularly, on a shallow Alfisol. The combined yields of both crops made intercropping more profitable than sole cropping. The relative advantage of intercropping was high in the sorghum/pigeonpea system (40 to 70%) because of the greater temporal difference between species, and moderate in the maize/groundnut (13 to 35%), and sorghum/cowpea (18 to 25%) systems. Although the relative advantage of intercropping (expressed as Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)) decreased with N, the economic value, of the advantage was little affected within the optimum N range because absolute yields increased with fertilization.
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    Evaluation of N2-fixation and nitrogen economy of a maize/cowpea intercrop system using15N dilution methods (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cowpea ; intercropping ; maize ; 15N methods ; N economy ; N2-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yields of above ground biomass and total N were determined in summer-grown maize and cowpea as sole crops or intercrops, with or without supplementary N fertilizer (25 kg N ha−1, urea) at an irrigated site in Waroona, Western Australia over the period 1982–1985. Good agreement was obtained between estimates of N2 fixation of sole or intercrop cowpea (1984/85 season) based on the15N natural abundance and15N fertilizer dilution techniques, both in the field and in a glasshouse pot study. Field-grown cowpea was estimated to have received 53–69% of its N supply from N2-fixation, with N2-fixation onlyslightly affected by intercropping or N fertilizer application. Proportional reliance on N2-fixation of cowpea in glasshouse culture was lower (36–66%) than in the field study and more affected by applied N. Budgets for N were drawn up for the field intercrops, based on above-ground seed yields, return of crop residues, inputs of fixed N and fertilizer N. No account was taken of possible losses of N through volatilization, denitrification and leaching or gains of N in the soil from root biomass. N2-fixation was estimated tobe 59 kg N ha−1 in the plots receiving no fertilizer N, and 73 kg N ha−1 in plots receiving 25 kg N ha−1 as urea. Comparable fixation by sole cowpea was higher (87 and 82 kg N ha−1 respectively) but this advantage was outweighed by greater land use efficiency by the intercrop than sole crops.
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    Effects of natural and artificially induced reduction on soil solution phosphorus in rice soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flooded soil ; phosphorus ; phosphorus fertilization ; Oryza sativa L ; oxidized ; reduced ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of natural and artificial reduction on P extractability from soils used for rice production and the relation of these values to response to fertilizer P were investigated. Soil solution P increased from a mean of 3.8 mg P·kg−1 soil for naturally oxidized slurries of 28 soils to 19.8mg P·kg−1 when the soils were naturally reduced. The mean values were further increased to 40.8 and 45.3 mg·kg−1 when the soils were reduced with 0.1M Na2S2O4 and 0.2M Na2S2O4, respectively. These P-values compare with 18.2 mg kg−1 when the dry soils were extracted with Bray No. 1 extractant. When the yields of rice were correlated with solution and extracted P, the R2's for the quadratic relationships were 0.40**, 0.31*, 0.34**, 0.30*, and 0.55** for the naturally oxidized, the naturally reduced, 0.1M Na2S2O4, 0.2M Na2S2O4 and Bray No. 1, respectively. The Cate-Nelson calculation confirmed the superiority of the weak acid Bray extractant and the critical value of 8.6 mg P·kg−1 soil needed for satisfactory yields of rice. There was little response of rice to added fertilizer P on soils with solution P-values greater than 0.09 mg P·l−1 in oxygenated soil slurries. Some soils with solution P of this order and high amounts of Bray No. 1 extractable P still gave modest responses to fertilizer P. Although natural or chemically induced reduction increased soil solution P, it did not improve prediction of yield response of rice to added fertilizer P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370699
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370385
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    Effects of VAM and reduced nutrient availability on growth and phosphorus and micronutrient uptake of wheat and field beans under greenhouse conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; iron ; manganese ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; phosphorus ; VAM ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) on field bean and spring wheat dry matter production and on phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese uptake was determined under greenhouse conditions. Nutrient availability was varied by using different sizes of pots and by diluting the soil with sand. VAM increased plant dry matter production under all sets of growth conditions. VAM were found to directly increase the uptake of P, Zn, Cu and Fe by field beans and of P and Zn for wheat in both experiments. Increased uptake of the other nutrients measured was attributed to increased dry matter production or other factors. The effect of VAM decreased as the pot size holding the host plants decreased, but was not affected by the ratio of soil to sand if the pot size was kept constant. Nutrient uptake by beans as a proportion of total amount of nutrient present increased as the amount of nutrient decreased. Increase in root-soil contact and altered chemical equilibria are probable reasons for increased efficiency of nutrient uptake by beans as the level of available nutrient decreased. For wheat, which has a relatively fibrous root system, decreasing the nutrient availability had minimal effects on nutrient uptake in these experiments. Increases in total uptake of a particular nutrient resulting from inoculation with VAM are not necesarily indicative of a direct uptake of that nutrient by the VAM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370627
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    Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; sand-alumina ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of the alumina system for differentiating between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for growth at different levels of phosphorus availability was determinated. In addition to response to P levels, comparisons were made between plants receiving N either from fertilizer or nitrogen fixation. When the cv. Carioca was provided with either 100 ppm of N or inoculated withRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli, differences in shoot dry weight and nodule number were related to P level. There was a greater proportion of green, ineffectivevs. red, active nodules at the low P concentration than at the higher P concentration. In a second experiment, two cvs., Puebla 152 and Carioca and the breeding line UW 24-21, either were inoculated with rhizobia or provided with 150ppm of N. Each genotype-nitrogen combination was grown at 8 levels of P. There was a positive effect of P level on shoot dry weight, nodule number and nodule mass. Root mass was affected less than nodule or shoot mass by the P level of the growth medium. Nodule mass, but not P concentration in the nodules, was affected by P level, whereas in the other plant tissues, P concentrations were lower at lower P levels in the media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370628
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370637
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    Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197596
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    Effects of intermittent waterlogging on the mineral nutrition of cotton (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; calcium ; cotton ; flooding ; magnesium ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sodium chloride ; waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intermittent waterlogging on the nutrient status of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Deltapine 61). The crop was grown in a sloping plot of soil in which a gradient of water-table depth ranging from 0.04m above to 0.60m below the soil surface was established during two periods of waterlogging in mid summer and early autumn. The first waterlogging lasted 8 days; the second lasted 16 days. Dry matter increases were less for severely waterlogged plants than for plants with well-aerated root systems during the first flooding, but the increases were similar during the second. Waterlogging impaired uptake of most nutrients by young plants in the first flooding, but had much less effect on nutrient uptake by older plants in the second. Waterlogging consistently reduced concentrations of P and K in the petioles and laminae of young fully-expanded leaves, and severely waterlogged plants were deficient in these nutrients by the end of the first flooding. Mn did not accumulate to toxic levels in waterlogged plants. During each flooding, waterlogged plants gained in total content of all nutrients studied, but the gains of each nutrient, except for Na, were proportionally smaller than for well-aerated plants. Fluxes of K-, Cl- and HPO4- ions in xylem sap exuded from stumps of detopped plants which had been waterlogged were lower than those from plants with well-aerated root systems. Seed cotton yields and concentrations of nutrients in mature bolls were not affected by the two periods of waterlogging. It is concluded that although intermittent waterlogging induced nutrient stress in cotton plants, especially for P and K in young plants before flowering, they recovered with no detrimental effect upon yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370647
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    The longevity and activity of the primary root of maize (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acridine orange ; cortex ; lateral roots ; maize ; main root cylinder ; nuclear staining ; primary root ; phosphate uptake ; root hairs ; senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The longevity of the main root cylinder and the laterals of the primary root of maize plants was determined under controlled greenhouse conditions by means of nuclear staining with acridine orange. The cortex of the main root was found to be alive for the whole life-span of the plant, whereas the life-span of the root hairs was only 2 to 3 days as evidenced by electronmicroscopical examination of cell integrity. The onset of senescence of laterals was observed at the older part of the main root at the 6-leaf stage of the plant. Senescence of 1st and 2nd order laterals commenced near the root tip a few days after their protrusion and advanced towards the basal region of the root. In any root segment death of the cortex cells preceeded that of the stele. At the late grain filling stage all laterals along the main root exhibited advanced senescence, but stainable nuclei were seen in the root tissues of the basal part of 1st order laterals (both cortex and stele) as well as of the 2nd order laterals which emerged from that root segment. The pattern of the dying of the root tissue is discussed with regard to the P-nutrition of the shoot system by the primary root.
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    Development and replenishment of the P-depletion zone around the primary root of maize during the vegetation period (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: freeze-cutting ; dynamics ; depletion zone ; root longevity ; maize ; P-deficiency ; phosphate ; radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the development and replenishment of P-depletion zones around the primary root of maize (Zea mays L. cv ‘Garbo’) was studied during a vegetation period (80 days) under greenhouse conditions in a loamy sand of low P-availability. A recently described freeze-cutting technique was used to determine radial diffusion of labelled phosphate to the primary root. The development of the depletion zone was biphasic. In the initial phase after two days of growth of the primary root in a soil layer labelled with33P a minimum of isotopically exchangeable P (EP) was observed which had decreased to about 30% of its original amount at the root surface. At that time the corresponding P-concentration in the soil solution was calculated to be as low as 5×10−7 M. The depletion zone had already spread 0.4 mm from the root surface. During the second phase, between the 10th and 20th day of plant growth the concentration of EP at the root surface increased slowly but did not change markedly. However, the depletion zone continued to spread and after the 20th day of growth reached its maximal diameter (1.07 mm from the root surface) but remained completely within the root hair cyclinder; the single root hairs never exceeded 1.14 mm in length. The biphasic growth of the depletion zone was probably caused by proton extrusion of the root tip. Acidification of the soil solution from pH 5.8 to about 3.9 results in an about 3-fold rise of the concentration of desorbed phosphate and might also have activated acidophilic P-translocators of the root during the initial phase. Anion over cation uptake normally prevailing during the later stage of root development might resulted in a rise of the soil pH within the root hair zone. Consequently P-availability, as well as P-uptake capacity declined, but P-uptake by the seminal root still continued until the 20th day. Subsequently, the P-concentration within the depletion zone increased again while simultaneously its extent was reduced until it was almost completely replenished after 60 days indicating a loss of P-uptake capacity of the primary root. Within the root tissue33P was accumulated to about twice the concentration of that in the undepleted soils. This accumulation corresponded to periods of high uptake due to the development of root laterals. In the root cortex a high P-content was observed during the first 30 days of growth. At the onset of the reproductive stage of the plant the P-content of the shoot and especially in the developing seeds rose considerably at the cost of phosphate stored in the root cortex. The accumulation of33P in the root tissue indicated that nutrient gain was mainly achieved during the early stages of plant development and that P was temporarily stored to some extent within the root system.
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    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370914
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    Micronutrients and nitrogen metabolism (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; assimilation ; maize ; micronutrients ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; metabolism ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sand-culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of a deficiency of and an excess of micronutrients on the uptake and assimilation of NH 4 + and NO 3 − ions by maize. By studying the fate of15N supplied as15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3, it was demonstrated that in maize plants NH4−N was absorbed in preference to NO 3 − −N. The uptake and distribution of N originating from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − was considerably modified by deficiency of, or an excess of, micronutrients in the growth medium. The translocation of NH 4 + −N from roots to shoots was relatively less than that of NO 3 − −N. Deficiency as well as excessive amounts of micronutrients, in the growth medium, substantially reduced the translocation of absorbed N into protein. This effect was more pronounced in the case of N supplied as NO 3 − . Amino-N was the predominant non-protein fraction in which N from both NH 4 + and NO 3 − tended to accumulate. The next important non-protein fractions were NO 3 − −N when N was supplied as NO 3 − and amide-N when NH 4 + was the source. The relative accumulation of15N into different protein fractions was also a function of imposed micronutrient levels.
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    The effect of soil aggregate size on early shoot and root growth of maize (Zea mays L.) (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggregate roundness ; aggregate strength ; maize ; plant nutrients ; shoot length ; root morphology ; soil aggregates ; shoot growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Differences in plant growth arising from differences in aggregate size in the seedbed are normally atributed to limitations in nutrient or water supply during the early growth period. This study was initiated to determine if these were the only mechanisms by which aggregate size influences plant response. Four different aggregate size fractions (less than 1.6 mm, 1.6 to 3.2 mm, 3.2 to 6.4 mm and 6.4 to 12.8 mm diameter) were sieved from a silt loam soil. Nutrients were added to the soil and maize was grown in the aggregates for eighteen days after seedling emergence. Soil matric potential was maintained between — 3 and −20 kPa. Shoot dry weight declined by 18% as aggregate size increased from less than 1.6 mm to 1.6–3.2 mm. There was little further decline as aggregate size increased to 6.4–12.8 mm. Final leaf area showed a similar decline. The availability of nutrients or water were not limiting. Total root length in the coarsest aggregate system was less than 60% of that in the finest system. Main axes of seminal and nodal roots were longer in the coarser aggregate systems, the length of primary laterals was not affected, and length of secondary laterals was lower in the coarser systems. A greater proportion of the roots penetrated the larger aggregates than the smaller aggregates; however, the larger aggregates offered greater resistance to penetration by a rigid micropenetrometer (150 μ diameter probe). Diameter of the main axes roots were greatest in the largest two aggregate fractions. it is speculated that a combination of increased endogenous ethylene in roots in the finest aggregate system due to entrapment by water and increased mechanical resistance in the coarsest aggregate system accounts for the observed effects on root norphology.
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    Photosynthesis of salt-stressed maize as influenced by Ca∶Na ratios in the nutrient solution (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 283-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; water use efficiency ; Zea mays L. Ca ; Na ; Mg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The CO2 fixation rate of salt-stressed maize leaves was influenced by the Ca∶Na ratio in the solution cultures. At an osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa in the root media, both the photosynthetic rate and the water-use efficiency declined as substrate Ca increased. Blade-Ca concentration also increased, while blade-Na and-Mg decreased. Apparently photosynthetic activity was inhibited in part by internal Mg deficiency rather than by Na toxicity or by Na-induced Ca deficiency. Reduction of the Ca∶Mg ratio in the culture stimulated the CO2 fixation rate.
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    Inheritance of tillering and flowering-time in early maturing maize (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; maize ; tillering ; flowering-time ; diallel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A diallel cross and F2 populations derived from eight early maturing maize inbreds were used to investigate the inheritance of tillering and flowering-time (anthesis), and the possible relationship between tillering and flowering-time. Incomplete dominance for increased tillering was observed; potence ratios, representing the overall degree of dominance, ranged from 0.26 to 0.52. Dominance for early flowering ranged from incomplete with a potence ratio of 0.55 to overdominance with a potence ratio of 1.40. Broad-sense heritabilities were low for both characters. The genetic component of variation for tillering was due to general combining ability effects; specific combining ability effects were not significant. A significant negative linear relationship between tillering and flowering-time was found. Lack of independent assortment of tillering and flowering-time in F2 populations indicated that the two characters are genetically related.
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    Phenotypic and genetic relationships between yield components in maize (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 601-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; combining ability ; grain filling ; moisture content ; path coefficients ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological components of kernel development — LAG period, effective filling period duration (EFPD) and grain filling rate (GFR) — ear moisture release (ΔU), ear size (row number and kernels per row), days from emergence to silking and number of leaves, were examinated on 45 F1 hybrids (10×10 diallel cross) in order to study their genetic relationships with yield. Combining ability analysis revealed that all trait variability derived mainly from g.c.a. effects. LAG period and EFPD were the traits most affected by genotype-environment interaction. Covariation analysis (path method) based on mean phenotypic values and on g.c.a. effects yielded similar information. It is shown that GFR and EFPD are both related to plant yield, but GFR made the most important contribution. On the contrary, a significant relationship between yield and LAG was not detected. Ear size components were also positively related to yield and had negative effects on GFR. These results indicate that, for our material, the dry matter accumulation rate is the main limiting factor of yield. Considering s.c.a. effects, kernel number per row made the most important contribution.
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    Use of index selection in recurrent selection programs in maize (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; index selection ; recurrent selection ; genotypic correlation ; phenotypic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were examined for four traits in seven populations of maize (Zea mays L.) undergoing recurrent selection. Correlations among grain yield and percentage of grain moisture, root lodging, and stalk lodging were low (|r|〈0.3) except for the correlation between grain yield and stalk lodging, which was high and negative. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations agreed well from cycle to cycle within populations. Variation of correlations among populations was not significantly larger than variation among cycles. Heritabilities of these traits generally were high (h2〉0.5). Two indices, one that used heritabilities as index weights and one that used relative economic weights (base index) as index weights, were compared with the Smith-Hazel index (optimim index). Relative efficiencies of the two indices, in terms of predicted gains for the individual traits and the composite trait, compared with the Smith-Hazel index, were high. The use of an index in which heritabilities were used as index weights was recommended because:1) the heritabilities were the same as the optimum weights when the traits were uncorrelated, and for the data examined the correlations were low; and 2) heritabilities were computed in routine data analyses and were available at no additional cost.
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    Effects of selecting for yield versus yield efficiency on morphological and physiological traits of tropical maize (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 659-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; maize ; selection ; morphological traits ; physiological traits ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selection criteria to accelerate improvement of tropical maize (Zea mays L.) are needed because resources are limited and foods needs are growing. Yield efficiency (YE) (yield per unit leaf area), the reported grain yield-limiting factor in tropical maize, should be compared with grain yield (GY) (yield per unit land area) as selection criteria for rapid improvement of tropical maize. Selections for GY and for YE were conducted in two open-pollinated tropical maize cultivars that contrasted in morphological and physiological traits. Effectiveness of each selection criterion, changes in morphological and physiological traits, and density responses of synthetics associated with each selection criterion were studied. S1 lines were extracted in each population and evaluated in their area of adaptation at three locations in Southeastern Zaire during the 1976–77 growing season. The ten high yield-efficient and ten high yielding S1 lines in each population were separately combined to produce synthetics for high YE and high GY, respectively. The two synthetics selected in each population were compared with their original population at four densities (40 000, 60 000, 80 000 and 100 000 plants/ha) at Kaniama, Shaba, Zaire during 1977–78. Selecting for GY effectively increased GY, but also tended to maintain or increase excessive vegetative growth. Selecting for YE effectively reduced plant vegetative growth in one population and individual leaf size in the other population. It did not increase GY or YE because environmental and genetic factors that operate on YE were confounded. Neither selection criterion improved density tolerance. Maize breeding should emphasize selecting for combined criteria of GY and YE to achieve high GY, high YE, and density tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021479
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    Mass selection for improved cold and density tolerance of two maize populations (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; natural selection ; cold tolerance ; density tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data of planting and plant density are two cultural practices influencing grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Our study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of a mass selection scheme to improve cold and density tolerance of the BS2 and BS3 maize populations. Populations were planted at an early planting date and a high plant density, and three cycles of mass selection for well-filled ears on erect plants were conducted at earch of three Corn Belt locations (i.e., Waseca, MN; Ames, IA; Portageville, MO). Results showed that selection improved cold tolerance traits of BS3, but not of BS2. Mass selection did not increase density tolerance of either population at any location. Selection did not improve response to planting dates, although the early planting date did improve agronomic performance and grain yield of all entries. We concluded that mass selection at high plant densities and early planting dates at diverse geographical locations did not produce cycles adapted to specific environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022775
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    Effects of parents and planting dates on R-nj expression in maize (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; anthocyanin ; aleurone pigmentation ; diallel cross ; maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two sets of diallel crosses and a study using the cultivar Cudu were conducted to determine the extent to which the expression of the R-nj allele for purple aleurone pigmentation was influenced by the color level of the pollen parent, planting date, and the maternal genotype. Neither planting date nor color level of the pollen parent substantially modified relative color expression among hybrids. Maternal parent genotype primarily determined color expression. The data indicated that R-nj color differences did not differ among reciprocal crosses used as female parents. Expression of R-nj appeared to be modified by many loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021159
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    Sugar characteristics of sweet corn populations from a sugary enhancer breeding program (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 609-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; sweet corn ; vegetable breeding ; sorbitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Endosperm sugars and sorbitol were determined on 18 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) populations from a breeding program undertaken to transfer the sugary enhacer (se) gene into diverse sugary (su) backgrounds. Three subpopulations of IL677a, the source of se, and six su Se inbreds were included for comparison. Mature dry kernels of between two and four successive generations of these populations were analyzed. Immature kernels at two developmental stages (21 and 35 days after pollination) were also analyzed for one generation. Eleven of the breeding populations closely resemble IL677a, with high sucrose at the edible stage (21 days after pollination) and maltose accumulating as the seeds matured. In most instances, the distinctive sugar profiles were observed consistently in dry seeds of various generations. Hence, it appears that the se trait can be transferred successfully into su cultivars having various genetic backgrounds. The remaining seven breeding populations possessed elevated sucrose and glucose compared to most of the standard su Se inbreds, but maltose did not accumulate during seed maturation. It is not clear whether se was transferred to these populations and its expression modified or whether another trait was responsible. There were also marked differences in glucose levels among the su Se populations examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021889
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    Identification of pedigrees of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars by isozyme electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; hybrid ; inbred line ; pedigree determination ; electrophoresis ; chromatography ; RP-HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Determination of pedigree by laboratory means can provide an initial and rapid check of hybrid identity in studies designed to compare genotypes. In order to test the accuracy of such determinations, isozymic and chromatographic data were used in an attempt to ascribe pedigrees to 25 hybrids that were identified only by a letter code from a list of 30 inbred lines. The pedigrees of 9 single-cross hybrids were correctly deduced as was the direction in which each cross was made. The pedigrees of 2 hybrids could only be determined ambiguously, however these hybrids were reciprocals and the biochemical data were unable to distinguish between 2 related candidate inbred lines. Pedigrees of 3 hybrids were either incompletely determined or could not be determined from the list of 30 candidate inbred lines and were thus correctly identified as non-Pioneer® brand hybrids. Pedigrees of 9 3-way hybrids could be determined accurately but the pedigrees of 2 non-Pioneer® brand hybrids could not be deduced completely. The ability to correctly ascribe pedigrees of hybrids shows that these data provide a rapid means of determining whether additional field and laboratory tests would be warranted in tests designed to compare genotypic similarity of hybrids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037096
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    Effect of pollen storage by drying and deep-freezing on the expression of different agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; pollen storage ; drying ; deep-freezing ; agronomic traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pollen from the inbred maize line HMv 1645 was used to study the effect of pollen treatments (drying and deep-freezing) on the phenotypic performance of the next generation. Fresh and artificially dried pollen samples with different water contents (56%, 18%, 13% and 10%) were used for sib pollinations immediately after collection or drying. Samples containing low amounts of water were then stored in liquid nitrogen for 7 days. Fertilization ability of the samples with 13% water was the highest after storage. Plant characteristics of the next generation originated from the seeds set by differently treated (fresh, dried to 13% water and deep-frozen) pollen were examined and statistically analysed. Pollen treatments due to the pollen storage procedure did not cause detectable changes in quantitative characters of the next generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037099
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    Description and evaluation of a device for measuring vertical pulling resistance in maize (Zea mays L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 69-75 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays L. ; plant pulling device ; vertical pulling resistance ; root lodging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A plant pulling device was developed to measure vertical pulling resistance in maize as evaluation method for root lodging resistance. This device allows pulling in a standardized way because it is operated by an alternating current motor with ample capacity so as not to slow down during pulling. Due to its small proportions it remains easily manoeuvrable within the experimental field. Four replicated experiments (three with single cross hybrids and one with populations) on two locations (with sandy and clay soil) were carried out to estimate various statistical and quantitative genetic parameters of pulling resistance. The number of plants pulled per plot ranged from four to seven. The mean coefficient of environmental variation was 0.14 and the heritabilities for pulling resistance in the used material, based on experimental units, ranged from 0.61 to 0.77. Selection for pulling resistance seems therefore very well possible. The correlation between the pulling values from a location with clay soil and a location with sandy soil was 0.87, so genotype × environment-interaction was small. It is argued that one obtains reliable results with the least effort by using three replications and pulling four plants per plot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043369
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    Improvement and significance of resistance to low-temperature damage in maize (Zea mays L.). I. Chlorosis resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; cold tolerance ; low-temperature adaptation ; chlorosis ; divergent mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf chlorosis is one of the most obvious symptoms of low-temperature damage in maize. Divergent mass selection for chlorosis resistance was performed during two cycles of selection in two synthetic cold-tolerant populations. Both populations responded to selection, and after one cycle of selection the chlorosis resistant and susceptible selections already differed significantly. The two sets of corresponding C2 populations obtained were used for a growth analysis at 13/8, 15/10, 20/15°C (day/night) during the early phase of vegetative growth. All plants were chlorotic at 13/8°C, and only some at 15/10°C. Resistance to chlorosis increased the survival rate and the growth rate of the surviving plants at 15/10°C. Resistance, however, appeared to reduce the accumulation of shoot dryweight at 20/15°C. The correlated changes in morphology of the shoots due to selection for chlorosis resistance, such as thicker leaves, may in part have caused this undesirable effect. Despite the disadvantage, improvement of resistance is considered to have a positive effect on dry-matter yield and yield stability in areas with cool weather during vegetative growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043374
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    Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in maize (Zea mays L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 919-924 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic diversity ; D2-statistic ; heterosis ; relative heterosis ; heterobeltiosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The magnitude of heterosis was examined in relation to genetic divergence among 10 parents in a 10 × 10 diallel cross of maize. The 10 parents (varieties) were selected on the basis of multivariate analysis of quantitative characters using Mahalanobis' D2-statistic from a lot of 64 varieties of maize belonging to different geograshical regions of the world. The magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and its components was found to be higher with moderate (intermediate) parential diversity than with extreme ones. The results indicated that not only the genetic diversity but the high per se performance with respect to specific characters of interest should be taken into consideration also while selecting parents for hybridization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028600
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    Yield response to honeycomb selection in maize (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; plant selection ; selection efficiency ; direct and correlated responses ; positive skewness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This research evaluated the response to three cycles of mass honeycomb selection based on the grain yields of widely-spaced plants from the F2 generation of a maize (Zea mays L.) single cross hybrid. Frequency distributions of individual plant yields in the selection plots showed strong positive skewness. A significant linear yield increase of 11.23% per cycle compared to the check was obtained. Correlated responses were the significant reduction in days to mid-silking, increases in ear and plant heights and in prolificacy. The selected population was similar to the original hybrid in days to mid-silking, ear and plant heights, but had significantly more ears per plant. It is concluded that mass honeycomb selection at wide spacings was effective in improving grain yield and prolificacy but may produce correlated responses in some other agronomic traits similar to those obtained with other selection schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023295
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    The yield stability of CIMMYT'S maize germplasm (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 245-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; multilocation trials ; yield stability ; principal coordinates analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Principal coordinates analysis was used to determine the yield stability of some CIMMYT maize populations (Zea mays L.) measured by the performance of the varieties selected from them. The varieties included in this study were derived from subtropical of early and intermediate maturity maize populations. The analyses included grain yield data from international trials conducted from 1979 to 1983. Results show that varieties selected from the population Blanco Subtropical were stable in low yielding sites. Of the populations considered in this study, Amarillo Bajio and ETO-Illinois produced a greater number of varieties that give stable yields under both favourable and unfavourable environmental conditions. Some selections based on multilocational data showed good stability across years in both low and high yielding sites; however, across location varieties were not always more stable than specific site selections. Varieties formed in Tlaltizapan (Mexico), and Chuquisaca (Bolivia) were very stable in other regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024519
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    Synchronization of flowering in maize (Zea mays L.) by the genetic system pg11 pg12 (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 129-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mais ; maize ; pg11 pg12 ; near-isolines ; hybrid seed ; flowering synchronization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mutant genotype pg11pg11 pg12pg12-epistasis of double recessive factors-determines greater precocity of flowering. The possibility of using this mutant in the production of hybrid seed as a mean of synchronizing flowering in parent strains of different earliness is studied. The differences between mutant and green control genotypes in the characters of days to pollen shedding, pollen production, and height of plants are evaluated. Four mutant lines are considered together with their respective green near-isolines in two distinct localities and across four successive plantings. The mutant near-isolines presented lower values than those of the green near-isolines for all the characters. The maximum reductions in days to flowring were obtained in early plantings and late maturity strains. The reduction in pollen production was about 50%. The reduced height of the mutants is explained, at least in part, by the correlation of this factor with days to flowering. The mutants did not prove to be more sensitive to the environment than their green near-isolines. Seed production was not studied since the mutant is very deficient for this character and it could therefore only be utilized as the male parent. We concluded that the mutant, could be used to synchronize flowering in the industrial production of hybrid seed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022422
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    Testcross performance of maize lines from backcross populations containing highland Mexican or highland Peruvian germplasm (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; backcrossing ; exotic germplasm ; highland tropical germplasm ; genetic recombination ; testcrossing ; grain yield ; grain moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Backcross populations of maize (Zea mays L.) were produced by crossing the early maturing inbred line W153R with the highland Mexican race Cónico then backcrossing to W153R (Q1 population) and by crossing W153R with the highland Peruvian race San Gerónimo then backcrossing to W153R (Q3 population). The populations were recombined by one generation of random mating. Testcrosses were produced from S0 plants in the original and recombined versions and these were evaluated in New Zealand for grain yield, grain moisture and other traits. Unexpected changes occurred during recombination for increased grain yield in the Q1 population and for decreased grain moisture in the Q3 population. This indicates strong, unplanned selection. Many testcrosses were higher yielding than check hybrids of W153R, but most were later maturing. S1 lines selected for high grain yield and acceptable grain moisture in testcrosses were advanced to the S2 generation and re-tested. All produced testcrosses with lower grain moisture than late maturing hybrid checks. Testcross grain yields of one Q1 line were equivalent to those of late maturing checks and its testcross had a lower grain moisture. The high yield potential of hybrids of this line was confirmed in the S4 generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021593
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    R-nj aleurone color selection and grain-filling responses in opaque-2 maize (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; anthocyanin ; correlated response ; kernel weight ; mass selection ; protein quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to determine which grain-filling characteristics were affected by the o2 gene and whether mass selection for degree of aleurone anthocyanin pigmentation controlled by R-nj could improve the grain-fill deficiencies associated with the o2 (opaque) phenotype of a mazie (Zea mays L.) synthetic (NDSE). Divergent mass selection was used to develop high color (HC), low color (LC), and randomly sampled (RC) check substrains. Lag phase duration (LPD), effective filling period (EFPD), and rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA) for both opaque and normal dent phenotypes of third cycle HC, LC, and RC substrains were evaluated at three N fertility levels for each of two years at Fargo. Normal (O2) pollen produced heavier kernels than o2 pollen at all N rates in 1982. Over years, O2 pollinations averaged 11% longer EFPDs than o2 pollinations, but LPDs were usually longer for o2 pollinations. HC strains averaged 5.6% higher RDMA than RC strains across pollen types while LC strains had higher RDMA than RC strains only for O2 pollinations. These results indicate that selection for LC improved several traits which were deficient in opaque-2 maize and that use of the R-nj gene may be useful in improving opaque-2 maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023063
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    Examination of methods for choosing locations for preliminary maize yield testing (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; test locations ; overall performance ; predictive potential of location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The costs associated with yield testing cause maize (Zea mays L.) breeders to search for ways to maximize testing efficiency. The objective of this study was to select individual locations, or a group of locations as preliminary testing sites for yield evaluation of maize hybrids within FAO 600 maturity zone in Yugoslavia. Yield data for 12 locations obtained for the period 1975 to 1984 were used. The predictive potential of the site was judged by the correlations between location means and overall mean (r〉0.95), linear regression of locations means on overall mean (b〉1.0) and percentage of the 10% overall highest yielding hybrids selected by 10% selection intensity at each location, or at the group of locations (Is〉80%). Also factors as average location yield (x) and variation in individual location yield during the period of 10 years (CV) were related to the predictive potential of the site. Differences among locations in all criteria were found. Average yielding locations had higher values of estimators of predictive ability of overall performance than low yielding locations. None of individual locations satisfied all requested criteria. Five locations with highest values for each individual criterion were selected and all possible two, three, four and five-location combinations among them studied. Combinations of two locations could be used for very preliminary screening of hybrids by applying mild selection intensity. A more accurate prediction of overall one-year performance requires an evaluation of hybrids in a minimum of three, but frequently four, selected locations. However, for precise estimation of over-year hybrid performance, testing the hybrids at selected locations in more than one year is necessary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022614
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    Occurrence of spermine in chromatin of Zea mays (1985)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 3 (1985), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; spermine ; spermidine ; chromatin ; quinacrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chromatin prepared from maize shoot tips using as extraction medium including quinacrine as an inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, contained 1.6 pmol spermidine μg DNA-1 and 14.8 pmol spermine μg DNA-1, respectively. This represented 0.1% spermidine and 3.7% spermine as compared with the content of those amines in the whole tissue. No putrescine was detectable in the chromatin preparation. When contamination of polyamines in the preparation was determined by the addition of labeled polyamines to the extraction medium, the ratio of the polyamines in the preparation to those in the extraction medium was 0.1% spermidine and 0.7% spermine, respectively. Spermine in the chromatin preparation was almost fully solubilized by a DNase-treatment, but spermidine was less easily solubilized. Most of the spermine associated with the chromation is chromatin-specific.
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    Yield of tomato and maize in response to foliar and root applications of triacontanol (1982)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 1 (1982), S. 11-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: triacontanol ; growth regulator ; plant yield ; tomato ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triacontanol applied to tomato plants as a foliar spray caused a significant increase in total yield and yield per plant. When triacontantol was added to the growth medium, only a temporary increase in yield and number of fruits was observed. The yield of maize was unaffected by triacontanol, either applied to the leaves or to the growth substrate. These results support an earlier observation that a reduction in photorespiration is involved in the regulatory function of triacontanol, since only the yield of tomato, a C3 plant, was increased. The application method was an important factor in it's effectiveness.
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    Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027763
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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  • 91
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    The effect of ectomycorrhizas on the phosphorus and dry weight acquisition of Eucalyptus seedlings (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ectomycorrhizas ; eucalypt ; phosphorus ; phytate ; Pisolithus tinctorius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inoculation ofEucalyptus pilularis seedlings withPisolithus tinctorius and the subsequent development of ectomycorrhizas, led to an improved acquisition of phosphorus (P) from three different sources of P. These sources included insoluble phytate. Dry weight gain of seedlings was increased by inoculation in those treatments where growth was limited by P supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197597
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  • 92
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    Nutrient uptake by barley roots under field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202081
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  • 93
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    Effect of liming and phosphorus application on performance ofLeucaena leucocephala in acid soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; Leucaena growth ; liming ; phosphorus ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to assess the lime and phosphorus requirements ofLeucaena leucocephala (LAM.) De Wit grown on three acid soils (Ultisols) from southeastern Nigeria. Liming and phosphorus application significantly enhanced growth ofL. leucocephala. Ammakama soil showed best effect to phosphorus application, while acidity problems were more pronounced on Onne and Isienu soils. High lime rate (2000 ppm) reduced plant growth in Isienu soil probably due to nutrient imbalance. Potassium, manganese and zinc levels in the plants were reduced with increasing lime rates. On Onne and Isienu soils plant tops correlated better with total acidity and extractable Al+3 level than with soil pH-H2O.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143539
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  • 94
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    Cycling of nutrients from dying roots to living plants, including the role of mycorrhizas (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202589
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  • 95
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    Protection of maize seedlings byFusarium moniliforme against infection byFusarium graminearum in the soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme ; F. graminearum ; induced resistance ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The incidence ofFusarium moniliforme in surface-sterilized kernels in two commercial South African white maize cultivars was 64% and 6%, respectively. Heat treatment completely eliminated seedborneF. moniliforme from kernels of both cultivars. Heat treated, uncontaminated maize germlings were pre-inoculated with different isolates ofF. moniliforme and planted in steam-treated soil containing inoculum of different isolates ofF. graminearum Group 1 and Group 2. Seedling weights of germlings pre-inoculated with some isolates ofF. moniliforme were significantly higher than those of controls when exposed to some isolates ofF. graminearum in the soil. The protective effect of pre-inoculation withF. moniliforme was particularly evident in maize seedlings exposed to inoculum of an aggressive isolate ofF. graminearum Group 1. This is the first report of the protection of maize seedlings byF. moniliforme against infection byF. graminearum in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370554
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  • 96
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    Effects of soil temperature and water on maize root growth (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 267-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; root distribution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139951
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  • 97
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    Influence of hydrological fluctuations on the growth and nutrient dynamics ofPhalaris arundinacea L. in a riparian environment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; flood plain ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; Phalaris arundinacea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; wate table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground tissues ofPhalaris arundinacea L. were studied in a population colonizing an ancient meander of the Garonne river (France) submitted to important fluctuations of the permanent water table. Waterlogged conditions in spring stopped the growth of rhizomes and promoted the translocation of nutrient to the shoots. The early senescence of plants after flowering could be related to the withdrawal of the water table. It was characterized by a distribution of nutrients in belowground tissues and a release in litter and soil. Aerated conditions in late summer permitted the growth of belowground tissues. At this time a partition of resources between aboveground and belowground biomass of a new generation of plants was observed. Rising water and decreasing temperatures in winter induced the death of aboveground parts. Reconstitution of nutrient stocks in rhizomes and losses by leaching then occured. Beside a very high primary production this strategy confers toPhalaris arundinacea a great interest in different uses, especially in the removal of nutrients from water in riparian zones as in artificial sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181752
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  • 98
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    Effects of nutrient additions on litter production and nutrient return in a nutrient-poor Cape fynbos ecosystem (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220716
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  • 99
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    Rice bronzing in Nigeria caused by nutrient imbalances and its control by potassium sulfate application (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; chloride ; iron toxicity ; magnesium ; Nigeria ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; sulfate ; sulfur ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice plants with bronzing, collected from fields in central and southern Nigeria, where the soils consisted of Tropaquent, Tropaquult and Tropaquept, showed higher iron and lower potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations than plants with little or no bronzing. Pot experiments with the soils indicated that the severity of the bronzing was affected not only by the iron concentration in the shoots but also by the potassium concentration. The application of chloride compounds to the soil increased severity of the bronzing and lead to deterioration of growth, whereas the application of sulfate compounds was beneficial. The application of potassium sulfate reduced the severity of bronzing and increased the dry matter production of rice plants grown in the field. The concentration and accumulation of potassium in the shoots increased when the bronzing severity decreased and the iron concentration was decreased by the dilution effect caused by the increased dry matter production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220722
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  • 100
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    NPK-fertilizer efficiency — a situation analysis for the tropics (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer efficiency ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the efficiency of applied N, P, and K fertilizers under tropical conditions. To meet their food demands, tropical countries are importing large quantities of fertilizers at an enormous cost. There is a need for improving crop yields at a reduced cost and a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the overall efficiency of applied fertilizers. It is estimated that under tropical condition, the efficiency of applied N is less than 50%, less than 10% for P and for K it is somewhere around 40%. Losses of N are mainly due to leaching, runoff and volatile losses of ammonia. Under flooding and in alternate wetting and drying conditions of rice lands and low lands, dentrification and volatile ammonia losses are considerable. The N losses from these soil could be minimized by proper management such as rate, methods and time of application. The coating of urea with S has shown some improvement in increasing efficiency. Nitrification and urea hydrolysis inhibitors can improve fertilizer efficiency in certain situations provided they are properly used. The efficiencies of these inhibitors depend on the nature of the chemical compounds, soil properties, and method of application. Low efficiency of applied P fertilizer is mainly due to retention of P by soil clay fractions and iron and aluminum hydroxides. Even though retained P is not available to the first crop, it is made available to a certain extent to the succeeding crops. The rate and methods of P applications and forms of P determine the efficiency of applied P fertilizers. The use of native rock phosphate along with P fertilizers on acid soils appears to be an attractive alternative in reducing the fertilizer cost. The loss of K in tropical soils is largely attributed to leaching and runoff. To reduce K loss by leaching, it is more advisible to apply K in split doses than a single dose. Liming has a beneficial effect in retention of K and reducing P fixation in acid soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074369
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