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  • wheat  (294)
  • maize  (201)
  • Springer  (492)
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1990-1994  (492)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nosema marucae ; microsporidium ; production ; biological control ; cereal stem borer ; Chilo partellus ; maize ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study covering 3 years, experiments were carried out in order to determine the feasibility of producing a microsporidian pathogenNosema marucae in the spotted stalkborerChilo partellus. A maximum yield of 4.9×108 spores/larva (equivalent to 3.1×1010 spores/g fresh larval body weight) was obtained in 3rd instar larvae. It is considered that the production is inexpensive and can be readily adapted for small scale pathogen propagation systems in the tropics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Ostrina nubilalis ; pheromone trapping ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of male European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) to synthetic pheromone lures containing various isomeric blends of the sex pheromone 11-tetradecenyl acetate was measured in 13 counties in North Carolina. The blends consisted of either 3% Z (‘E strain’), 97% Z (‘Z strain’), or 35% Z (‘hybrid’) 11-tetradecenyl acetate. Response to E strain lures predominated in those counties located in the Coastal Plain (east) of the state, while response to the Z strain pheromone was dominant in the west. A zone of overlap of these broad strain distributions appears to occur in the eastern Piedmont. Within this zone there was substantial response to both E and Z blends. The proportion of these responses changed considerably between generations within years as well as between years. Significantly higher capture rates in hybrid baited traps in parts of the overlap zone may be indicative of increased rates of hybridization between the E and Z strains.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecta ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; egg distribution ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period 〉ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Graminella nigrifrons ; maize ; oats ; johnsongrass ; development ; fecundity ; host suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dynamique des populations (durée de développement de l'œuf à l'adulte, poids et taille des adultes, fécondité) de G. nigrifrons Forbes (Homop. Cicadellidae) a été étudiée au laboratoire à 5 températures sur plantules de maïs (Zea mays L.), avoine (Avena sativa L.) et sorgho vivace (Shorgum halepense (L.) Pers.). Sur les 3 plantes, les mâles se développent en moyenne 1,2 j plus vite que les femelles. Les relations entre vitesse de développement et température ont été déterminées en utilisant à la fois un modèle linéaire et le modèle biophysique à 2 paramètres de Sharpe & DeMichele (1977). Les températures plus basses donnent des adultes des 2 sexes plus gros et plus lourds. Moins de G. nigrifrons se sont développés sur la graminée vivace que sur les 2 graminées annuelles à la température la plus élevée (30°C), tandis qu'à la température la plus basse (18°C) moins de cicadelles se sont développées sur les graminées annuelles. La température semble jouer un rôle significatif en déterminant l'adéquation des plantes comme hôtes convenant au développement de G. nigrifrons. Le potentiel de ponte de cette cicadelle avait été sous-estimé par les étudies précédentes.
    Notes: Abstract Population dynamics of the blackfaced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), was studied at five temperatures (18, 21, 24, 27, & 30°C) in the laboratory on seedling maize (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and the perennial johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.). Effects of temperature and host plant on egg to adult mean development time, adult size and weight, and fecundity were determined. Leafhoppers on all three hosts developed fastest at the highest temperature tested (21.3 days), and slowest at the lowest temperature tested (73.2 days). The duration from first to last adult eclosion was shortest at 30°C, (11.5 days) and longest at 18°C (43 days). The sex ratio of males to females did not differ from 1:1, but males developed an average of 1.2 days faster than females on all three hosts. Mean percent development/day ranged from 1.4% at 18°C to 4.7% at 30°C. The relationship of this development rate and temperature was determined using both a linear model and a variable parameter biophysical model. Based on these models, the developmental threshold is estimated at 12–15°C. The lowest temperature yielded larger and heavier adults (312 μg, dry weight) than did the highest temperature (225 μg). Fewer leafhoppers developed on the perennial than the annuals at 30°C and fewer on the annuals than the perennial at 18°C. Our results suggest that early in the season johnsongrass and perhaps other perennials are the superior developmental hosts for this leafhopper, whereas in midsummer when temperatures are highest, annuals are the better hosts.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 169-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: African migratory locust ; crop environment ; oviposition behaviour ; oviposition sites ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was studied in maize and wheat crops on the Orange Free State Highveld. Maize was shown to be the most important oviposition habitat with peak laying taking place in autumn and early winter when highest pod densities were recorded. Laying was mainly concentrated along the middle of the crop interrows in maize and within clearings in the wheat crop. Despite the uniform layout of these crops, the distribution of egg pods was found to be aggregated. Non-reproductive behaviour, such as locust aggregation, basking and feeding, as well as environmental factors appeared to influence the distribution of egg pods in these crops. Secondary selection for optinum soil moisture and compaction on the laying site enhanced the aggregation of pods.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis ; corn ; maize ; insecticide ; Aspergillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of tremorgenic fungal metabolites, territrems, to the corn earworm, Helioverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) were examined. In oral toxicity studies, territrem A significantly inhibited growth by 40% at 25 ppm and by 89% at 250 ppm. Territrem B and an epoxy-derivative significantly inhibited growth by ca. 45% at 250 ppm. Piperonyl butoxide administered orally synergized the toxicity of the territrems tested. In topical toxicity studies, the epoxy-derivative caused 26% mortality and 25% growth retardation at 10 mg/gm insects. Territrem A and B were not significantly lethal, but did reduce growth by 15–20% at 10 mg/gm insect. Paraoxon tested in the same way caused 100% mortality at 25 ppm orally and 10 mg/gm topically. However, all territrems tested in vitro as inhibitors of H. zea head acetylcholinesterase were at least comparable to or were more active than paraoxon. Topically administered epoxy-territrem B also inhibited H. zea head acetylcholinesterase. The potential for development of new insecticides from a territrem lead structure is discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; maize ; moniliformin ; mycotoxins ; trichothecenes ; zearalenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty Fusarium isolates obtained from maize fields were screened for moniliformin production on maize kernels. Twelve isolates, including seven of F. subglutinans, were found to produce moniliformin at levels ranging from 0.4 to 64 ppm. Twenty six isolates were also screened for production of deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Of these, 22, including all 11 isolates of F. graminearum, produced zearalenone at levels ranging from 0.1 to 96.0 ppm, while 13 produced T-2 toxin at low levels, (〈1.1 ppm). Deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were each produced by six isolates, also at low levels (〈1.0 ppm). Three isolates of F. graminearum and one of F. sambucinum produced four toxins simultaneously.
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  • 12
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    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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  • 14
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen response ; on-farm research ; risk ; probability ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
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  • 15
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
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  • 17
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
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  • 20
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1990), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Critical level of Zn ; alkaline soils ; Zn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted at 32 locations, chosen for their wide range in DTPA extractable Zn, to determine the critical deficiency level of Zn for predicting response of wheat to Zn application. Soil application of 5.6 kg Zn ha−1 significantly increased the grain yield in deficient soils. Soil extractable Zn was significantly related with per cent grain response and absolute grain yield. Both the graphical and statistical methods of Cate and Nelson indicated the critical level to be 0.75 mg kg−1 soil of DTPA extractable Zn. This level gave a predictability value of 82 per cent.
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  • 21
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Sulfate ; elemental sulfur ; leaching ; ryegrass ; wheat ; greenhouse experiments ; split application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three factorial experiments with four replications were conducted in a greenhouse to examine the effectiveness of gypsum, elemental sulfur (ES powder) and three S containing N fertilizers, viz., ammonium sulfate (AS), urea + ES, and Ureas (20% AS and 80% urea). All experiments were conducted twice in different years. In the first experiment with uncropped soil, the effects of soil type, leaching rate (2.3 and 6.9 mm water per day) and urea addition on sulfate leaching losses were studied. Leaching losses decreased in the order Ureas 〉 ammonium sulfate (AS) 〉 gypsum ≫ urea + ES. Increasing the leaching rate greatly increased sulfate losses from both soils. Losses were greater in the sandy Typic Hapludoll than in the clayey Oxic Paleustalf. Sulfate adsorption was found to decrease strongly with rising the pH in both soils. Hydrolysis of urea temporarily raised the pH of the soil, thereby increasing the sulfate leaching losses. In the second experiment the effects of S rate (0–65 mg per kg soil), split application and leaching rate (0 and 2.3 mm per day) on sulfate leaching losses and ‘apparent S recovery’ (ASR) by three successive cuts of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied. Herbage yield more than doubled when S was applied. The effectiveness of the sulfate fertilizers was greater when S was split-applied than given all at once. With split applications the ASR decreased in the order: Ureas 〉 AS 〉 gypsum 〉 urea + ES 〉 ES powder. ES fertilizers were least effective, because the oxidation rate of ES to sulfate was clearly too slow. In the third experiment the effects of S rate (0–40 mg per kg soil) and split application on sulfate leaching losses and ASR in the grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied under leaching conditions (2.3 mm per day). Grain yield increased strongly due to S application. Split application greatly increased the effectiveness of the sulfate fertilizers and appeared to be an effective tool in satisfying the S need of the crop under leaching conditions. Again, ES fertilizers were least effective, because the oxidation rate of ES was too slow to meet the S demand of the crop. In all experiments leaching losses of sulfate from the ES fertilizers were smaller than from the sulfate fertilizers.
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  • 22
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; placement depth ; banding ; relative effectivenesss ; lupins ; wheat ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, seven levels of single superphosphate, 0, 7.5, 10, 14, 19.5, 30 and 39 kg P ha−1, were placed at either 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13 cm depth before sowing wheat (Triticum aestivum) at 3 cm. In a separate treatment, superphosphate was drilled with the seed (the normal practice). In the second year, the plots were sown with lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) at 3 cm depth with no additional superphosphate. In three separate treatments, superphosphate at 0, 14 and 39 kg P ha−1, was drilled with the lupin seed (the normal practice) on plots that had received no superphosphate in the first year. Yields of wheat and lupins were used as a measure of the effectiveness of the superphosphate placement treatments relative to the effectiveness of superphosphate drilled with seed of wheat (year 1) or lupins (year 2), to give relative effectiveness (RE) values in each of the two years. In the first year the RE of superphosphate was increased by about 20% when the fertilizer was placed 5 to 9 cm deep in the soil. In the second year, the RE of superphosphate for producing lupin grain was increased by about 30–60% where the fertilizer had been placed 5–13 cm deep in the previous year compared with freshly drilled 3 cm deep. The yield of wheat or lupins was closely related to the P content of plant tissue; each relationship was independent of the depth or year of superphosphate application.
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  • 23
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nigerian savanna ; maize ; potassium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A three year field study was conducted at five locations in the Nigerian savanna to evaluate the response of early maturing maize variety to varying rates of K and Zn with a view to establishing the K and Zn requirements for maize production in this zone. Treatments consisted of 4 × 3 factorial combinations of 4 levels of K and 3 levels of Zn. Responses to K and Zn fertilization were sporadic and were obtained only in soils of the Southern Guinea savanna and in the soil formed on sedimentary sandstone. There seem to be no problem at present in soils of the Northern Guinea and Sudan savannas where leaching is less intense. It is inferred from this study that K and Zn deficiences are incipient in the high rainfall soils and in the sandstone derived soils. For these soils, 50 kg K/ha and 2–5 kg Zn/ha is suggested as adequate for an early maturing maize crop. Soil data showed that K and Zn responses can be expected when available K and Zn levels fall below 0.1 meq/100 g and 2 ppm respectively.
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  • 24
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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  • 25
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Long-term manure trial ; residual effect ; model test ; nitrogen availability ; maize ; Italian ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sluijsmans and Kolenbrander developed a simple model to describe the availability of animal manure, assuming a readily available, an easily decomposable and a slowly decomposable N fraction. We tested this model on data from an experiment in which farmyard manure had been applied for eleven successive years to silage maize [Zea mays L.] grown on a light sandy soil. The residual effects of this FYM were then measured by growing Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lamk.] in the 12th year. The measured uptake of N by the grass of the FYM residues was then compared with the computed values. The measured amounts of N taken up agreed fairly well with the calculated amounts for applications of 50 and 100 t FYM per ha per year. If the rates of manure application are adjusted to crop requirement, the model shows that the potential, long-term release of N from the residual N fraction of FYM will not exceed 20 kg N per ha. For cattle slurry with a smaller residual fraction, the release will be at most 10% of the total annual N application.
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  • 26
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Acidic subsurface layer ; application rate ; North Carolina phosphate rock ; placement method ; time of application ; triple superphosphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using soils with an acidic subsurface layer, three glasshouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of placement method and application rate of triple superphosphate (TSP) and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) on dry matter (DM) yields. Time of application of NCPR on DM yield response of wheat was also studied. For Experiment 1, soil was collected in depth intervals of 0–2; 4–6; 6–8; and 8–10 cm from a red earth (chromic luvisol). The treatments included two P sources (TSP and NCPR), three placement methods (broadcast, banded or mixed into the subsurface layer, 6–8 cm), and six application rates. In this P deficient soil with an acidic subsurface layer, there was relatively little effect of application method of TSP on wheat yield responses. The maximum dry matter yield responses for broadcast, band and mix application methods was 30, 42 and 50 %, respectively. Responses to NCPR broadcast, band and mix methods were 20, 9 and 44 %, respectively. Mixing NCPR into to acidic subsurface layer produced yields similar to those from TSP although a higher application rate of P as NCPR was needed to achieve this outcome. Treatments for Experiments 2 and 3 were time of application of NCPR (0 and 30 days before sowing) and rate of application of NCPR (0 and 40 mg P/pot). In Experiment 2 (same soil as Experiment 1) application of NCPR prior to sowing, resulted in higher Colwell P concentration than when applied at sowing, but time of application had no effect on final DM yields. Experiment 3 used a red podzolic (chromic luvisol) soil which had a lower P-status, was more acid and had a lower exchangeable Ca2+ concentration than the red earth. Application of NCPR prior to sowing resulted in lower DM yield than when it was applied prior to sowing.
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  • 27
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; take-all ; (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
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  • 28
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus requirement ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; lupins ; triticale ; superphosphate ; grain yield ; phosphorus in grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus (P) requirement for grain production of different crop species (oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (xTriticosecale), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and sandplain lupins (L. cosentinii) was compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in five field experiments on different lateritic soils in south-western Australia. Seven or eight levels of superphosphate were applied at the start of each experiment. The amount of P required to produce 70% (four experiments) or 90% (one experiment) of the maximum yield was used to compare P requirements. Large differences in the P requirements of the species were obtained. On P deficient soil in 3 experiments, oats required from 50 to 70% less P than wheat, but required 40% more P on a soil with a long history of superphosphate applications. Compared with wheat, in the year of P application, barley required 50% less P in one experiment, had similar P requirements in two experiments, and required 80% more P in another experiment. In the years after P application, barley required 20% less P in two experiments. On an acidic soil triticale required from 50% to 70% less P than wheat, but on less acidic soil it required 100% more P. In the year of P application, narrow-leafed lupins required 800% more P than wheat in one experiment, and 30% more P in the other experiment. In the year of P application, sandplain lupins required 70% less P than wheat in one experiment.
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  • 29
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Residual P ; P fixation ; Bray P ; Olsen P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen soils from the south east of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) that had been fertilized with moderate amounts of P (10–40 kgP/ha) during the last 10 years were used to investigate the effect of time on the decline of P availability as measured by three soil tests (Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen) and the null-point method. Differences in rates of P decline among soils and chemical methods were characterized by an exponential coefficient for time (b 2) in equations which describe the changes of the added P retained by the soil (Pr =ac b1 t b2). The rate of decline of P for the nineteen soils calculated for the soil test methods was ordered decreasingly as: null-point 〉 Olsen 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2. The ability of the chemical methods for assessing the residual value of P for wheat growth (RV) was tested in a pot experiment on seven of the soils that differed in their individual rates of reaction with P. Differences between soils in the rate of reaction with P as measured in the laboratory by the null-point method and by the Olsen test were reflected in different residual values for P fertilizer for wheat plants. Thus the value ofb 2 for these methods was well correlated with the observed residual values. The soil properties commonly associated with the retention of P were not related to the value ofb 2 suggesting that more than one soil property may be involved in the measure ofb 2. The exponent for timeb 2 may be used as an index of the ability of the soil test to reflect the decline of P availability with time.
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  • 30
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
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  • 31
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Copper fertiliser ; nitrogen fertiliser ; residual effectiveness ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The residual effectiveness of copper (Cu) applied 18 to 21 years previously was estimated for grain yield of wheat. In one field experiment, current levels of Cu fertiliser were applied and its effectiveness was compared to that of the same level of Cu applied previously. The effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on the Cu concentration in the youngest emerged blade and in the grain, as well as the effects of N levels on the grain yield of wheat, were also studied. Where the recommended level of Cu fertiliser had been applied previously, its residual effectiveness depended on the soil type. On the grey sands over clay and gravelly sands over clay, the residual Cu would last approximately 20 years where wheat is grown in rotation with a legume crop (Lupinus augustifolius L.) and where N fertiliser is applied at high levels (92 kg N ha−1). On the yellow brown sandy earths of the Newdegate district, the residual value was in excess of 30 years. When Cu levels in the soil are marginal, high levels of N applied to wheat crops grown on stubbles of legume crops (high soil N) could suffer from induce Cu deficiency which could reduce grain production. Critical concentrations of Cu in the youngest emerged blade of less than 1.2 mg Cu kg−1 at Gs50–59 would indicate Cu deficiency. Cu concentrations of less than 1.1–1.2 mg Cu kg−1 in the grain suggest that the wheat crop is marginally supplied with Cu. In both situations, Cu fertiliser needs to be applied before the next crop.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cochliobolus sativus ; common root rot ; Penicillium bilaji ; phosphorus fertilization ; tillering ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofPenicillium bilaji Chalabuda (PB) has recently been commercially released as a seed inoculant to increase phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of drill applied P (15 kg P ha−1) with PB seed inoculation on early growth, development, P uptake, and grain yield of ‘Stoa’ spring wheat at four sites in North Dakota. Fertilization with P consistently enhanced early season growth, main stem development, tillering and P uptake. Seed inoculation with PB had little or no effect on these traits. Phosphorus fertilization tended to increase common root rot severity (CRR, incited byCochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib) Drechs.), while PB inoculation had no effect. Grain yields were significantly increased by P fertilization at one location. Inoculation with PB also increased grain yield at this location. The reason why PB inoculation increased yield at this location is not evident, as plant growth and P uptake were not enhanced earlier in the season. Averaged across all four sites, PB inoculation increased wheat yields 66 kg ha−1, which is similar to averaged yield responses reported from the Prairie Provinces of Canada.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal manure ; leaching ; maize ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with silage maize during eight years on a sandy soil in The Netherlands, showed that dicyandiamide (DCD) addition to autumn-applied cattle slurry retarded nitrification, thus reducing nitrate losses during winter. Spring-applied slurry without DCD, however, was on average associated with even lower losses and higher maize dry matter yields. Economically optimum supplies of mineral N in the upper 0.6 m soil layer in spring (EOSMN), amounted to 130–220 kg ha−1. Year to year variation of EOSMN could not be attributed to crop demand only. According to balance sheet calculations on control plots, apparent N mineralization between years varied from 0.36 to 0.94 kg ha−1 d−1. On average, forty percent of the soil mineral N (SMN) supply in spring, was lost during the growing season. Hence, the amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) were lower than expected. Multiple regression with SMN in spring, N crop uptake and cumulative rainfall as explanatory variables, could account for 79 percent of the variation in RSMN. Postponement of slurry applications to spring and limiting N inputs to economically optimum rates, were insufficient measures to keep the nitrate concentration in groundwater below the EC level for drinking water.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; soybean ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Sesbania sesban ; Albizia falcataria ; Flemingia congesta ; Gliricidia sepium ; Cassia spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theee trials to evaluat the potential of alley cropping in maize production on the low fertility, acidic soils in Northern Zambia are described. Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Albizia falcataria, Fleminga congesta, and Cassia spectabilis, were grown in alley crops with hybrid maize and soybean. All trials received recommended rates of P and K fertiliser; N fertiliser was applied at three rates as a subplot treatment. One trial received lime before establishment. Only in the limed trial was there a significant improvement in maize yields through alley cropping; when no N fertiliser was applied, incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala prunings resulted in an increase of up to 95% in yields, with a smaller improvement being produced by Flemingia congesta. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of prunings biomass applied and the proportional increase in maize yields over the control treatment. It is suggested that the lack of effect of most of the tree species on crop yields was due to low biomass production. An economic analysis showed that alley cropping with limed Leucaena was only profitable when fertiliser costs were high in relation to maize prices. However, lime is both expensive and difficult to obtain and transport for most small scale farmers in the region, and is therefore not a practical recommendation. It is suggested that future alley cropping research should focus on screening a wider range of tree species, including other species of Leucaena, for acid tolerance and higher biomass production.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
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  • 37
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1016-1017 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: In vitro absorption ; calcium ; wheat ; Bengal gram
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vitro absorption of calcium from the duodenum was significantly less in a group of rats fed on a wheat diet than in a group fed a wheat and Bengal gram (70∶30) diet.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mutator ; transposable element ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A secondary mutant, derived from an allele of maize alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) carrying a Mutator transposable element (Mu1) in its first intron, was reported to exhibit a threefold decrease in ADH enzymatic activity and steady-state RNA levels compared to the original mutant. The original mutant,Adh1-S3034 (abbreviatedS3034), was previously characterized at the molecular level. The derivative, abbreviatedS3034b, has now been cloned; at the DNA sequence level the insertion and surroundingAdh1 sequences are indistinguishable fromS3034. Furthermore, in our lines there is no difference in relative ADH activities between products of the two putative alleles. A comparison of gene expression in heterozygotes obtained by crossing to different tester lines reveals a correlation between the measured decrease in levels of ADH polypeptide produced by the mutant allele and the background in which it is measured; this effect is distinct from any background-related variation in the expression of the progenitor allele. It does not appear to be attributable to alternative patterns of DNA modification. It appears to reflect a background-associated difference in the level of normalAdh1-RNA produced. Thus the previously reported distinction betweenS3034 andS3034b may be due to differences in the extent to which the mutant allele and a given genetic background interact to produce functionalAdh1-RNA.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leafhopper ; Dalbulus maidis ; Homoptera ; Cicadellidae ; hostfinding ; maize ; visual ; olfactory ; synergism ; pest
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Virtually nothing is known about the role plant volatiles play in host-finding by Homoptera in the Suborder Auchenorrhyncha. In laboratory bioassays, we examined the influence of plant volatiles on orientation and postcontact behaviors of the leafhopper,Dalbulus maidis, and determined the relationship between visual and olfactory stimuli during host-finding. When compared to the number of contacts made with reflected green light in the presence of a hexane control,D. maidis made more contacts when exposed to volatile extracts from its preferred host, maize; a similar number of contacts when exposed to volatiles from a marginal host, gamagrass; and fewer contacts when exposed to volatiles from a nonhost, sorghum. There was no difference between males and females in the number of contacts made with green light when exposed to maize volatiles compared to hexane alone. More contacts were made with green light than with white light of similar intensity, both in the presence and in the absence of olfactory stimuli; however, maize volatiles acted as a Synergist by increasing the number of contacts leafhoppers made with green light. After contacting the green light, exposure of maize volatiles significantly increased, relative to hexane, the amount of stationary time, but did not influence the amount of time spent moving, the distance traveled, or the speed while moving when within the boundaries of the green light. This study provides the first evidence for an interaction between visual and olfactory stimuli during host-finding for a leafhopper and also for olfactory mediation of postcontact behaviors not associated with feeding.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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  • 43
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    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cloning in YACs ; genome mapping ; maize ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have constructed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library using high-molecular-weight DNA prepared from agarose-embedded leaf protoplasts of the maize inbred line UE95. This library contains 79 000 clones with an average insert size of 145 kb and should therefore represent approximately three haploid genome equivalents. The library is organised as an ordered array in duplicate microtitre plates. Forty-one pools of DNA from 1920 individual clones have been prepared for rapid screening of the library by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using this approach, together with conventional colony hybridisation, we have been able to identify between one and eight positive clones for every probe used.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: CaMV 35S promoter ; leaf-specific DNA-binding protein ; maize ; PEP carboxylase gene promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When gel shift assays were performed with maize nuclear extract and a DNA fragment containing the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, three DNA-protein complexes were observed. Analyses with nuclear extracts prepared from green leaves, etiolated leaves, stems and roots showed that the complexes resulted from the existence of at least two nuclear factors. One of them is presumably a constitutive nuclear factor found in all tissues tested, and another is a leaf-specific factor present both in green and etiolated leaves. This leaf-specific nuclear factor seemed to be identical to MNF1, previously identified as a factor interacting with the promoter of the maize gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase involved in the C4 photosynthesis. Deletion analysis revealed that MNF1 binds to the sequence from −281 to −235 relative to the transcription start site of the CaMV 35S promoter. MNF1-like nuclear protein was also found in tobacco nuclear extracts. The possibility that MNF1 participates as a positive trans-acting factor in the expression of genes in maize leaves is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 563-575 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; ferritin ; iron stress
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The iron-storage protein ferritin has been purified to homogeneity from maize seeds, allowing to determine the sequence of the first 29 NH2-terminal amino acids of its subunit and to raise specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Addition of 500 μM Fe-EDTA/75 μM Fe-citrate to hydroponic culture solutions of maize plantlets, previously starved for iron, led to a significant increase of the iron concentration of roots and leaves, albeit root iron was mainly found associated with the apoplast. Immunodetection of ferritin by western blots indicated that this iron treatment induced ferritin protein accumulation in roots and leaves over a period of 3 days. In order to investigate this induction at the ferritin mRNA level, various ferritin cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from roots 48 h after iron treatment. These cDNAs were classified into two groups called FM1 and FM2. Upstream of the sequence encoding the mature ferritin subunit, both of these cDNAs contained an in-frame coding sequence with the characteristics of a transit peptide for plastid targeting. Two members of the FM1 subfamily, both partial at their 5′ extremity, were characterized. They are identical, except in their 3′ untranslated region: FM1A extends 162 nucleotides beyond the 3′ terminus of FM1B. These two mRNAs could arise from the use of two different polyadenylation signals. FM2 is 96% identical to FM1 and contains 45 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated region. Northern analyses of root and leaf RNAs, at different times after iron treatment, revealed ferritin mRNA accumulation in response to iron. Ferritin mRNA accumulation was transient and particularly abundant in leaves, reaching a maximum at 24 h. The level of ferritin mRNA in roots was affected to a lesser extent than in leaves.
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  • 47
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    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 623-630 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; heat shock ; intron ; maize ; pollen ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While a heat shock treatment of 40 °C or 45 °C induced the vegetative tissues of maize to produce the typical heat shock proteins (HSPs), germinating maize pollen exposed to the same temperatures did not synthesize these characteristic HSPs. Comparison of RNA accumulation in shoot and tassel tissue showed that mRNAs for HSP70 and HSP18 increased several-fold, reaching high levels within 1 or 2 hours. At the higher temperature of 45 °C these vegetative tissues were blocked in removal of an intron from the HSP70 mRNA precursor, which accumulated to a high level in tassel tissue. In germinating pollen exposed to heat shock, mRNAs for these HSPs were induced but accumulated only to low levels. The stressed pollen maintained high levels of RNA for α-tubulin, a representative normal transcript. It is likely that the defective heat shock response of maize pollen is due to inefficient induction of heat shock gene transcription.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; DNA repair ; N-end recognition ; wheat ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins has been implicated in a multitude of diverse physiological processes in eukaryotes including selective protein degradation. This attachment is carried out by a multi-enzyme pathway consisting of three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s accept activated ubiquitin from E1 and conjugate it to target proteins with or without the participation of specific E3s. Previously, we have isolated wheat cDNAs encoding 16 and 23 kDa E2s, TaUBC1 and TaUBC4, respectively. TaUBC1 shows structural homology to the yeast RAD6 E2 that is essential for DNA repair whereas TaUBC4 is related to the yeast ScUBC8 E2, both of which effectively conjugate ubiquitin to histones in vitro but as yet are without a known in vivo function. Here, we report the isolation of genomic and cDNA homologues of these genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, both of these E2s are encoded by three member gene families. Members of the AtUBC1 gene family, comprising AtUBC1, 2 and 3, encode 150–152 amino acid proteins that are 83–99% identical to each other and TaUBC1 and contain four introns that are conserved with respect to position. Members of the AtUBC4 gene family, comprising AtUBC4, 5 and 6, encode 187–191 amino acid proteins that are 73–88% identical to each other and TaUBC4 and contain five introns that are conserved with respect to position. In contrast, AtUBC1-3 gene products are only 31–36% identical to those derived from AtUBC4-6. mRNA for each family was detected in Arabidopsis roots, leaves, stems, and flowers indicating that members of each family are expressed in most if not all tissues.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall ; ethylene ; genetic transformation ; HRGP ; maize ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the maize gene coding for a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) has been studied by measuring the mRNA accumulation after wounding or ethylene treatment. RNA blot and in situ hybridization techniques have been used. The temporal and tissue-specific expression has been observed: the cells related to the vascular system show the more intense HRGP mRNA accumulation. Transcriptional constructions of the maize HRGP promoter have been tested on different maize tissues by microbombarding. A 582 bp promoter is able to direct the expression of the gus gene on calli and young leaves. Constructions having shorter promoter sequences lose this ability. The 582 bp construction retains the general specificity of expression observed for the HRGP gene.
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  • 50
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    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 581-588 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: histone variants ; cDNA ; expression ; maize
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complete amino acid sequences of two variants of histone H2B of maize were deduced from the cDNAs isolated from a maize cDNA library. The two encoded proteins are 150 (H2B(1)) and 149 (H2B(2)) amino acids long and shows the classical organization of H2B histones. The hydrophobic C-terminal region is highly conserved as compared to that of the animal counterparts with only 21 changes (13 conservative) among the 90 residues. Between the N-terminal part and the C-terminal region we note the presence of a basic cluster (9 residues) characteristic of histones H2B. The N-terminal third is extended as compared to the animal consensus H2B and has the same size as the H2B histone of wheat. Up to 9 acidic residues and a five time repeated pentapeptide PA/KXE/KK are present in this region. Southern-blot hybrization showed that the H2B histones are encoded by a multigenic family like the other core histones (H3 and H4) of plants. The general expression pattern of these genes was not significantly different from that of the H3 and H4 genes neither in germinating seeds nor in different tissues of adult maize.
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  • 51
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    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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  • 52
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    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 857-867 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; differential screening ; genomic cloning ; lignin ; maize ; O-methyltransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of cDNA and homologous genomic clones encoding the lignin O-methyltransferase (OMT) from maize is reported. The cDNA clone has been isolated by differential screening of maize root cDNA library. Southern analysis indicates that a single gene codes for this protein. The genomic sequence contains a single 916 bp intron. The deduced protein sequence from DNA shares significant homology with the recently reported lignin-bispecific caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic OMTs from alfalfa and aspen. It also shares homology with OMTs from bovine pineal glands and a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium. The mRNA of this gene is present at different levels in distinct organs of the plant with the highest accumulation detected in the elongation zone of roots. Bacterial extracts from clones containing the maize OMT cDNA show an activity in methylation of caffeic acid to ferulic acid comparable to that existing in the plant extracts. These results indicate that the described gene encodes the caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) involved in the lignin biosynthesis of maize.
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  • 53
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    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: transposable element ; Activator ; gene dosage ; maize ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Ac copy number on the frequency and timing of germinal transposition in tobacco was investigated using the streptomycin phosphotransferase gene (SPT) as an excision marker. The activity of one and two copies of the element was compared by selecting heterozygous and homozygous progeny of transformants carrying single SPT::Ac inserts. It was observed that increasing gene copy not only increases the transposition frequency, but also occasionally alters the timing of transposition such that earlier events are obtained. The result is that some homozygous plants generate multiple streptomycin resistant progeny carrying the same transposed Ac (trAc) element. We have also investigated the effect of modification of the sequence in the region around 82 bp downstream of the polyadenylation site and 177 bp from the 3′ end of the element on germinal excision frequencies. Alteration of three bases to create a BglII site at this location caused a minor decrease in germinal excision events, but insertion of four bases to create a Cla I site caused a 10-fold decrease in the transposition activity of the Ac element.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive element ; maize ; tissue-specific factors ; rab genes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize gene rab28 has been identified as ABA-inducible in embryos and vegetative tissues. It is also induced by water stress in young leaves. The proximal promoter region contains the conserved cis-acting element CCACGTGG (ABRE) reported for ABA induction in other plant genes. Transient expression assays in rice protoplasts indicate that a 134 bp fragment (-194 to -60 containing the ABRE) fused to a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S) is sufficient to confer ABA-responsiveness upon the GUS reporter gene. Gel retardation experiments indicate that nuclear proteins from tissues in which the rab28 gene is expressed can interact specifically with this 134 bp DNA fragment. Nuclear protein extracts from embryo and water-stressed leaves generate specific complexes of different electrophoretic mobility which are stable in the presence of detergent and high salt. However, by DMS footprinting the same guanine-specific contacts with the ABRE in both the embryo and leaf binding activities were detected. These results indicate that the rab28 promoter sequence CCACGTGG is a functional ABA-responsive element, and suggest that distinct regulatory factors with apparent similar affinity for the ABRE sequence may be involved in the hormone action during embryo development and in vegetative tissues subjected to osmotic stress.
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  • 56
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    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-tubulin ; microtubules ; maize ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four different β-tubulin coding sequences were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from RNA from maize seedling shoots. The four genes (designated tub4, tub6, tub7 and tub8) represented by these cDNA clones together with the tub1 and tub2 genes reported previously encode six β-tubulin isotypes with 90–97.5% amino acid sequence identity. Results from phylogenetic analysis of 17 β-tubulin genes from monocot and dicot plant species indicated that multiple extant lines of β-tubulin genes diverged from a single precursor after the appearance of the two major subfamilies of α-tubulin genes described previously. Hybridization probes from the 3′ non-coding regions of six β-tubulin clones were used to quantify the levels of corresponding tubulin transcripts in different maize tissues including developing anthers and pollen. The results from these dot blot hybridization experiments showed that all of the β-tubulin genes were expressed in most tissues examined, although each gene showed a unique pattern of differential transcript accumulation. The tub1 gene showed a high level of transcript accumulation in meristematic tissues and almost no accumulation in the late stages of anther development and in pollen. In contrast, the level of tub4 transcripts was very low during early stages of male flower development but increased markedly (more than 100 times) during the development of anthers and in pollen. Results from RNAse protection assays showed that this increased hybridization signal resulted from expression of transcripts from one or two genes closely related to tub4. The tub4-related transcripts were not present in shoot tissue. Transcripts from the tub2 gene accumulated to very low levels in all tissues examined, but reached the highest levels in young anthers containing microspore mother cells. RNAse protection assays were used to measure the absolute levels of α- and β-tubulin transcripts in seedling shoot and in pollen. The α-tubulin gene subfamily I genes (tua1, tua2, tua4) contributed the great majority of α-tubulin transcripts in both shoot and pollen. Transcripts from the β-tubulin genes tub4, tub6, tub7, and tub8 were predominant in shoot, but were much less significant than the tub4-related transcripts in pollen.
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  • 58
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    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 449-463 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AU-rich ; intron ; maize ; splicing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant introns are generally short (〈200 nt) and AU-rich, and an elevated AU content is necessary for efficient splicing. Further, an intron in some plant genes enhances gene expression by a post-transcriptional mechanism that results in an increase of cytoplasmic mRNA. The specific intron features responsible for efficient splicing and enhancement are not well characterized in plants. Internal deletions of up to 80% of two maize introns, Adh1 intron 1 and maize actin intron 3, indicate that large segments of these introns are dispensable for normal function. However, extensive deletion (〉75%) of Adh1 intron 1 diminishes both intron enhancement and splicing efficiency. This finding suggests that there are internal sequence motifs required for intron function, and that these motifs are redundant. We attempted to repair a deletion-impaired Adh1 intron 1 variant by adding back either oligomers of defined sequence content or fragments of maize internal intron sequence. The addition of AU-rich oligomers improved splicing efficiency and in one example, a U-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ splice acceptor. We also found that replacing the region proximal to the Adh1 intron 1 3′ acceptor with U-rich sequence improved splicing. We found that adding G- and C-rich oligomers did not improve intron function, but a C-rich oligomer activated a cryptic 3′ acceptor. The addition of internal intron sequence to an impaired intron improved splicing, and in one case, resulted in the activation of a cryptic 3′ acceptor. We present evidence that U-rich sequence immediately upstream of the 3′ splice junction increases splicing efficiency and contributes to, but does not uniquely specify, 3′ acceptor AG choice.
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  • 59
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    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; maize ; gene dosage ; tissue-specific expression ; null alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.
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  • 62
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    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; maize ; gene dosage ; tissue-specific expression ; null alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Amino acid sequence ; wheat ; wounding ; plant defence
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The amino acid sequence of wheatwin1, a monomeric protein of 125 residues isolated from wheat kernel (variety S. Pastore), is reported. Wheatwin1 is highly homologous (95%) to barwin, a protein from barley seed, which was shown to be related to the C-terminal domain of two proteins encoded by the wound-induced geneswin1 andwin2 in potato and to a protein encoded by the same domain of the hevein gene (hev1) in rubber tree. Similarly to barwin, wheatwin1 contains six cysteine residues all linked in disulfide bridges and the N-terminal residue is pyroglutamate. Moreover, structural studies performed on wheatwin1 andwin1 protein by predictive methods demonstrated that these proteins and barwin are closely related in the secondary structure also. The high level of homology found with the product ofwin1,win2, andhev1 genes strongly suggests that barwin and wheatwin1 play a common role in the mechanism of plant defence.
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  • 64
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    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 333-347 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intergenic spacer ; maize ; methylation ; rDNA ; teosinte
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The restriction endonucleases Hpa II and Msp I were used to examine cytosine methylation in the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of inbred lines of maize and species of teosinte. In all of the rDNAs examined, Msp I (not sensitive to mCpG) digestion yielded a distribution of lower molecular weight fragments indicative of multiple recognition sites. The majority of the rDNA arrays in an individual were inaccessible to Hpa II (sensitive to mCpG) cleavage, but a significant fraction (10–25%) was cleaved at least once by Hpa II into repeat unit length fragments (9.1 kbp). In some maize inbred lines, one or two additional fragment populations (less than 9.1 kbp in length) were also produced by Hpa II digestion. All of the unmethylated Hpa II sites mapped to the intergenic spacer (IGS), and the major unmethylated site was located approximately 800 bp 5′ to the start of the 18S RNA coding sequence. An Eco RI polymorphism, present in the 26S gene of certain inbred lines and hybrids, was utilized to investigate the organization of unmethylated repeat units in the rDNA array. In double digest experiments with Hpa II/Eco RI, the fragments from repeat units with two Eco RI sites were sensitive to Hpa II digestion, whereas, the fragments from repeat units with a single Eco RI site were almost completely resistant to Hpa II digestion. Similar digestion patterns were also observed in Eco RII (sensitive to mCNG)/Eco RI digests. These results suggest that unmethylated and Eco RI polymorphic sites occur in the same repeat units.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: tRNA-like sequences ; t-elements ; RNA processing ; mitochondria ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have recently described the properties of a wheat mitochondrial extract that is able to process, accurately and efficiently, artificial transcripts containing wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences, with the production of mature tRNAs (P.J. Hanic-Joyce and M.W. Gray, J. Biol. Chem., in press). Such processing involves 5′-endonucleolytic, 3′-endonucleolytic, and TRNA nucleotidyltransferase activities. Here we show that this system also acts on transcripts containing sequences corresponding to an unusual class of short repeats (‘t-elements’) in wheat mtDNA. These repeats are theoretically capable of assuming a tRNA-like secondary structure, although stable transcripts corresponding to them are not detectable in vivo. We find that t-element sequences are processed with the same specificity and with comparable efficiency as are authentic tRNA sequences. Because known t-elements are located close to and in the same transcriptional orientation as active genes (18S-5S, 26S, tRNAPro) in wheat mtDNA, our results raise the question of whether t-elements play a role in gene expression in wheat mitochondria.
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  • 66
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    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 783-785 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: sorghum ; maize ; glycine-rich proteins ; RNA-binding
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  • 67
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 919-923 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; embryogenesis ; abscisic acid ; seed maturation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated by differential hybridization a cDNA, termed Emb564, which is complementary to an 800 nt embryo-specific transcript in Zea mays. The expression of Emb564 can be enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and the effect of ABA on the accumulation of Emb564 transcript appears to be confined to embryos at the early and mid embryonic stages. In addition, Emb564 is expressed at low levels in ABA-deficient but not in ABA non-responsive embryos. Genomic analysis suggested that the Emb564 mRNA is encoded by a single gene. Sequence analysis showed that Emb564 exhibits extensive similarities with several known ABA-inducible genes.
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  • 68
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
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  • 69
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
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  • 70
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    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 935-936 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequence
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: hygromycin ; inheritance ; maize ; tissue culture ; transformation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic maize (Zea mays L.) callus cultures were transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a chimeric hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene and three transformed lines were obtained by selecting for hygromycin resistance. All lines contained one or a few copies of the intact HPT coding sequence. Fertile, transgenic plants were regenerated and the transmission of the chimeric gene was demonstrated through two complete generations. One line inherited the gene in the manner expected for a single, dominant locus, whereas two did not.
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  • 72
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    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 201-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; transformation ; inheritance ; phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ; cotransformation ; microprojectile bombardment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Progeny recovered from backcrossed transgenic maize tissue culture regenerants (R0) were analyzed to determine the segregation, expression, and stability of the introduced genes. Transgenic A188×B73 R0 plants (regenerated from embryogenic suspension culture cells transformed by microprojectile bombardment; see [9]) were pollinated with nontransformed B73 pollen. Inheritance of a selectable marker gene, bar, and a nonselectable marker gene, uidA, was analyzed in progeny (R1) representing four independent transformation events. Activity of the bar gene product, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), was assessed in plants comprising the four R1 populations. The number of R1 plants containing PAT activity per total number of R1 plants recovered for each population was 2/7, 19/34, 3/14 and 73/73. Molecular analysis confirmed the segregation of bar in three R1 populations and the lack of segregation in one R1 population. Cosegregation analysis indicated genetic linkage of bar and uidA in all four R1 populations. Analysis of numerous R2 plants derived from crossing transformed R1 plants with nontransformed inbreds revealed 1:1 segregation of PAT activity in three of four lines, including the line that failed to segregate in the R1 generation. Integrated copies of bar in one line appeared to be unstable or poorly transmitted.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
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  • 74
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    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp17.3 ; low-molecular-weight HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; protease inhibitor ; trypsin ; activated Hageman factor ; cDNA
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  • 76
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    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1259-1261 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic genes ; maize ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; DNA sequence
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  • 77
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    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1181-1184 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase-1 ; maize ; plant ; promoter ; Z-DNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Z-DNA is a left-handed helix which can form within tracts of alternating purines and pyrimidines. Tracts of potential Z-DNA identified by sequence inspection are often noted within regulatory portions of genes, but evidence that these tracts of sequence actually exist as Z-DNA is very limited, and not available for any plant gene. In this study, the chemical probes osmium tetroxide, diethylpyrocarbonate and hydroxylamine were used to show that a tract of alternating purines and pyrimidines in the Adh1 promoter (from -311 to -325) actually assumes a Z-DNA conformation under superhelical stress in vitro.
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  • 78
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    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 885-893 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall ; deglycosylation ; extensin ; hydroxyproline-rich ; immunoprecipitation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study concerned the molecular basis for the protein size heterogeneity of extensin from two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. We studied the physical properties of extensin, a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), from the silk and pericarp of Golden X Bantam (GXB) sweet corn and Japanese Hulless (JHL) popcorn. Extensin from GXB has a molecular mass of 66 kDa whereas extensins from JHL have molecular masses of 76 and 66 kDa. Treatment with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride to deglycosylate proteins reduced the size of all extensins by 5 kDa. Probing with a 500 bp fragment from a genomic clone of maize extensin identified two transcripts (1.9 and 1.5 kb) on northern blots. JHL contained both transcripts and GXB contained only the 1.5 kb transcript. The probe also hybridized to two larger transcripts (6.2 and 4.5 kb) that were found in both varieties. We immunoprecipitated two proteins (66 and 56 kDa) from translated RNA isolated from JHL and one protein (56 kDa) from GXB. These results demonstrate that these extensins differ in the size of their peptide moiety and not in their extent of glycosylation.
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  • 79
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    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 907-912 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone, pMA1949, detects two mRNA species in wheat seedling tissue that are late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) and dehydration stress-inducible. Sequence analysis of the pMA1949 clone shows it to be a 991 bp partial cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 317 amino acids with homology to two group 3 LEA proteins, carrot (DC8) and a soybean protein encoded by pGmPM2 cDNA. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein reveals a 33 kDa acidic and extremely hydrophilic protein with potential amphiphilic α-helical regions. In addition, the protein contains eleven similar, contiguous repeats of 11 amino acids, which are separated by 118 amino acids from two additional and unique repeats of 36 residues each at the carboxyl end of the protein. Comparisons of sequences of reported group 3 LEA proteins revealed that there are two types, separable by sequence similarity of the 11 amino acid repeating motifs and by the presence or absence of a certain amino acid stretch at the carboxyl terminus. Based on resuls from these comparisons, we propose a second type of group 3 LEA proteins, called group 3 LEA (II).
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  • 80
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    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 533-536 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ; CAB gene ; nucleotide sequence ; maize
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  • 81
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    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 547-552 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; chloroplast ; haloxyfop ; herbicide ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in both wheat germ and total wheat leaf protein contains ca. 220 kDa subunits. It is the major biotin-dependent carboxylase present in wheat chloroplasts. Active acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from wheat germ is a homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 500 kDa. The enzyme from wheat germ or from wheat chloroplasts is sensitive to the herbicide haloxyfop at micromolar levels. The incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids in freshly cut wheat seedling leaves provides a convenient in vivo assay for both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and haloxyfop.
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  • 82
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    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 783-792 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: proteinase inhibitor ; wound induction ; wound-induced gene ; maize
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and sequenced a wound-inducible cDNA clone designated WIP1 (for wound-induced protein) from maize coleoptiles. It was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from excised maize coleoptile segments. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a secretory, cysteine-rich protein of 102 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 11 kDa and a typical N-terminal signal sequence. The protein has about 30% identity with various Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitors. Most interestingly, it is novel in that it is double-headed with exclusive specificity for chymotrypsin. WIP1 is strongly wound-induced in contrast to other members of the Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor family, which occur in seeds and are regulated during development. The response is fast, similar to defenceinduced genes, and measurable as early as 30 min after wounding. Induction can also be evoked in the intact coleoptiles and the signal is systemically transmitted in the coleoptile to adjacent regions of the wounded area. Isolation and analysis of the corresponding genomic clone reveals that WIP1 contains an intron of 90 nucleotides.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: amino acid sequence ; cDNA ; germination ; (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanases ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [(1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.73] was purified to homogeneity from extracts of germinated wheat grain. The enzyme, which was identified as an endohydrolase on the basis of oligosaccharide products released from a (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan substrate, has an apparent pI of 8.2 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. Western blot analyses with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the enzyme is related to (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI from barley. The complete primary structure of the wheat (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase has been deduced from nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs isolated from a library prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from gibberellic acid-treated wheat aleurone layers. One cDNA, designated λLW2, is 1426 nucleotide pairs in length and encodes a 306 amino acid enzyme, together with a NH2-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. The mature polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has a molecular mass of 32085 and a predicted pI of 8.1. The other cDNA, designated λLW1, carries a 109 nucleotide pair sequence at its 5′ end that is characteristic of plant introns and therefore appears to have been synthesized from an incompletely processed mRNA. Comparison of the coding and 3′-untranslated regions of the two cDNAs reveals 31 nucleotide substitutions, but none of these result in amino acid substitutions. Thus, the cDNAs encode enzymes with identical primary structures, but their corresponding mRNAs may have originated from homeologous chromosomes in the hexaploid wheat genome.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; maize ; plastid gene expression ; Sorghum
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    Notes: Abstract The transcription of plastome-encoded genes in mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of the monocotyledonous NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 species Zea mays L. (maize) and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. was investigated. RNA accumulation and transcription were assayed starting from isolated mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts and using quantitative northern and run-on transcription analysis. Determination of the mesophyll to bundle-sheath ratios of transcript abundance in maize and Sorghum chloroplasts showed that the mRNAs of the plastome-encoded photosystem II genes analysed (psbA, psbB, psbD, psbH and psbE/F) varied from 2.5- to 4.0-fold (maize) and 3.1- to 5.2-fold (Sorghum), respectively. The rbcL transcript, in contrast, was more abundant in bundle-sheath chloroplasts of both species, about 3-fold in maize and more than 10-fold in Sorghum. On the other hand, transcripts of genes encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA (r16) and subunits of photosystem I (psaA) and the cytochrome b/f complex (petB, petA) accumulated to similar levels in both types of chloroplasts. Determination of absolute transcript levels for rbcL and psbA in chloroplasts from maize and Sorghum demonstrated that for both genes, the mesophyll to bundle-sheath differences in transcript abundance were more pronounced in Sorghum. Measurements of the transcriptional activities of rbcL and psbA showed that the transcription rate of rbcL is higher in bundle-sheath chloroplasts while psbA is more actively transcribed in mesophyll chloroplasts. The differences in the transcription rates between the two chloroplast types were again more pronounced in Sorghum, thus reflecting the differences between maize and Sorghum in the relative levels of the rbcL and psbA transcripts. However, although transcription rate and mRNA abundance are correlated, they did not exactly match one another. This indicates additional regulation of transcript abundance at the level of RNA stability.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell biology ; epigenetics ; maize ; transformation ; transgenes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zea mays transformants produced by particle bombardment of embryogenic suspension culture cells of the genotype A188 × B73 and selected on kanamycin or bialaphos were characterized with respect to transgene integration, expression, and inheritance. Selection on bialaphos, mediated by thebar orpat genes, was more efficient than selection on kanamycin, mediated by thenptII gene. Most transformants contained multicopy, single locus, transgene insertion events. A transgene expression cassette was more likely to be rearranged if expression of that gene was not selected for during callus growth. Not all plants regenerated from calli representing single transformation events expressed the transgenes, and a non-selectable gene (uidA) was expressed in fewer plants than was the selectable transgene. Mendelian inheritance of transgenes consistent with transgene insertion at a single locus was observed for approximately two thirds of the transformants assessed. Transgene expression was typically, but not always, predictable in progeny plants-transgene silencing, as well as poor transgene transmission to progeny, was observed in some plant lines in which the parent plants had expressed the transgene.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA clones ; EST sequencing ; maize ; RFLP mapping
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As one component of a maize genome project, we report the analysis of a number of randomly selected cDNAs, by a combination of measuring mRNA expression, ‘single-pass’ sequencing (SPS), and genome mapping. Etiolated seedling (490) and membrane-free polysomal endosperm cDNA clones (576) were evaluated for their transcription levels by hybridizing with a probe prepared from total mRNA and categorized as corresponding to abundantly or rarely expressed mRNAs and as either constitutive or tissue-specific. A total of 313 clones from the two libraries were submitted to ‘single-pass’ sequencing from the presumed 5′ end of the mRNA and the nucleotide sequence compared with the GenBank database. About 61% of the clones showed no significant similarities within GenBank, 14% of the clones exhibited a high degree of similarity, while the remaining 25% exhibited a lesser degree of similarity. The chromosomal location of more than 300 clones was determined by RFLP mapping using standard populations. The results demonstrate that a combination of analyses provides synergistic information in eventually deducing the actual function of these types of clones.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Trypsin inhibitor ; wheat ; primary structure ; reactive site ; Bowman-Birk
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence of a trypsin inhibitor, isolated from wheat endosperm, is reported. The primary structure was obtained by automatic sequence analysis of the S-alkylated protein and of purified peptides derived from chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide and digestion withStaphylococcus aureus V8 protease. This protein, named wheat trypsin inhibitor (WTI), which is comprised of a total of 71 amino acid residues, has 12 cysteines, all involved in disulfide bridges. The primary site of interaction (reactive site) with bovine trypsin has been identified as the dipeptide arginyl-methionyl at positions 19 and 20. WTI has a high degree of sequence identity with a number of serine proteinase inhibitors isolated from both cereal and leguminous plants. On the basis of the findings presented, this protein has been classified as a single-headed trypsin inhibitor of Bowman-Birk type.
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    Plant molecular biology 14 (1990), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; differential screening ; genomic cloning ; maize ; tandem genes ; α-tubulin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The identification of a cDNA (MR19) corresponding to a maize α-tubulin and homologous genomic clones (MG19/6 and MG19/14) is described. The cDNA has been isolated by differential screening of a cDNA maize root library. We have found two α-tubulin genes in a tandem arrangement in the genomic clones, separated by approximately 1.5 kbp. One of the genes (gene I) contains an identical nucleotide sequence which corresponds to the cDNA clone. The two deduced proteins from DNA sequences are very similar (only two conservative replacements in 451 amino acids) and they share a high homology as compared with the published α-tubulin sequences from other systems and in particular with the Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sequences reported. The structure of both genes is also very similar; it includes two introns, of 1.7 kbp and 0.8 kbp respectively, in each gene and only one intron placed at a homologous position in relation to Arabidopsis thaliana genes. By using specific 3′ probes it appears that both genes are preferentially expressed in the radicular system of the plant. The α-tubulin gene family of Zea mays seems to be represented by at least 3 or 4 members.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; Coix ; zein ; coixin ; phylogenetic relationship
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zeins from Zea mays L cv. Maya and coixins from Coix lacryma-jobi L. cv. Adlay were fractionated to obtain α-, β-, and γ-zein and α-, β-, and γ-coixin. The α-coixins were composed of 4 polypeptide classes of 27 kDa (C1), 25 kDa (C2), 17 kDa (C4) and 15 kDa (C5) with solubility properties very similar to those of the 22 kDa and 19 kDa α-zeins. Like the α-zeins, the C1 and C2 α-coixins corresponded to 80% of total Coix prolamins. The fraction corresponding to γ-coixin contained only one protein band of 22 kDa (C3). This coixin fraction has solubility properties similar to those of γ-zein and represents 15% of the total coixin. The β-zein fraction was composed of a major 17 kDa protein band, while the β-coixin fraction consisted of a mixture of α- and γ-coixins. Polyclonal antibodies raised against C1 recognized C1 and C2 and cross-reacted strongly with the 22 kDa α-zein, as did C4 and C5 antisera. The antiserum against γ-coixin showed strong cross-reaction with γ-zein. The homology between coixins and zeins was further investigated by using Southern hybridization analyses. The genomic DNA of maize and Coix were digested with several restriction enzymes and probed with cDNA clones representing 19 and 22 kDa α-zeins as well as the 28 and 16 kDa γ-zeins. The Coix genome showed complex cross-hybridization sequences with the 22 kDa α-zein cDNA, while no cross-hybridization was observed with the 19 kDa cDNA clone. The cDNA clone representing the 28 kDa γ-zein cross-hybridized with only one band of Coix genomic DNA, in contrast to the three bands observed in maize. This same Coix sequence also cross-hybridized with the cDNA clone representing the 16 kDa γ-zein. The relevance of these findings are discussed in the context of the origin of zein and coixin genes.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase tetrameric inhibitor ; cDNA cloning ; genetic mapping ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized three cDNA clones corresponding to proteins CM1, CM3 and CM16, which represent the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect α-amylases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides are homologous to those of the dimeric and monomeric α-amylase inhibitors and of the trypsin inhibitors. The mature polypeptides are preceded by typical signal peptides. Southern blot analysis of appropriate aneuploids, using the cloned cDNAs as probes, has revealed the location of genes for subunits of the CM3 and of the CM16 type within a few kb of each other in chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, and those for the CM1 type of subunit in chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. Known subunits of the tetrameric inhibitor corresponding to genes from the B and D genomes have been previously characterized. No proteins of this class have been found to be encoded by the A genome in hexaploid wheat (genomes AA, BB, DD) or in diploid wheats (AA) and no anti α-amylase activity has been detected in the latter, so that the A-genome genes must be either silent (pseudogenes) or expressed at a much lower level.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogen-induced ; peroxidase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the complete amino acid sequence of a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as deduced from cDNA clones representing mRNA from leaves infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis. The protein consists of 312 amino acids, of which the first 22 form a putative signal sequence, and has a calculated pI of 5.7. Sequence comparison revealed that the putative wheat peroxidase is most similar to the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase, with which it shares 57% identical and 13% conserved amino acids.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: peroxidase gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used a cDNA clone encoding a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase to screen a genomic libary of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cheyenne) and isolated one positive clone, lambda POX1. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains a gene encoding a putative peroxidase with a calculated pI of 8.1 which exhibits 58% and 83% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase and a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase, respectively. The two introns in the wheat gene are at the same positions as introns in the peroxidase genes of tomato and horseradish. Results of S1-mapping experiments suggest that this gene is neither pathogen-nor wound-induced in leaves but is constitutively expressed in roots.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic stress ; enolase ; gene regulation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding maize enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) was purified by functional genetic complementation using an enolase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, DF261. This cDNA, pZM245, was characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 446 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to enolase sequences from other organisms (72% identity to yeast enolase and 82% identity to human enolase). The pZM245 contains a correctly positioned consensus prokaryotic translation initiation sequence. The specific activity of enolase in maize increases to about twice its initial level after 48 hours of anaerobiosis. Northern-blot analysis showed a five-fold anaerobic induction in enolase mRNA, while heat shock or cold shock increased enolase mRNA levels only slightly. Southern-blot analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated that there is one copy of the pZM245 hybridizing sequence per haploid genome in maize.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA family ; maize ; pollen-expressed genes ; polygalacturonase ; signal peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone, named PG1, abundantly expressed in late stages of pollen development, has been isolated from a cDNA library using a differential screening method with cDNA probes representative of microspores at early or late developmental stages. The encoded 410 amino acid polypeptide has significant homology with various polygalacturonases (PG) described elsewhere. Two polypeptides, of 49 and 53 kDa respectively, have been identified in the active PG fraction, isolated from mature pollen by immuno-cross-reaction with tomato PG antibodies. According to their N-terminal sequence, they can be identified as being mature peptides encoded by the PG1 cDNA clone. We propose that these two proteins derive from a unique precursor through several post-translational events, including the excision of a 22 amino-terminal signal peptide and glycosylation. PG-encoding genes form a small genomic family. Sequence analysis of three PG cDNA clones shows that they are closely related. The divergence of nucleotides between these three cDNA clones is 1%. They encode the same product.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1073-1076 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (pMA2005) of a Group 3 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein has been sequenced from wheat. The wheat cDNA clone codes for a protein with ten tandem repeats of an 11 amino acid sequence and has homology to other Group 3 LEAs reported in barley, carrot, cotton and rape (L. Dure et al., Plant Mol Biol 12: 475–486, 1989). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the wheat protein has a molecular weight of 23 000 and is a basic, hydrophilic protein. Northern analysis with the cDNA clone shows that dehydration of wheat shoot tissue results in increased transcript levels that correlate with increases in endogenous ABA.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: electroporation ; heat shock ; maize ; promoter ; splicing ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two genomic clones (λUbi-1 and λUbi-2) encoding the highly conserved 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin have been isolated from maize. Sequence analysis shows that both genes contain seven contiguous direct repeats of the protein coding region in a polyprotein conformation. The deduced amino acid sequence of all 14 repeats is identical and is the same as for other plant ubiquitins. The use of transcript-specific oligonucleotide probes shows that Ubi-1 and Ubi-2 are expressed constitutively at 25°C but are inducible to higher levels at elevated temperatures in maize seedlings. Both genes contain an intron in the 5′ untranslated region which is inefficiently processed following a brief, severe heat shock. The transcription start site of Ubi-1 has been determined and a transcriptional fusion of 0.9 kb of the 5′ flanking region and the entire 5′ untranslated sequence of Ubi-1 with the coding sequence of the gene encoding the reporter molecule chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) has been constructed (pUBI-CAT). CAT assays of extracts of protoplasts electroporated with this construct show that the ubiquitin gene fragment confers a high level of CAT expression in maize and other monocot protoplasts but not in protoplasts of the dicot tobacco. Expression from the Ubi-1 promoter of pUBI-CAT yields more than a 10-fold higher level of CAT activity in maize protoplasts than expression from the widely used cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter of a 35S-CAT construct. Conversely, in tobacco protoplasts CAT activity from transcription of pUBI-CAT is less than one tenth of the level from p35S-CAT.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression ; germination ; histone genes ; maize ; subfamilies ; tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state levels of H3 and H4 mRNAs transcribed from three H3 and two H4 multigene subfamilies were studied during germination and in different organs of maize. During germination the five subfamilies are expressed in parallel to DNA synthesis, but a 5-fold difference in the quantity of mRNAs transcribed per gene copy was found from our subfamily to another. In adult plants H3 and H4 mRNA levels are highest in organs containing meristematic tissues but also high in non-proliferating tissues. No strict tissue specificity expression could be detected but some subfamilies show preferential expression in some tissues.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 535-539 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterility ; coxI ; mitochondria ; membrane protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria derived from Triticum timopheevi have a chimeric gene, orf256, immediately upstream from coxI. Antibodies to a peptide corresponding to a part of the encoded amino acid sequence of orf256 detect a 7 kDa protein on western blots of mitochondrial proteins from cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) wheat (T. aestivum nucleus, T. timopheevi mitochondria) but not in mitochondrial proteins from T. aestivum, T. timopheevi, or cms plants restored to fertility by introduction of nuclear genes for fertility restoration. The 7 kDa protein appears to serve as a marker for cms wheat. Its occurrence as an integral protein of the inner membrane may indicate a cms effect through an influence on mitochondrial membrane function.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; maize ; non-systemic expression ; polyubiquitin gene ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used the promoter, 1st exon and 1st intron of the maize polyubiquitin gene (Ubi-1) for rice transformation experiments and revealed the characteristic expression of Ubi-1 gene: (1) Ubi-1 gene is not regulated systemically but rather individual cells respond independently to the heat or physical stress; (2) Ubi-1 gene changes its tissue-specific expression in response to stress treatment; (3) the expression of Ubi-1 gene is dependent on cell cycle.
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