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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Cyanidiophyceae —Cyanidioschyzon merolae— Plastid genome — Protoflorideophyceae — Ribosomal protein — Translocation of str cluster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The nucleotide sequence of a cluster of ribosomal protein genes in the plastid genome of a unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, which has been supposed to be the most primitive alga, was determined. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the amino acid sequence of ribosomal proteins of two rhodophytes, a chromophyte, a glaucophyte, two chlorophytes (land plants), a cyanobacterium, and three eubacteria suggested a close relationship between the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 and the plastids of various species in the kingdom Plantae, which is consistent with the hypothesis of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids. In this tree, the two species of rhodophytes were grouped with the chromophyte, and the glaucophyte was grouped with the chlorophytes. Analysis of the organization of the genes encoding the ribosomal proteins suggested that the translocation of the str cluster occurred early in the lineage of rhodophytes and chromophytes after these groups had been separated from chlorophytes and glaucophytes.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Actin gene ; Cyanidioschyzon merolae ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) ; Phylogenetic tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on the results of cytological studies, it has been assumed that Cyanidioschyzon merolae does not contain actin genes. However, Southern hybridization of C. merolae cell-nuclear DNA with a yeast actin-gene probe has suggested the presence of an actin gene in the C. merolae genome. In the present study, an actin gene was isolated from a C. merolae genomic library using a yeast actin-gene probe. The C. merolae actin gene has no intron. The predicted actin is composed of 377 amino acids and has an estimated molecular mass of 42003 Da. Southern hybridization indicated that the C. merolae genome contains only one actin gene. This gene is transcribed at a size of 2.4 kb. When Southern hybridization was performed with C. merolae chromosomes separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a band appeared on unseparated chromosomes XI and XII. A phylogenetic tree based on known eucaryote actin-gene sequences revealed that C. merolae diverged after the division of Protozoa, but before the division of Fungi, Animalia and Chlorophyta.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondrial fusion ; Mitochondrial plasmid ; Physarum polycephalum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A specific linear mitochondrial plasmid (mF) is genetically associated with the fusion of mitochondria in the true slime mould, Physarum polycephalum. In matings between mF+ and mF- strains, which respectively carry and do not carry the mF plasmid, mitochondrial fusion occurs in the zygote. Mitochondrial fusion induces recombination between specific sites in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in the mF plasmid. To detect a region which is associated with the mitochondrial fusion in the mF plasmid, we isolated, by fluorescence microscopy, strains which showed defective mitochondrial fusion (Δmif -) from those which showed normal mitochondrial fusion (mif +). Analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Δmif - strains showed only mtDNA which recombined with the mF plasmid in mitochondria. Comparison of this recombinant mtDNA in one Δmif - strain (NG 15) with that of a mif + strain showed that a 2.2-kbp region, which included the integration site of the mF plasmid, was deleted in the Δmif - strain by recombination between the main mtDNA and the mF plasmid. In other strains, in addition to this deletion, a 6-kbp region which included both termini was deleted by recombination at six repeats of AAT sequences in the mF plasmid. Moreover, transcripts of the mF plasmid were not detected in NG15 by slot hybridization.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrial fusion ; Mitochondrial plasmid ; Physarum polycephalum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A specific linear mitochondrial plasmid (mF) is genetically associated with the fusion of mitochondria in the true slime mould,Physarum polycephalum. In matings between mF+ and mF− strains, which respectively carry and do not carry the mF plasmid, mitochondrial fusion occurs in the zygote. Mitochondrial fusion induces recombination between specific sites in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in the mF plasmid. To detect a region which is associated with the mitochondrial fusion in the mF plasmid, we isolated, by fluorescence microscopy, strains which showed defective mitochondrial fusion (Δmif −) from those which showed normal mitochondrial fusion (mif +). Analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Δmif − strains showed only mtDNA which recombined with the mF plasmid in mitochondria. Comparison of this recombinant mtDNA in one Δmif − strain (NG 15) with that of amif + strain showed that a 2.2-kbp region, which included the integration site of the mF plasmid, was deleted in the Δmif − strain by recombination between the main mtDNA and the mF plasmid. In other strains, in addition to this deletion, a 6-kbp region which included both termini was deleted by recombination at six repeats of AAT sequences in the mF plasmid. Moreover, transcripts of the mF plasmid were not detected in NG15 by slot hybridization.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsCyanidioschyzon merolae ; Cytochrome b5 ; Delta-9 fatty acid desaturase ; Red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A delta-9 fatty acid desaturase gene, homologous to animal and fungal acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturases, was isolated from the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae using a degenerate PCR strategy. This gene, designated as CmFAD9, has no intron. The encoded delta-9 fatty acid desaturase (CmFad9p) consists of 476 amino acids and has an estimated molecular mass of 55.4 kDa. CmFad9p is a unique delta-9 fatty acid desaturase among plants, in that it is fused with the cytochrome b5 domain at its carboxyl terminus. This is characteristic of yeast acyl-CoA desaturase. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested that the C. merolae genome contains a single gene for delta-9 fatty acid desaturase of the animal and fungal type. Southern hybridization combined with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that CmFAD9 is probably located on chromosome XI of the 17 C. merolae chromosomes. A 1.6-kb product of this gene was transcribed throughout a light/dark synchronization culture. The discovery of CmFAD9 indicates the existence of a novel type of plant delta-9 fatty acid desaturase that may function in the endoplasmic reticulum, but not in the plastid.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Zygote-specific genes ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; Uniparental inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uniparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome has been observed in a wide variety of green plants. In Chlamydomonas this phenomenon, which can be selectively inhibited by UV irradiation of mt + gametes, has been shown cytologically to be due to the preferential degradation of mt −-derived chloroplast nucleoids in young zygotes. The zygote-specific pair of zys1 genes, zys1A and zys1B, is expressed earliest among five genes isolated from a “10-min” zygote library. We report here that the ZYS1 protein, which is encoded by the invertedly duplicated zys1 gene, accumulates in zygotes and is localized in nuclei. In addition, when mt + gametes (but not mt − gametes) are UV-irradiated before mating, only very limited accumulation of ZYS1 protein can be detected in the resulting zygotes.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsftsZ ; Cyanidium caldarium RK-1 ; Plastid division ; Primitive red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The FtsZ protein is involved in eukaryote plastid division, but there is little information on its involvement in the plastid-dividing apparatus. To investigate the relationship between FtsZ and the plastid-dividing ring, the ftsZ gene was isolated from the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidium caldarium RK-1. Comparison of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic FtsZ proteins shows that there are six highly conserved domains in the core region of FtsZ. To determine the chromosomal location of ftsZ, we first determined the electrophoretic karyotype of C. caldarium RK-1. Southern-hybridization analysis combined with CHEF revealed the chromosomes on which the ftsZ gene exist. Northern-hybridization analysis indicated that the C. caldarium RK-1 ftsZ gene is transcribed as a 1.9-kb molecule, and that the transcripts specifically accumulate just before plastid division. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. caldarium RK-1 and other eukaryotic ftsZ genes are the descendants of cyanobacterial ftsZ genes, supporting the current agreement that FtsZ is involved in plastid division.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 298 (1982), S. 481-483 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Gametes of both mating types (137cmt+ and mt ) of C. reinhardii were prepared and mixed to allow mating. To distinguish the mt+ morphologically from the mt gametes, small mt* gametes obtained by centrifugation at 180g for 2 min and mt" gametes of a mutant (SF 60, Sato culture collection) with ...
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cyanidium caldarium ; Plastid genome ; Physical map ; Gene transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The physical map of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium strain RK-1 was constructed. The 150-kbp genome was circular and had an inverted repeat region (IR) which contained the genes for 16 s and 23 s ribosomal RNAs, as is usually seen in most plastid genomes. Since C. caldarium is a very “primitive” alga, the results suggest that the ancestral cyanobacteria lost most of its genome as an endosymbiont comparatively early in the process of plastid formation. After that, several genes seem to have been lost from plastid genomes, step by step, during the course of evolution.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; mitochondrial plasmid ; mitochondrial fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mF plasmid which promotes mitochondrial fusion in Physarum polycephalum is a linear molecule with complex terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). Its nucleotide sequence was determined. The mF plasmid is 14 503 bp in size, and contains ten open reading frames (ORFs). All of the ORFs except one are encoded on the same DNA strand (coding strand). The number of amino-acid residues in the putative proteins derived from the nine ORFs on the conding strand are 231, 163, 640, 235, 118, 1130, 366, 309, and 547 from left (5′ end) to right (3′ end) on the map. The amino-acid sequences of newly-identified ORFs on the mF plasmid did not show significant homology to any aminoacid sequences in the databases. A brief transcriptional map of the mF plasmid was constructed, and the following features were noted. (1) The transcription initiation site was located just inside the end of the left TIRs, but not within the TIRs themselves. (2) Three major transcripts of 1.0, 3.4 and 4.6 knt corresponded to the left region of the mF plasmid, and long, low-abundance (more than 4.6 knt), heterogenous transcripts corresponded to almost the entire mF plasmid. A low-abundance, 3.5-knt transcript corresponding to the coding region of ORF1 130 (a 1 130-amino-acid polypeptide) was also detected, and may be derived from the long transcripts. (3) The quantity of transcripts which included the region near the transcription initiation site was about 500-times more than that which included the region near the inner end of the right TIRs.
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