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  • Articles  (220)
  • Mitochondria  (141)
  • stability
  • wheat
  • Springer  (220)
  • 1990-1994  (220)
  • Biology  (220)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability properties of proliferatively coupled cell replication models (1991)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 39 (1991), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Hematological diseases ; first order partial differential equations ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To address the possibility that proliferative disorders may originate from interactions between multiple populations of proliferating and maturing cells, we formulate a model for this process as a set of coupled nonlinear first order partial differential equations. Using recent results for the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to this model, we demonstrate that there exists a region of coupling coefficients, maturation rates, and proliferation rates that will guarantee the stable coexistence of coupled cellular populations. The analysis shows that increases in the coupling between populations may ultimately lead to a loss of stability. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that increases (decreases) in the maturation and/or proliferation rates above (below) critical levels will lead either to instability in the populations or the destruction of one population and the persistence of the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046404
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of a flood event on phytoplankton succession (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 330-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Flood ; phytoplankton succession ; reversion ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the August 1987 River Reuss flood event on the phytoplankton biocoenosis in Lake Uri (Urnersee, part of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland) was investigated firstly by comparing biological, chemical and physical data sampled before the event with equivalent data sampled after the event; and secondly by comparing the phytoplankton succession in 1987 with that occurring in the “floodfree” year 1989. As a consequence of the flood, the physical and chemical environment of the phytoplankton was found to have undergone a change which resulted in an alteration in the composition of the phytoplankton community. The phytoplankton community existing previous to the flood event, which had been dominated byTabellaria fenestrata sensu Husted 1930 (K-strategist), was replaced by a biocoenosis characterized mainly by various species of flagellates, which represent a typical spring successional stage (r-strategists). After the externally-imposed perturbation, the return to stable physical and chemical conditions was followed by the re-establishment of the successional stage which had existed before the flood (termed “reversion” by Reynolds, 1980).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879761
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA in wheat seeds from European archaeological sites (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of mitochondrial bioenergetics due to intravenous injection of a perfluorocarbon emulsion (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 660-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; perfluorocompound injection ; rat kidney ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wistar albino rats were intravenously injected with 1 ml of an oxyphoretic emulsion of perfluorobutylfurane and killed 3, 7 or 30 days later. Mitochondria isolated from the liver and kidneys of treated rats showed a small decrease in the transmembrane electrical potential and a substantial depression of the rates of both ATP synthesis and ADP-stimulated respiration. These alterations in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation appear to be induced by perfluorocarbon and/or tensioactive molecules interacting with hydrophobic cell structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952868
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and transcription of the gene coding for subunit 3 of cytochrome oxidase in wheat mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: cox3 ; Mitochondria ; Wheat ; Transcription mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The wheat mitochondrial (mt) cox3 has been localized and sequenced. The gene exists as a single copy in the wheat mt master chromosome and is transcribed into a single 1.2 kb RNA, whose extremities have been mapped. Comparison of the wheat and Oenothera cox3 sequences gives ambiguous indications concerning the amino acid coded by the codon CGG. Upstream and downstream of the wheat cox3 gene, two short sequences of 43 bp and 69 bp respectively are present, which are almost identical to sequences present in the flanking regions of other plant mitochondrial genes. These common sequences seem to have played a role in the rearrangements which caused sequence divergence of the plant mt genomes during evolution. Furthermore, mapping of wheat and maize cox3 and cob transcripts suggests that some of these common sequences can play a role in the regulation of transcription or processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313247
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kalilo senescence plasmid of Neurospora intermedia has covalently-linked 5′ terminal proteins (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Neurospora ; Plasmid ; Terminal proteins ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Kalilo is a linear plasmid associated with senescence in Neurospora. The terminal Eco R1 restriction fragments of this element are linked to a protein component which remains bound despite denaturation with high concentrations of SDS. Following digestion with proteinase K, the 5′ termini of the plasmid remain resistant to lambda exonuclease whereas the 3′ termini are sensitive to exonuclease III, suggesting that the terminal protein is covalently linked. From an analysis of iodinated proteins released by nuclease digestion, the size of the terminal protein was estimated to be 120 kDa. The covalent linkage between DNA and protein was shown to be alkali-labile suggesting that it is a phosphodiester bond. Electron micrographs of the intact plasmid demonstrate that the associated proteins are terminal, and may be involved in replication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312610
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homologous linear plasmids in mitochondria of three species of wheat bunt fungi, Tilletia caries, T. laevis and T. controversa (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Linear plasmids ; Mitochondria ; Wheat ; Bunt fungi ; Tilletia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All isolates of Tilletia spp. investigated (five isolates of T. caries, including one from Japan, two isolates of T. laevis, and five isolates of T. controversa) contained a linear DNA plasmid ranging in size from 7.2 to 7.6 kb. All plasmids were highly homologous to each other as shown by DNA-DNA hybridization and comparison of restriction enzyme sites. Variability in the size of the plasmid was found to be due to differences within a central region of the plasmid. No homology between the plasmid and mitochondrial or nuclear DNA was found, but the mitochondrial origin of the plasmid was confirmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312614
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Mitochondrial modifications in a single nuclear mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affected in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 507-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutants ; Cytochrome ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports studies of bioenergetic modifications in a TTR1 single-nuclear mutant, isolated as resistant to triethyltin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, and effective in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This mutant appears to have lost the wildtype cell ability to respond to a decrease of oxygen concentration in the growth medium by a decrease of cytochrome concentration in the cell. ATP synthesis rate in mutant cells in both the prestationary and stationary phase of growth appeared increased in comparison to wild-type cells, as too was respiration rate. A comparative study of mitochondria extracted from wild-type and from TTR1 mutant cells showed an increase in respiration rate, an increase in ATP synthesis rate, and an increase in TPP+ uptake in mutant mitochondria. The specific ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to TET, appears to be similar for mitochondria extracted from both strains. It was proposed that the modification of mitochondrial biogenesis in the TTR1 mutant may be due to a response of the cell to an increase in ATP hydrolysis caused by the mutation. It is also possible that the modification in cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation which appeared to occur in this mutant affects protein(s) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313079
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Properties of two nuclear pet mutants affecting expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309594
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Homology between mitochondrial DNA of Agaricus bisporus and an internal portion of a linear mitochondrial plasmid of Agaricus bitorquis (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 495-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Agaricus ; Mitochondria ; Plasmid ; RNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom, contains a mitochondrial fragment (50H) which was previously demonstrated by Southern hybridization to have sequence similarity to an internal region of pEM, a linear mitochondrial plasmid of Agaricus bitorquis. The nucleotide sequence of 50H was determined and compared to the sequence of the corresponding pEM fragment. The region of sequence homology on pEM is contained within an open reading frame (ORF) that may encode an RNA polymerase, but 50H is neither an intact nor a complete copy of the ORF. pEM also contains an ORF with characteristics of genes for virus-encoded DNA polymerases. pEM appears to be very similar to other linear mitochondrial plasmids (in fungi and higher plants) reported to contain ORFs that may encode the same types of polymerases. The potential functionality of the pEM sequence suggests that it has diverged less than the mitochondrial fragment from a common ancestor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312742
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    CBP1 function is required for stability of a hybrid cob-oli1 transcript in yeast mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; CBP1 ; RNA stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear gene product CBP1 stabilizes cytochrome b transcripts in yeast mitochondria. In cbp1 mutant strains, cytochrome b gene (cob) transcripts are not detectable by Northern blot analysis. The results of previous studies led to the hypothesis that CBP1 interacts with the 5′-untranslated sequence of the cob mRNA, or pre-mRNA, to stabilize the message. To determine what portion of the cob leader is sufficient for interaction with CBP1, we have investigated the stability of transcripts from a novel hybrid gene, cob-oli1, in which the 5′-terminal third of the cob leader sequence was fused to the coding sequence of the gene for ATP synthase subunit 9, oli1. The hybrid cob-oli1 transcript was stale in a strain wild-type at the CBP1 locus, but was undetectable in the cbp1 mutant background. That the cob-oli1 transcript was translated to produce ATP synthase subunit 9 in CBP1 strains containing the cob-oli1 gene was verified by 35S-methionine labeling of mitochondrial proteins. We conclude that the 5′-terminal portion of the cob message is sufficient for CBP1 function and discuss the hypothesis that CBP1 interacts directly with this region of the transcript to promote cob mRNA stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309911
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    A termination codon is created by RNA editing in the petunia mitochondrial atp9 gene transcript (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Petunia hybrida ; Mitochondria ; RNA editing ; cDNA ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the cDNA of the atp9-1 gene transcript from petunia mitochondria has revealed that ten C residues of the gene sequence are edited into U in the mRNA. Seven of these edits result in amino acid changes and one introduces a stop codon before the end of the open reading frame predicted from the gene sequence. The resulting protein is better conserved when compared to the same protein in other organism. Comparison of the edited petunia sequence with other plant mitochondrial atp9 gene sequences indicates variation in the number and positions of edits required to obtain the same amino acids in ATP9 polypeptides of higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00362089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution of mitochondrial intron sequences among 21 yeast species (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326288
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  • 15
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    Mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces douglasii: genes coding for components of the protein synthetic apparatus (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; S. douglasii ; Intron ; TSL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial genes coding for some components of the protein synthetic apparatus in S. douglasii have been studies in detail. A region containing stretches of high homology to the S. cerevisiae tRNA synthesis locus (TSL) and the tRNAfmet gene has been identified and sequenced. The organization of this region was very similar to that present in S. cerevisiae, including the presence of a possible transcription starting signal. The S. douglasii TSL gene is shorter due to several deletions which, however, do not involve the regions coding for RNA domains know to be required for the catalytic activity of mitochondrial RNAse P. The S. douglasii LSU rRNA gene has been shown to contain a typical group I intron highly homologous to its S. cerevisiae counterpart, except for the absence of the open reading frame which in S. cerevisiae codes for I-SceI endonuclease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336483
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Characterization of a yeast nuclear gene, AEP2, required for accumulation of mitochondrial mRNA encoding subunit 9 of the ATP synthase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312765
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  • 17
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    A mobile group II intron of a naturally occurring rearranged mitochondrial genome in Kluyveromyces lactis (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Intron transfer ; Mitochondria ; Kluyveromyces ; Rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial intron content is variable in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Strains can be divided into three classes depending on the structure of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene: (1) those containing intron K1 cox1.1, (2) those containing K1 cox1.2, 3 and 4 and, (3) those that contain all four introns. In addition, strains belonging to the first class (designated Type B strains), have an altered mitochondrial gene order relative to strains from classes (2) and (3) (Type A, Hardy et al. 1989). Crossing experiments reveal that K1 cox1.1 (a group II intron) transfers at high frequency (89%) to mitochondrial genomes lacking this intron. By contrast, the mobility of the remaining introns (all group I) is of the order of 7%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312773
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  • 18
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    Analysis of polyadenylated RNA from human heart mitochondria (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 119-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Poly(A)-RNA ; Mitochondria ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The content of the mitochondrial poly(A)-RNA fraction of human heart has been analyzed by electrophoresis through agarose slab gels in the presence of methyl mercury hydroxide and staining with ethidium bromide. It is possible to identify all the heavy strand coded mRNAs in the electrophoretic pattern. This pattern is qualitatively similar to that obtained from the mitochondria of cells cultured in vitro (HeLa cells), although differences in the relative amount of some components have been detected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326292
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  • 19
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    A new senescence-inducing mitochondrial linear plasmid in field-isolated Neurospora crassa strains from India (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Senescence ; Plasmid ; Neurospora ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several field-collected strains of Neurospora crassa from the vicinity or Aarey, Bombay, India, are prone to precocious senescence and death. Analysis of one strain, Aarely-1e, demonstrated that the genetic determinants for the predisposition to senescence are maternally inherited. The senescence-prone strains contain a 7-kb, linear, mitochondrial DNA plasmid, maranhar, which is not present in long-lived isolates from the same geographical location. The maranhar plasmid has inverted terminal repeats with protein covalently bound at the 5′ termini. Molecular hybridization experiments have demonstrated no substantial DNA sequence homology between the plasmid and the normal mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genomes of long-lived strains of N. crassa. Integrated maranhar sequences were detected in the mtDNAs of two cultures derived from Aarey-1e, and mtDNAs with the insertion sequences accumulated during subculturing. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned fragments of the two insertion sequences demonstrates that that they are flanked by long inverted repeats of mtDNA. The senescence syndrome of the maranhar strains, and the mode of integration of the plasmid, are reminiscent of those seen in the kalilo strains of N. intermedia. Nonetheless, there is no detectable nucleotide sequence homology between the maranhar and kalilo plasmids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326294
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  • 20
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    Distribution of mitochondrial r1-type introns and the associated open reading frame in the yeast genus Kluyveromyces (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Introns ; Kluyveromyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have sequenced the intron in the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene from the mitochondrion of Kluyveromyces lactis. It is a typical group I intron but, unlike the corresponding intron (r1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it does not contain an open reading frame. This intron is widespread in the genus Kluyveromyces although intron-less strains were also found in some species of this genus. Sequences homologous to the open reading frame of the S. cerevisiae ribosomal intron were detected in some strains of K. waltii, K thermotolerans and K. africanus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336482
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  • 21
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    Structure and expression of tomato mitochondrial genes coding for tRNACys (GCA), tRNAAsn (GUU) and tRNATyr (GUA): A native tRNACys gene is present in dicot plants but absent in monocot plants (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; tRNA genes ; Tomato ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequences of tRNAAsn (GUU) and tRNATyr (GUA) genes from tomato mitochondria and their flanking regions have been determined. The tomato mitochondrial tRNAAsn gene is located 2.1 kb downstream from the tRNACys gene reported previously (Izuchi and Sugita 1989) and shows a nearly complete identity with the corresponding chloroplast gene. The tRNATyr gene, which shows only 73% homology with the corresponding chloroplast gene, has to be considered a “native” mitochondrial tRNA gene and is 535 bp from the “chloroplast-like” tRNAAsn gene on the same strand. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that the three tRNA genes are transcribed in tomato mitochondria. Southern hybridization analysis of tomato, sugar beet, rice and wheat mitochondrial DNAs, with oligonucleotide probes for mitochondrial or chloroplast tRNA genes, demonstrated that the mitochondrial tRNACys gene found in tomato is present in dicot plants but not in monocots. On the other hand, a chloroplast-like tRNACys gene exists in monocot plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318387
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  • 22
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    A genetic analysis of glucoamylase activity in the diastatic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 625 (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucoamylase ; Gene-mapping ; STA2 ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The wild diastatic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 625 has been shown to be homozygous for the glucoamylase-specifying gene STA2. spoII-1-mapping has positioned STA2 on chromosome II. Expression of STA2 is suppressed in some but not all diploids capable of sporulation, and is also inhibited by unlinked nuclear suppressor genes (SGL) found in some S. cerevisiae tester strains. EMS-induced glucoamylase-negative mutants often contain STA2-suppressor mutations. Depending on the allelic status of GEP1, a nuclear gene which also appears able to antagonise SGL-mediated suppression, STA2 expression can be blocked in petite mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314873
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    Mutational studies of the major tRNA region of the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial genome (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 301-308 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: S. cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; tRNA mutations ; RF2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The major tRNA genes in S. cerevisiae mitochondria are contained within a 20 kb segment of the mitochondrial DNA. In order to analyze the functional role of this region we have isolated several mitochondrial mutations, which are temperature-sensitive for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources. These mutations, localized in the major tRNA cluster region, can be classified in different groups according to their (a) genetic and physical localization, (b) spectrum of suppression and (c) biochemical characteristics. Some of these are mutations in tRNA genes which affect tRNA function; others alter the synthesis of the gene product. Finally, we found two mutations localized in, or in the vicinity of, the open reading frame RF2. RF2 has been postulated to be a maturase-like protein (Michel 1984) but no function for it has yet been demonstrated. The existence of defective mutants may confirm that RF2 is indeed necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and so allow for a study of the expression of this gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355059
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    Short dispersed repeats localized in spacer regions of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondrial DNA (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 309-312 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Mitochondria ; Repeats ; Spacers ; Processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the mtDNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, we have identified a set of short repeated sequences up to 65 nucleotides long, each of which contains the palindromic consensus motif CTCGG(N4–14)CCGAG. Most of these repeated elements are localized in spacer regions that flank the transcribed coding regions of C. reinhardtii mtDNA. These algal mitochondrial repeats have features reminiscent of short repeats in some fungal mtDNAs, such as GC clusters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and PstI palindromes in Neurospora crassa. The location of these elements suggests that they could play a role in gene expression, e.g., post-transcriptional processing, in c. reinhardtii mitochondria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355060
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    Moving pictures and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis show linear DNA molecules from chloroplasts and mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 421-425 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Mitochondria ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cytoplasmic genomes in plants has been investigated by using fluorescence microscopy to make moving pictures of ethidium-stained DNA fractionated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and emerging from organelles lysed within gelled agarose. For watermelon chloroplasts, PFGE fractions contained linear molecules representing monomeric to tetrameric lengths of the unit genome (155 kilobase pairs, kb) and linear DNA of at least 1,200 kb, whereas circular molecules were clearly identified only with chloroplast agarose inserts. For pea, the oligomeric series extended only to the trimer. Most of the DNA from watermelon mitochondria was in the form of 50–100 kb linear molecules with some DNA of at least 1,200 kb, but no band was seen at the size of this genome (330 kb) and no circular molecules were identified in either PFGE fractions or mitochondria embedded in agarose. Most mitochondrial DNA from cauliflower also consisted of 50–100 kb linear molecules with some much longer linear forms, but no genome-sized (220 kb) PFGE band was evident. The possible relevance of the very long linear DNAs to previous cytological and genetic observations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334522
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    Characterization of a respiratory-deficient mutant of Pachysolen tannophilus (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 493-497 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A pleiotropic, respiration-deficient mutant was isolated from the petite negative yeast Pachysolen tannophilus after UV mutagenesis. The mutant is unable to utilize xylose, arabinose, galactose or glycerol, and shows no detectable respiration when grown on glucose. Cytochrome c oxidase, xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities are lacking. Mitochondrial ultrastructre is altered. The results support the hypothesis that functioning mitochondria are necessary for xylose utilization in this organism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313077
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    The absence of introns in yeast mitochondria does not abolish mitochondrial recombination (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 537-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Intron-encoded proteins ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The respiratory competency of a yeast strain devoid of mitchondrial introns is quite normal. However, it may be asked whether intron-encoded proteins participate in metabolisms other than those of mitochondrial introns. Using strains without mitochondrial introns we have answered two questions. The first was: does the absence of intron-encoded proteins abolsh mitochondrial recombination? The second was: do mitochondrial introns and intron-encoded proteins play a part in mitochondrial DNA rearrangements induced by ethidium bromide (rho- production)? We have shown that the introns and intron-encoded proteins are not essential essential components of either phenomenon.
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    Yeast SCO1 protein is required for a post-translational step in the accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Post-translational regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Biogenesis of functional cytochrome c oxidase in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene SCO1. Strains deleted for this gene fail to accumulate the mitochondrially-synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, despite the presence of the respective mRNAs. Here we present data which demonstrate that the observed phenotype does not result from a failure to translate the mRNAs, but from a preferential degradation of the newly synthesized subunits. The SCO1 protein is therefore involved in a post-translational step in the accumulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. We propose that the SCO1 protein is required for the correct assembly of both subunits into the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321109
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    The ADP/ATP translocator from potato has a long amino-terminal extension (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 405-410 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ADP/ATP translocator ; Mitochondria ; Presequence ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ADP/ATP translocator is an abundant protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which in fungi and mammals is synthesized without a presequence. Here we report that the translocator from potato has an amino-terminal extension which may function in mitochondrial targeting. Several cDNA clones encoding the nucleotide sequence of the ADP/ATP translocator have been isolated from potato leaf and tuber cDNA libraries constructed in lambda phages. Only one class of cDNA clones was found but possibly different translocator genes are expressed in other tissues. High levels of transcripts for the translocator are found in all tissues analysed. Sequence determination of the complete insert of one of the clones reveals a long open reading frame of 1158 bp encoding a protein of 386 amino acids corresponding to a calculated molecular weight of 42 kDa. In contrast, the ADP/ATP translocator proteins from fungi and mammals are significantly smaller. Comparison of the Neurospora translocator with the potato protein shows about 75% sequence homology, being confined to the region after amino acid 85 of the potato polypeptide. Antibodies directed against the fungal translocator recognize a protein of 30 kDa in the inner membrane of potato mitochondria, suggesting that the mature protein has a similar size as the translocators from fungi and mammals. Thus, the additional segment of the potato ADP/ATP translocator forms an amino-terminal extension which may be involved in the import of the protein into plant mitochondria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317069
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    Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code IV. AAA as an asparagine codon in some animal mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Mitochondria ; Echinoderms ; Platyhelminth ; Fasciola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differences in assignments from those in the universal genetic code occur in codes of mitochondria. In this report, the published sequences of the mitochondrial genes for COI and ND1 in a platyhelminth (Fasciola hepatica) are examined and it is concluded that AAA may be a codon for asparagine instead of lysine, whereas AAG is the sole codon for lysine in this species.
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    Evolutionary relationships among the permease proteins of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar phosphotransferase system. Construction of phylogenetic trees and possible relatedness to proteins of eukaryotic mitochondria (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 179-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Sugars ; Phosphotransferase system ; Transport proteins ; Evolution ; Sequence comparisons ; NADH dehydrogenase ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amino acid sequences of 15 sugar permeases of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvatedependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) were divided into four homologous segments, and these segments were analyzed to give phylogenetic trees. The permease segments fell into four clusters: the lactose-cellobiose cluster, the fructose-mannitol cluster, the glucose-N-acetylglucosamine cluster, and the sucrose-β-glucoside cluster. Sequences of the glucitol and mannose permeases (clusters 5 and 6, respectively) were too dissimilar to establish homology with the other permeases, but short regions of statistically significant sequence similarities were noted. The functional and structural relationships of these permease segments are discussed. Some of the homologous PTS permeases were found to exhibit sufficient sequence similarity to subunits 4 and 5 of the eukaryotic mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex to suggest homology. Moreover, subunits 4 and 5 of this complex appeared to be homologous to each other, suggesting that these PTS and mitochondrial proteins comprise a superfamily. The integral membrane subunits of the evolutionarily divergent mannose PTS permease, the P and M subunits, exhibited limited sequence similarity to subunit 6 of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase and subunit 5b of cytochrome oxidase, respectively. These results suggest that PTS sugar permeases and mitochondrial proton-translocating proteins may be related, although the possibility of convergent evolution cannot be ruled out.
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    Codons AGA and AGG are read as glycine in ascidian mitochondria (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Ascidian ; Mitochondria ; AGR glycine codon ; Codon reassignment ; tRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 1.2-kb DNA fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene of mitochondria isolated from an ascidian,Halocynthia roretzi, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Codons AGA and AGG appeared in its reading frame, indicating that these are sense codons in this organelle. Sequence comparisons with the corresponding regions of other animal mitochondrial CO I genes suggest that codons AGA and AGG correspond to glycine in the ascidian mitochondrial genome, but not to serine as in most invertebrate genomes, nor to stops as in vertebrate genomes. The other codons are identical to those of vertebrate mitochondria.
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    Small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences, evolutionary relationships among different life forms, and mitochondrial origins (1990)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 463-476 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small ribosomal subunit RNA ; Eukaryotes ; Archaebacteria ; Eubacteria ; Plastids ; Mitochondria ; Simulated evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A tree was constructed from a structurally conserved area in an alignment of 83 small ribosomal subunit sequences of eukaryotic, archaebacterial, eubacterial, plastidial, and mitochondrial origin. The algorithm involved computation and optimization of a dissimilarity matrix. According to the tree, only plant mitochondria belong to the eubacterial primary kingdom, whereas animal, fungal, algal, and ciliate mitochondria branch off from an internal node situated between the three primary kingdoms. This result is at variance with a parsimony tree of similar size published by Cedergren et al. (J Mol Evol 28∶98–112, 1988), which postulates the mitochondria to be monophyletic and to belong to the eubacterial primary kingdom. The discrepancy does not follow from the use of conflicting sequence alignments, hence it must be due to the use of different treeing algorithms. We tested our algorithm on a set of sequences resulting from a simulated evolution and found it capable of faith-fully reconstructing a branching topology that involved very unequal evolutionary rates. The use of more limited or more extended areas of the complete sequence alignment, comprising only very conserved or also more variable portions of the small ribosomal subunit structure, does have some influence on the tree topology. In all cases, however, the nonplant mitochondria seem to branch off before the emergence of eubacteria, and the differences are limited to the branching pattern among different types of mitochondria.
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    Genetic code and phylogenetic origin of oomycetous mitochondria (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 254-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Mitochondria ; Oomycetes ; AT pressure ; Codon usage ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Phylogeny ; Endosymbiotic hypothesis ; Polyphyletic mitochondrial origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We sequenced the 3′-terminal part of the COX3 gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 from mitochondria of Phytophthora parasitica (phylum Oomycota, kingdom Protoctista). Comparison of the sequence with known COX3 genes revealed that UGG is used as a tryptophan codon in contrast to UGA in the mitochondrial codes of most organisms other than green plants. A very high AT mutation pressure operates on the mitochondrial genome of Phytophthora, as revealed by codon usage and by A + T content of noncoding regions, which seems paradoxical because AT pressure causes tryptophan codon reassignment from UGG to UGA in mitochondria of most species. The genetic code and other data suggest that mitochondria of Oomycota share a direct common ancestor with mitochondria of plants and that mitochondria of the ancestor of Planta and Oomycota were acquired in a second endosymbiotic event, which occurred later than the acquisition of mitochondria by other eukaryotes.
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    Planarian mitochondria I. Heterogeneity of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences in the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 324-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Planarian ; Dugesia japonica ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene ; Heterogeneity ; Neoblast ; Asexual reproduction ; Heteroplasmy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have detected sequence heterogeneity in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of a freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica, collected in one locality. A part of the COI gene was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using template DNA prepared from a mixture of 500 individuals or from each of 18 individuals. Analyses of DNA sequences by standard strategies for cloning and sequencing or by direct sequencing clearly show that (1) considerable sequence heterogeneity exists in DNA prepared from the mixed individuals, (2) 11 individuals have almost identical sequences (type A), and (3) 7 individuals have sequences different from one another (Seq-D 1 to SeqD7; collectively called type D). Each of the Seq-D1-D7 sequences except for Seq-D5 shows some heterogeneity even in a single individual (heteroplasmy). A possible cause of the sequence heterogeneities is discussed.
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    Planarian mitochondria II. The unique genetic code as deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Mitochondria ; Planarian ; Dugesia japonica ; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene ; UAA tyrosine codon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from planarian (Dugesia japonica) DNA, most probably of mitochondrial origin, are heterogeneous. Taking advantage of the heterogeneity that occurs primarily in silent sites of the COI DNA sequences, amino acid assignments of several codons have been deduced as nonuniversal: UGA = Trp, AAA = Asp, and AGR (R: A or G) = Ser. In addition, UAA, a stop codon in the universal genetic code, is tentatively assumed to be a tyrosine codon, because three of the sequences examined have UAA at the well-conserved tyrosine site of UAY (Y: U or C) in other planarian sequences as well as in the mitochondria of human, Xenopus, sea urchin, Drosophila, Trypanosoma, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AUA would most probably be an isoleucine codon in these mitochondria, whereas it is a methionine codon in the majority of nonplant mitochondria.
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    Mycotoxin formation in HY-320 wheat during granary storage at 15 and 19% moisture content (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
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    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
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    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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    The biogenesis and function of eukaryotic porins (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 146-153 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; outer membrane ; porin ; transport ; signal sequence ; contact sites ; deletion mutant ; virus-like particle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Like most other mitochondrial proteins porin is synthesized in the cytosol and imported posttranslationally into the outer mitochondrial membrane. This transport follows the general rules for mitochondrial, protein import with a few aberrations: a) porin contains an,uncleaved NH2-terminal signal sequence, b) also its carboxyterminus might be involved in the import process, and c) this transport does not seem to require a membrane potential Δψ, although it is ATP-dependent. Most likely the actual import step occurs at contact sites between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membrane and involved at least one receptor protein. Although porin is known to be the major gate through the outer mitochondrial membrane, its absence only causes transient respiratory problems in yeast cells. This could mean a) that there is a bypass for some mitochondrial functions in the cytosol and/or b) that there are alternative channel proteins in the outer membrane. The first idea is supported by the overexpression of cytosolic virus-like particles in yeast cells lacking porin and the second by the occurrence of residual pore activity in mitochondrial outer membrane purified from porinless mutant cells.
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    Effect of feeding cereal-legume diets to rats on in vitro absorption of45Ca (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1016-1017 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: In vitro absorption ; calcium ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vitro absorption of calcium from the duodenum was significantly less in a group of rats fed on a wheat diet than in a group fed a wheat and Bengal gram (70∶30) diet.
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    Biophysical properties of porin pores from mitochondrial outer membrane of eukaryotic cells (1990)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 131-137 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; outer membrane ; voltage-dependence ; single-channel conductance ; lipid bilayer membrane ; reconstitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The matrix space of mitochondria is surrounded by two membranes. The mitochondrial inner membrane contains the respiration chain and a large number of highly specific carriers for the mostly anionic substrates of mitochondrial metabolism. In contrast to this the permeability properties of the mitochondrial outer membrane are by far less specific. It acts as a molecular sieve for hydrophilic molecules with a defined exclusion limit around 3000 Da. Responsible for the extremely high permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane is the presence of a pore-forming protein termed mitochondrial porin. Mitochondrial porins have been isolated from a variety of eukaryotic cells. They are basic proteins with molecular masses between 30 and 35 kDa. Reconstitution experiments define their function as pore-forming components with a single-channel conductance of about 0.40 nS (nano Siemens) in 0.1 M KCl at low voltages. In the open state mitochondrial porin behaves as a general diffusion pore with an effective diameter of 1.7 nm. Eukaryotic porins are slightly anion-selective in the open state but become cation-selective after voltage-dependent closure.
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    Interaction of mitochondrial porin with cytosolic proteins (1990)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 161-166 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; outer membrane pore ; hexokinase ; glycerol kinase ; metabolite exchange ; energy metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular phosphorylation is an important step in active uptake and utilization of carbohydrates. For example glucose and glycerol enter the liver, cell along the extra intracellular gradient by facilitated diffusion through specific carriers and are concentrated inside the cell by phosphorylation via hexokinase or glycerol kinase. Depending on the function of the respective tissue the uptake of carbohydrates serves different metabolic purposes. In brain and kidney medulla cells which depend on carbohydrates, glucose and glycerol are taken up according to the energy demand. However, in tissues such as muscle which synthesize glycogen or like liver which additionally produce fat from glucose, the uptake of carbohydrates has to be regulated according to the availability of glucose and glycerol. How the reversible coupling of the kinases to the outer membrane pore and the mitochondrial ATP serves to fulfil these specific requirements will be explained as well as how this regulates the carbohydrate uptake in brain according to the activity of the oxidative phosphorylation and how this allows glucose uptake in liver, and muscle to persist in the presence of high glucose 6-phosphate without activating the rate of glycolysis.
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    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
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    Molecular identification of the ten subunits of cytochrome-c reductase from potato mitochondria (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 193 (1994), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cytochrome-c reductase ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial processing peptidase ; Respiratory chain ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2.) from Solanum tuberosum L. comprises ten subunits with apparent molecular sizes of 55, 53, 51, 35, 33, 25, 14, 12, 11 and 10 kDa on 14% SDS-PAGE. The identity of the subunits was analysed by direct amino-acid sequencing via cyclic Edman degradation. A large-scale purification procedure for the enzyme complex based on affinity chromatography and gelfiltraton is described. All subunits were enzymatically fragmented and the generated peptides were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Complete or partial sequence determination of 33 peptides comprising a total of nearly 500 amino acids showed, that cytochrome-c reductase from potato contains three respiratory proteins (cytochrome b, cytochrome c 1 and the “Rieske” iron-sulfur protein), four small proteins with molecular sizes below 15 kDa (so-called Q-binding, hinge, cytochrome-c 1-linked and core-linked proteins) and three proteins in the 50-kDa range which show similarity to members of the core/PEP/MPP protein family (core/processing enhancing protein/mitochondrial processing peptidase). In fact these subunits show highest sequence identity either to MPP or PEP, which is in line with earlier findings, that isolated cytochrome-c reductase from potato exhibits processing activity towards mitochondrial precursor proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191612
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    Characterization of a partial male fertility derived from Ogura-cms in progeny of a resynthesized Brassica napus (1993)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 6 (1993), S. 266-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Brassica ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondria ; Protoplast fusion ; Somatic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of a partial male fertile phenotype in somatic hybrid B. napus plants that carried novel mtDNA was investigated over five backcross generations to B. napus ‘Triton.’ The recurrent parent and the original somatic hybrid both contained chloroplasts resistant to atrazine. The F1 population contained mainly plants that were partial fertile, and some of the plants differed in mtDNA. The partial fertility predominated in the progeny of each backcross generation, but fully male sterile and fertile plants were also obtained. However, the sterility/fertility of these latter plants was not stable; both the fully male sterile and the male fertile plants produced progeny that were again predominantly partial male fertile. This pattern of predominant partial fertility but occasional sterile and fertile plants persisted in different nuclear backgrounds. Neither the male sterility nor the male fertility could be fixed and made stable. Test crosses indicated that restorer genes were probably not associated with appearance of male fertile plants. The evidence indicates that the behavior of the partial male fertility is cytoplasmic, and probably controlled by the chondriome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231904
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    Alteration of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 gene in the [exn-5] mutant of Neurospora crassa (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Neurospora ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; COXII ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maternally inherited [exn-5] mutant of Neurospora crassa is characterized by its slow-growth rate and deficiency of cytochrome aa 3 relative to wildtype strains. We have determined the DNA sequence of the COXI and COXII genes of the mutant, which encode subunits 1 and 2 of cytochrome c oxidase, respectively. No changes in the DNA sequence of the COXI gene relative to the corresponding wild-type gene were found. In the region of the COXII gene we found two alterations, one a C to T transition eight base pairs upstream of the coding sequence and the second within the coding sequence for subunit 2 affecting amino acid 27 of the precursor polypeptide (amino acid 15 of the mature polypeptide). The altered codon in [exn-5] specifies an isoleucine residue rather than the wild-type threonine residue. The corresponding position in subunit 2 sequences of all other organisms examined is conserved either as a threonine or a serine residue. Thus, we consider it likely that the mutation directly affecting the coding sequence of the polypeptide is responsible for the [exn-5] phenotype. Analysis of serially passaged heterokaryons constructed between wild-type and [exn-5] shows that both mutations segregate with the [exn-5] phenotype. Examination of mitochondrial translation products in [exn-5] revealed a deficiency of subunit 2, as well as the presence of a polypeptide that corresponds to a previously described precursor of subunit 1 that accumulates in a COXI mutant of N. crassa, [mi-3]. We propose possible relationships between [exn-5], [mi-3], and the nuclear su-1 [mi-3] allele, which suppresses both mutations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312774
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    The unusual reversion properties of a mitochondrial mutation in the structural gene of subunit I of cytochrome oxidase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveal a probable histidine ligand of the redox center (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analyzed a mutation in the mitochondrial gene oxi3 coding for subunit I of cytochrome-oxidase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This mutation replaces one of the seven invariant histidines of the polypeptide (position 378) by a tyrosine, and leads to a respiratory deficient phenotype. A total of 157 revertants, which have recovered the ability to grow on a respiratory substrate, have been selected from this mutant (tyrosine 378). The nature of the reversion has been analysed by a rapid screening procedure and 32 of the revertants have been sequenced. They are all true backmutations reintroducing the histidine in position 378. This very exceptional situation suggests that this histidine is a ligand of the redox center of cytochrome oxidase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318474
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    Distribution of maize mitochondrial transcripts in polysomal RNA: evidence for non-selectivity in recruitment of mRNAs (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 532-536 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Pre-mRNAs ; Maize ; Mitochondria ; Polysomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of maize mitochondrial transcripts in polysomal RNA fractions obtained from root tissue, shoot tissue, or isolated intact mitochondria was analyzed. The distribution of cox3 transcripts that differ in 5′ untranslated RNA sequence was similar in total polysomal and total mitochondrial RNA fractions, suggesting that 5′ heterogeneity does not affect recruitment of transcripts into the polysomal RNA. The distribution of spliced and unspliced cox2 transcripts was also analyzed in polysomes from total tissue or isolated mitochondria, and both precursor and mature mRNAs were present in the high-molecular-weight RNA fraction. These results suggest that ribosomal association with mitochondrial transcripts is not selective.
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    Symmetrical transcription in the tRNA region of the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 122-125 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Symmetrical transcription ; Mitochondria ; S. cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of discrete transcripts originating from the non-coding strand of the yeast mitochondrial genome is described. The region under investigation is localized in the large tRNA gene cluster between the LSU ribosomal RNA and OXI1 genes. The transcripts originating from the non-coding strand were detected in a wild-type strain and in a rho - mutant. Their size range includes transcripts of about 2000 nucleotides able to accommodate more than one “anti-tRNA”. In some cases their extremities can be mapped near highly-conserved nonanucleotides that could function as origins of transcription. The involvement of the tRNA-processing machinery in the cleavage of these transcripts is also hypothesized.
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    Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dynamin ; Mitochondria ; GTP binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of MGM1, and yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
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    Molecular cloning and analysis of the nuclear gene MRP-L6 coding for a putative mitochondrial ribosomal protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 136-140 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Ribosomal protein ; Nuclear gene ; pet mutant ; yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene MRP-L6 was cloned by complementation of the respiratory-deficient mutant pet-ts 2523 with a library of wildtype yeast genomic DNA. The isolated gene was part of a 3.8-kb sequenced DNA fragment containing, in addition to MRP-L6, two unassigned reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2. MRP-L6 codes for a basic protein of 205 amino acids and a molecular mass of 22.8 kDa. The protein exhibits significant sequence similarity to the ribosomal protein L6 of bacteria and chloroplasts. Unlike the corresponding bacterial proteins, however, the MRP-L6 protein (MRP-L6p) contains at its N-terminus a 16 amino-acid leader sequence exhibiting the known characteristics of mitochondrial import signals. Disruption of MRP-L6 leads to the phenotype of a mitochondrial translation-defective, rho-negative yeast mutant. The results are consistent with MRP-L6p representing an essential component of yeast mitochondrial ribosomes. Expression of MRP-L6 was examined, under conditions of glucose repression and derepression, in wild-type cells and in a series of catabolite repression-defective yeast mutants. In most cases, a distinct though small influence of the carbon source on the expression of an MRP-L6/lacZ reporter construct was observed.
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    Energy-dependent mitochondrial mutagenicity of antibacterial ofloxacin and its recombinogenic activity in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ofloxacin ; Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Recombination ; Topoisomerase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ofloxacin, a specific inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase II, is known to inhibit the growth of yeast cells and to induce rho − mutants in the yeast S. cerevisiae. The frequency of ofloxacin-induced petite mutants under non-growth conditions was found to be strongly diminished when the cells were depleted in intramitochondrial ATP. Under optimal conditions of mitochondrial mutagenesis the drug induced mitotic recombination and reverse mutation in diploid strains but failed to cure either killer plasmids or the 2 μm DNA of dividing cells. The sensitivity to ofloxacin of the strains deficient in the DNA strandbreak repair pathway (rad52) was significantly higher then that of the wild-type strains and of the mutants deficient in excision or mutagenic DNA repair. The results are compatible with the idea that the cytotoxic and genetic activity of ofloxacin in yeast probably results from the inhibited DNA ligation function of topoisomerase II creating DNA breaks that are reparable through the recombination repair pathway.
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    The yeast protein Mrs6p, a homologue of the rabGDI and human choroideraemia proteins, affects cytoplasmic and mitochondrial functions (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 308-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Small G proteins ; YPT1 ; Yeast ; abGDI ; Mitochondria ; MRS2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MRS6 is a newly-identified gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its product Mrs6p shows significant homology to the mammalian GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) of Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins and to the human choroideraemia protein (CHM), the component A of Rab-specific GGTase II. The interaction of Mrs6p with G proteins is indicated by our observation that the MRS6 gene suppresses the effect of a temperature-sensitive ypt1 mutation. Disruption of the MRS6 gene is lethal to haploid yeast cells. This is consistent with the notion that Mrs6p is interacting with Rab/Ypt-type small G proteins, which are known to have essential functions in vesicular transport. Unexpeciedly, the MRS6 gene product also affects mitochondrial functions as revealed by the facts that highcopy numbers of MRS6 (1) suppress the pet - phenotype of mrs2-1 mutant strains and (2) cause a weak pet - phenotype in wild-type strains. We conclude from these results that the MRS6 gene product has a vital function in connection with Rab/Ypt-type proteins in the cytoplasm and, in addition, affects mitochondrial functions.
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    The nad6 gene and the exon d of nad1 are co-transcribed in wheat mitochondria (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 533-538 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: nad6 ; nad1 exon d ; Mitochondria ; Wheat calli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The exon d of nad1 is located 993 bp upstream of the nad6 gene in the wheat mitochondrial genome. Transcription analyses of both sequences (nad1 exon d and the nad6 gene) were done by Northern hybridization using RNA from wheat seedlings and tissue cultures derived from immature embryos. A complicated pattern was generated with a probe including exon d of nad1 and the whole nad6 gene. An 0.71-kb transcript is specific to nad1 exon d whereas a 1.2-kb transcript is specific to the nad6 gene. Three larger transcripts hybridize to both probes suggesting that nad1 exon d and nad6 are co-transcribed. This co-transcription has been directly demonstrated by cDNA synthesis on mtRNAs and sequencing of the PCR amplification product.
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    Ionic permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane (1992)
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    European biophysics journal 20 (1992), S. 311-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Ionic channels ; Mitochondrial outer membrane ; Patch clamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ionic permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) was studied with the patch clamp technique. Electrical recording of intact mitochondria (hence of the outer membrane (OM)), derived from mouse liver, showed the presence of currents corresponding to low conductances (〈 50 pS), as well as of four distinct conductances of 99 pS,152 pS, 220 pS and 307 pS (in 150 mM KCl). The latter were voltage gated, being open preferentially at positive (pipette) potentials. Very similar currents were found by patch clamping liposomes containing the isolated OM derived from rat brain mitochondria. Here a conductance of approximately 530 pS, resembling in its electrical characteristics a conductance already attributed to mitochondrial contact sites (Moran et al. 1990), was also detected. Immunoblot assays of mitochondria and of the isolated OM with antibodies against the outer membrane voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) (Colombini 1979), showed the presence of the anion channel in each case. However, the typical electrical behaviour displayed by such a channel in planar bilayers could not be detected under our experimental conditions. From this study, the permeability of the OMM appears different from what has been reported hitherto, yet is more in line with that multifarious and dynamic structure which apparently should belong to it, at least within the framework of mitochondrial biogenesis (Pfanner and Neupert 1990).
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    In vitro mutagenesis of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase of S. cerevisiae reveals residues critical for its in vivo activities (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ; RNA splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase (mLRS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in both mitochondrial protein synthesis and pre-mRNA splicing. We have created mutations in the regions HIGH, GWD and KMSKS, which are involved in ATP-, amino acid-and tRNA-binding respectively, and which have been conserved in the evolution of group I tRNA synthetases. The mutants GRD and NMSKS have no discernible phenotype. The mutants AWD and ARD act as null alleles and lead to the production of 100% cytoplasmic petites. The mutants HIGN, NIGH and KMSNS are unable to grown on glycerol even in the presence of an intronless mitochondrial genome and accumulate petites to a greater extent than the wild-type but less than 40%. Experiments with an imported bI4 maturase indicate that the lesion in these mutations primarily affects the synthetase and not the splicing functions.
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    Analysis of the role of the NUC1 endo/exonuclease in yeast mitochondrial DNA recombination (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 142-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; DNA recombination ; 5′ exonuclease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA recombination was reduced in an yeast mutant lacking the NUC1 endo/exonuclease. Between linked markers in either the ω or cob region the frequency of recombination decreased nearly 50% compared to wild-type. Gene conversion frequencies in the var1 gene and in the ω region were also lower in the mutant strain. In particular, the gradient of gene conversion at ω was most affected by the absence of the NUC1 nuclease. In crosses between nuclease-deficient and wild-type strains, gene conversion frequencies at ω were reduced only when the ω+ allele was contributed to the zygote by the nuclease-deficient parent. We propose that the 5′ exonuclease activity of the NUC1 nuclease functions during recombination to enlarge heteroduplex tracts following a double-strand break in DNA. In crosses between nuclease-deficient and wild-type strains, the anisotropy in gene conversion frequencies at ω is hypothesized to be due to the slow mixing of parental motochondrial membranes as they fuse in the zygote.
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    Purification and characterization of a mitochondrial DNA-binding protein that binds to double-stranded and single-stranded sequences of Paracentrotus lividus mitochondrial DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 350-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA binding protein ; Mitochondria ; Sea urchin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mitochondrial protein, able to specifically bind two double-stranded homologous sequences of seaurchin mitochondrial DNA, has been partially purified from Paracentrotus lividus eggs. This protein, present at a low concentration, is a polypeptide of 40 kDa. One of the binding sequences, located in the main non-coding region, contains the replication origin of the mitochondrial DNA H-strand. By a combination of band-shift, DNase footprinting, and modification interference analyses with homologous and heterologous probes we identified YCYYATCAN(A/T)RC as the minimum sequence required for the binding. The protein also shows a single-stranded DNA-binding activity, as it is able to specifically interact with one of the strands of the binding sites. These features are consistent with a function of the protein in the modulation of sea-urchin mitochondrial DNA replication during the developmental stages.
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    The yeast nuclear gene MRP-L13 codes for a protein of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 8-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear gene ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial ribosomal protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear gene MRP-L13 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein YmL13, has been cloned and characterized. It is a single-copy gene residing on chromosome XI. Its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the previously reported ORF YK105. A comparison of the predicted protein sequence of the MRP-L13 gene product and the actual N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the isolated YmL13 protein indicated that the mature protein is preceded by a mitochondrial signal peptide of 86 amino-acid residues, which is the longest among all known mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of S. cerevisiae. No sequence similarity was found to any other ribosomal protein in the current databases. The transcription of MRP-L13 was found to be repressed in the presence of glucose. Its protein product is not strictly essential for mitochondrial functions, but disruption of the gene by insertion of LEU2 noticeably affected cellular growth on non-fermentable carbon sources.
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    Structure and expression of the rice mitochondrial apocytochrome b gene (cob-1) and pseudogene (cob-2) (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 463-470 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Rice ; cob-1 ; cob-2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice mitochondrial DNA contains an intact copy and a pseudogene copy of a apocytochrome b gene (cob-1 and cob-2, respectively). Using primer extension and capping analyses, the transcriptional start site has been mapped; an 11-base motif at the transcription start site closely matches the consensus promoter motifs proposed for maize, wheat and soybean mitochondrial genes. Although both copies are identical in the 5′ upstream region and through most of the coding region, only cob-1-specific mRNA is detected on RNA gel-blots. Run-on transcription analysis indicates, however, that both cob-1 and cob-2 mRNAs are synthesized in vivo but less cob-2 is accumulated. At its mapped 3′ terminus the cob-1 transcript possesses a sequence that could fold into a double stem-loop structure. The possible roles of a double stem-loop structure in mitochondrial gene expression are discussed.
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    The linear mitochondrial plasmid pAL2-1 of a long-lived Podospora anserina mutant is an invertron encoding a DNA and RNA polymerase (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 491-500 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Podospora anserina ; Senescence ; Linear plasmids ; Mitochondria ; DNA Polymerase ; RNA Polymerase ; Terminal protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular characterization of an additional DNA species (pAL2-1) which was identified previously in a long-lived extrachromosomal mutant (AL2) of Podospora anserina revealed that this element is a mitochondrial linear plasmid. pAL2-1 is absent from the corresponding wild-type strain, has a size of 8395 bp and contains perfect long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) of 975 bp. Exonuclease digestion experiments indicated that proteins are covalently bound at the 5′ termini of the plasmid. Two long, non-overlapping open reading frames, ORF1 (3,594 bp) and ORF2 (2847 bp), have been identified, which are located on opposite strands and potentially encode a DNA and an RNA polymerase, respectively. The ORF1-encoded polypeptide contains three conserved regions which may be responsible for a 3′–5′ exonuclease activity and the typical consensus sequences for DNA polymerases of the D type. In addition, an amino-acid sequence motif (YSRLRT), recently shown to be conserved in terminal proteins from various bacteriophages, has been identified in the amino-terminal part of the putative protein. According to these properties, this first linear plasmid identified in P. anserina shares all characteristics with invertrons, a group of linear mobile genetic elements.
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    Sequence and chromosomal localization of two PET genes required for cytochrome c oxidase assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Assembly ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear genes PET117 and PET191 are required for the assembly of active cytochrome c oxidase in S. cerevisiae, yet their gene products are not subunits of the final assembled cytochrome c oxidase complex. Plasmids bearing PET117 or PET191 were isolated by their ability to complement the pet117-1 or pet191-1 mutations, respectively. By restriction mapping, subcloning, and deletion analysis of yeast DNA fragments that complement these mutations, the PET117 and PET191 genes were localized to smaller regions of DNA, which were then sequenced from both strands. The PET117 open reading frame is of 107 codons and the PET191 open reading frame is of 108 codons. Neither the PET191 nor PET117 DNA sequences have been reported previously, and the derived amino-acid sequences of the PET191 and PET117 open reading frames exhibit no significant primary amino-acid sequence similarity to other protein sequences available in the NBRF data base, or from translated Genbank sequences. By hybridization of PET117 or PET191 probes first to a chromosome blot and next to a library of physically mapped fragments of yeast genomic DNA, the map locations of the PET191 and PET117 genes were determined. PET117 is located on chromosome V near the HIS1 gene and PET191 is located on chromosome X near the CYC1 gene.
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    In-vitro translation of mitochondrial mRNAs by yeast mitochondrial ribosomes is hampered by the lack of start-codon recognition (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 22-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; In-vitro translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to reconstitute an homologous in-vitro translation system for yeast mitochondrial mRNAs, we have isolated ribosomes, supernatant factors, and tRNAs from mitochondria of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. While poly(U) is translated faithfully in this system, no translation of in-vitro synthesised cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) mRNA could be detected. Formation of formylmethionyl-puromycin on mitochondrial ribosomes is stimulated by ApUpG, but not by COX2 mRNA, although mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits bind to this mRNA in vitro, even without added tRNA and initiation factors. We conclude, therefore, that the inability to faithfully translate mitochondrial mRNAs in vitro may be the result of an inability of mitochondrial ribosomes to recognize the initiation codon.
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    Mitochondrial activity is required for the expression of IME1, a regulator of meiosis in yeast (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Respiration ; Meiosis ; Sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs in diploid cells following starvation for glucose and nitrogen sources. A key gene in the regulation of the meiotic process is IME1. A well-documented fact is that respiration is necessary for sporulation. We now show that respiration is necessary for the expression of IME1. We suggest that glucose repression of meiosis is transduced through its effect on respiration, in a pathway separate from that of adenylyl cyclase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351500
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    Further characterization of a large inverted repeat in the mitochondrial genomes of Agaricus bisporus (=A. brunnescens) and related species (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 228-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Agaricus ; MtDNA ; Inverted repeat ; Orientational isomer ; Mitochondria ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial (mt) genome of Agaricus bisporus Ag50 (a heterokaryon) is a 136-kilobase (kb) circular molecule which contains a pair of large inverted repeats (IRs). Two large BAMHI fragments (B1 and B2) which contain the IR regions were further mapped. The repeated regions were determined to be approximately 7.7 kb in length. The mt small ribosomal RNA (S rRNA) gene is located adjacent to one of the repeated regions. Orientational isomers, generated by homologous recombination between the repeated regions, were not observed in mtDNA extractions from Ag50 mycelium (liquid culture) or from Ag50 fruit bodies. We also did not observe any orientational isomers in Ag50HA or Ag50HB, two homokaryons somatically isolated from Ag50. DNA homologous to the Ag50 mt repeated regions was observed in ten other isolates of Agaricus including four isolates of A. bisporus, two isolates of A. subperonatus, two isolates of A. subfloccosus, one isolate of A. bitorquis, and one isolate of A. pattersonae. The repeated regions and the small unique regions in two other heterokaryotic strains of A. bisporus, Ag2 and Ag85, were physically mapped. The repeated regions in these two strains are also in the inverted forms. Restriction endonuclease mapping indicated that the two copies of the IR in Ag85 were not identical.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351501
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    A truncated recombination repeat in the mitochondrial genome of a Petunia CMS line (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 477-482 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Petunia ; Mitochondria ; Repeat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Repeated sequences known as recombination repeats are present in the majority of plant mitochondrial genomes. Two recombination repeat sequences from Petunia have been analyzed. The two repeats are virtually identical over 1.42 kb. One of the repeats is truncated and is likely to have arisen from a rare recombination event in the full-length repeat. Two sequence-blocks within the Petunia repeat are highly similar to sequences in the 5′ flank of several plant mitochondrial genes. No sequence motifs are shared by the Petunia repeat and other sequenced plant mitochondrial recombination repeats, suggesting that the recombination occurs by an homologous, rather than a site-specific, mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312638
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    The presequence of cytochrome c1 from potato mitochondria is encoded on four exons (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 256-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome c1 ; Cytochrome c reductase ; Presequence ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural organization of a nuclear gene encoding cytochrome c1 from potato was determined. The gene spans 5.1 kb and contains eight introns. All intron/exon junctions follow the GT/AG rule. Functional domains of the mature cytochrome c1 protein are located on separate exons. The presequence, which targets the cytochrome c1 precursor to the mitochondrion and to the correct intra-mitochondrial location, is encoded on the first four exons. The largest intron (2.8 kb) separates the information for mitochondrial targeting from the “intra-mitochondrial sorting domain” of the cytochrome c1 protein. In contrast to other organellar precursor proteins, there is no intron between the DNA sequence encoding the presequence and the mature protein. This may indicate that during evolution the genetic information for the prokaryotic cytochrome c1 was transferred to the nucleus together with the bacterial secretion signal which is structurally and functionally related to “intramitochondrial sorting domains”.
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    The kalilo linear senescence-inducing plasmid of Neurospora is an invertron and encodes DNA and RNA polymerases (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Neurospora ; Senescence ; kalilo plasmid ; Mitochondria ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of kalilo, a linear plasmid that induces senescence in Neurospora by intergrating into the mitochondrial chromosome, reveals structural and genetic features germane to the unique properties of this element. Prominent features include: (1) very long perfect terminal inverted repeats of nucleotide sequences which are devoid of obvious genetic functions, but are unusually GC-rich near both ends of the linear DNA; (2) small imperfect palindromes that are situated at the termini of the plasmid and are cognate with the active sites for plasmid integration into mtDNA; (3) two large, non-overlapping open-reading frames, ORF-1 and ORF-2, which are located on opposite strands of the plasmid and potentially encode RNA and DNA polymerases, respectively, and (4) a set of imperfect palindromes that coincide with similar structures that have been detected at more or less identical locations in the nucleotide sequences of other linear mitochondrial plasmids. The nucleotide sequence does not reveal a distinct gene that codes for the protein that is attached to the ends of the plasmid. However, a 335-amino acid, cryptic, N-terminal domain of the putative DNA polymersse might function as the terminal protein. Although the plasmid has been co-purifed with nuclei and mitochondria, its nucleotide composition and codon usage indicate that it is a mitochondrial genetic element.
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    Regulation of mitochondrial transcription during the stringent response in yeast (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 241-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transcription ; Mitochondria ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In yeast (S. cerevisiae) the stringent response is known to include rapid, selective, and severe transcriptional curtailment for genes specifying cytoplasmic rRNAs and r-proteins. We have shown that transcription of the mitochondrial 21S rRNA gene is also congruently and selectively curtailed during the yeast stringent response. Using an in vitro transcription assay with intact organelles from both ϱ+ and ϱ− strains, we show here that the mitochondrial stringent response includes not only transcription of the 21S and 16S rRNA genes, but also that of organellar genes specifying non-mitoribosome-related products. Stringent organellar transcriptional curtailment is identical when cells are starved for a required (marker) amino acid or when they are subjected to nutritional downshift, and the relative level of that transcriptional curtailment following either perturbation is the same in cells growing on fermentative (repressing) or purely respiratory carbon sources. These results confirm that the mechanism governing mitochondrial gene expression during a stringent response is specified outside the organelle, and they show that this transcriptional control mechanism is not immediately subject to glucose repression. In all strains examined, stringent organellar gene expression requires a mitochondrial promoter, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism which functions during the stringent response operates primarily at transcriptional initiation.
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    Evidence for a nucleotide-dependent topoisomerase activity from yeast mitochondria (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 27 (1994), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Topoisomerase ; Mitochondria ; Nucleotides ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast mitochondria were found to contain a novel topoisomerase-like activity which required nucleoside di- or tri-phosphates as a cofactor. ADP supported activity as effectively as ATP and the optimal concentration for each was approximately 20 μM. None of the other standard ribo- or deoxyrib-onucleotides could fully substitute for either ADP or ATP. The non-hydrolyzable ATP analogs, adenosine-5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γ-S), adenylyl (β, γ-methylene) (AMP-PCP), and andenyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) also supported activity suggesting that the nucleotide cofactor regulated topoisomerase activity rather than serving as an energy donor in the reaction. The mitochondrial topoisomerase activity relaxed both positively and negatively supercoiled DNA. It was not inhibited by concentrations of ethidium bromide up to 2 μg/ml nor by either nalidixic or oxolinic acids; novobiocin, coumermycin, and berenil inhibited the activity. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the mitochondrial topoisomerase activity indicated that it was not encoded by the nuclear TOP1, TOP2, and TOP3 genes.
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    Translation in a wheat germ cell-free system of RNA from mitochondria of the normal and Texas male-sterile cytoplasms of maize (Zea mays L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 73-79 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; In-vitro translation ; Texas cytoplasmic male sterility ; T-urf13 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RNA isolated from etiolated seedling shoot mitochondrial of maize (Zea mays L.) with normal (N) or Texas male-sterile (T) cytoplasm stimulated the incorporation of [35S]-methionine into protein when added to a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. Discrete polypeptides with molecular masses of up to approximately 67 kDa were synthesized, and the pattern of bands was distinct from that obtained with total RNA. Products of translation of T-urf13 RNA were identified by immunoprecipitation, and ofatpA, coxI, andcoxII RNA by hybrid arrest of translation by the cloned gene. several polypeptides were differentially synthesized from N and T mitochondrial RNA; these differences were more extensive than those found when isolated, intact, N and T mitochondria are allowed to synthesize proteins.
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    Expression of ORF1 of the linear 2.3 kg plasmid of maize mitochondria: product localization and similarities to the 130 kDa protein encoded by the S2 episome (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 61-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; 2.3 kb plasmid ; S2 episome ; Linear plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary ORF1 of the ubiquitous 2.3 kb linear plasmid of maize mitochondria encodes a 39 kDa protein detected with polyclonal antibodies raised to a β-galactosidase: ORF1 fusion protein. Almost half of this protein is similar to a domain of the 130 kDa protein encoded by the S2 episome of mitochondria from cytoplasmic malesterile lines. Antisera raised to the ORF1 2.3 kb plasmid product cross-reacts with the ORF1, 130 kDa protein from the S2 episome. Despite the shared domain, the proteins are differentially localized: the 130 kDa protein is membrane-associated while the ORF1 protein is found in the matrix. We discuss possible functions of the ORF1 protein.
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    Evolutionarily recent transfer of a group I mitochondrial intron to telomere regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 411-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Intron ; Telomere ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The junctions between X and Y′ subtelomeric repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae usually contain a stretch of telomere sequences, (G1–3T)n. Two of three cloned X-Y′ junctions from strain YP1 have a replacement of about 200 bp of X, the internal telomere sequence, and 49 bp of Y′ by a 292 bp sequence. The first 227 bp of this insertion sequence are 100% identical to the fourth intron of cytochrome b. The rest of the insertion has homology to an unknown dispersed nuclear sequence. Recombination among subtelomeric regions can explain the nuclear distribution of this sequence and why telomeres can trap and maintain sequences that would otherwise be lost.
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    Expression of CMS-unique and flanking mitochondrial DNA sequences in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 245-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Transcription ; Polyribosomes ; Fertility restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of mitochondrial DNA sequences unique to a cytoplasmically male-sterile (CMS) line of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated. RNA-blot hybridizations with strand-specific probes demonstrated CMS-unique transcripts (7.0, 6.8, 4.7, 3.3 and 2.8 kb) to be in the sense orientation with respect to the longest open reading frames within the CMS-unique region. Hybridizations revealed co-transcription of CMS-unique and upstream, atpA-coding sequences to generate the 6.8-kb RNA. However, hybridizations with CMS-unique and flanking DNA probes accounted for only 4.9 kb of the longest and most abundant (7.0 kb) CMS-unique transcript, providing indirect evidence for the involvement of a splicing process in the generation of this transcript. Sedimentation experiments demonstrated the association of 7.0- and 6.8-kb CMS-unique transcripts with polyribosomes in seedlings and floral buds of a CMS line and a line restored to fertility by the nuclear gene Fr2. However, steady-state levels of the 7.0- and 6.8-kb transcripts were decreased in the restored line relative to the CMS line.
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    Complex terminal structure of a linear mitochondrial plasmid from Physarum polycephalum: three terminal inverted repeats and an ORF encoding DNA polymerase (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 252-257 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; Mitochondria ; Linear plasmid ; Terminal inverted repeat ; DNA polymerase ; Repeating unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondria of Physarum polycephalum have a linear plasmid (mF) which promotes mitochondrial fusion. To determine the terminal structure of the mF plasmid, restriction fragments derived from its ends were cloned and sequenced. The sequences showed that the mF plasmid has three kinds of terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). The most characteristic feature is a 144-bp repeating unit which exists between a 205-bp TIR at the extreme ends of the plasmid and another 591-bp TIR. All of the clones showed at least one of these 144-bp repeating units. The GC content of the 205-bp TIR (49%) was higher than those of the other TIRs and of another sequenced region (23%). This TIR can form three thermodynamically-stable hairpin structures based on complex internal palindromic components. Moreover, in the right terminal region of the mF plasmid, there is an open reading frame (ORF) which covers the entire 591-bp TIR and most of one of the 144-bp repeating units. This ORF encodes a 547-amino-acid polypeptide, ORF-547, and shows extensive homology with the polymerization domain of the putative DNA polymerases of linear mitochondrial plasmids from other sources.
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    R-type plasmids in mitochondria from a single source of Zea luxurians teosinte (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 258-264 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: R plasmids ; Mitochondria ; Teosinte ; Zea luxurians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two linear DNA plasmids resembling the R1 and R2 plasmids that are present in the mitochondria of several South American strains of maize were found in mitochondria from a single source of Zea luxurians collected by L. Mazoti. The Mazoti mtDNA is closely related to mtDNAs of other Z. luxurians, but mitochondria derived from the other Z. luxurians sources lack the plasmids. The larger plasmid from Mazoti mitochondria, M1, was cloned and large portions of it were sequenced. Restriction mapping and sequence comparisons showed that approximately 4.9 kb is similar to the S1 plasmid of maize and an additional 2.6 kb is related to R1 sequences integrated into the main mitochondrial genome of N cytoplasm. Therefore, the M1 plasmid appears to be very similar to the R1 plasmid. The inverted repeats at the ends of the M1 plasmid are not identitical. The left end IR is similar to the S-TIRs found at the termini of the S plasmids. The right end IR more closely resembles the integrated R1 sequences, including the “variant” region of the TIR. Whereas the variant region contains 13 bp in the S-TIRs and 15 bp in an integrated version of R1, it is 16 bp long in M1. The region of M1 that has no homology to the S1 plasmid is expressed at very low levels in Mazoti and RU cytoplasms, but at much higher levels in CMS-S mitochondria, where part of it is present in the main mitochondrial genome.
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    Maternal inheritance of chloroplast genome and paternal inheritance of mitochondrial genome in bananas (Musa acuminata) (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 265-269 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Musa acuminata ; Inheritance ; Chloroplast ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used as markers to determine the transmission of cytoplasmic DNA in diploid banana crosses. Progenies from two controlled crosses were studied with heterologous cytoplastmic probes. This analysis provided evidence for a strong bias towards maternal transmission of chloroplast DNA and paternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA in Musa acuminata. These results suggest the existence of two separate mechanisms of organelle transmission and selection, but no model to explain this can be proposed at the present time. Knowledge of the organelle mode of inheritance constitutes an important point for phylogeny analyses in bananas and may offer a powerful tool to confirm hybrid origins.
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    Genetic organization and structural features of maranhar, a senescence-inducing linear mitochondrial plasmid of Neurospora crassa (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 385-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Neurospora ; Mitochondria ; Linear plasmid ; Senescence ; Invertron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of maranhar, a senescence-inducing linear mitochondrial plasmid of Neurospora crassa, was determined. The termini of the 7-kb plasmid are 349-bp inverted repeats (TIRs). Each DNA strand contains a long open reading frame (ORF) which begins within the TIR and extends toward the centre of the plasmid. ORF-1 codes for a single-subunit RNA polymerase that is not closely related to that encoded by another Neurospora plasmid, kalilo. The ORF-2 product may be a B-type DNA polymerase resembling those encoded by terminal protein-linked linear genetic elements, including linear mitochondrial plasmids and linear bacteriophages. A separate coding sequence for the terminal protein could not be identified; however, the DNA polymerase of maranhar has an amino-terminal extension with features that are also present in the terminal proteins of linear bacteriophages. The N-terminal extensions of the DNA polymerases of other linear mitochondrial plasmids contain similar features, suggesting that the terminal proteins of linear plasmids may be comprised, at least in part, of these cryptic domains. The terminal protein-DNA bond of maranhar is resistant to mild alkaline hydrolysis, indicating that it might involve a tyrosine or a lysine residue. Although maranhar and the senescence-inducing kalilo plasmid of N. intermedia are structurally similar, and integrate into mitochondrial DNA by a mechanism thus far unique to these two plasmids, they are not closely related to each other and they do not have any nucleotide sequence features, or ORFs, that distinguish them clearly from mitochondrial plasmids which are not associated with senescence and most of which are apparently non-integrative.
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    Suppression of a mitochondrial point mutation in a tRNA gene can cast light on the mechanisms of 3′ end-processing (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 451-455 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: tRNA processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a genetic approach to study the nuclear factors involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial tRNAs. A point mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAAsp gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had previously been shown to result in a temperature-sensitive respiratory-deficient phenotype as a result of the absence of 3′ end-processing of the tRNAAsp. Analysis of mitochondrial revertants has shown that all revertants sequenced have a G-A compensatory change at position 53, which restores the hydrogen-bond with the mutated nucleotide. We then searched for nuclear suppressors to identify the nuclear gene(s) involved in mitochondrial tRNA 3′ end-processing. One such suppressor mutation was further characterized: it restores tRNAAsp maturation and growth at 36°C on glycerol medium in heterozygous diploids, but leads to a defective growth phenotype in haploids.
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    Mutations in the structural gene for cytochrome c result in deficiency of both cytochromes aa 3 and c in Neurospora crassa (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 329-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome c ; Cytochrome aa 3 ; Mitochondria ; Neurospora crassa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cyt-12-12 mutant of Neurospora crassa is characterized by slow growth and a deficiency of spectrophotometrically-detectable cytochromes aa 3 and c. Using a sib-selection procedure we have isolated the cyt-12 + allele from a cosmid library of N. crassa genomic DNA. Characterization of the cyt-12 + allele reveals that it encodes the structural gene for cytochrome c. DNA sequence analysis of the cyt-12-12 allele revealed a mutation in the cytochrome c coding sequence that results in replacement of a glycine residue, which is invariant in the cytochrome c of other species, with an aspartic acid. Genetic analysis confirms that cyt-12-12 is allelic with the previously-characterized cyc-1-1 mutant, which was also shown to affect the single locus encoding cytochrome c in N. crassa. We suggest that the amount of functional cytochrome c present in mitochondria influences the level of cytochrome aa 3 .
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    The identification of 18 nuclear genes required for the expression of the yeast mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ; RNA processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eighteen nuclear mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each disturbed in the biosynthesis of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) and each representing a distinct complementation group, have been examined to identify the level at which COX1 expression is affected. RNA blotting revealed that most have a defect in the processing of COX1 precursor-mRNA; only a few are defective in COX1 transcription and/or pre-mRNA stability. In most RNA-processing mutants, the absence of the COX1 messenger results from a defect in the splicing of one or more COX1 introns. In turn, this defect can be ascribed to a mutation in a nuclear gene which is either directly involved in splicing or else acts indirectly by impairing COX1 translation.
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    Sequence analysis of three deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their revertants (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 546-552 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Revertant ; Mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three respiratory-deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the yeast mitochondrion have been sequenced. They are located in, or near, transmembrane segment VI, the catalytic core of the enzyme. Respiratory-competent revertants have been selected and studied. The mutant V244M was found to revert at the same site in valine (wild-type), isoleucine or threonine. The revertants of the mutant G251R were of three types: glycine (wild-type), serine and threonine at position 251. A search for second-site mutations was carried out but none were found. Among 60 revertants tested, the mutant K265M was found to revert only to the wild-type allele.
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    Co-transcription of orf25 and coxIII in rice mitochondria (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 507-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Co-transcription ; orf25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Southern hybridization analysis using homologous maize probes indicated that orf25 and coxIII are closely linked in the mitochondrial genome of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar IR36. The two coding regions were found on the same 5.1 kb BamHI fragment, and this fragment was cloned, mapped and partially sequenced. Using probes for each gene derived from the rice clone, a 2.4 kb dicistronic mRNA transcript was found containing both orf25 and coxIII coding regions. Multiple 5′ ends were identified by primer extension analysis and a double stem/loop structure was mapped to the 3′ end. The orf25 coding region shares 〉85% identity with orf25 sequences from maize, tobacco and wheat, suggesting that orf25 may code for a conserved protein product.
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    Constitutive homologous recombination between mitochondrial DNA and a linear mitochondrial plasmid in Physarum polycephalum (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Homologous recombination ; Mitochondria ; Linear plasmid ; Physarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In one particular myxamoebal strain (NG7; mF+) of Physarum polycephalum, a linear mitochondrial plasmid (mF plasmid) which promotes mitochondrial fusion has been identified. A mating between mF- strains, that do not carry the mF plasmid, resulted in uniparental inheritance of the mtDNA. In matings between mF+ and mF- strains a recombination occurred between the mtDNA and the mF plasmid, and recombinant mtDNA was generated with the end of the mF plasmid as its ends. The DNA sequences of the recombination site in the mtDNA and the mF plasmid, and of the recombinant mtDNA, revealed that the mF plasmid had a 473-bp sequence that was identical to, but slightly shorter than, a 477-bp sequence of the mtDNA. This so-called identical sequence was found at the junction between unique sequences of the mF plasmid and the mtDNA in the recombinant mtDNA. Thus, the recombination between the mtDNA and the mF plasmid was due to reciprocal crossing-over at the identical sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351729
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    Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II genes, the ATPase9 gene, the NADH dehydrogenase ND4L and ND5 gene complex, and the glutaminyl, methionyl and arginyl tRNA genes from Trichophyton rubrum (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ATPase 9 ; Cytochrome oxidase ; DNA nucleotide sequence ; Intron ; Mitochondria ; NADH dehydrogenase ; tRNA ; Trichophyton rubrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence of a 5248 bp-long region of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. This region which represents about 1/4 of the total mt genome of this species reveals a compact organization of genes including: the glutaminyl tRNA, the methionyl tRNA, the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene, the arginyl tRNA, the mitochondrial version of the ATPase subunit 9 gene, the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene and a part of the NADH dehydrogenase ND4L and ND5 gene “complex”. The main features of the part of mt DNA sequenced is the non-interrupted COXI gene and the presence in the mitochondrial version of the ATPase 9 gene of a small group IA intron. The extensive amino-acid sequence similarity with the equivalent gene in Aspergillus nidulans and neuropora crassa indicates that this gene codes for a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding protein. The conserved arrangement of this portion of the mt genome and the presence of tRNAs between the protein-coding genes are compatible with a large polycistronic transcript processed by the excision of tRNAs, or similar secondary structures, as proposed for other fungal or mammalian mt DNAS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351730
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    A comparison of two strains of the anaerobic ciliate Trimyema compressum (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic ciliates ; Anaerobiosis ; Endosymbiosis ; Hydrogenosomes ; Mitochondria ; Methanogenic bacteria ; Monoxenic culture ; Trimyema compressum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of the anaerobic ciliate Trimyema compressum, isolated from different habitats, were compared. The cytoplasm of the ciliates contained hydrogenosome-like microbodies and methanogenic bacteria; the latter were lost during continued cultivation. In addition both strains harbored a non-methanogenic endosymbiont, which was lost in strain K. The ciliates lacked cytochromes, cytochrome oxidase and catalase but contained superoxide dismutase. Hydrogenase activity could be demonstrated only in strain N. In monoxenic culture strain K needed sterols as growth factors. The cells of both strains reacted similarly with respect to oxygen tolerance (up to 0.5 mg O2/l), inhibition of growth by cyanide and azide, and resistance to antimycin A. Only cells of strain N showed growth inhibition by chloramphenicol. It is concluded that Trimyema compressum is an anaerobic, microaerotolerant organism, its microbodies show more resemblance to hydrogenosomes than to mitochondria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247819
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    Light and the recovery from heat shock induce the synthesis of 38 kDa mitochondrial proteins in Neurospora crassa (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Light-induced protein ; Heat shock ; Heat shock recovery ; Mitochondria ; White collar mutants ; Neurospora crassa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light on the protein synthesis pattern in the mitochondria of Neurospora crassa was examined by in vivo labelling with [35S]-methionine and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A brief 5-min illumination induced the rapid and transient synthesis of a 38-kDa protein. White collar-mutants were not stimulated to synthesize this protein by light. A protein of a similar molecular weight and isoelectrical point was synthesized during recovery from heat shock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249057
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    Chemical marker from silk ofYponomeuta cagnagellus (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2203-2216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; caterpillars ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; trail following ; chemical marker ; trail pheromone ; stability ; pheromone secretory site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trail following in lepidopterous larvae is often attributed to chemical markers, but only a few clear-cut examples are found in the literature. In this paper evidence is presented for a chemical basis of the trail following behaviour ofYponomeuta cagnagellus. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) The marker is shown to be very persistent under laboratory conditions and is water soluble. Several possible secretory sites were investigated, and it is concluded that the marker is probably secreted together with the silk from the labial gland. Problems associated with the demonstration of trail markers in caterpillars are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026931
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    Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2277-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026937
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the barley seed protein CMa: an inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034972
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    Homologues of wheat ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes - TaUBC1 and TaUBC4 are encoded by small multigene families in Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 651-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; DNA repair ; N-end recognition ; wheat ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins has been implicated in a multitude of diverse physiological processes in eukaryotes including selective protein degradation. This attachment is carried out by a multi-enzyme pathway consisting of three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s accept activated ubiquitin from E1 and conjugate it to target proteins with or without the participation of specific E3s. Previously, we have isolated wheat cDNAs encoding 16 and 23 kDa E2s, TaUBC1 and TaUBC4, respectively. TaUBC1 shows structural homology to the yeast RAD6 E2 that is essential for DNA repair whereas TaUBC4 is related to the yeast ScUBC8 E2, both of which effectively conjugate ubiquitin to histones in vitro but as yet are without a known in vivo function. Here, we report the isolation of genomic and cDNA homologues of these genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, both of these E2s are encoded by three member gene families. Members of the AtUBC1 gene family, comprising AtUBC1, 2 and 3, encode 150–152 amino acid proteins that are 83–99% identical to each other and TaUBC1 and contain four introns that are conserved with respect to position. Members of the AtUBC4 gene family, comprising AtUBC4, 5 and 6, encode 187–191 amino acid proteins that are 73–88% identical to each other and TaUBC4 and contain five introns that are conserved with respect to position. In contrast, AtUBC1-3 gene products are only 31–36% identical to those derived from AtUBC4-6. mRNA for each family was detected in Arabidopsis roots, leaves, stems, and flowers indicating that members of each family are expressed in most if not all tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023561
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    Analysis of the gibberellin-responsive promoter of a cathepsin B-like gene from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027156
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    Sequence analysis of WIS-2-1A, a retrotransposon-like element from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027169
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    Destabilization of pea lectin by substitution of a single amino acid in a surface loop (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1039-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antinutritional factor ; pea lectin ; site-directed mutagenesis ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Legume lectins are considered to be antinutritional factors (ANF) in the animal feeding industry. Inactivation of ANF is an important element in processing of food. In our study on the stability ofPisum sativum L. lectin (PSL), a conserved hydrophobic amino acid (Val103) in a surface loop was replaced with alanine. The mutant lectin, PSL V103A, showed a decrease in unfolding temperature (T m ) by some 10 °C in comparison with wild-type (wt) PSL, and the denaturation energy (ΔH) is only about 55% of that of wt PSL. Replacement of an adjacent amino acid (Phe104) with alanine did not result in a significant difference in stability in comparison with wt PSL. Both mutations did not change the sugarbinding properties of the lectin, as compared with wt PSL and with PSL from pea seeds, at ambient temperatures. The double mutant, PSL V103A/F104A, was produced inEscherichia coli, but could not be isolated in an active (i.e. sugar-binding) form. Interestingly, the mutation in PSL V103A reversibly affected sugar-binding at 37 °C, as judged from haemagglutination assays. These results open the possibility of production of lectins that are activein planta at ambient temperatures, but are inactive and possibly non-toxic at 37 °C in the intestines of mammals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028976
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    Single-seed PCR of LMW glutenin genes to distinguish between durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028988
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    In vitro processing of transcripts containing novel tRNA-like sequences (‘t-elements’) encoded by wheat mitochondrial DNA (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 551-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: tRNA-like sequences ; t-elements ; RNA processing ; mitochondria ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently described the properties of a wheat mitochondrial extract that is able to process, accurately and efficiently, artificial transcripts containing wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences, with the production of mature tRNAs (P.J. Hanic-Joyce and M.W. Gray, J. Biol. Chem., in press). Such processing involves 5′-endonucleolytic, 3′-endonucleolytic, and TRNA nucleotidyltransferase activities. Here we show that this system also acts on transcripts containing sequences corresponding to an unusual class of short repeats (‘t-elements’) in wheat mtDNA. These repeats are theoretically capable of assuming a tRNA-like secondary structure, although stable transcripts corresponding to them are not detectable in vivo. We find that t-element sequences are processed with the same specificity and with comparable efficiency as are authentic tRNA sequences. Because known t-elements are located close to and in the same transcriptional orientation as active genes (18S-5S, 26S, tRNAPro) in wheat mtDNA, our results raise the question of whether t-elements play a role in gene expression in wheat mitochondria.
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    Characterization of members of a pseudogene subfamily of the wheat α-gliadin storage protein genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020565
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    Wheat ubiquitin gene exhibits a conserved protein coding region and a diverged 3′ non-coding region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015082
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    Site-directed mutagenesis and expression inEscherichia coli of WMAI-1, a wheat monomeric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037140
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