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  • Articles  (77)
  • Zea mays  (77)
  • Springer  (77)
  • EDP Sciences
  • Inter-Research
  • 1985-1989  (50)
  • 1980-1984  (27)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (77)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • Articles  (77)
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  • Springer  (77)
  • EDP Sciences
  • Inter-Research
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum on nitrogenase activity of Zea mays roots grown in agricultural soils under aseptic and non-sterile conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 170-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A. chroococcum ; Seed inoculation ; Zea mays ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Yield response ; Associative N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings of Zea mays were grown in agricultural soils under aseptic and non-sterile conditions. Acetylene reduction activity and microbial counts were determined after 7 and 30 days of growth. Irrespective of the soil type Azotobacter spp. were commonly isolated under maize cultivation. Inoculation of agricultural soils with a suspension of A. chroococcum led to an increase in Azotobacter numbers, although this effect diminished with time. Nitrogenase activity was detected on maize roots and increased in response to the inoculation with A. chroococcum, showing that this associative growth could be of primary importance for the plant. The results of assays for acetylene reduction activity indicated that the nitrogenase activity was associated only with the root systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257669
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cropping sequence, fertilizers and farmyard manure on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different crops over three consecutive seasons (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 173-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping sequence ; Farmyard manure ; Fertilizers ; Mycorrhiza ; Zea mays ; Vigna unguiculata ; Eleusine coracana ; Arachis hypogea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of cropping sequence with and without fertilizer and farmyard manure application on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae was studied over three consecutive seasons. In the first season maize was grown on all the plots. In the second season cowpea, groundnut and finger millet were raised on the same plots and in the third season, sunflower was grown on all the plots. The groundnut grown in the second season stimulated mycorrhizal root colonization, sporulation and infective propagules in the soil, and these effects were carried over to the next season. The plots cropped to finger millet in the second season had the lowest number of mycorrhizal spores. The application of farmyard manure stimulated vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae while fertilizers at the recommended level decreased the mycorrhizal propagules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292578
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen on the yield response of Pennisetum americanum, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense under temperate conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen-fixation ; Effect on yield ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Pennisetum americanum ; Riticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nitrate-respiring strain, a denitrifying strain, and a non-nitrogen-fixing strain of Azospirillum brasilense were compared for their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) under temperate conditions in nitrogen-limited pot cultures. Increases in yield of Z. mays shoots occurred with all three strains when inoculation coincided with the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. The inoculation of A. brasilense did not show any effect on the yield of P. americanum and T. aestivum. Increased numbers of A. brasilense became associated with Z. mays roots following the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. Low and very variable rates of acetylene reduction activity were observed from excised roots of inoculated Z. mays plants without preincubation. Results indicate that inoculation of cereals with A. brasilense under temperate conditions has only a limited effect on plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280353
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizopseudomonads ; Seed inoculation ; Rhizosphere microbiota ; Coliform bacteria ; Soil respiration ; Zea mays ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The addition of sugars or amino acids to the soil gave rise to the development of different groups of microorganisms. The increase in the number of different groups of microorganisms in the soil had an influence on the microbiota in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize and barley grown in that soil. Furthermore, growth of maize and barley decreased with increasing microbial activity and density in soil. This effect could be counteracted effectively by the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2. The beneficial effect of the strain 7NSK2 correlated inversely with the microbial activity, as measured by soil respiration, in the bulk-pretreated soil. The effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on the root microbiota of maize and barley was evaluated. The strain 7NSK2 was capable of colonizing the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of the maize cultivar Beaupré and barley cultivar Than very effectively and of considerably altering their composition. The number of total bacteria, fungi, pseudomonads and coliform bacteria in the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of both plants was strongly reduced by inoculating the seeds with the strain 7NSK2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255776
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival and potential denitrifying activity of Azospirillum lipoferum and Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculated into sterilized soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Denitrifying enzyme potential ; Gamma-sterilized soil ; Population dynamics ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potential denitrifying activity and population dynamics of Azospirillum lipoferum (137C) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (G2sp) inoculated into a γ-sterilized soil were studied for a period of 3 weeks. The denitrifying enzyme potential of soil inoculated independently with each bacterial species was strongly stimulated by the presence of a plant (Zea mays L.). Simultaneous inoculation of both bacteria also produced a higher denitrifying enzyme potential than simple inoculation. Even with double inoculation, the presence of a plant did not modify the evolution of the activity. The response of the population dynamics to these treatments followed a different pattern. The population dynamics of A. lipoferum was not affected by the presence of the plant or by the presence of B. japonicum. In contrast, the presence of both a plant and of A. lipoferum seemed to promote the growth of B. japonicum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292566
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Corn production ; Soil P ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Zea mays ; Extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg−1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg−1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263160
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain yield response of Zea mays (hybrid AE 703) to Azotobacter chroococcum H23 (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 352-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: A. chroococcum ; Zea mays ; Yield response ; Fertilizer N ; Inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted during 1985 and 1986 to examine the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on the grain yield of maize. Application of 40 kg N ha−1 plus A. chroococcum caused a significant increase in maize yield. Azotobacter inoculation was more efficient at lower doses (40 kg N ha−1) than at high doses (80 kg N ha−1) of urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261026
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between soil microbial activity and the effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 on plant growth (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizopseudomonads ; Seed inoculation ; Microbial activity ; Zea mays ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the microbial activity in the soil and the effect of seed inoculation with the rhizopseudomonad strain 7NSK2 was evaluated in a series of pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. The microbial activity in plain soil, as measured by the respiratory activity, was significantly increased by the growth of the plants. Both the respiration rate of the microorganisms and the density of the bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil increased with increasing duration of the plant growth. Upon repeated short-term growth of plants on the same soil, a similar stimulation was noticed. The effect of seed inoculation on the growth of the maize cultivar Beaupré and the barley cultivar Iban was most pronounced in the microbiologically more active soils. The results suggest that the increase of the plant growth by seed inoculation is probably due to the inhibition of deleterious root microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255775
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers surface-applied to corn (Zea mays) and grass pasture (Dactylis glomerata) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; Urea ; Nitrogen fertilizers ; Dactylis glomerata ; Zea mays ; crop N uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major agronomic concern with NH3 loss from urea-containing fertilizers is the effect of these losses on crop yields and N fertilizer efficiency. In this 2-year study, NH3 volatilization from surface-applied N fertilizers was measured in the field, and the effects of the NH3 losses detected on corn (Zea mays L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) yield and N uptake were determined. For corn, NH4NO3 (AN), a urea-AN solution (UAN), or urea, were surface-broadcast at rates of 0, 56 and 112 kg N ha−1 on a Plano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) and on a Fayette silt loam (Typic Hapludalf). Urea and AN (0 and 67 kg N ha−1) were surface-applied to grass pasture on the Fayette silt loam. Significant NH3 losses from urea-containing N sources were detected in one of four corn experiments (12%–16% of applied N) and in both experiments with grass pasture (9%–19% of applied N). When these losses occurred, corn grain yields with UAN and urea were 1.0 and 1.5 Mg ha−1, respectively, lower than yields with AN, and orchardgrass dry matter yields with urea were 0.27 to 0.74 Mg ha−1 lower than with AN. Significant differences in crop N uptake between N sources were detected, but apparent NH3 loss based on N uptake differences was not equal to field measurements of NH3 loss. Rainfall following N application markedly influenced NH3 volatilization. In corn experiments, NH3 loss was low and yields with all N sources were similar when at least 2.5 mm of rainfall occurred within 4 days after N application. Rainfall within 3 days after N application did not prevent significant yield reductions due to NH3 loss from urea in grass pasture experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270939
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the adsorption of maize root mucilage and polygalacturonic acid on montmorillonite homoionic to divalent lead and cadmium (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Maize root mucilage ; Polygalacturonic acid ; Montmorillonite ; Lead ; Cadmium ; Adsorption isotherms ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root mucilage material (RM) was isolated from maize plants grown in the field, and its affinity to montmorillonite (M) homoionic to Pb2+ and Cd2+ was compared with that of a commercial polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Adsorption isotherms of the commercial and natural materials on the two clay systems were compared in unbuffered systems at pH 3 and pH 6. Adsorption of PGA occurred only at pH 3, and was higher on M-Pb than on M-Cd. In contrast, the adsorption of RM was higher on M-Cd than on M-Pb. Total amounts of RM adsorbed at pH 3 were about 3 times lower on M-Cd and 20 times lower on M-Pb than the respective amounts of PGA adsorbed at the same pH. Polygalacturonic acid had a high content of relatively well dissociated (pKa = 3.5) carboxylic groups, and adsorbed on the clay surface at pH values lower than its pKa. At pH 6, the dissociation of the acid groups favoured its solubility, and the metal cations were then probably displaced by ion exchange. The lower affinity of RM to the clay materials was related to its average molecular weight, which was lower than that of PGA, and to its water solubility, which was higher than that of PGA. The low pH dependence of the adsorption of RM was related to its lower carboxylic acidity and higher content in hydroxyl and amino groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264339
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen contribution by leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) prunings to maize in an alley cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 282-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leaf decomposition ; Soil N ; Grain yield ; Leucaena leucocephata ; Alley cropping ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The N uptake of maize was assessed on an Alfisol in a sole crop and in an alley cropping system in southwestern Nigeria. Although the application of prunings increased the maize N content in both sole and alley-cropped maize, the N contributed to the maize by the prunings was low, ranging between 4.4 and 23.8 kg ha−1. This was equivalent to 3.2% and 9.407% of the N released during decomposition of the prunings. Application of the prunings increased the grain yields of the sole maize by 38% and the maize yield in the alley-cropped plots by 104%, compared with yields in the corresponding plots where prunings were not applied. The results indicate that part of the N from the prunings was retained in the soil organic-N pool. Maize N, dry weights and grain yields were lowest in the alley-cropped plots where prunings were removed, probably because of competition between the maize and the hedgerow trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261013
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Twenty-five years of phosphate and potassium fertilization of a crop rotation (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer placement ; plant analysis ; P soil test ; Zea mays ; Triticum vulgare ; residual P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rate and placement of phosphate and potassium fertilizers was studied using a 4-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) and hay (later changed to corn). Yields increased with increased P until 22 kg P ha−1 yr−1 was applied. Yields increased with increased K applications to 140 kg K ha−1 yr−1. Broadcast P applications gave high yields than row applications. Crop response to P was affected more by soil P level than by application to the specific crop. Residual effect from K fertilizer applications did not last as long as the residual effect from P application. Soil tests for available P were closely correlated with rate of P application over the 25-year period. Soil tests for P were higher where P was banded where P was broadcast indicating less tie-up of P by the soil where less mixing occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073562
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic effects of nicotine on maize (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 292-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allelochemicals ; allelopathy ; amylase ; nicotine ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nicotine treatment of maize seeds at 5.0 and 7.5 mM concentrations caused an increase of 6.2 and 18.7% in amylase activity, respectively. It is being suggested that the positive effect of nicotine on maize is, at least, partially due to increased solubilization of the stored starch through induction of the synthesis or the activity of amylase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214563
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Measurement of N2 fixation in maize (Zea mays L.)—ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thunb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) intercrops (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercropping ; N2 fixation ; natural15N abundance ; ureides ; Vigna umbellata ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The yield of N in maize (Zea mays L.) and ricebean (Vigna umbellata [Thumb.] Ohwi and Ohashi) were compared on a Tropoqualf soil in North Thailand in 1984 and 1985. Both species were grown in field plots in monoculture or as intercrops at a constant planting density equivalent to 8 maize or 16 ricebean plants per m2. The contribution of symbiotic N2 fixation to ricebean growth was estimated from measurements of the natural abundance of15N (δ15N) in shoot nitrogen and from analysis of ureides in xylem sap vacuumextracted from detached stems. The natural abundance of15N in the intercropped ricebean was found to be considerably less than that in monoculture in both growing seasons. Using maize and a weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) as non-fixing15N reference plants the proportions (P 15N) of ricebean shoot N derived from N2 fixation ranged from 0.27 to 0.36 in monoculture ricebean up to 0.86 when grown in a 75% maize: 25% ricebean intercrop. When glasshouse-derived calibration curves were used to calculate plant proportional N2 fixation (Pur) from the relative ureide contents of field collected xylem exudates, the contribution of N2 fixation to ricebean N yields throughout the 1985 growing season were greater in intercrop than in monocrop even at the lowest maize:legume ratio (25∶75). Seasonal patterns of sap ureide abundance indicated that N2 fixation was greatest at the time of ricebean podset. The averagePur andP 15N in ricebean during the first 90 days of growth showed identical rankings of monocrop and intercrop treatments in terms of N2 fixation, although the two sets ofP values were different. Nonetheless, seasonal estimates of N2 fixation during the entire 147 days of legume growth determined from ureide analyses indicated that equivalent amounts of N could be fixed by ricebean in a 75∶25 intercrop and in monoculture despite the former being planted at one-quarter the density.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370107
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aflatoxin contamination caused by natural fungal infection of preharvest corn (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Aspergillus flavus ; Corn ; Fungi Maize ; Mycotoxins ; Naturally-occurring toxins ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aflatoxin contamination of developing corn (Zea mays L.) kernels caused by natural infection byAspergillus flavus Link ex Fries was studied in hybrids developed for the U.S. corn belt and for the southern U.S. and grown at diverse locations in 1977. Planting dates were staggered to examine the effect of crop maturity on infection by the toxin-producing fungus. A broad range of toxin values was observed at harvest; some levels exceeded the highest that had been previously recorded in corn. The highest concentration of aflatoxin B1 detected was 8030 ppb. Levels of toxin differed significantly among planting dates in Florida and Georgia; the second planting date at these locations contained the highest toxin levels. Elevated concentrations of toxin were characteristic of kernel samples from southern locations and southeast Missouri; at these locations samples from hybrids developed for the south had significantly lower levels of toxin than hybrids developed for the corn belt. Ears with heavy insect damage had higher toxin levels than ears with less evidence of insect attack.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181839
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc-phosphorus relationship in the nutrition of corn plants (Zea mays L.) grown on some calcareous soils (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Corn ; P ; Zea mays ; Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Positive relationships were observed between Zn and P in the studied calcareous soils and in the corn plants grown thereon. The high content of carbonates in these soils affected greatly the levels of extractable Zn and the Zn−P relationships. In the pot experiment, application of P increased the Zn content of the corn plants and application of Zn increased that of P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183591
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption and transport of nutrient cations and anions in maize roots (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carboxylate feed-back systems ; Electroneutrality ; Ion absorption ; Ion transport ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374255
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  • 18
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    Co-ordination of growth phenomena within a root system of intact maize plants (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth co-ordination in roots ; Seminal roots ; Crown roots ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The experimental results presented show that within the intact plant growing undisturbed a serious competition exists between various root members. When as a consequence of partial derooting or local inhibitory treatments shoot growth is not affected the remaining root members compensate completely for the reduction elsewhere. Competition for a limited supply of carbohydrates covers most of the observations [1]. However, since it has been shown that with the phloem stream various hormones are transported to the roots, some of which may affect root growth [4, 5], the ultimate solution needs additional experimentation [10]. In case of the differences in the rate of root elongation in nitrogen deficient plants and in plants well-supplied with nitrogen, the higher auxin content in the latter may be responsible for the lower elongation rate [5].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374258
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  • 19
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    The influence of mechanical resistance and phosphate supply on morphology and function of corn roots (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Root growth ; Root morphology ; Root function ; Phosphate supply ; Mechanical resistance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The influence of mechanical soil resistance on shoot growth can be explained qualitatively by its influence on root morphology. When relating ion uptake quantitatively to a certain root parameter (length, surface area, weight), availability of nutrients in the different soil layers must be taken into consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374260
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    Effect of zinc and phosphorus on the grain yield of corn (Zea mays L.) grown on a calcareous soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Corn ; P-fertilization ; Zea mays ; Zn-fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment, more than 22% increase in the grain yield of corn was obtained by the application of 50 kg ZnSO4/ha. Grain yields were also increased by increasing the level of applied phosphorus. Positive relationship was obtained between Zn and P, the phosphorus treatment increased Zn uptake by grains and vice versa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374607
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    Aflatoxin accumulation in preharvest maize kernels: Interaction of three fungal species, european corn borer and two hybrids (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Aspergillus flavus ; Zea mays ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Mycotoxins ; Naturally-occurring toxins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction was studied among: 1) developing maize kernels (Zea mays L.); 2) European Corn Borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner); 3) and three fungal species,Aspergillus flavus Lk. ex Fr.,Penicillium oxalcium Currie and Thom, andFusarium moniliforme Sheld. Two hybrids with varying degrees of resistance to ECB stalk damage were grown in Iowa, Georgia, and Missouri in 1980. One-half of the plots were hand-infested with ECB egg masses. Fungal spores of individual isolates or combinations of the three species were introduced into the silk channels of developing ears in designated plots. ECB larvae were subsequently collected from developing ears. A higher incidence ofA. flavus group isolates was observed in ECB larvae collected from ears that had been inoculated withA. flavus than from insects collected from control ears. Although the resistant hybrid exhibited reduced ECB stalk damage compared with the susceptible variety, no consistent pattern of hybrid effect on the association betweenA. flavus and ECB was observed at all three locations. Differences in aflatoxin B1 levels in mature kernels from the three locations ranged from 8 ppb in Iowa samples to 419 ppb in Missouri kernels. Conditions during crop development at the Missouri location were particularly conducive to elevated presence ofA. flavus propagules in ECB larvae, increased ECB-mediated stalk damage, and greater toxin concentration in mature kernels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02376807
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    Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to changes in the ionic environment (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Armeria ecotypes ; Armeria maritima ; Maize ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mannose ; Phosphate ; Sodium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental assessment of differences between cultivars of crop species or ecotypes of wild species from different localities in their capacities for ion absorption and transport is made difficult by the problem of obtaining seed material of comparable ionic content. When young seedlings are used this problem is particularly acute if the seeds of the different cultivars have not been raised under identical soil conditions. Propagation of material from ecotypes under controlled conditions is one approach to the solution of this problem. Six maize cultivars have been selected for similarity of phosphate content and the capacity for phosphate absorption from 5 μM KH2PO4 has been shown to vary by threefold whereas the proportion of the accumulated phosphate that reaches the shoot differs by much less. This level of phosphate supply approached that likely to induce deficiency and when the concentration is reduced to 1 μM differences in transport capacity of up to fourfold were observed when the rate of arrival at the tip of the first leaf was continuously monitored. The rapidity with which the transport is shut off by adding 1 mM D(+) mannose to the root environment also varies significantly indicating that sizeable differences in either the accumulation of mannose or the activity of phosphomannoisomerase exist in these cultivars. Ecotypes ofArmeria maritima collected from three sites, inland serpentine, inland mine dumps and coastal salt marsh were maintained as stock plants on the same peat mixture. Samples taken from these stocks were raised on a standard culture solution to provide genetically different material grown under constant conditions. The capacities for ion uptake were shown to differ very considerably and these differences were accentuated when the plants were grown in a range of concentrations of MgSO4, NaCl and MnSO4. The absorption of phosphate and its incorporation into nucleic acids were increased temporarily in the presence of 50 mM MgSO4 but the pattern of these changes was different in the three ecotypes. The absorption of Na, Cl, and Rb was measured after treatment with a range of concentrations of NaCl and the effect of treatment with MnSO4 on subsequent absorption of Mn and SO4 was also measured. The coastal plants were significantly more efficient in their absorption of these ions when treated at the lower levels of NaCl (0.5 and 10.0 mM). The short term absorption rates were not reflected in the overall accumulation of sodium over periods of 10 weeks and the coastal plants appeared to reduce the root content of sodium by transfer to the shoot and by increased active pumping to the exterior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181964
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    Mass selection for kernel depth in early maize (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; combining ability ; correlated response ; inbreeding depression ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effectiveness of mass selection for kernel depth in an early maize (Zea mays L.) synthetic, i.e. NDSAB, was evaluated in eight North Dakato environments. Four cycles of selection for deeper kernels were evaluated for grain yield and associated traits by using corresponding randomly selected subpopulations of NDSAB to adjust out inbreeding effects on selected subpopulations. General combining ability (GCA) effects of selected subpopulations also were evaluated for these traits. Subpopulations selected from one to four cycles for deep kernels were reciprocally crossed to corresponding randomly selected subpopulations in a factorial mating design. Subpopulations, selfed subpopulations, and subpopulation crosses were evaluated for yield and associated traits. Subpopulations selected for deep kernels generally had deeper kernels, higher yields, heavier kernels, more kernel rows per ear, and lower test weights than corresponding randomly selected subpopulations. Differences in GCA effects among selected and unselected subpopulations generally corresponded to differences between selected and unselected parental subpopulations. Inbreeding effects from selfing were observed for all traits, but no average heterosis was detected when subpopulation crosses were compared to parental subpopulations. Reciprocal differences were observed for all traits except kernel depth, but these differences were inconsistent relative to whether deep kerneled females made superior hybrids to unselected females. Results supported the use of mass selection for kernel depth as a means of grain yield improvement in the short term for NDSAB. However, negative associations of kernel depth with test weight may restrict long term use of this procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00730650
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    The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures. I. germination of inbred lines and their F1s (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; germination ; low temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two collections of inbred lines were divided into early (E), medium (M) and late (L) germinating lines, on the basis of days to germination under growth-cabinet conditions at 8°C and 6°C constant temperatures. Tolerance of low temperatures was found to be an heritable trait and characteristic of each inbred line. When the inbreds and F1s were tested at 6°C the single crosses of early germinating lines showed earlier germination than crosses between slow germinating lines. Thus the performance of F1s greatly depends on the parental lines used in the crosses. Differences observed in some of the reciprocal crosses were attributed to maternal effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021466
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    Grain-fill characteristics of early maize strains selected for variable R-nj expression (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 839-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; aleurone ; anthocyanin ; correlated response ; endosperm ; kernel growth ; mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain-fill rates and durations were estimated for three early maize (Zea mays L.) strains developed by mass selection for variable R-nj aleurone color expression. Strains selected for high, random, and low color expression were evaluated for rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA), effective filling period duration (EFPD), and lag period duration (LPD). Strains from cycles 3 and 4 were grown in 1980 and 1981, respectively, to test the hypothesis that selection for variable R-nj expression had changed rate and/or duration of grain-fill. Results indicated that while selection for high R-nj expression increased RDMA and decreased EFPD, low color selection reduced RDMA and increased EFPD. LPD was increased slightly by high color selection. The relationships of these characteristics to previously observed yield, stability, and ear moisture differences among these strains are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042165
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    The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures II. Harvesting time, number of kernels and plant height at maturity (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 475-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; harvesting time ; number of kernels ; final plant height ; heterosis ; additive-dominance effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A set of 11 inbred lines of grain maize and generations derived from them were grown at a latitude further north than the generally accepted limit of the crop in the U.K. Analyses of variance for harvesting time, number of kernels and final plant height showed significant differences between the inbred lines and between their F1, F2 and backcross generations. A- and C-scaling tests or the joint scaling test were used to analyse the means of parents, F1, F2 and the two backcross generations for 8 reciprocal crosses. These tests showed that for all the crosses the addivite-dominance models were adequate for the characters. i.e. there was little or no evidence of non-allelic interactions. There was some evidence for heterosis for number of kernels and plant height, that of number of kernels being particularly impressive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022944
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    Recurrent selection for seed quality traits in an opaque-2 maize population (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 857-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; phenotypic recurrent selection ; kernel quality traits ; modified opaque-2 types ; correlated responses ; mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this research was to evaluate the response to phenotypic recurrent selection for four seed quality traits, i.e. protein content, dye binding capacity, tryptophan content, and specific weight, in a modified opaque-2 population of maize (Zea mays L.). Changes in other agronomic traits were also studied. Four selection cycles, using as selection criterion an index constructed from the four seed quality traits, were completed on an individual plant basis. The material from each cycle and from testerosses of each cycle with a homozygous opaque-2 tester was grown for two consecutive years to evaluate the progress due to selection. The results showed that four cycles of recurrent selection induced sizeable variations among cycles for all selected traits. The rate of progress for the four seed quality traits was nearly linear. Further-more, theldata show that improvement in seed-protein related traits had no negative effects on grain yield and kernel weight, when evaluated as the mean performance of testerosses. There was also no appreciable alteration in the other agronomic traits caused by selection for seed quality traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035424
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    Effects of organic substrates and chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid on acetylene reduction associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; nitrogen fixation ; organic substrates ; oxygen partial pressure ; Sorghum bicolor ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the role or organic substrate availability as a factor limiting associative N2-fixation we measured acetylene reduction (AR) associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants before and after adding organic substrates to the nutrient solution in a hydroponic system. Chloramphenicol (Cam) or nalidixic acid (NA) was added along with the substrate to determine whether bacterial protein synthesis or cell replication was necessary to support increased AR following amendment. The grasses were grown in pots in a greenhouse or on a light bench for 4–6 weeks, and then brought into the laboratory to measure AR. Intact plants were separated from soil and transferred into plastic cylinders containing an N-free nutrient solution. The roots were isolated from the shoots by a silicone rubber seal and exposed to oxygen concentrations of 0–10 kPa. Rates of AR were measured before and after adding 0.01–0.10% (w/v) carbon as glucose, malate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, glutarate, propionate, or resorcinol. Only resorcinol and ethanol failed to substantially increase AR activity. Rates of AR increased by 1.5-to 2-fold within 2h and by 5-to 15-fold after 24h. Cam and NA prevented the stimulation of AR by glucose, but neither inhibitor caused AR associated with unamended plants to decrease. We conclude that the highly variable rates of AR that have been reported for associative symbioses, even under well-controlled conditions were governed to a large extent by the amount and type of organic substrates exuded by the roots. Proliferation of diazotrophs appeared to be necessary to increase root-associated AR activity but not to maintain a constant level of activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181753
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    Root exudates ofZea mays and production of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins byAzotobacter chroococcum (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; phytohormones ; root exudates ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth ofAzotobacter chroococcum in N-free medium was stimulated in the presence of maize root exudates. Our results show that the production of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins were significantly stimulated when maize root exudates from 7 to 30 d old plants were added to the culture media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143553
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    Response of maize toAzotobacter chroococcum (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374521
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    Total nitrogen uptake by maize with Azotobacter inoculation (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374522
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    The response of maize radicle orientation to soil solution and soil atmosphere (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Geotropism ; Maize ; Roots ; Soil aeration ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Earlier reports suggest that the orientation of larger roots of maize is to some extent determined by the soil environment, especially water content and texture. Experiments were performed to determine the direct effect of soil water potential, macronutrient concentration, and concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene and nitrous oxide on the plagiotropic orientation of maize radicles. Only carbon dioxide produced a large change, causing roots to orient less vertically downward. However, the concentration necessary to produce a large effect on root angle is greater than theoretical or observed values for aerobic soils. It is concluded that the radicle orientation of maize is not significantly influenced by chemical or atmospheric stimuli under field conditions, and that variations observed must be attributable to the effects of soil temperature16 or the effects of soil mechanical properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374747
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    Effect of compact sub-soil and water stress on shoot and root activity of corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a growth chamber (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Corn ; Root activity ; Shoot activity ; Shoot-root ratio ; Sub-soiling ; Water stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soil, as a medium for plant growth, not only affects the development and activity of roots directly but it also affects the growth and yield of the above-ground parts by modifying the function of the roots. This investigation, conducted in a controlled environment chamber, however, suggests that more complicated responses to shoot-root development may occur when soil moisture characteristics are altered during wet and dry years by disturbing the compact sub-soil. Furthermore, the pattern of shoot-root development, as affected by compaction and water stress, differs in shallow-rooted and deep-rooted crops like corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) respectively. For example, at 15 cm depth of both the compact and loose soils, water matric potential values were higher for alfalfa as compared to corn, irrespective of the wet or dry year. The drier condition in the surface soil planted to corn was attributable to the higher transpiration of corn plants. On the other hand, as indicated by the water matric potential figures, the soil at a depth of 60 cm had a higher moisture content for corn than for alfalfa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183796
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    Root growth of some tropical crops in uniform columns (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dioscorea rotundata ; Ipomea batata ; Intercropping ; Manihot esculenta ; Root growth ; Soil columns ; Tropical crops ; Vigna unguiculata ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root system of maize, cowpea, maize and cowpea inter-cropped, cassava, yam and sweet potato were investigated in large boxes 240×115×20 cm. One broad side of these boxes was made of a removable transparent plexiglass sheet. The soil was packed in the boxes at a dry bulk density of 1.28 g cm−3. Maize roots penetrated to a depth of 135 cm in 4 weeks and 240 cm in eight weeks after seeding. Total root mass at 4 weeks after seeding was 3.53 and 22.0 g per plant for cowpea and maize, respectively. In eight weeks total root mass of cowpea was 130 g per plant compared with 292 g per plant for maize. The effect of mixed cropping was to increase the total root mass compared with sole crop of maize or cowpea. However, the sum of the root mass of sole maize and cowpea was greater than the total root mass of maize and cowpea grown simultaneously. Among the tuberous crops investigated, cassava has a very deep and prolific root system and sweet potato has a very shallow root system. Results are discussed in terms of agronomic implications towards spacing, optimum plant population, and tillage practices.
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    Effect of soil compaction on root growth and uptake of phosphorus (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Annual ryegrass ; Lolium rigidum ; Maize Penetrometer resistance32P33P ; Phosphorus uptake ; Soil aeration ; Soil compaction ; Root growth ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Zea mays L. andLolium rigidum Gaud. were grown for 18 and 33 days respectively in pots containing three layers of soil each weighing 1 kg. The top and bottom layers were 100 mm deep and they had a bulk density of 1200 kg m−3, while the central layer of soil was compacted to one of 12 bulk densities between 1200 and 1750 kg m−3. The soil was labelled with32P and33P so that the contribution of the different layers of soil to the phosphorus content of the plant tops could be determined. Soil water potential was maintained between −20 and −100 kPa. Total dry weight of the plant tops and total root length were slightly affected by compaction of the soil, but root distribution was greatly altered. Compaction decreased root length in the compacted soil but increased root length in the overlying soil. Where bulk density was 1550 kg m−3, root length in the compacted soil was about 0.5 of the maximum. At that density, the penetrometer resistance of the soil was 1.25 and 5.0 MPa and air porosity was 0.05 and 0.14 at water potentials of −20 and −100 kPa respectively, and daytime oxygen concentrations in the soil atmosphere at time of harvest were about 0.1 m3m−3. Roots failed to grow completely through the compacted layer of soil at bulk densities ≥ 1550 kg m−3. No differences were detected in the abilities of the two species to penetrate compacted soil. Ryegrass absorbed about twice as much phosphorus from uncompacted soil per unit length of root as did maize. Uptake of phosphorus from each layer of soil was related to the length of root in that layer, but differences in uptake between layers existed. Phosphorus uptake per unit length of root was higher from compacted than from uncompacted soil, particularly in the case of ryegrass at bulk densities of 1300–1500 kg m−3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182808
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    Phenotypic and genetic relationships between yield components in maize (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 601-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; combining ability ; grain filling ; moisture content ; path coefficients ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological components of kernel development — LAG period, effective filling period duration (EFPD) and grain filling rate (GFR) — ear moisture release (ΔU), ear size (row number and kernels per row), days from emergence to silking and number of leaves, were examinated on 45 F1 hybrids (10×10 diallel cross) in order to study their genetic relationships with yield. Combining ability analysis revealed that all trait variability derived mainly from g.c.a. effects. LAG period and EFPD were the traits most affected by genotype-environment interaction. Covariation analysis (path method) based on mean phenotypic values and on g.c.a. effects yielded similar information. It is shown that GFR and EFPD are both related to plant yield, but GFR made the most important contribution. On the contrary, a significant relationship between yield and LAG was not detected. Ear size components were also positively related to yield and had negative effects on GFR. These results indicate that, for our material, the dry matter accumulation rate is the main limiting factor of yield. Considering s.c.a. effects, kernel number per row made the most important contribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038787
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    Use of index selection in recurrent selection programs in maize (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; index selection ; recurrent selection ; genotypic correlation ; phenotypic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were examined for four traits in seven populations of maize (Zea mays L.) undergoing recurrent selection. Correlations among grain yield and percentage of grain moisture, root lodging, and stalk lodging were low (|r|〈0.3) except for the correlation between grain yield and stalk lodging, which was high and negative. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations agreed well from cycle to cycle within populations. Variation of correlations among populations was not significantly larger than variation among cycles. Heritabilities of these traits generally were high (h2〉0.5). Two indices, one that used heritabilities as index weights and one that used relative economic weights (base index) as index weights, were compared with the Smith-Hazel index (optimim index). Relative efficiencies of the two indices, in terms of predicted gains for the individual traits and the composite trait, compared with the Smith-Hazel index, were high. The use of an index in which heritabilities were used as index weights was recommended because:1) the heritabilities were the same as the optimum weights when the traits were uncorrelated, and for the data examined the correlations were low; and 2) heritabilities were computed in routine data analyses and were available at no additional cost.
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    The genetics of maize (Zea mays L.) growing at low temperatures. II. Germination of inbred lines, F1 and further generations at fluctuating temperatures (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 791-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize germination ; weighted least squares procedure ; additive-dominance effect ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some Cambridge and some USA inbred lines were used to determine the type of gene action involved in the germination of seeds at fluctuating temperatures. The Cavalli (1952) weighted least squares procedure was used to analyze the means of the parental, F1, F2 and the two backcross generations ie. B1 and B2. The additive-dominace model was found to be adequate for the Cambridge material, but was inadequate for several crosses involving the USA material, thus indicating the presence of G x E interaction or epistasis, with or without linkage. Overall, however, the parental lines used and the populations derived from them showed sufficient additive genetic variability to justify an effective selection programme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042160
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    Mass selection for improved cold and density tolerance of two maize populations (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; natural selection ; cold tolerance ; density tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data of planting and plant density are two cultural practices influencing grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Our study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of a mass selection scheme to improve cold and density tolerance of the BS2 and BS3 maize populations. Populations were planted at an early planting date and a high plant density, and three cycles of mass selection for well-filled ears on erect plants were conducted at earch of three Corn Belt locations (i.e., Waseca, MN; Ames, IA; Portageville, MO). Results showed that selection improved cold tolerance traits of BS3, but not of BS2. Mass selection did not increase density tolerance of either population at any location. Selection did not improve response to planting dates, although the early planting date did improve agronomic performance and grain yield of all entries. We concluded that mass selection at high plant densities and early planting dates at diverse geographical locations did not produce cycles adapted to specific environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022775
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  • 40
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    Effects of parents and planting dates on R-nj expression in maize (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; anthocyanin ; aleurone pigmentation ; diallel cross ; maternal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two sets of diallel crosses and a study using the cultivar Cudu were conducted to determine the extent to which the expression of the R-nj allele for purple aleurone pigmentation was influenced by the color level of the pollen parent, planting date, and the maternal genotype. Neither planting date nor color level of the pollen parent substantially modified relative color expression among hybrids. Maternal parent genotype primarily determined color expression. The data indicated that R-nj color differences did not differ among reciprocal crosses used as female parents. Expression of R-nj appeared to be modified by many loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021159
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  • 41
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    Sugar characteristics of sweet corn populations from a sugary enhancer breeding program (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 609-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; sweet corn ; vegetable breeding ; sorbitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Endosperm sugars and sorbitol were determined on 18 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) populations from a breeding program undertaken to transfer the sugary enhacer (se) gene into diverse sugary (su) backgrounds. Three subpopulations of IL677a, the source of se, and six su Se inbreds were included for comparison. Mature dry kernels of between two and four successive generations of these populations were analyzed. Immature kernels at two developmental stages (21 and 35 days after pollination) were also analyzed for one generation. Eleven of the breeding populations closely resemble IL677a, with high sucrose at the edible stage (21 days after pollination) and maltose accumulating as the seeds matured. In most instances, the distinctive sugar profiles were observed consistently in dry seeds of various generations. Hence, it appears that the se trait can be transferred successfully into su cultivars having various genetic backgrounds. The remaining seven breeding populations possessed elevated sucrose and glucose compared to most of the standard su Se inbreds, but maltose did not accumulate during seed maturation. It is not clear whether se was transferred to these populations and its expression modified or whether another trait was responsible. There were also marked differences in glucose levels among the su Se populations examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021889
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  • 42
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    Identification of pedigrees of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars by isozyme electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; hybrid ; inbred line ; pedigree determination ; electrophoresis ; chromatography ; RP-HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Determination of pedigree by laboratory means can provide an initial and rapid check of hybrid identity in studies designed to compare genotypes. In order to test the accuracy of such determinations, isozymic and chromatographic data were used in an attempt to ascribe pedigrees to 25 hybrids that were identified only by a letter code from a list of 30 inbred lines. The pedigrees of 9 single-cross hybrids were correctly deduced as was the direction in which each cross was made. The pedigrees of 2 hybrids could only be determined ambiguously, however these hybrids were reciprocals and the biochemical data were unable to distinguish between 2 related candidate inbred lines. Pedigrees of 3 hybrids were either incompletely determined or could not be determined from the list of 30 candidate inbred lines and were thus correctly identified as non-Pioneer® brand hybrids. Pedigrees of 9 3-way hybrids could be determined accurately but the pedigrees of 2 non-Pioneer® brand hybrids could not be deduced completely. The ability to correctly ascribe pedigrees of hybrids shows that these data provide a rapid means of determining whether additional field and laboratory tests would be warranted in tests designed to compare genotypic similarity of hybrids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037096
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  • 43
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    Effect of pollen storage by drying and deep-freezing on the expression of different agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; pollen storage ; drying ; deep-freezing ; agronomic traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pollen from the inbred maize line HMv 1645 was used to study the effect of pollen treatments (drying and deep-freezing) on the phenotypic performance of the next generation. Fresh and artificially dried pollen samples with different water contents (56%, 18%, 13% and 10%) were used for sib pollinations immediately after collection or drying. Samples containing low amounts of water were then stored in liquid nitrogen for 7 days. Fertilization ability of the samples with 13% water was the highest after storage. Plant characteristics of the next generation originated from the seeds set by differently treated (fresh, dried to 13% water and deep-frozen) pollen were examined and statistically analysed. Pollen treatments due to the pollen storage procedure did not cause detectable changes in quantitative characters of the next generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037099
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  • 44
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    Improvement and significance of resistance to low-temperature damage in maize (Zea mays L.). I. Chlorosis resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; cold tolerance ; low-temperature adaptation ; chlorosis ; divergent mass selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf chlorosis is one of the most obvious symptoms of low-temperature damage in maize. Divergent mass selection for chlorosis resistance was performed during two cycles of selection in two synthetic cold-tolerant populations. Both populations responded to selection, and after one cycle of selection the chlorosis resistant and susceptible selections already differed significantly. The two sets of corresponding C2 populations obtained were used for a growth analysis at 13/8, 15/10, 20/15°C (day/night) during the early phase of vegetative growth. All plants were chlorotic at 13/8°C, and only some at 15/10°C. Resistance to chlorosis increased the survival rate and the growth rate of the surviving plants at 15/10°C. Resistance, however, appeared to reduce the accumulation of shoot dryweight at 20/15°C. The correlated changes in morphology of the shoots due to selection for chlorosis resistance, such as thicker leaves, may in part have caused this undesirable effect. Despite the disadvantage, improvement of resistance is considered to have a positive effect on dry-matter yield and yield stability in areas with cool weather during vegetative growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043374
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    Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in maize (Zea mays L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 919-924 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic diversity ; D2-statistic ; heterosis ; relative heterosis ; heterobeltiosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The magnitude of heterosis was examined in relation to genetic divergence among 10 parents in a 10 × 10 diallel cross of maize. The 10 parents (varieties) were selected on the basis of multivariate analysis of quantitative characters using Mahalanobis' D2-statistic from a lot of 64 varieties of maize belonging to different geograshical regions of the world. The magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and its components was found to be higher with moderate (intermediate) parential diversity than with extreme ones. The results indicated that not only the genetic diversity but the high per se performance with respect to specific characters of interest should be taken into consideration also while selecting parents for hybridization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028600
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    Characterization of cytoplasmic male sterility in Petunia hybrida and Zea mays. Localization and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 905-918 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Petunia hybrida ; Zea mays ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; biochemical analysis ; cytochemical analysis ; cytochrome c oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Anthers of male fertile, cytoplasmic male sterile (cms), and restored male fertile Petunia hybrida, are analyzed for cytochrome c oxidase (cox) activity in subsequent stages of microsporogenesis, and compared with anthers of male fertile, cms-S and cms-C Zea mays. The cox activity is determined in anther extracts and cytochemically. In petunia anthers, the first differences in cox activity occur from meiosis onward. However, at these stages, the initial symptoms of degeneration are already apparent. It is suggested that the decline in enzyme activity of the cms petunia anthers is the result rather than the cause of the non-formation of functional pollen. In maize anthers, the cox activity of sterile-type anthers is reduced in comparison with fertile-type anthers from premeiosis onward. There are also consistent cytochemical differences in the mitochondrial organization of cox activity between pollen of cms-S and male ferile maize anthers. In fertile-type mitochondria, the DAB reaction product indicating cox activity is localized in the cristae and within the space between the outer and inner limiting membranes of the organelles. In mitochondria of pollen of cms-S maize, cox activity is only observed between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria. The biochemical and cytochemical differences are observed at stages of development at which no structural signs of degeneration are apparent. The results suggest that cms in maize correlates with deviations in cytochrome c oxidase activity.
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    Yield response to honeycomb selection in maize (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; plant selection ; selection efficiency ; direct and correlated responses ; positive skewness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This research evaluated the response to three cycles of mass honeycomb selection based on the grain yields of widely-spaced plants from the F2 generation of a maize (Zea mays L.) single cross hybrid. Frequency distributions of individual plant yields in the selection plots showed strong positive skewness. A significant linear yield increase of 11.23% per cycle compared to the check was obtained. Correlated responses were the significant reduction in days to mid-silking, increases in ear and plant heights and in prolificacy. The selected population was similar to the original hybrid in days to mid-silking, ear and plant heights, but had significantly more ears per plant. It is concluded that mass honeycomb selection at wide spacings was effective in improving grain yield and prolificacy but may produce correlated responses in some other agronomic traits similar to those obtained with other selection schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023295
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    The yield stability of CIMMYT'S maize germplasm (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 245-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; multilocation trials ; yield stability ; principal coordinates analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Principal coordinates analysis was used to determine the yield stability of some CIMMYT maize populations (Zea mays L.) measured by the performance of the varieties selected from them. The varieties included in this study were derived from subtropical of early and intermediate maturity maize populations. The analyses included grain yield data from international trials conducted from 1979 to 1983. Results show that varieties selected from the population Blanco Subtropical were stable in low yielding sites. Of the populations considered in this study, Amarillo Bajio and ETO-Illinois produced a greater number of varieties that give stable yields under both favourable and unfavourable environmental conditions. Some selections based on multilocational data showed good stability across years in both low and high yielding sites; however, across location varieties were not always more stable than specific site selections. Varieties formed in Tlaltizapan (Mexico), and Chuquisaca (Bolivia) were very stable in other regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024519
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    Testcross performance of maize lines from backcross populations containing highland Mexican or highland Peruvian germplasm (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 263-272 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; backcrossing ; exotic germplasm ; highland tropical germplasm ; genetic recombination ; testcrossing ; grain yield ; grain moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Backcross populations of maize (Zea mays L.) were produced by crossing the early maturing inbred line W153R with the highland Mexican race Cónico then backcrossing to W153R (Q1 population) and by crossing W153R with the highland Peruvian race San Gerónimo then backcrossing to W153R (Q3 population). The populations were recombined by one generation of random mating. Testcrosses were produced from S0 plants in the original and recombined versions and these were evaluated in New Zealand for grain yield, grain moisture and other traits. Unexpected changes occurred during recombination for increased grain yield in the Q1 population and for decreased grain moisture in the Q3 population. This indicates strong, unplanned selection. Many testcrosses were higher yielding than check hybrids of W153R, but most were later maturing. S1 lines selected for high grain yield and acceptable grain moisture in testcrosses were advanced to the S2 generation and re-tested. All produced testcrosses with lower grain moisture than late maturing hybrid checks. Testcross grain yields of one Q1 line were equivalent to those of late maturing checks and its testcross had a lower grain moisture. The high yield potential of hybrids of this line was confirmed in the S4 generation.
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  • 50
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    Genetic variation in digestibility of forage maize (Zea mays L.) and its estimation by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). An analysis (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; forage maize ; digestibility ; variation ; cell wall ; quality ; breeding ; laboratory techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation is a major source of differences in digestibility of forage maize. Other sources are environmental conditions, location effects, and cultural practice. These factors initiate differences in cell-wall content and cell-wall digestibility. In vitro techniques with rumen microflora account efficiently for such differences. Cell-wall content can be determined easily and can also be predicted properly by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). However, no currently available chemical and physical laboratory techniques are able to discriminate between digestible and indigestible cell-wall fractions. Present NIRS functions do not predict cell-wall digestibility properly in maize. If further research on NIRS functioning overcomes this barrier, NIRS can become a useful breeding tool for digestibility in forage maize.
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    R-nj aleurone color selection and grain-filling responses in opaque-2 maize (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; anthocyanin ; correlated response ; kernel weight ; mass selection ; protein quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to determine which grain-filling characteristics were affected by the o2 gene and whether mass selection for degree of aleurone anthocyanin pigmentation controlled by R-nj could improve the grain-fill deficiencies associated with the o2 (opaque) phenotype of a mazie (Zea mays L.) synthetic (NDSE). Divergent mass selection was used to develop high color (HC), low color (LC), and randomly sampled (RC) check substrains. Lag phase duration (LPD), effective filling period (EFPD), and rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA) for both opaque and normal dent phenotypes of third cycle HC, LC, and RC substrains were evaluated at three N fertility levels for each of two years at Fargo. Normal (O2) pollen produced heavier kernels than o2 pollen at all N rates in 1982. Over years, O2 pollinations averaged 11% longer EFPDs than o2 pollinations, but LPDs were usually longer for o2 pollinations. HC strains averaged 5.6% higher RDMA than RC strains across pollen types while LC strains had higher RDMA than RC strains only for O2 pollinations. These results indicate that selection for LC improved several traits which were deficient in opaque-2 maize and that use of the R-nj gene may be useful in improving opaque-2 maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023063
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    Examination of methods for choosing locations for preliminary maize yield testing (1989)
    Springer
    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; test locations ; overall performance ; predictive potential of location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The costs associated with yield testing cause maize (Zea mays L.) breeders to search for ways to maximize testing efficiency. The objective of this study was to select individual locations, or a group of locations as preliminary testing sites for yield evaluation of maize hybrids within FAO 600 maturity zone in Yugoslavia. Yield data for 12 locations obtained for the period 1975 to 1984 were used. The predictive potential of the site was judged by the correlations between location means and overall mean (r〉0.95), linear regression of locations means on overall mean (b〉1.0) and percentage of the 10% overall highest yielding hybrids selected by 10% selection intensity at each location, or at the group of locations (Is〉80%). Also factors as average location yield (x) and variation in individual location yield during the period of 10 years (CV) were related to the predictive potential of the site. Differences among locations in all criteria were found. Average yielding locations had higher values of estimators of predictive ability of overall performance than low yielding locations. None of individual locations satisfied all requested criteria. Five locations with highest values for each individual criterion were selected and all possible two, three, four and five-location combinations among them studied. Combinations of two locations could be used for very preliminary screening of hybrids by applying mild selection intensity. A more accurate prediction of overall one-year performance requires an evaluation of hybrids in a minimum of three, but frequently four, selected locations. However, for precise estimation of over-year hybrid performance, testing the hybrids at selected locations in more than one year is necessary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022614
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    Occurrence of spermine in chromatin of Zea mays (1985)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 3 (1985), S. 239-245 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; spermine ; spermidine ; chromatin ; quinacrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chromatin prepared from maize shoot tips using as extraction medium including quinacrine as an inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, contained 1.6 pmol spermidine μg DNA-1 and 14.8 pmol spermine μg DNA-1, respectively. This represented 0.1% spermidine and 3.7% spermine as compared with the content of those amines in the whole tissue. No putrescine was detectable in the chromatin preparation. When contamination of polyamines in the preparation was determined by the addition of labeled polyamines to the extraction medium, the ratio of the polyamines in the preparation to those in the extraction medium was 0.1% spermidine and 0.7% spermine, respectively. Spermine in the chromatin preparation was almost fully solubilized by a DNase-treatment, but spermidine was less easily solubilized. Most of the spermine associated with the chromation is chromatin-specific.
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    Identification of indole-3-butyric acid as an endogenous constituent of maize kernels and leaves (1989)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: IAA ; IBA ; conjugated IBA ; rooting ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was identified by thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in kernels and leaves of corn (Zea mays) var. Hazera 224. Free and ester conjugated IBA were present in dry and germinating corn kernels and leaves. This is the first report of IBA in a monocotyledonous plant and, as far as we know, the first evidence for the presence of conjugated IBA.
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    Rectification of radial water flow in the hypodermis of nodal roots ofZea mays (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: conductivity ; hydraulic ; hypodermis ; polarity ; roots ; water ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139943
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    Effects of soil temperature and water on maize root growth (1988)
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    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 267-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; root distribution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139951
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    The action of divalen Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu and Pb ions on the ATPase activity of a plasma membrane fraction isolated from roots ofZea mays (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: heavy metals ; plasma membrane ATPase activity ; roots ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the divalent metal ions Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu and Pb on the ATPase activity of a plasma membrane fraction isolated from roots ofZea mays have been investigated. When Mg-ions (3 mM), with or without K-ions (50mM) are included in the reaction medium, inhibition of ATPase activity was found in all cases, the relative order of the inhibitors over the concentration range 10 to 100μM, being Hg〉〉Cu∼Cd〉Zn∼Pb. Below 1.0μM only Hg caused substantial inhibition. In the absence of Mg ions, Zn and to a lesser extent Cd, activated the enzyme up to a concentration of 1 mM, activity being further stimulated in the presence of K-ions (50mM). No activation of ATPase activity was found for Hg, Cu or Pb. It was concluded that Zn-ATP and Cd-ATP are both alternative substrates for the enzyme. Further experiments showed that both Km and Vmax for the substrates Zn-ATP and Cd-ATP are very much lower than for the usual substrate Mg-ATP. These present results are discussed in relation to the known actions of these divalent cations on the trans-root potential and H-ion efflux in excised maize roots (Kennedy and Gonsalves, 1987).
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    Cytoplasmic-nucleargenic effects in the C121 (Athens) Zea mays L. inbred with three cytoplasms (1980)
    Springer
    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; cytoplasmic inheritance ; extra-chromosomal inheritance ; cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction ; cytoplasmic-genotype effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seeds of the long-time maize (Zea mays L.) inbred CI 21 (Athens) were prepared with the following cytoplasms: GA 199 and GT 112. Each source of cytoplasm as the female parent was corssed to the CI 21 (A) as the pollen parent. The F1, as the female, was backcrossed successively to the CI 21 (A) genotype until the CI 21 (A) nucleus was substituted into each of the cytoplasms. Thus, each cytoplasmic source of seed assumed to have the same nuclear genotype. The cytoplasms were compared in all possible combinations for one year with 10 replications. Among the characters studied, significant differences were obtained for the following: effect of herbicide, reaction to Fusarium sp., silking on a given day, tasseling, plant height, ear height, lodging, number of ears, and yield. These results revealed a favorable interaction of GA 199 cytoplasm with the CI 21 (A) genotype for desirable characters. Apparently, plasmon-sensitive effects caused the unfavorable results. Results from these experiments also provide further support for cytoplasmic effects on agronomic characters in maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025119
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    Populations of maize with more rapid and reliable seedling emergence than cornbelt dents at low temperatures (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 755-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; low temperature emergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selected races, populations and genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) from regions where maize is sown under cool conditions were evaluated in controlled-environment rooms for time to seedling emergence and percentage emergence at low temperatures. The objective of the study was to identify populations with the ability to emerge more rapidly and more reliably than Cornbelt Dent, the race most widely used to produce cultivars for temperate regions. Several populations emerged markedly faster and more reliably than Cornbelt Dent populations. All of these populations contained germplasm of highland Mexican origin, except for Gaspé Flint, and the fastest population in each experiment always contained a high proportion of germplasm from the Cónico race. The advantage of populations containing Cónico germplasm was greatest in environments where emergence was slowest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038805
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    Variation in the expression of specificity in two maize diseases (1982)
    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; Bipolaris maydis ; Colletotrichum graminicola ; quantitative disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten inbred lines from the open-pollinated maize variety Jarvis were selected from 51 randomly collected lines to represent a wide range of susceptibility to one isolate each of Bipolaris maydis or Colletotrichum graminicola. Ten isolates of each pathogen were selected for a range of virulence on a maize line with average resistance. Resistance and virulence ratings were based on lengths of lesions that developed on leaves of greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with 5 μl droplets of suspensions of known spore concentrations. For each disease the ten maize lines were inoculated in all possible combinations with the ten pathogen isolates. The experiment was run six times with each pathogen. Analysis of variance for individual trials indicated a significant interaction between maize lines and B. maydis isolates in all six trials and between maize lines and C. graminicola isolates in four of six trials. For both diseases. the combined analysis over all six trials revealed no significant interaction. Apparently the expression of specificity in these host-pathogen interactions is variable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021640
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    Indonesian mungbean landraces I. Pure-line selection for yield when intercropped with maize (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 783-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vigna radiata ; mungbean ; Zea mays ; maize ; landrace ; intercropping ; pure-line selection ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When mungbean landraces from East Java were intercropped with maize, genetic variation for grain yield was observed. Three cycles of selection resulted in a yield increase of 24% as compared to the original landraces. The yield of the maize component in the mixture was not affected by the increase of the mungbean yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051861
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    Indonesian mungbean landraces II. Comparison of performance, components of variance and selection for grain yield under wide row-spacing in monoculture and when intercropped with maize (1987)
    Springer
    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 791-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vigna radiata ; mungbean ; Zea mays ; maize ; landrace ; intercropping ; monoculture ; genotype x environment interaction ; single-plant selection ; progeny selection ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possibility of testing mungbean for grain yield in monoculture in single wide-spaced row plots as an alternative to selection in intercropping with maize was investigated. Results indicated no significant genotype x planting pattern interactions and genetic correlation coefficients between grain yields in the two planting patterns were, in most cases, close to unity. It was concluded that, as far as the mungbean component in the mixture is concerned, yield selection in either of the two planting patterns is justified. Effects of single-plant and progeny selection on mungbean characteristics were also studied empirically. Lines derived from single-plant selection in monocropping or intercropping showed differences in yield, number of pods per plant and seed weight. Except for seed weight, no differential effects of progeny selection in monoculture or intercropping were observed for any characteristic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051862
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    Reappraisal of Ashby's hypothesis on heterosis of physiological traits in maize, Zea mays L (1985)
    Springer
    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 593-598 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; heterosis ; Ashby's hypothesis ; F1 seed ; embryo size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken to reappraise the materials and methods used by various reports discussing Ashby's hypothesis on heterosis of physiological traits in maize. The review of 15 reports led to the conclusion that both Ashby's hypothesis and the subsequent refutations of the hypothesis were based on insufficient evidence. New experiments using suitable pollination techniques and an appropriate statistical analysis enabled us to confirm Ashby's hypothesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035394
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    Quantification of air-filled root porosity: A comparison of two methods (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anaerobiosis ; aerenchyma ; methods root research ; pycnometer ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139949
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    Changes in the osmotic potential of the root as a factor in the decrease in the root-shoot ratio ofZea mays plants under water stress (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: osmoregulation ; osmotic value ; root ; shoot ; water stress ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139952
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    Selection of sites for preliminary maize yield trials in the rainforest zone of South-Western Nigeria (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 441-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; general adaptation ; preliminary yield evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain-yield data obtained from 49 varieties of maize (Zea mays L.), grown at each of five sites for two years, were analyzed with the objective of identifying two or three sites where mean performance adequately predicted the mean performance of all five sites combined. Regression of overall varietal mean on site or site-combination means was done and the predictive potential of a site or combination of sites was judged by four criteria: (i) r2≥0.9, (ii) b≥1.0, (iii) high yield (i.e., yield greater than or equal to overall mean yield) and (iv) consistent yield (i.e., yield did not fall below the mean yield by more than 10%). In addition, a trial differentiation index, D, was used to compare the site combinations selected on the basis of the above criteria with the differentiation potential of all five sites combined. None of the five individual sites and the ten two-site combinations satisfactorily predicted overall mean yield. However, five three-sites combinations had values of D similar to that of all the five sites. Rank-correlation coefficients of the three-site combinations with all five sites ranged from 0.90 to 0.79. It was concluded that certain three-site combinations could be satisfactorily used for preliminary maize yield trials in the rainforest ecological zone of S.W. Nigeria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021852
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    Stability and genetic improvement of maize yield in Argentina (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 449-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; regression analysis ; cultivar x environment interaction ; yield stability parameters ; genetic gain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield stability and the genetic improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield in the humid pampas of Argentina were evaluated. Stability parameters were computed for 15 varieties grown in 35 environments. To analyze genetic improvement of grain yield, data were obtained from trials grown in four locations and twelve years. Two locations represented the typical maize area, while the remaining two were considered marginal. Simple correlation and linear regression coefficients were computed to study the relationships between yield, stability parameters, number of days to 50% tassel emergence, and year of release. Genetic improvement of grain yield was analyzed from linear regression of the average yield of the three highest-yielding varieties (as percentage of the average yield of five common checks) on year of trial. Yield differed significantly among varieties. Significant variety x environment (linear) interaction was also detected. Significant linear relationships were found between regression coefficient for yield (stability parameter 1) and days to tassel emergence, stability parameter 1 and yield, year of release and days to tassel emergence, and year of release and stability parameter 1. Thus, newer maize varieties tended to flower later and had greater responsiveness to favorable environments than did older varieties. Yields have increased for both the typical and marginal areas, with average yearly increases of 114 and 182 kg/ha, respectively. Breeding programs with nurseries located in the typical maize area have raised yield potential in both areas studied. However, if present trends continue, future releases could prove inadequate in low-yielding or short season environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021853
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    An evaluation for genetic variation within maize inbred lines maintained by sib-mating and self-pollination (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; inbred line ; relic heterozygosity ; mutation ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Maintaining maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines without genetic change is an important concern of maize breeders and seed producers. Long-time inbred lines, however, have been shown to be genetically unstable, and with selection pressure acting on the resulting genetic variation, these lines have evolved into different strains. The objective of this study was to compare maintenance of line integrity under reproduction by sib-mating and self-pollination in ear-to-row progenies. Ten lines, varying from 5 to 35 generations of previous ear-to-row selfing, were maintained for 11 successive generations under each method of reproduction. Alternate generations were compared by using a randomized complete-block design with each family of lines as a separate experiment. Data were collected for 10 plant and yield traits: pollen shed and silk emergence dates, plant and ear heights, tassel branch number, kernel row number, ear length and diameter, grain yield, and 300-kernel weight. Summarizing for F-tests over all traits and experiments, 30% were significant among sib-mated generations and 56% among selfed generations. Also, overall generation means of the two methods were different for 51% of the comparisons, and the selfed lines were less vigorous for 79% of the significant comparisons. It was concluded that sib-mating lessens the effect of genetic instability and that a reproduction system of sib-mating with intermittent generations of selfing may be more beneficial than continuous ear-to-row selfing for certain lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021848
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    Reciprocal recurrent selection for multitrait indices in maize (1986)
    Springer
    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 817-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; modified reciprocal recurrent selection ; multitrait index ; response to selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal recurrent selection was carried out with two populations of maize (Zea mays L.) having good combining ability. We selected for higher grain yield, early maturity, shorter plant height and lodging resistance. Two cycles were completed in two years (four seasons), by resorting to late planting of S1 lines for recombination in the main season in which top-cross families were assessed. Top-crosses and selfings were made in the off-season. The original and improved versions of the populations and their crosses were evaluated in multilocation trials. The superiority of the population hybrid was 10.3% for grain yield, 5.5% for plant height and 1.8 days to silk. The improved hybrid had delayed leaf senescence and better resistance to lodging and post-flowering stalk rots. Among the yield components, only ear girth showed improvement. Syn 2 of the improved population cross showed a yield reduction of 6.2% in comparison to Syn 1. Intrapopulation gains were not significant except for lodging resistance in one population.
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    The participation of the primary maize root on the assimilation of NH 4 + ions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: glutamate dehydrogenase ; glutamine synthetase ; root ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139936
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    A simulation model of root and shoot growth at different levels of nitrogen availability (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C-metabolism ; growth ; Zea mays ; N-metabolism ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Conclusions The model calculations correspond in a qualitative way rather well with experimental data and the model appears to be quite stable. This means that a) the division into three plant parts (growing and mature shoot parts and roots) and b) the mechanisms simulated (chemical conversions and transport processes) can form a good basis for describing plant growth.
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    Row spacing effects of N2-fixation, N-yield and soil N uptake of intercropped cowpea and maize (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercrop ; monocrop15N-depleted ammonium sulphate ; 15N-dilution ; N2-fixation ; N-transfer ; Vigna unguiculata ; yield independent ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the tropics, cowpea is often intercropped with maize. Little is known about the effect of the intercropped maize on N2-fixation by cowpea or how intercropping affects nitrogen fertilizer use effiency or soil N-uptake of both crops. Cowpea and maize were grown as a monocrop at row spacings of 40, 50, 60, 80, and 120 cm and intercropped at row spacing of 40, 50, and 60 cm. Plots were fertilized with 50 kg N as (NH4)2SO4; microplots within each plot received the same amount of15N-depleted (NH4)2SO4. Using the15N-dilution method, the percentage of N derived from N2-fixation by cowpea and the recovery of N-fertilizer and soil N-uptake was measured for both crops at 50 and 80 days after planting. Significant differences in yield and total N for cowpea and maize at both harvest periods were dependent on row spacing and cropping systems. Maize grown at the closer row spacing accumulated most of its N during the first 50 days after planting, whereas maize grown at the widest row spacing accumulated a significant portion of its N during the last 30 days before the final harvest, 80 days after planting. Overall, no significant differences in the percentage of N derived from N2-fixation for monocropped or intercropped cowpea was observed and between 30 and 50% of its N was derived from N2. At 50 DAP, fertilizer and soil N uptake was dependent on row spacing with maize grown at the narrowest row spacing having a higher fertilizer and soil N recovery than maize grown at wider spacings. At 50 and 80 DAP, intercropped maize/cowpea did not have a higher fertilizer and soil N uptake than monocropped cowpea or maize at the same row spacing. Monocropped maize and cowpea at the same row spacing took up about the same amount of fertilizer or soil N. When intercropped, maize took up twice as much soil and fertilizer N as cowpea. Apparently intercropped cowpea was not able to maintain its yield potential. Whereas significant differences in total N for maize was observed at 50 and 80 DAP, no significant differences in the atom %14N excess were observed. Therefore, in this study, the atom %14N excess of the reference crop was yield independent. Furthermore, the similarity in the atom %14N excess for intercropped and monocropped maize indicated that transfer of N from the legume to the non-legume was small or not detectable.
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    A simulation model of the three-dimensional architecture of the maize root system (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: architecture ; maize ; mathematical model ; root growth ; root development ; simulation model ; spatial distribution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the nutrient and water uptake of rootsin situ, we need a quantitative three-dimensional dynamic model of the root system architecture. The present model takes into account current observations on the morphogenesis of the maize root system. It describes the root system as a set of root axes, characterised by their orders and their inter-node of origin. The evolution of the simulated pattern is achieved by three processes, occuring at each time step: emission of new primary root axes from the shoot, growth and branching of existing root axes. The elongation of an axis depends on its order, inter-node and local growing conditions. Branches appear acropetally at a specified distance from the apex and from former branches, along ranks facing xylem poles, with a branching angle specific to their order and inter-node. From the three-dimensional branched patterns simulated by the model, various outputs, such as root profiles or cross-section maps can be computed, compared to observed data and used as inputs in uptake models. A number of examples of such possible outputs are presented.
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    A root observation and sampling chamber (rhizotron) for pot studies (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; Beta vulgaris ; Glycine max ; Pot study ; Rhizotron ; Root observation chamber ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A plant root observation chamber (rhizotron) was designed to examine soil-grown roots under a stereomicroscope and to sample roots and soil during the growth period of a pot study. The mini-rhizotrons are inexpensive to construct and are suitable for replicated, multitreatment experiments. Illustrative data on root hair and lateral development are presented for seedlings of four crop species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139633
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    Quantitative estimation of root exudation of maize plants (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 86 (1985), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrate respiration ; Partitioning of net photosynthate ; Root exudation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rate of root exudation of maize plants was estimated by measuring the rate of denitrification in a hermetically sealed root system. While CO2 production measured in the rhizosphere results both from root respiration and microbial respiration N2O production during nitrate respiration is solely related to the amount of root exudates available for bacterial degradation. With 4 week old plants growing in quartz sand or soil root exudation amounted to 7% of the net photosynthates. Calculations revealed that about 25% of the organic matter flowing into the root system was excreted into the rhizosphere.
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    The effect of growing beans together with maize on the incidence of bean diseases and pests (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 87 (1981), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: mono-cropping ; mixed cropping ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; bean ; Zea mays ; maize ; bean diseases ; Pseudomonas phaseolicola ; halo blight ; bean common mosaic virus ; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ; anthracnose ; Xanthomonas phaseoli ; common blight ; Elsinoe phaseoli ; scab ; Phoma exigua var. diversispora ; black node disease ; Erysiphe polygoni ; powdery mildew ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; white mold ; Phaeoisariopsis griseola ; angular leaf spot ; Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatis ; rust ; bean pests ; Heliothis armigera ; bolworm ; Systates pollinosus ; black beetle ; Aphis fabae ; aphid ; disease score ; pest score ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Bonen in mengteelt met mais vertoonden over het algemeen in vergelijking met bonen in monocultuur minder aantasting door de navolgende ziekten en plagen: vetvlekkenziekte, bonerolmozaïek, vlekkenziekte, gewone vlekkenziekte, schurft, zwarte knopensiekte, meeldauw, peulenboorder en, in mindere mate, veelhoekvlekkenziekte. Het tegenovergestelde was het geval voor sclerotiënrot en de bladrandkeverSystates. Roest en de zwarte bonenluis gedroegen zich wat wisselvallig in dit opzicht. Geconstateerd mag worden, dat door mengteelt met mais een soort teeltkundige behersing van de belangrijkste ziekten en plagen in Kenya wordt bewerkstelligd.
    Notes: Abstract Compared with mono-cultures, beans grown in association with maize showed generally less incidence of the following diseases and pests: halo blight, bean common mosaic, anthracnose, common blight, scab,Phoma, mildew, bolworm and to a lesser extent angular leaf spot. For white mold and the black beetleSystates the opposite was observed. Rust and aphilds were erratic in this respect. Apparently a kind of cultural control of the major bean diseases in Kenya is effected by growing beans in association with maize.
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    Season long intraplant epizootics of entomopathogens,Beauveria bassiana andNosema pyrausta, in a corn agroecosystem (1986)
    Springer
    BioControl 31 (1986), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Entomopathogens ; Beauveria bassiana ; Nosema pyrausta ; European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; epizootics ; corn ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On étudie la possibilité d'induire des épizooties par introduction des entomopathogènesBeauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin etNosema pyrausta (Paillot) dans un champ de maïs,Zea mays L. Des ooplaques de la pyrale du maïs,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), contaminées avecN. pyrausta sont placées dans le cornet de plants de maïs. Les conidies deB. bassiana sont appliquées en suspension aqueuse. Les déjections des premières larves, déjà à l'intérieur de la plante, sont traitées avec une quantité de spores deN. pyrausta suffisante pour induire plus de 80% de mortalité dans la génération fille au cours des 2 années d'étude. La viabilité des spores deN. pyrausta mélangées aux déjections, est contrôlée au cours de l'hiver. L'impact potentiel de cet inoculum sur la génération fille est discuté. Les conidies issues des cadavres de la pyrale du maïs tuée par l'inoculum initial deB. bassiana, et/ou les conidies elles-mêmes initialement introduites ont significativement réduit les dégâts de la première génération de larves de pyrale. Cependant, ni la concentration deB. bassiana, ni l'âge des larves exposées au champignon, n'ont d'effet significatif (p〈0,5) sur l'activité dévastatrice des larves de 23 génération.
    Notes: Abstract Intraplant epizootics of entomopathogens,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, andNosema pyrausta (Paillot) were studied in a corn,Zea mays L., agroecosystem. Egg masses of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), infected withN. pyrausta were placed on midwhorl-stage corn plants. Conidia ofB. bassiana were applied in an aqueous suspension. Frass from the initial insects remaining within the plants was contaminated with sufficientN. pyrausta spores to infest 80% of the filial generation in each year of a 2-yr study. Viability ofN. pyrausta within the frass was monitored throughout the winter. Potential for impact of this inoculum on the filial generation is discussed. Conidia from cadavers of the European corn borer that were killed by the initial inoculum ofB. bassiana and/or conidia from the initial inoculum ofB. bassiana significantly reduced tunneling by the filial generation of the European corn borer. However, neither the concentration ofB. bassiana nor the age of the larvae exposed toB. bassiana, had any significant (P〈.05) effect on tunneling by the 2nd-generation larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373152
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