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  • Articles  (1,679)
  • Female  (725)
  • Electron microscopy  (531)
  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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  • 1975-1979  (610)
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  • Biology  (1,622)
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  • Articles  (1,679)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonium-excreting Azospirillum sp. become intracellularly established in maize (Zea mays) para-nodules (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418663
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of an extreme thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract       Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be non-motile straight rods of average size 0.4 × 2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301849
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of an extreme thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be nonmotile straight rods of average size 0.4x2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301849
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane topology of insulin receptors reconstituted into lipid vesicles (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Insulin receptor ; Membrane reconstitution ; Electron microscopy ; Quaternary structure ; Immunogold labeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insulin receptors were incorporated into liposomes by two different procedures, one using dialysis and one using detergent removal by Bio-Beads. Receptor incorporation was analyzed by gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. Reconstituted receptors projected up to 12 nm above the membrane and exhibited a T-shaped structure compatible with that previously described for the solubilized receptor. Insulin binding and autophosphorylation experiments indicated that approx. 50% of the receptors were incorporated right-side out. Such random orientation was confirmed by immunogold labeling of the α- and the β-subunit of the receptor. Immunogold labeling of the C-terminus of the β-subunit indicates that it resides about 6 nm off the membrane, while two α-subunit epitopes were labeled at about twice this distance, confirming that the α-subunit is harbored in the cross-bar of the T-structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233710
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrocytes alter their polarity in organotypic slice cultures of rat visual cortex (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 557-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Slice culture ; Cerebral cortex ; Astrocytes ; Orthogonal arrays of particles - Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Lewis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ultrastructure of astrocytes in an organotypic slice culture of the rat visual cortex was investigated using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. After a culture period of 9–15 days, a glial scaffold formed that separated the bulk of the slice neuropil from the medium and the underlying plasma clot. However, the glial cells and processes did not build a dense barrier but allowed the outgrowth of neurites. A basal lamina covering the medium-oriented surface of the astrocytes was not found. In freeze-fracture replicas, orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) were characteristic components of astrocytic membranes. The OAP density in membranes bordering the medium was 35±13 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 2.5% of this membrane area; the OAP density in membranes within the slice neuropil was 22±12 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 1.4% of this membrane area. Although the difference was significant, it was greatly reduced when comparing OAP densities in endfoot and non-endfoot membranes in vivo. Another mode of polarity was recognized in astrocytes of the organotypic slice culture. In membranes of astrocytes bordering upon the medium, the density of non-OAP intramembranous particles (IMP) was clearly higher (1130±136 IMP/μm2) than in membranes of astrocytes in the center of the slice (700±172 IMP/μm2). This pronounced IMP-related polarity was observed neither in vivo nor in cultured astrocytes. The present study suggests, together with data from the literature, that the distribution of astrocytic OAP across the cell surface is influenced by the existence of a basal lamina and neuronal activity, and that astrocytes possess a more remarkable plasticity of membrane structure than previously suspected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300229
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in renal cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1 (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 297-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Cellular transport ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Contocal microscopy ; MDCK cells ; LLC-PK1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied in two renal cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, which originate from the distal and proximal portions of the mammalian nephron, respectively, and which form a polarized epithelium when they reach confluence in tissue culture. The two renal cell lines, grown to confluence on either solid or permeable supports, were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorescence labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum was achieved using the cationic fluorescent dye DIOC6 (3). In order to differentiate fluorescent labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum from that of the mitochondria, cells were also labeled with rhodamine 123. For electron microscopy, the spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum was examined in thick sections using the long-duration osmium impregnation technique or the ferrocyanide/osmium technique. In both cell lines, the endoplasmic reticulum formed an abundant tubular network of canaliculi that frequently abutted the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane and occasionally the apical membrane. Elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were also found in close proximity to mitochondria that, as in the nephron, formed branched structures. Canaliculi appeared circular or flattened and had an inner diameter of 10–70 nm for MDCK cells and 20–90 nm for LLC-PK1 cells. Such a three-dimensional organization might facilitate the translocation of defined lipid species between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, and between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327777
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in renal cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1 (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 297-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Cellular transport ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Confocal microscopy ; MDCK cells ; LLC-PK1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied in two renal cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, which originate from the distal and proximal portions of the mammalian nephron, respectively, and which form a polarized epithelium when they reach confluence in tissue culture. The two renal cell lines, grown to confluence on either solid or permeable supports, were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorescence labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum was achieved using the cationic fluorescent dye DIOC6 (3). In order to differentiate fluorescent labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum from that of the mitochondria, cells were also labeled with rhodamine 123. For electron microscopy, the spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum was examined in thick sections using the long-duration osmium impregnation technique or the ferrocyanide/osmium technique. In both cell lines, the endoplasmic reticulum formed an abundant tubular network of canaliculi that frequently abutted the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane and occasionally the apical membrane. Elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were also found in close proximity to mitochondria that, as in the nephron, formed branched structures. Canaliculi appeared circular or flattened and had an inner diameter of 10–70 nm for MDCK cells and 20–90 nm for LLC-PK1 cells. Such a three-dimensional organization might facilitate the translocation of defined lipid species between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, and between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050156
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive reorganization of the myenteric plexus during one year following reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ileum ; Transection ; Reanastomosis ; Myenteric plexus ; NADH diaphorase histochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The enteric nervous system appears to play a pivotal role in the functional recovery of the gastrointestinal tract after partial resection and reanastomosis, but the structural changes following surgery are not fully understood. The present study was designed to clarify the processes of myenteric plexus regeneration up to one year after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. The following techniques were used: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase histochemistry, immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in whole-mount preparations, and transmission electron microscopy. Two months after transection and reanastomosis, myenteric ganglion cells with NADH diaphorase reactions were scarce in the center of the lesion, and were less numerous in adjacent areas (3 mm in width) than in the control ileum. In the areas adjacent to the lesion, a few large extraganglionic neurons that did not completely compensate for the loss of ganglion neurons were observed. The remaining ileum showed no changes in NADH diaphorase staining pattern at this stage. Two to 12 months after transection and reanastomosis, ectopic large neurons gradually increased in number not only in the areas adjacent to the lesion but also in part of the remaining ileum, up to 10 cm from the lesion. Concomitantly, large ganglion neurons decreased in number in these areas. In other ileal regions (more than 10 cm distant from the site of transection), no obvious changes in NADH diaphorase staining were noted throughout the observation period. The outgrowth of NSE-containing nerve fibers from the severed stumps was seen two weeks after transection. Six weeks later, numerous bundles of fine nerve fibers with NSE were shown to interconnect the oral and anal cut ends of the myenteric plexus, but they exhibited no subsequent alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that regenerating nerve fiber bundles appeared initially among irregularly arranged smooth muscle cells eight weeks after the operation, as expected from light-microscopic observations. These findings suggest that myenteric ganglion cell bodies, unlike myenteric nerve fibers, require a longer term of reconstruction than previously believed after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050153
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive reorganization of the myenteric plexus during one year following reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ileum ; Transection ; Reanastomosis ; Myenteric plexus ; NADH diaphorase histochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The enteric nervous system appears to play a pivotal role in the functional recovery of the gastrointestinal tract after partial resection and reanastomosis, but the structural changes following surgery are not fully understood. The present study was designed to clarify the processes of myenteric plexus regeneration up to one year after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. The following techniques were used: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase histochemistry, immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in whole-mount preparations, and transmission electron microscopy. Two months after transection and reanastomosis, myenteric ganglion cells with NADH diaphorase reactions were scarce in the center of the lesion, and were less numerous in adjacent areas (3 mm in width) than in the control ileum. In the areas adjacent to the lesion, a few large extraganglionic neurons that did not completely compensate for the loss of ganglion neurons were observed. The remaining ileum showed no changes in NADH diaphorase staining pattern at this stage. Two to 12 months after transection and reanastomosis, ectopic large neurons gradually increased in number not only in the areas adjacent to the lesion but also in part of the remaining ileum, up to 10 cm from the lesion. Concomitantly, large ganglion neurons decreased in number in these areas. In other ileal regions (more than 10 cm distant from the site of transection), no obvious changes in NADH diaphorase staining were noted throughout the observation period. The outgrowth of NSE-containing nerve fibers from the severed stumps was seen two weeks after transection. Six weeks later, numerous bundles of fine nerve fibers with NSE were shown to interconnect the oral and anal cut ends of the myenteric plexus, but they exhibited no subsequent alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that regenerating nerve fiber bundles appeared initially among irregularly arranged smooth muscle cells eight weeks after the operation, as expected from light-microscopic observations. These findings suggest that myenteric ganglion cell bodies, unlike myenteric nerve fibers, require a longer term of reconstruction than previously believed after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327773
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrocytes alter their polarity in organotypic slice cultures of rat visual cortex (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 557-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Slice culture ; Cerebral cortex ; Astrocytes ; Orthogonal arrays of particles ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Lewis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of astrocytes in an organotypic slice culture of the rat visual cortex was investigated using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. After a culture period of 9–15 days, a glial scaffold formed that separated the bulk of the slice neuropil from the medium and the underlying plasma clot. However, the glial cells and processes did not build a dense barrier but allowed the outgrowth of neurites. A basal lamina covering the medium-oriented surface of the astrocytes was not found. In freeze-fracture replicas, orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) were characteristic components of astrocytic membranes. The OAP density in membranes bordering the medium was 35±13 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 2.5% of this membrane area; the OAP density in membranes within the slice neuropil was 22±12 OAP/μ2, corresponding to 1.4% of this membrane area. Although the difference was significant, it was greatly reduced when comparing OAP densities in endfoot and non-endfoot membranes in vivo. Another mode of polarity was recognized in astrocytes of the organotypic slice culture. In membranes of astrocytes bordering upon the medium, the density of non-OAP intramembranous particles (IMP) was clearly higher (1130±136 IMP/ μm2) than in membranes of astrocytes in the center of the slice (700±172 IMP/μm2). This pronounced IMP-related polarity was observed neither in vivo nor in cultured astrocytes. The present study suggests, together with data from the literature, that the distribution of astrocytic OAP across the cell surface is influenced by the existence of a basal lamina and neuronal activity, and that astrocytes possess a more remarkable plasticity of membrane structure than previously suspected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300229
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure and lectin histochemistry of the apical surface of the free neuromast of Lampetra japonica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromast ; Hair cells ; Surface coat ; Electron microscopy ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The surface coat, ciliary process, and microvilli of the lamprey neuromast were examined with electron microscopy after tannic acid prefixation and lectin histochemistry. The neuromast was found to exist in the form of a dermal mound with a furrow in the middle. On the bottom of the furrow, the hair cell was characterized by a kinocilium and 15–20 stereocilia, arranged along the longitudinal axis of the furrow. Spanning structures were demonstrated between the kinocilium and stereocilia as well as between stereocilia. The surface coat, enhanced by tannic acid prefixation, was particularly rich over the surface of the supporting cell; by contrast, it was thin over the hair cell. Some lectins (PNA, GS-I, SBA, WGA) showed affinity to the surface coat of the supporting cell as well as the hair cell, and the others (RCA-I, MPA, ConA) showed affinity only to the supporting cell. These differences in the structure and affinities of the surface coat suggest an extracellular milieu highly specialized for the hair cell in this particular form of the mechanoreceptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306110
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland in a transgenic strain of rat: a morphologic and functional study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat, transgenic (mRen2) 27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic rats for the murine Ren-2 gene display high blood pressure, low circulating levels of angiotensin II, and high renin content in the adrenal glands. Moreover, transgenic rats possess and increased aldosterone secretion (maximal from 6 to 18 weeks of age), paralleling the development of hypertension. To investigate further the cytophysiology of the adrenal glands of this strain of rats, we performed a combined morphometric and functional study of the zona glomerulosa of 10-week-old female transgenic rats. Morphometry did not reveal notable differences between zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats, with the exception of a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, in which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored. The volume of the lipid-droplet compartment underwent a significant decrease when transgenic rats were previously injected with angiotensin II or ACTH. Dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic rats showed a significantly higher basal aldosterone secretion, but their response to angiotensin II and ACTH was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley animals. Angiotensin II-receptor number and affinity were not dissimilar in zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the sustained stimulation of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in transgenic animals causes an increase in the accumulation in zona glomerulosa cells of cholesterol available for steroidogenesis, as indicated by the expanded volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the elevated basal steroidogenesis. However, the basal hyperfunction of the zona glomerulosa in transgenic animals does not appear to be coupled with an enhanced responsivity to its main secretagogues, at least in terms of aldosterone secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305774
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological studies by light and electron microscopy of pancreatic acinar cells under the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Scorpion venom ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretagogue ; Electron microscopy ; Pancreatitis ; cis-Golgi aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We studied in vivo and in vitro morphological aspects of pancreatic acinar cells after treatment with Tityus serrulatus venom (TSV). After three hours in an in vitro system, positive secretagogue effects of the venom were identifiable both at the light-microscopic (LM) and the electron-microscopic (EM) levels. At 1 μg/ml TSV, maximal secretion (as measured in a concomitant radiolabeling dose-response experiment) of exocrine proteins at 58% was manifest as a discharge of most zymogen granules (ZG) and consequent appearance of secretory material in acinar lumina. At the supramaximal dose of 10 μg/ml TSV, exocytotic images were often observed also with secretory contents previously discharged. The lowest dose of venom at 0.01 μg/ml caused no stimulation of zymogen discharge above resting secretion levels; however, morphological changes were observed. At high doses of TSV, both in vivo and in vitro, large aggregates associated with the cis-Golgi develop between this region and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since Tityus venoms have been associated with causation of pancreatitis, we were interested in comparisons of our experimental tissue with parameters attributed to development of the disease. Our studies have demonstrated considerable evidence that large intracellular vacuoles, discharged ZG, effaced acinar lumina with disappearance of microvilli and other manifestations of possible early events in pancreatitis are indeed frequently observed both in pancreatic lobules in vitro and in whole pancreas in vivo when exposed to TSV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414168
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland in a transgenic strain of rat: a morphologic and functional study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal cortex ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat ; transgenic (mRen2) 27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transgenic rats for the murine Ren-2 gene display high blood pressure, low circulating levels of angiotensin II, and high renin content in the adrenal glands. Moreover, transgenic rats possess an increased aldosterone secretion (maximal from 6 to 18 weeks of age), paralleling the development of hypertension. To investigate further the cytophysiology of the adrenal glands of this strain of rats, we performed a combined morphometric and functional study of the zona glomerulosa of 10-week-old female transgenic rats. Morphometry did not reveal notable differences between zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats, with the exception of a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, in which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored. The volume of the lipid-droplet compartment underwent a significant decrease when transgenic rats were previously injected with angiotensin II or ACTH. Dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic rats showed a significantly higher basal aldosterone secretion, but their response to angiotensin II and ACTH was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley animals. Angiotensin II-receptor number and affinity were not dissimilar in zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the sustained stimulation of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in transgenic animals causes an increase in the accumulation in zona glomerulosa cells of cholesterol available for steroidogenesis, as indicated by the expanded volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the elevated basal steroidogenesis. However, the basal hyperfunction of the zona glomerulosa in transgenic animals does not appear to be coupled with an enhanced responsivity to its main secretagogues, at least in terms of aldosterone secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305774
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of a growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 555-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal ; Autonomic nervous system ; Schwann cells ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; GAP-43 ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have localized at light and electron-microscopic level the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in adrenal gland using single and double labelling immunocytochemistry. Clusters of GAP-43-immunofluorescent chromaffin cells and many immunofluorescent fibres were observed in the medulla. GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also formed a plexus under the capsule, crossed the cortex and ramified in the zona reticulata. Double labelled sections showed the coexpression of GAP-43 with a subpopulation of tyrosine hydroxylase-and of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. Dual colour immunofluorescence for GAP-43 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) revealed that some of the GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also express CGRP. Pre-embedding electron microscopy showed GAP-43 immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of noradrenaline-producing chromaffin cells, and with processes of nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated axons and terminals were also observed. The immunostained terminals made symmetrical synaptic contacts with chromaffin cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated fibres and small terminals were present in the cortex. Our results show that GAP-43 is expressed in noradrenergic chromaffin cells and in various types of nerve fibres that innervate the adrenal. Likely origins for these fibres include preganglionic sympathetic fibres which innervate chromaffin cells, postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the cortex, and CGRP containing sensory fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318824
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic study of electrophysiologically characterized neurons in the mediolateral part of the lateral septum of the guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 543-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral septum ; Intracellular injections ; Electron microscopy ; Somatie spines ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In slices of guinea-pig brains, 36 neurons located in the mediolateral part of the lateral septum were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (n=28) or biocytin (n=8) after electrophysiological characterization. These neurons belonged to class A neurons (n=23), which generated pronounced Ca++-dependent high-threshold spikes in control medium, or to class C neurons (n=9), which were recognized by the occurrence of small-amplitude sodic spikes followed by slower larger calcic spikes. The present results demonstrate that, despite the variety of individual cell types, the major morphological population (30/36 cells) was composed of a homogeneous class of large-sized neurons that displayed thick primary dendrites and abundant dendritic appendages. The remaining 6 cells were small-sized, poorly-spiny neurons. Somatic spines were observed on 5 out of the 30 large cells and on one out of the six smaller cells. Labeled axons were mainly oriented to the anterior commissure. The axons of nine cells richly collateralized near the perikaryon. Ultrastructural examination of 3 horseradish peroxidase-injected cells showed indented nuclei, classic organelles and somatic spines. Terminal boutons established symmetric synapses with the injected cells. These results describe the morphological features of electrophysiologically identified neurons and indicate that class A and class C neurons are distributed among morphological populations differing in perikaryal size. This suggests that the different electrical properties of class A and class C neurons reflect recordings from different parts of the neuron rather than from neurons of different types. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrate that, in the guinea-pig, electrical and morphological characteristics of somatospiny neurons are comparable with those of non-somatospiny neurons. Somatospiny neurons have a recognized integrative role in the hippocampo-septo-hypothalamic complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318823
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    Quantitative analysis of rod-cored vesicles and dense granules of large granular lymphocytes in the liver, spleen, and peripheral blood of rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rod-coredvesicles ; Granules ; Lymphocytes ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Fischer F344/NCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) comprise a natural defense system in the liver and exert an inhibitory effect on tumor cell metastasis. In order to demonstrate the maturation of LGL in the liver from the morphological aspect, we evaluated electron-microscopically the frequency of 0.2 μm vesicles (rod-cored and “empty” vesicles) and dense granules in LGL from the liver, spleen, and peripheral blood of the rat. Both of these cell organelles are characteristic to LGL and may relate to natural killer-mediated cytolysis. On the average, there were 12.7 of the 0.2 μm vesicles and 4.3 rod-cored vesicles (RCV) per cell section in the liver, 6.6 0.2 μm vesicles and 1.6 RCV in the spleen, and 8.6 0.2 μm vesicles and 0.9 RCV in the peripheral blood. The number of 0.2 μm vesicles per cell section ranged from 0 to 19 with the exception of a few higher instances. Therefore, LGL were divided into vesicle-rich(〉9 0.2 μm vesicles per cell section) and vesicle-poor (〈8 per cell section) populations. Hepatic LGL consisted mainly of a vesicle-rich population while splenic LGL consisted mainly of a vesicle-poor population, and peripheral blood contained equal proportions of both populations. In addition to diversity with regard to the number of 0.2 μm vesicles, LGL obtained from various organs also displayed heterogeneity in the number and size of dense granules. Since the number of dense granules per cell section usually ranged from 1 to 13, LGL were diveded into 2 populations, i.e., LGL with many (〉7 per cell section) granules and those with a few(〈6 per cell section) granules. Specifically, splenic LGL had a few small (average diameter, less than 400 nm) dense granules, while sections of LGL from the liver and peripheral blood displayed many small dense granules and a few large (〉400 nm) ones, respectively, in addition to the populations seen in the spleen. Thus, the present study has demonstrateda difference in the distribution of 0.2 μm vesicles in LGL based on the tissue of origin. The present study has revealed the difference in the distribution of 0.2 μm vesicles of LGL by tissue and indicated that immature LGL are predominant in the spleen, while hepatic LGL are generally more mature as defined by the number of vesicles. These data suggest that the microenvironment of the liver may contribute to the increased expression of these vesicles in LGL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354799
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    Localization of GABAA receptors in the rabbit retina (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABAA receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; α1 subunit ; β2/3 subunit ; γ2 subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit (New Zealand)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors in the rabbit retina is investigated and compared with the distribution of GABAergic neurons using immunocytochemical methods. Antibodies against the α1, β2/3, and γ2 subunits of the GABAA receptor label subpopulations of bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Double labeling experiments show that the γ2 subunit is colocalized with the α1 and the β2/3 subunits in bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Electron microscopy reveals that in the outer plexiform layer, GABAA receptor immunoreactivity is present on dendrites of cone bipolar cells adjacent to the cone pedicles. Bipolar cell dendrites are also receptor-positive at synapses from interplexiform cells. Some receptor immunoreactivity is found intracellularly in processes of horizontal cells. In the inner plexiform layer, GABAA receptor immunoreactivity is present on both rod bipolar and cone bipolar axon terminals at putative GABAergic input sites. Amacrine and ganglion cell processes in sublamina a and b are also labeled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306115
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    Negatively-stained polysomes on rough microsome vesicles viewed by electron microscopy: further evidence regarding the orientation of attached ribosomes (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polysomes ; Ribosomes ; Subunits ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Negative stain ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rough microsomes, derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver, were studied by electron microscopy after negative staining, to seek further information about the orientation of ribosomal small and large subunits in bound polysomes. Rough microsomal vesicles were fixed with 2% formaldehyde, centrifuged onto electron-microscopic grid membranes, and were then negatively-stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid. In these preparations, viewed with the electron microscope, flattened rough microsomal vesicles with bound polysomes were sometimes discernible, and the individual ribosomes in the polysomes occasionally showed small and large subunits. The small subunits were uniformly oriented toward the inside of the polysomal curve. The large and small subunits appeared to be alongside one another on the membrane, consistent with the orientation that has been described by Unwin and his co-workers. The boundary between the small and large subunits occurred at approximately the same level in the ribosome where inter-ribosomal strands have been described previously in surface views of bound polysomes in positively-stained electron-microscopic tissue sections. This further confirms the identity of the strands as messenger RNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343942
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    Morphological studies by light and electron microscopy of pancreatic acinar cells under the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scorpion venom ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretagogue ; Electron microscopy ; Pancreatitis ; cis-Golgi aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in vivo and in vitro morphological aspects of pancreatic acinar cells after treatment with Tityus serrulatus venom (TSV). After three hours in an in vitro system, positive secretagogue effects of the venom were identifiable both at the light-microscopic (LM) and the electron-microscopic (EM) levels. At 1 μg/ml TSV, maximal secretion (as measured in a concomitant radiolabeling dose-response experiment) of exocrine proteins at 58% was manifest as a discharge of most zymogen granules (ZG) and consequent appearance of secretory material in acinar lumina. At the supramaximal dose of 10 μg/ml TSV, exocytotic images were often observed also with secretory contents previously discharged. The lowest dose of venom at 0.01 μg/ml caused no stimulation of zymogen discharge above resting secretion levels; however, morphological changes were observed. At high doses of TSV, both in vivo and in vitro, large aggregates associated with the cis-Golgi develop between this region and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since Tityus venoms have been associated with causation of pancreatitis, we were interested in comparisons of our experimental tissue with parameters attributed to development of the disease. Our studies have demonstrated considerable evidence that large intracellular vacuoles, discharged ZG, effaced acinar lumina with disappearance of microvilli and other manifestations of possible early events in pancreatitis are indeed frequently observed both in pancreatic lobules in vitro and in whole pancreas in vivo when exposed to TSV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414168
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    Induction and formation ofCochliobolus sativus appressoria (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 34-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Appressorium ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Electron microscopy ; Thigmotropism ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary GerminatingCochliobolus sativus spores were induced to form appressoria on a variety of artificial surfaces, including replicas of the barley leaf surface. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of chemical and topographic signals during induction of appressorium formation inC. sativus. Germ tube thigmotropism was also observed in vitro. Ultrastructure relevant to appressorium formation was observed, including the germ tube apex, apical swelling of the germ tube apex prior to appressorium formation, the appressorium with associated septation and the penetration peg. Cytochemical probes applied to germlings at the electron microscope level failed to detect α-D-mannan, α-D-glucan, β-D-galactan, D-glcNAc or D-galNAc polymers in the extracellular mucilage associated with the fungal germlings. The ultrastructure of hyphal apices from germlings grown under different nutritional conditions differed with respect to Spitzenkörper morphology, apex shape and in the quantity of associated extracellular mucilage. Experimental findings are discussed relative to current understanding of appressorium induction in more extensively studied systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404119
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    Effects of aflatoxin B1 on in vitro cultures ofNicotiana tabacum var. Samsun (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 ; Callus ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy ; Organogenesis ; Tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calli ofNicotiana tabacum (tobacco) were treated with two dose ranges of aflatoxin B1 (0.1–2.0 µg ml−1 - low does; 5–25 µg ml−1 aflatoxin B1). The ability of calli to recover following 3 weeks of toxin exposure was also investigated. The I50 (50% inhibition) value for fresh mass accumulation was approximately 2 µg ml−1 AFB1. Fresh mass accumulation was significantly lower than the control value from 0.5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Following 3 weeks growth without a toxin source, the growth of calli up to and including 10 µg ml−1 AFB1, was significantly greater than control calli, indicating reversibility of the toxic effects. With increasing toxin concentration, chlorophyll content of callus was inhibited from 0.5 µg ml−1. Transfer to a toxin-free medium resulted in a degree of recovery (up to 0.5 µg ml−1). In the dose range 5–25 µg ml−1, the levels of chlorophyll were drastically reduced, with no recovery following AFB1 removal. Electron microscopy revealed a disruption of chloroplast structure as an early deteriorative event in AFB1 exposure of callus cells. Protein levels were less sensitive, with inhibition manifested only in the high dose range. Shoot development occurred at all concentrations, but was significantly inhibited from 5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Recovery following toxin removal was minimal at these higher AFB1 concentrations. The number of necrotic calli increased progressively from 5 µg ml−1 as toxin levels increased.
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    Age-Related changes in cartilage proteoglycans: Quantitative electron microscopic studies (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 398-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Aging ; Proteoglycans ; Electron microscopy ; Intervertebral disc ; Hyaline cartilage ; Nucleus pulposus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Biochemical and biophysical studies have shown that the composition and sedimentation velocity of cartilage proteoglycans change with age, but these investigations cannot demonstrate the alterations in molecular structure responsible for these changes. Development of quantitative electron microscopic methods has made it possible to define the age-related structural changes in aggregating proteoglycans and to correlate the alterations in their structure with changes in tissue composition and morphology. Electron microscopic measurement of human and animal hyaline cartilage proteoglycans has shown that with increasing age the length of the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of aggregating proteoglycan monomers (aggrecan molecules) decreases, the variability in aggrecan length increases, the density of aggrecan keratan sulfate chains increases, the number of monomers per aggregate decreases, and the proportion of monomers that aggregate declines. Proteoglycans from the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc show similar but more dramatic age-related alterations. At birth, nucleus pulposus aggrecan molecules are smaller and more variable in length than those found in articular cartilage. Within the first year of human life, the populations of aggregates and large aggrecan molecules analogous to those found in articular cartilage decline until few if any of these molecules remain in the central disc tissues of skeletally mature individuals. The mechanisms of the age-related changes in cartilage proteoglycans have not been fully explained, but measurement of proteoglycans synthesized by chondrocytes of different ages suggests that alterations in synthesis produce at least some of the age-related changes in aggrecan molecules. Degradation of aggrecan chondroitin sulfate-rich regions in the matrix probably also contributes to the structural changes seen by electron microscopy. Age-related changes in proteoglycan aggregation may be due to alterations in link protein function or inhibition of aggregation of newly synthesized aggrecan molecules by accumulation of degraded aggrecan molecules. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Calculation of overall tilt angles for a double tilt holder in a TEM (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 448-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Angular relationship ; Tilting ; Electron microscopy ; Goniometer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A simple formula has been derived for the tilt angle of a specimen in terms of the two tilt angles of a side entry, double tilt holder in a transmission electron microscope. An expression for calculating the direction of the apparent tilt axis in relation to the observed diffraction pattern has also been derived. The accuracy and reproducibility of specimen tilting has been assessed experimentally. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280512
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    Adenosine 5′-triphosphate promotes mineralization in differentiating chick limb-bud mesenchymal cell cultures (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 492-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Calcification ; Hydroxyapatite ; Matrix synthesis ; FT-IR microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: When chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells are plated in micromass culture, they differentiate to form a mineralizable cartilage matrix. Previous studies have demonstrated that, when the total inorganic phosphate concentration of the medium is adjusted to 3-4 mM by adding inorganic phosphate to the basal medium, the mineralized matrix formed resembles that of chick calcified cartilage in ovo. When the high-energy phosphates adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) or creatine phosphate are used as supplements in place of inorganic phosphate, the mineralized matrix as analyzed by electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared microscopy is also similar to that in ovo. This is in marked contrast to the mineralized matrix formed in the presence of 2.5-5 mM β-glycerophosphate, where mineral deposition is random and mineral crystal sizes in general are larger. This is also in contrast to the known ability of ATP to inhibit mineral deposition in solution in the absence of cells.In the differentiating mesenchymal cell culture system, ATP does not alter the rate of cell proliferation (DNA content), the rate of matrix synthesis (3H-leucine uptake), the mean crystallite length, or the rate of mineral deposition (45Ca uptake) when contrasted with cultures supplemented with inorganic phosphate. However, ATP does increase the mineral to matrix ratio, especially around the edge of the culture, where a type I collagen matrix is present. It is suggested that ATP promotes mineral deposition by providing a high-energy phosphate source, which may be used to phosphorylate extracellular matrix proteins and to regulate calcium flux through cell membranes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280605
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    Improved ultrastructural preservation of rat ciliary body after high pressure freezing and freeze substitution: A perspective view based upon comparison with tissue processed according to a conventional protocol or by osmium tetroxide/microwave fixation (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cryofixation ; Electron microscopy ; Extracellular material ; Microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Conventional fixation of the delicate, highly folded rat ciliary body and its iridial extension, as well as of vitreal structures, is associated with the induction of a number of artifacts, thus limiting the reliability of morphological interpretations. Improved ultrastructural preservation may be achieved by microwave heating in combination with osmium tetroxide fixation. This protocol, although simple and cheap, yields results, particularly with respect to the extracellular matrix compartment between inner and outer ciliary epithelial cells, which are not greatly inferior to those obtained by implementing the sophisticated high pressure freezing and freeze substitution technique. The latter affords good to very good ultrastructural preservation of epithelium and stromal components, such as blood vessels, neural elements, smooth muscle cells, fibrocytes, and free cells, up to a depth of 50-100 μm from the tissue surface. Its superiority over osmium tetroxide/microwave fixation is revealed in the cytoplasmic, intraorganellar, and vitreal matrix compartments, which incur no obvious losses. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290103
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    Fine structure of Tritrichomonas foetus as seen using cryotechniques (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Tritrichomonas foetus ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Fast-freezing fixation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Tritrichomonas foetus was studied using different physical and chemical fixation methods such as fast-freezing (by high pressure, “slam-freezing,” and jet-propane), freeze-substitution, conventional freeze-fracture and deep-etching, cryoultramicrotomy, and routine preparation for transmission electron microscopy. The use of fast-freezing fixation (FFF) proved to be superior in terms of structural preservation due to the rapidity of this fixation compared to that obtained using conventional chemical fixation. The low temperature techniques used here were useful to confirm data already obtained by conventional freeze-fracture using chemical fixation and cryoprotection, such as the presence of flagellar rosettes and costa structure. Cryoultramicrotomy and slam-freezing also demonstrated the presence of hair-like structures projecting out from the protozoan surface. New aspects of organelles of T. foetus were demonstrated. Published 1994 by Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290106
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    Liquid crystalline order of biopolymers in cuticles and bones (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 420-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Self-assemblies ; Chitin ; Collagen ; Polarizing microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Microscopic studies at different scales have shown that in biological tissues the three-dimensional arrangement of chitin-protein or of collagen fibrillar networks can follow the same spatial distributions as those described in certain liquid crystals. The present work reviews the structural analogies established between the dense fibrillar organic matrix found in two materials: crab cuticles and compact bones. In both systems mobile fringes are described in polarizing microscopy, periodic cleavage aspects in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and arced patterns in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In parallel to these structural data, results obtained in vitro are recalled which corroborate the relationship established between ordered arrays of biopolymers and liquid crystalline assembly principles, highly concentrated solutions of purified collagen molecules spontaneously form ordered assemblies characterized in polarizing microscopy as cholesteric phases. This particular state of matter joins both fluidity and order and could correspond to a transient state of collagen or chitin secretion, before the stiffening of these skeletal structures, bone or cuticle, by molecular cross-links and crystalline deposition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070270508
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    Morphological effects of diabetes on the granular ducts and acini of the rat submandibular gland (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Diabetes ; Insulin ; Electron microscopy ; Streptozotocin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Effects of experimental diabetes on rat submandibular glands have been documented, but earlier reports suggested that diabetes caused an extensive cellular degeneration and a replacement of the parenchymal cells by fibrous connective tissue. Such observations, however, are difficult to reconcile with the relatively normal physiological responsiveness of the gland (Anderson and Suleiman, 1989). This study, therefore, reexamined the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on rat submandibular glands. The tissues were examined at 3 weeks, and 3 and 6 months after the induction of diabetes, and compared with glands from age-matched controls by both light and electron microscopy. Light microscopically, the proportional volumes of the acini and granular ducts remained constant in control rats at about 48% and 38% respectively. In diabetic animals the volume density of the acini increased progressively to 62%, whereas that of the granular ducts decreased to 20%. The diameter and number of granular ducts were reduced in diabetic animals, but acinar cell profile area was only affected 6 months after the induction of diabetes. Ultrastructurally, there was an accumulation of lipid in the acinar cells and, with increasing duration of diabetes, the number of autophagic structures in both the acini and the granular ducts increased. Although there was evidence of some cellular degeneration it was never excessive. Morphometry showed that the volume density of secretory granules within the acinar cells was unaffected, but there was a significant reduction in the volume density of secretory granules within the granular ducts. Thus, in the rat submandibular gland the greatest effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes was to cause hypotrophic changes in the cells of the granular ducts. The relative contributions of a direct effect of insulin insufficiency and the hypogonadal effects of diabetes, however, are not known. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Immunogold labelling of leukemic hairy cells with the B-ly7 monoclonal antibody: An SEM and TEM study (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 356-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hairy cell leukemia ; Immunogold labelling ; B-ly7 antibody ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Two cases of hairy cell leukemia have been studied by immuno-TEM and immuno-SEM after immunogold labelling of the cell surface antigen recognized by the B-ly7 monoclonal antibody.Most hairy cells appeared significantly labeled, although the density of the expression of the antigen, as demonstrated by immunogold labelling, seems variable from cell to cell. Moreover, some cells with the morphology of hairy cells and which could not be identified as monocytes were not labeled. Labelling for the antigen identified by the B-ly7 mAb does not seem to correlate with the presence of ribosome lamellae complexes which were present only in one of the two cases studied. Rare lymphocytes of unidentified lineage were labeled. Monocytes were significantly absent from the samples of peripheral blood of the two patients studied. In one normal control sample, monocytes were observed unlabelled.The results are discussed in reference to the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia, its surprisingly low mitotic rate, and its distinct response to chemotherapy. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070280410
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    Pathology of the salivary glands: The contribution of electron microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 46-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Tumor ; Differentiation ; Classification ; Experimental studies ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Electron microscopy has a limited role in the diagnosis of primary salivary gland tumors, although it can be helpful in metastatic lesions of possible salivary gland origin. The diversity of subtypes in salivary gland tumors, as well as the range of histomorphology within any one subtype, is unparalleled in any other human tumor. This and their relative infrequency causes diagnostic problems for pathologists. Ultrastructural techniques have been of major importance in determining the inter-relationship of these tumors for classification purposes, revealing the subtle variations in common cellular differentiation pathways, determining the organization of tumor cells, and displaying the importance of extracellular matrix materials in establishing diagnostic criteria for each of the many subtypes. Electron microscopy has also been valuable in non-neoplastic salivary gland disease and has an increasing role in experimental studies involving tissue from human and animal salivary parenchyma. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cytochrome c oxidase: Structural studies by electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Electron transport ; Mitochondria ; Membrane protein ; Membrane structure ; Protein structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cytochrome c oxidase is a complex integral membrane protein consisting of 13 different polypeptide chains and four metal centers having a total molecular weight of approximately 200,000 daltons. It can be isolated in two 2-dimensional crystalline forms differing in aggregation state of the enzyme. One crystal form consists of cytochrome oxidase dimers (approximately 400,000 daltons) embedded unidirectionally in the lipid bilayer of a collapsed vesicle while the other form consists of crystalline sheets of cytochrome oxidase monomers. Both crystal forms have been studied by electron microscopy during the past two decades, and this paper summarizes the results of early structural studies as well as more recent results applying techniques of cryelectron microscopy and digital image processing. The structure of frozen-hydrated cytochrome oxidase dimers at 20 Å resolution is discussed as well as the packing of monomers within dimers and the site of cytochrome c binding. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Image analysis of the extracellular matrix (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 28 (1994), S. 409-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Extracellular matrix ; Image analysis ; 3D reconstruction ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The epiphyseal growth plate and articular cartilage matrices were preserved by slam freezing and freeze substitution to optimally retain the native organization for both cellular and matrix components. These specimens were stained and examined using conventional electron microscopic methods. The highly integrated, proteoglycan-rich matrices were examined by computer image analysis using such parameters as distribution, connectivity, orientation, and a variety of morphometric analyses. Also, different aspects of electron tomography and 3D rendering of matrix vesicles and their associated mineral deposits from epiphyseal growth plates and turkey leg tendons are presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Light microscopic distribution of some cholinergic markers in the rat and rabbit locus coeruleus and the nucleus angularis grisea periventricularis of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa): A correlative electron microscopic investigation of cholinergic receptor proteins in the rabbit (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 186-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Muscarinic ; nicotinic receptor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cholinergic modulation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons evokes a variety of neuronal and behavioural effects. In an attempt to understand the LC cholinergic circuit, several markers has been investigated and compared. (Immuno)-histochemical and autoradiographic methods have been used on rat, rabbit, and pig tissue. To identify the boundaries of the LC in each of these species, sections through the entire brainstem have been stained for tyrosine hydroxylase. The results that the pig does not possess a LC proper that conforms to the accepted features of this cell group. However, in this location fusiform cells reminiscent of LC interneurons are still present. This group of fusiform neurons has been named the nucleus angularis grisea periventricularis (NAGP).LC cells of the rat and rabbit show strong acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In the pig the NAGP is markedly free from AChE staining. Muscarinic binding sites are densely distributed over the rabbit LC and adjacent region. The rat and rabbit LC neurons synthesise both muscarinic (mAChR) and nicotinic receptor protein (nAChR). In the pig NAGP region mAChR and nAChR positive cell bodies are almost absent, while some nAChR immunoreactive dendrites are present. The light microscopic data in the rabbit have been confirmed by electron microscopic analysis.It is concluded that the general concept of a noradrenergic LC that is present throughout mammals is questionable. At present, choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive terminals that closely correspond to the other cholinergic components in the rat or rabbit LC have not been observed. However, in these species the cholinergic sensitivity of LC cells is mediated via both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors on somata and dendrites. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of allatectomy and ovariectomy on cuticular hydrocarbons in Calliphora vomitoria (diptera) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: juvenile hormone ; ecdysteroids ; attractiveness ; ovaries ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationships between female attractiveness, cuticular hydrocarbons, and levels of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids were studied in Calliphora vomitoria. The experiments were conducted at 48 and 72 h post-emergence, according to attractiveness appearance and increase. The 48-h-old allatectomized females were less attractive than the control females, whereas no changes occurred either in cuticular hydrocarbons total mass production or in the different hydrocarbon families. However, the 72-h-old allatectomized females were more attractive than the control females, and, in relative proportions, allatectomy led to an increase in monomethylalkanes and a decrease in n-alkanes.Only at 48 h were the ovariectomized females less attractive than the control females and did ovariectomy increase the relative proportions of monomethylalkanes. At 72 h, ovariectomy did not influence female attractiveness, but it decreased the total cuticular hydrocarbon production. Allatectomy and ovariectomy significantly decreased ecdysteroids levels at 48 and 72 h. Ovariectomy did not affect juvenile hormone production.These results suggest that attractiveness and cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis could be under the direct control of ecdysteroids and the indirect influence of juvenile hormone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromone in the female german cockroach, Blattella germanica (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 375-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pheromone biosynthesis ; hydrocarbon biosynthesis ; methyl ketone biosynthesis ; ovarian development ; feeding ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: De novo synthesis of contact female sex pheromone and hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica was examined using short in vivo incubations. Accumulation of pheromone on the epicuticular surface and the internal pheromone titer were related to age-specific changes in hydrocarbon synthesis and accumulation in normal and allatectomized females. The incorporation of radiolabel from [1-14C]propionate into the cuticular methyl ketone pheromone fraction was positively related to corpora allata activity during two gonotrophic cycles. During peak pheromone production the total internal lipid fraction contained greater titers of pheromone than the cuticular surface, and it too exhibited a cycle internally, preceding the rise in external pheromone. This suggests that synthesis and accumulation of pheromone internally are followed by transport of pheromone to the epicuticular surface where it accumulates. Radiolabel was incorporated efficiently into both cuticular and internal hydrocarbons after the imaginal molt and until the peak of pheromone synthesis, but it declined to lower levels before ovulation and throughout pregnancy. The internal hydrocarbon titer decreased 58% after oviposition, suggesting deposition in the egg case. It remained relatively unchanged during pregnancy and increased again during the second gonotrophic cycle. In allatectomized females, hydrocarbon synthesis was reduced relative to control females until oviposition in the latter. However, subsequent rates of hydrocarbon synthesis in allatectomized females (without oothecae) exceeded the rates in sham-operated females (with oothecae). In the absence of ovarian uptake of hydrocarbons, the internal titer increased without the decline found in control females at oviposition. As internal hydrocarbons increased, so did cuticular hydrocarbons and both internal and cuticular methyl ketone pheromones. These patterns corresponded well with feeding patterns in sham-operated and allatectomized females, suggesting that pheromone production is normally regulated by stage-specific feeding-induced hydrocarbon synthesis (precursor accumulation internally) and juvenile hormoneinduced conversion of hydrocarbon to pheromone. They also suggest that both the cuticle and the ovaries might be target sites for hydrocarbon and possibly methyl ketone deposition. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sources of possible host regulatory factors in Cardiochiles nigriceps (hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 197-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: parasitoid ; protein secretions ; teratocytes ; parasitoid larvae ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Both larvae and teratocytes liberated upon hatching from the eggs of the endoparasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck were found to release proteins into their surrounding environment as they develop. Teratocytes were found to synthesize and release a number of proteins into culture media in which they were incubated. The proteins released differed among the different teratocyte ages. Larvae were also found to release proteins into the culture media in which they were incubated. Ligation of the head or anal vesicle altered the protein pattern found in the media. The results demonstrate that both larvae and the associated teratocytes release proteins that may have important functions in the parasitoidhost interaction. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Preface (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940270102
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    Diuretic activity of Mas-DP II, an identified neuropeptide from Manduca sexta: An in vivo and in vitro examination in the adult moth (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: diuresis ; excretion ; Malpighian tubules ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mas-DP II, a recently identified 30 amino acid diuretic peptide isolated from the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta, was tested for its ability to increase fluid excretion in adult M. sexta, and for the ability to elevate the rate of fluid secretion from isolated Malpighian tubules cultured in vitro. Mas-DP II was found to increase fluid weight loss from decapitated adult moths in a dose-dependent manner; weight loss increased significantly at doses as low as 5 ng for female moths and 25 ng for male moths. Male moths injected with large doses of Mas-DP II continued to exhibit increased rates of fluid loss up to 4 h post-injection. In vitro, Mas-DP II stimulated fluid secretion from isolated Malpighian tubules at concentrations as low as 4 nM for tubules from both male and female moths. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cyclic volumetric changes in corpus allatum cells in relation to juvenile hormone biosynthesis during ovarian cycles in cockroaches (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: endocrine gland development ; cell size ; egg case ; reproductive cycle ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development and activity of the corpora allata (CA) were investigated in adult female Blattella germanica and Supella longipalpa. These two cockroach species differ in their reproductive modes, with relatively uninterrupted cycles of oocyte development in S. longipalpa and discrete patterns of oocyte development which are interrupted by pregnancy in B. germanica. During ovarian cycles in both cockroach species, elevated rates of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis closely coincide with synchronous volumetric growth of the CA. Declines in CA activity before ovulation coincide with synchronous declines in the size of CA cells. However, in adult females of both species the number of CA cells remains relatively constant. Quantitative studies in normal and ovariectomized adult B. germanica females show that the volumetric changes in CA cells are paced and synchronized by ovarian factors. Without the ovaries, the enlargement of CA cells in newly eclosed females is slower and relatively asynchronous. Without an ootheca in ovariectomized females, the volume of CA cells fails to decline synchronously, resulting in variable but high rates of JH synthesis. The precise relationship between volume of CA cells and-JH biosynthesis in oviparous and viviparous cockroaches suggests that in cockroaches, cell volume, and not CA cell number, is a better predictor of JH biosynthetic activity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acetylcholinesterase from the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) II: Biochemical and molecular properties (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 109-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Haematobia irritans ; acetylcholinesterase ; kinetics ; inhibition ; molecular form ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the horn fly was characterized to elucidate the enzymological, inhibitory, and molecular properties of the enzyme. Maximum activity of the AChE against the substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh) occurred when reactions were conducted at 37°C and pH 7.5. Km and Vmax values were (9.2 ± 0.35) × 10-6 M and 239.8 ± 10.8 units/mg, respectively, for ATCh and (1.5 ± 0.07) × 10-5 M and 138.5 ± 5.5 units/mg, respectively, for butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). The activity of AChE decreased when concentrations of ATCh or BTCh were higher than 1 mM. Studies of the interaction of AChE with different inhibitors revealed pl50 values of 8.88 for eserine, 6.90 for BW284C51, and 4.97 for ethopropazine. Bimolecular reaction constants (kis) for the organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterases were (2.74 ± 0.14) × 106 M-1 min-1 for coroxon, (7.20 ± 0.28) × 105 M-1 min-1 for paraoxon, and (2.33 ± 0.12) × 105 M-1 min-1 for stirofos. Two major forms of native AChE molecules were found on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with Triton X-100, corresponding to bands AChE-2 and AChE-4 found on PAGE without Triton X-100. AChE-2 had an estimated molecular weight of 603,000 and was amphiphilic. AChE-4 had a molecular weight of 147,000 and was hydrophilic. Results of PAGE analyses indicated that the purified enzyme had two bands, one of about 123 kDa and the other greater than 320 kDa, prior to disulfide reduction and only one band at about 54 kDa after reduction on SDS-PAGE. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a diuretic peptide Manduca diuresin (MasDPII) in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; MasDPII ; neurosecretory cells ; diuretic hormone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A purified polyclonal antibody against synthetic Manduca diuresin (formerly named MasDPII) was used to localize immunoreactive cell clusters in the protocerebrum and the suboesophageal ganglion of adult, larval, and pupal stages of Manduca sexta. In adults and pharate adults, strong immunostaining was found in type IIb median neurosecretory cells and IIa1-3 cells. Moderate staining was observed in the maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters in the suboesophageal ganglion. In larvae, immunostaining was found in four IIa cells and in the maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters of the suboesophageal ganglion. In the early pupal stage, six to eight type IIa cells were immunopositive and two clusters of developing type IIb cells showed positive staining. Furthermore, maxillary, mandibular, and labial cell clusters in the pupal suboesophageal ganglion also contained immunoreactive material. In all stages, nervi corporis cardiaci-1+2 and the retrocerebral complex showed immunoreactivity. While preadsorption of purified antibody with another diuretic peptide from M. sexta brain, MasDH, slightly reduced the immunostaining by the Manduca diuresin antibody, preadsorption with Manduca diuresin completely abolished immunoreactivity in all of the cells previously mentioned. The findings suggest the presence of Manduca diuresin or Manduca diuresin-like peptides in larval and pupal type IIa cells and in the suboesophageal ganglion of M. sexta in all three developmental Stages. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Purification and characterization of the Manduca sexta neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Nα-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-arginine ; carboxypeptidase M ; silver stain ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The neuropeptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E (CPE) (E.C.3.4.17.10) has been well studied in vertebrates but its presence in invertebrates has not yet been reported. CPE activity in insects is present in membrane-bound and soluble forms. The soluble CPE has been purified to homogeneity from the brain of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. It is a 57 kDa glycoprotein containing 9% sugars. It is activated 9.2 ± 1.8 fold by CoCl2 and inhibited by chelating agents. Its sensitivity to guanidinoethyl-mercaptosuccinic acid, and its molecular mass, make this enzyme a good candidate to be the insect equivalent of the mammalian CPE. Furthermore, its lack of sensitivity towards p-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonate puts it closer to the vertebrate carboxypeptidase M (CPM). We postulate that insects may possess a single protein fulfilling both CPE and CPM functions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Synthesis and deposition of PCG-100, the main pupal cuticle glycoprotein of the medfly Ceratitis capitata (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 217-234 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: integument ; metamorphosis ; insect epidermis ; Ceratitis capitata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the developmental expression of the main pupal cuticle glycoprotein, PCG-100, in the Medfly Ceratitis capitata. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against this protein. Western blotting analysis showed that this glycoprotein is integument- and stage-specific. No PCG-100 or immunologically related polypeptides were detected in other tissues or instars. As studied by microinjection of [35S]methionine in individual flies, in vivo synthesis and deposition of PCG-100 begins approximately 48 h after the onset of pupariation, shortly after the time of head eversion. Synthesis is maximal at 54-64 h, decreases at 72 h, and practically ceases in fully shaped 4-day-old pupae. The time required for PCG-100 deposition into the cuticle was found to be less than 10 min after its synthesis. This is the first time such in vivo analysis has been performed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Biosynthetic alternatives for acetogenic production of sorbic acid in the potato aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: fatty acid synthetase ; peroxisomes ; clofibrate ; p-bromophenacyl esters ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; sorbic acid ; acetyl-CoA ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Following in vivo injection of [1-14C]-sodium acetate, triacylglycerols of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), were extracted and derivatized to p-bromophenacyl fatty acid esters for two-dimensional TLC and GLC-MSD (mass selective detector) analysis. Radiolabeled sorbic (E, E-2,4-hexadienoic) acid ester was detected, demonstrating that this short chain fatty acid unique to aphids is biosynthesized via an acetogenic pathway. Crotonic (E-2-butenoic) or hexenoic acids were not detected in labeled or unlabeled potato aphid samples or unlabeled samples from the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Fonscolombe. Crotonic or hexenoic acids might have been expected if an incomplete cycling by fatty acid synthetase or a novel desaturase acting on the prevalent hexanoate, respectively, were responsible for sorbic acid synthesis in aphids. A peroxisomal β-oxidation route to sorbic acid from longer chain fatty acids was not indicated since injections of clofibrate, a peroxisomal proliferator, with or without C18 polyunsaturated lipids gave no substantial increase in C6 lipids. Also, some characteristic enzyme activities of peroxisomal β-oxidation were not found in an ultracentrifugal “peroxisomal” fraction from the potato aphid. Although the individual biochemical steps from acetate to sorbate in aphids remain unclear, an unusual acetate-malonate pathway is indicated. Clarification of the biosynthetic steps to sorbic acid should identify at least one novel enzyme for animals. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization and biological effects of cotesia congregata polydnavirus on host larvae of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 165-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: calyx fluid ; viral proteins ; glycoproteins ; venom ; parasitoid ; developmental arrest ; endocrine disruption ; metamorphosis ; hemolymph proteins ; SDS-PACE ; Western blot ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ovaries of endoparasitic species of braconid and ichneumonid wasps contain large numbers of polydnavirus (PDV) virions that replicate in specialized calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the host larva during parasitization. In the braconid wasp Cotesia congregata that parasitizes the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the total amount of viral DNA present in the ovaries was determined to be 25-75 ng. Analysis of viral DNA on 0.4% agarose gels showed that the genome was comprised of 15-20 circles of double-stranded DNA. SDS-PAGE analyses showed that a large number (〉30) of structural polypeptides were present in the virions, and analysis of the venom likewise showed that multiple components were present. The major size classes of venom proteins differed from those present in the PDV. However, Western blots using polyclonal PDV antibodies showed that some cross-reacting PDV-like proteins were present in the venom, perhaps explaining the mild PDV-enhancing effect of the venom. Injection of PDV into unparasitized larvae provoked pronounced alterations in their growth, development, pigmentation, and hemolymph proteins. A densely staining band of hemolymph proteins of approximately 18-20 kD appeared in large amounts relative to other hemolymph proteins several days following injection of PDV; this band was undetectable in naturally parasitized larvae. Eggs which had been washed extensively to remove PDVs were encapsulated following injection, but development of the host still was disrupted, usually in the post-wandering prepupal stage. Thus, neither the parasites nor their host survived, despite mobilization of an “effective” host response.© 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
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    Biochemical and developmental alterations of Heliothis virescens (F.) (lepidoptera, noctuidae) larvae induced by the endophagous parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps viereck (Hymenoptera, braconidae) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 211-233 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All larval stages of Heliothis virescens (F.) parasitized by the endophagous larval parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, a braconid species belonging to the subfamily Microgasterinae, exhibit developmental arrest at last instar and fail to pupate. The major part of larval development of the parasitoid is synchronized with the arrested host last larval instar and the parasitoid first molt is never observed before the host attains the late digging stage. At this time, the total ecdysteroid titer of the hemolymph of parasitized hosts is very low and subsequently shows a slow and gradual increase, characterized by a low titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) associated with consistent amounts of inactive ecdysteroid polar metabolites. Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) activity is high in both control and parasitized host larvae at the early digging stage of development, and juvenile hormone analogs (JHA) applied to parasitized host last instar larvae appear to suppress the parasitoid molt. Concurrent with these changes was an increase in the hemolymph titer of proteins which was maintained at a high level in parasitized larvae in contrast to the observed decrease in control larvae at the cell formation stage of development. Neck-ligation of newly molted host 5th instar parasitized larvae, prior to both JHE release and the increase in protein titers, inhibited growth and molting of the parasitoid. In contrast, ligation after JHE release and with high hemolymph protein titers resulted in parasitoid molting and growth. These data suggest that the host ecdysteroid hormones are not directly involved in the regulation of the parasitoid molt, although high juvenile hormone (JH) levels probably prevent it. More likely, molting is triggered by other biochemical changes, such as proteins or other factors occurring in the hemolymph. Molting of C. nigriceps larvae in vitro into an ecdysone-free semidefined medium further supported the view that host ecdysone is not necessary for the molt. Teratocytes of C. nigriceps seem to play an important role in the inactivation of 20-HE through its conversion to inactive polar metabolites, and along with female calyx fluid and venom which depress the secretory activity of the host prothoracic glands, they are the most important sources of host regulatory factors. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Biosynthesis, secretion, and immunocytochemistry of trypsin modulating oostatic factor of Aedes aegypti (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hormone ; HPLC ; ovary ; antibody ; PAGE ; pulse-chase ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) was followed by RIA in the ovary of female Aedes aegypti before and after the blood meal. The amount of TMOF in a pair of ovaries from females fed sugar for 3 days or blood for 24 h was low (1.7 ng). Between 24 and 48 h after the blood meal the amount of TMOF in the ovaries rapidly increased and reached a peak of 104 ng at 48 h. The amount of TMOF in the head of a female A. aegypti was very low (0.05 to 0.1 ng) during sugar and blood feeding. Immunocytochemical methodology identified the follicular epithelium as the site of biosynthesis of TMOF in the ovary. Females ovariectomized and fed a blood meal continued to synthesize trypsin for 64 h, whereas intact controls stopped at 40 h, indicating that a factor from the ovary regulates trypsin biosynthesis. Ovaries incubated in vitro with [3H]proline synthesized [pro-3H]TMOF that was identified by HPLC and by anti-TMOF serum. The ovary started to synthesize TMOF in vitro 24 h after the blood meal, and the synthesis reached a peak at 36 h and then declined. The synthesis of TMOF by the ovary is closely correlated with the termination of trypsin biosynthesis in the female mosquito's midgut. Ovaries that were pulsed with [3H]proline for 30 min synthesized [pro-3H]TMOF which was chased into the medium with unlabeled proline, indicating that the hormone is secreted by the ovary. These results indicate that TMOF is a secretory peptide, synthesized by the ovarian follicular epithelium and that it modulates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito's gut. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Benzodioxole-1,3-benzodioxole derivatives and their effects on the reproductive physiology of insects (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 39-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Mediterranean fruit fly ; juvenile hormone ; microtubules ; chemosterilant ; Ceratitis capitata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Alkyl ethers of methylenedioxy analogs of obtusastyrene or benzyl-1,3-benzodioxole derivatives (BBDs) and related benzylphenols have been shown to interfere with various phases of reproduction in insects. BBDs have also been shown to interfere with sex attractancy, to induce precocious development, and to antagonize juvenile hormone (JH) functions in insects. Because representative BBDs were reported to show low toxicity to mammals and to be negative in assays testing for potential mutagens, these compounds held much promise to be environmentally safe insect chemosterilants. The mode of action of BBDs does not involve blocking or competition for putative JH receptor sites on follicular cells or hemolymph JH binding proteins. However, BBDs were shown to interfere with (1) in vitro biosynthesis and release of JH from corpora allata of Mediterranean fruit fly females, and (2) microtubule assembly in insects. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940270201
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    Cytochrome b5 involvement in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities in house fly microsomes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cytochrome b5 ; microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ; microsomes ; fatty acyl CoA desaturase ; insect ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The involvement of cytochrome b5 in different cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and palmitoyl CoA desaturase activities in microsomes from insecticide-resistant (LPR) house flies was determined using a specific polyclonal antiserum developed against house fly cytochrome b5. Anti-b5 antiserum inhibited the reduction of cytochrome b5 by NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. The antiserum also inhibited palmitoyl CoA desaturase, methoxycoumarin-O-demethylase (MCOD), ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase, AHH) activities. However, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethy-lase (EROD) activities were not affected by this antiserum. These results demonstrate that cytochrome b5 is involved in fatty acyl CoA desaturase activities and in certain cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MCOD, ECOD, and AHH) in LPR house fly microsomes. Other cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities (i.e., MROD and EROD) may not require cytochrome b5. The results suggest that cytochrome b5 involvement with cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities is dependent upon the cytochrome P450 isoform involved. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Inhibition by azadirachtin of phospholipid transfer from lipophorin to the oocytes in Rhodnius prolixus (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: oogenesis ; lipid ; lipoprotein ; vitellogenin ; vitellin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The growth of oocytes was severely reduced in female Rhodnius prolixus treated with azadirachtin A (AZA). When administered in a blood meal, AZA (1 μg/ml) inhibited phospholipid transfer to the ovaries without altering the availability of yolk protein in the hemolymph or its uptake by 1 mm oocytes. The lipid composition of lipophorin, its concentration in the hemolymph, and its density were normal in AZA-treated females. Partial inhibition of phospholipid transfer was observed when lipophorin from AZA-treated females was injected into normal females, or when lipophorin from normal females was injected into AZA-treated females. The two effects were additive, so that the transfer of phospholipids from the lipophorin of AZA-treated females to the oocytes of AZA-treated females was nearly eliminated. In combination, these effects of AZA on phospholipid transfer to the oocytes limit the capacity of AZA-treated females to produce eggs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of genital tract growth factor-like activity from testis sheaths and fat body of Heliothis virescens (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 263-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: male reproduction ; Lepidoptera ; growth factors ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Testis sheaths and fat body from developing male pupae of Heliothis virescens synthesize soluble growth factor-like products when exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE). These factors promote growth and development of the genital tract. Saline extracts of modified Grace's medium and 20HE-treated testis sheaths and fat body were subjected to heat, freeze-thaw, organic solvents, and low pressure size exclusion chromatography. Although extracts were stable to repeated freeze-thawing, activity was lost after exposure to organic solvents; activities of fractions heavier than 6.5 KDa were inhibited by heating to 100°C. Size exclusion chromatography yielded 10 active testis extract fractions and 9 active fat body fractions. Although the approximate molecular weights of most of the extract fractions were similar, enzyme studies using protease, lipase, and α-amylase indicated differences in the chemistry of active fractions derived from the two tissues. Active factors were inhibited by protease or lipase or both enzymes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Inhibitory effect of 10,11-methyl-enetetradec-10-enoic acid on a Z9-desaturase in the sex pheromone biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: sex pheromone biosynthesis ; desaturase ; inhibition ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of 10,11-methylenetetradec-10-enoic acid on the sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway of Spodoptera littoralis is reported. This new cyclopropene fatty acid inhibited the biosynthesis of the main pheromone component from labeled myristicacid. The study of each Z desaturation step revealed that the Z9-desaturase of E11-14:Acid was inhibited, whereas the Z11-desaturase of 16:Acid was not affected. The results presented in this article agree with our hypothesis that the methylenehexadecenoic acids are beta-oxidized in the pheromone gland to the corresponding methylenetetradecenoic acids. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Digestive enzymes in midgut cells, endo-and ectoperitrophic contents, and peritrophic membranes of Spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera) larvae (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: microapocrine secretion ; immobilized enzymes ; peritrophic membrane ; membrane-bound enzymes ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, subcellular fractionation data suggest that aminopeptidase and part of amylase, carboxypeptidase A, dipeptidase, and trypsin are bound to the microvillar membranes; that major amounts of soluble dipeptidase, cellobiase, and maltase are trapped in the cell glycocalyx; and finally that soluble carboxypeptidase, amylase, and trypsin occur in intracellular vesicles. Most luminal acetylglucosaminidase is soluble and restricted to the ectoperitrophic contents. Aminopeptidase occurs in minor amounts bound to membranes both in the ectoperitrophic contents and incorporated in the peritrophic membrane. Amylase, carboxypeptidase A, and trypsin are found in minor amounts in the ectoperitrophic contents (both soluble and membrane-bound) and in major amounts in the peritrophic membrane with contents. Part of the activities recovered in the last mentioned contents corresponds to enzyme molecules incorporated in the peritrophic membrane. The results suggest that initial digestion is carried out in major amounts by enzymes in the endoperitrophic space and, in minor amounts, by enzymes immobilized in the peritrophic membrane. Intermediate and final digestion occur at the ectoperitrophic space or at the surface of midgut cells. The results also lend support to the hypothesis that amylase and trypsin are derived from membrane-bound forms, are released in soluble form by a microapocrine mechanism, and are partly incorporated into the peritrophic membrane. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Isomeric and quaternary properties of homogenous 33 kDa protein from the venom of chelonus near curvimaculatus (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 83-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: parasitoid ; polydnavirus ; dimerization ; toxin ; GP46/M-2 ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 33,000 Dalton venom protein of Chelonus near curvimaculatus was characterized for structural properties of charge, quaternary associations, and relationship to polydnavirus encoded proteins. Homogenous isoforms of the protein were isolated from the venom by sequential steps of (1) microdissection, (2) separation based on charge (Mono-Q column HPLC or narrow-range electrofocusing), and (3) centrifugal filtration based on molecular weight using Centricon microconcentrators. The purified protein dimerized under native conditions, and this quaternary association became denaturation resistant under certain conditions. Chemical modification of lysine epsilon amino groups did not disrupt such dimerization. The cDNA for the protein did not possess high similarity to any sequence encoded in the polydnavirus, as indicated by results of Southern blotting, but does possess similarity in its repeats to the repeats of the immunologically protective surface glycoprotein of Leishmania amazonensis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Actions of acromelic acid on nervous system l-glutamate receptors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: excitatory amino acids ; identified motor neurone ; insect ; kainic acid analogue ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acromelic acid, a naturally occurring kainoid, isolated from the mushroom Clitocybe acromelalga, is a weak displacer of [3H]L-glutamate binding to cockroach (Periplaneta americana) nerve cord membranes. Acromelic acid (1 mM) displaces ∼60% of specifically bound [3H]L-glutamate. When applied by bath perfusion to the cell body membrane of the cockroach fast coxal depressor motor neurone, acromelic acid generated slow, prolonged, dose-dependent depolarizations at concentrations of 0.3 μM and above. Thus acromelic acid is among the most potent of the excitatory amino acids tested to date on insect neurones. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Yolk formation in Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria: Related ligands and oocyte receptors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: vitellogenesis ; receptor-mediated endocytosis ; vitellogenin receptor protein ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During vitellogenesis the transport of yolk precursor proteins, the vitellogenins (VTG), from the hemolymph into the oocyte is achieved by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Recently the receptor for the VTG of Locusta migratoria has been isolated. Now a new protocol has been developed for the purification of the VTG receptor of this locust from ovarian membranes. By CHAPS solubilization of the membranes followed by ion exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography, a 100-fold purification of the VTG receptor was achieved. The amino acid composition of the receptor protein has been determined. However, first attempts to sequence the receptor failed due to the N-terminal blocking of the molecule. With the same methods the VTG receptor of another locust, Schistocerca gregaria, has been isolated, purified, and characterized. This receptor has an apparent Mr of 186 kDa under nonreducing conditions. It recognizes L. migratoria VTG and vice versa. However, in cross-competition experiments in which the Schistocerca VTG competed with Locusta VTG for binding to the Locusta VTG receptor, the Schistocerca VTG was less efficient. Furthermore, the VTG receptor proteins of S. gregaria and L. migratoria are immunologically related as revealed by Western blotting with anti-Locusta VTG receptor antibodies. It appears that important structural elements required for efficient and specific endocytosis of VTG have been conserved. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Midgut proteinase activities of three keratinolytic larvae, Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Tineola bisselliella, and Anthrenocerus australis, and the effect of proteinase inhibitors on proteolysis (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 159-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: serine endopeptidase ; metalloendopeptidase ; keratinolytic larvae ; proteinase inhibitor ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The midgut proteinase activities were characterized from the keratinolytic larvae of two lepidopterans, Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stainton) (Oecophoridae) and Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) (Tineidae), and one coleopteran, Anthrenocerus australis (Hope) (Dermestidae). The major endopeptidase activities, characterized using specific enzyme inhibitors, were serine proteinases with hydrolytic activity against N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide and against N-succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-leucine-p-nitroanilide. No significant levels of metalloendopeptidase or cysteine endopeptidase activities were detected. Aminopeptidase activity was present in all larvae. The enzyme levels and properties of the two moth larvae were similar to each other and to those of phytophagous lepidopteran larvae but different from those of the beetle larva. Whereas only a limited number of serine proteinase inhibitors inhibited the midgut proteolysis of the lepidopteran larvae, most inhibitors inhibited the midgut proteolysis of the beetle larva. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Inhibition of cuticular lipid synthesis and its effect on insect survival (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Triatoma infestans ; insect cuticle ; hydrocarbon biosynthesis ; water loss ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new approach to insect control - using sodium trichloroacetate (NaTCA) to inhibit synthesis of the hydrophobic cuticular lipids that protect insects from dehydration - was tested on Triatoma infestans. In vivo and in vitro studies of incorporation of radioactive precursors showed diminished cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis after NaTCA treatment. Thin layer chromatography and scanning electron microscopy showed disruption of the cuticular lipid layer of NaTCA-treated insects, which also have increased mortality and altered molting cycles. NaTCA treatment enhanced the penetration and increased the lethality of a contact insecticide. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Introduction (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 259-259 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Structure and activity of Bombyx PBAN (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: silkworm ; structure-activity relationship ; sex pheromone ; myotropic peptide ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two structurally related molecular species of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBANs), PBAN-I and -II, were isolated from adult heads of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and characterized. PBAN-I is a carboxyl-terminally amidated 33-residue peptide. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that 1) its carboxyl-terminal pentapeptide is the smallest size showing activity, 2) the carboxyl-terminal amide is indispensable for activity, and 3) oxidation of three Met residues in PBAN-I to Met(O) (methionine sulfoxide) caused marked enhancement of activity, and the three Met(O) residues contribute equally to the enhancement of activity. Molecular design of PBAN analogs using a carboxyl-terminal hexapeptide showed that modification of the amino-terminal amino group brought about a dramatic increase in activity. This increase was presumed to be mainly due to the increased stability in hemolymph. PBANs share the common carboxyl-terminal sequence, -Phe-Xaa-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2, with myotropic peptides isolated from locust and cockroach. Examination of cross-activity of these two groups of peptides revealed that PBAN and its analogs exhibited myotropic activity comparable to myotropic peptides, while myotropic peptides showed extremely high pheromonotropic activity. In B. mori, PBAN activates sex pheromone (bombykol) production presumably by promoting the reduction reaction from acyl to alcohol, which is the last step in the biosynthesis of bombykol. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Pheromonotropic stimulation of moth pheromone gland cultures in vitro (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) ; Helicoverpa spp. ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; RIA ; cyclic-AMP ; phorbol esters ; diacylglycerol analog ; ionomycin ; Ca2+ ; lithium ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The direct neurohormonal control of pheromone biosynthesis by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was demonstrated in Helicoverpa (Heliothis) spp. using pheromone gland cultures in vitro. Pheromone gland activation involved the de novo production of the main pheromone component (Z)-11-hexadecenal as revealed by radio-TLC, radio-HPLC, and radio-GC. Activation was found to be a specific response attributed to pheromone gland cultures alone. Specificity of pheromonotropic activation was demonstrated to be limited to nervous tissue extracts. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed using [3H]-PBAN, and the spatial and temporal distribution of PBAN-immunore-activity was studied. PBAN-immunoreactivity in brain complexes was found throughout the photoperiod and in all ages. From the distribution of PBAN-immunoreactivity it appears that PBAN release is affected by photoperiod. Pheromone gland cultures were found to be competent to pheromone production irrespective of age and photoperiod. Therefore, the neuroendocrine control of pheromone production operates at the level of neuropeptide synthesis and/or release and not at the level of the target tissue itself. The involvement of cyclic-AMP as a second messenger system was demonstrated. Brain extracts and PBAN were shown to stimulate dose- and time-dependent changes in intracellular cyclic-AMP levels. The role of cyclic-AMP in this mechanism was further verified by the ability of cyclic-AMP mimetics to mimic the pheromonotropic effect of brain extracts and PBAN. However, dose-response studies using PBAN and a hexapeptide C-terminal fragment of PBAN suggested that PBAN induces a two mechanism response, one occurring at low PBAN concentrations (high affinity receptor) and another at higher PBAN concentrations (low affinity receptor). Further evidence indicating a dual receptor system was obtained with the observation that the active phorbol ester (phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate), the diacyl-glycerol analog (1,2-dioleolyl-sn-glycerol), and the intracellular calcium ionophore (ionomycin) mimicked the physiological action of PBAN and that lithium chloride had a pheromonostatic effect. The results indicate that pheromone glands also possess receptors that are linked to inositol phosphate hydolysis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Mating-induced loss of sex pheromone and sexual receptivity in insects with emphasis on Helicoverpa zea and Lymantria dispar (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 317-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: male accessory glands ; pheromonostatic peptides ; sperm transfer ; corn earworm ; gypsy moth ; Diptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mating in most species of insects leads to a transient or permanent loss in sexual receptivity of the females. Among moths, this loss of receptivity is often accompanied with a loss of the sex pheromone in the absence of calling, which also could be temporary or permanent. Most of the earlier work on changes in reproductive behavior after mating was done with Diptera in which sperm and/or male accessory gland secretions were shown to be responsible for termination of receptivity. In the corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea, mated females become depleted of pheromone and become nonreceptive to further mating attempts, but only for the remainder of the night of mating. A pheromonostatic peptide isolated from the accessory glands of males may be responsible for the depletion of pheromone, while the termination of receptivity is independently controlled. In the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, the changes in behavior following mating are permanent. In this species, the switch from virgin to mated behavior involves three steps: a physical stimulation associated with mating, transfer of viable sperm to the spermatheca, and commencement of oviposition. Signals generated by these factors operate through neural pathways and, unlike in H. zea, accessory gland factors seem not to be involved. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Factors affecting pheromone production in beetles (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 347-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: juvenile hormone ; pheromone biosynthesis ; Scolytidae ; Cucujidae ; Curculonidae ; Tenebrionidae ; stereochemistry ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pheromone production and/or release by beetles is coordinated with a variety of behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors. To data, two basic mechanisms for the regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in beetles have been proposed. Pheromone biosynthesis may simply be dependent on the availability of biosynthetic precursors. Alternatively, certain stimuli or events may trigger pheromone biosynthesis via juvenile hormone (JH) action. JH may either act directly at the site of pheromone biosynthesis to enhance pheromone production or may act indirectly, through a brain hormone (which might be related to the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide) or through effects on antennal sensory response. Knowledge of the regulation of the initiation and termination of pheromone biosynthesis is reviewed. Mechanisms by which pheromone stereochemistry is controlled are also discussed. This is an important aspect of pheromone production in Coleoptera, since slight changes in the stereochemistry can completely alter the activity of the molecule. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Stimulation of vitellogenin production by methoprene in prepupae and pupae of manduca sexta (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cDNA ; ecdysone ; fat body ; hemolymph ; juvenile hormone ; juvenile hormone analog ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Denaturing electrophoresis of hemolymph from prepupae of M. sexta showed trace amounts of polypeptides with mobilities corresponding to those of vitellogenin (Vg) apoproteins from adult females. Absence of the polypeptides in allatectomized insects suggested regulation by juvenile hormone (JH). Daily administration of 10 μg of the JH analog methoprene from day 4 of the fifth stage to day 0 of the pupal stage caused accumulation of these polypeptides. They were identified as apovitellogenins (apoVgs) immunochemically with Vg antiserum. Stimulation of Vg in response to methoprene varied with age. In all cases, day 0 female pupae were highly responsive. Vg synthesis was not stimulated when pupae were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in addition to methoprene. Methoprene-stimulated Vg synthesis was also abolished by inhibitors of mRNA or protein synthesis (α-amanitin, actinomycin, cycloheximide). This result indicated that methoprene-stimulated Vg accumulation requires gene expression. A Vg cDNA (2.1 kb) obtained by immunoscreening of the λgt 11 library, when used as a radiolabelled probe, hybridized with a 5.1 kb mRNA from total RNA of female fat body. It also hybridized with fat body RNA of normal prepupae and methoprene treated day 0 pupae but not with that of early fifth instars or solvent control pupae. The results indicate that the trace amounts of Vg found in prepupal stages are due to a weak expression of the Vg gene, which is stimulated by JH and repressed by 20-HE. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 85-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940250107
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    Purification and characterization of a flavin-binding storage protein from the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 55-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: riboflavin ; serum protein ; protein structure ; waxmoth ; development ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 85K storage protein that accumulates in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella during the final larval instar was isolated and purified from newly molted pupae. The separation of fresh hemolymph proteins from larvae or pupae by different chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures indicated the native protein had a Mr of 170,000 and consisted of two identical 85K subunits. Crosslinking experiments using fresh hemolymph followed by Western blotting also indicated a dimeric structure for the native protein. Analyses of the dimer purified from pupal hemolymph indicated that 85K was a glycoprotein, containing approximately 6.5% neutral sugar and about 1.9% amino sugar. Like other insect flavin-binding proteins, 85K has a relatively high histidine content but an uncharacteristically high arginine content. The purified 85K dimer did not bind riboflavin, suggesting that the integrity of the molecule had been altered during purification. However, 85K purified in low yield by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, did bind riboflavin, indicating that under certain, undefined conditions the functional integrity of the protein could be retained during purification. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Toxicokinetics of [3H]-dihydroazadirachtin in the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: azadirachtin ; tissue distribution ; elimination ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The excretion, retention, and tissue distribution of [3H]-dihydroazadirachtin was investigated in the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Noctuidae). The candidate compound was rapidly cleared from the hemolymph following either oral exposure or topical administration, with maximum concentrations at 6 h post-treatment and peak appearance of label in the frass at 12 h. However, approximately 45 and 55% of the labelled material was retained in the body at 72 h in respective treatments. Major depots for retained radioactivity were the gut (24% of the administered oral dose, 18.8% of the administered topical dose) and integument (12.2% of the oral dose and 30.7% of the topical dose). The variation in tissue distribution of dihydroazadirachtin with respect to the mode of application is discussed. A single polar metabolite fraction was obtained from the frass of dihydroazadirachtin-fed larvae. The physiological and behavioral effects of 22,23-dihydroazadirachtin and azadirachtin are quantitatively similar. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Controlled ecdysteroid accumulation in eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, by an imidazole compound (KK-42), and embryogenesis in these eggs (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: follicles ; oogenesis ; fertilization ; hatching ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An imidazole compound (KK-42), a potent inhibitor of ecdysone synthesis, was applied to the female pharate adult of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, to control ecdysteroid accumulation in developing ovaries and mature eggs. KK-42 applied on day 2 or later completely suppressed an increase in ecdysteroid content in developing ovaries. The inhibitory action of KK-42 was restricted to vitellogenic follicles, i.e., those in which active ecdysteroid synthesis is occurring. Ecdysteroid content in the mature eggs of moths remained at the level accumulated in ovaries before KK-42 application. Thus, KK-42 was shown to be a novel agent to suppress the ecdysteroid accumulation in eggs. Eggs containing different amounts of ecdysteroids showed different levels of embryonic development. About 80% of the eggs which contained less than 10 ng free ecdysteroids/g eggs were not fertilized. More than 80% of the eggs containing less than 40 ng/g eggs of free ecdysteroids initiated embryogenesis but failed to hatch. Larvae hatched from almost all eggs which accumulated free ecdysteroids of more than 150 ng/g. Thus, maternal ecdysteroids appear to be required at different titers for fertilization, embryogenesis, and hatching of the silkworm larvae. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Properties and significance of a riboflavin-binding hexamerin in the hemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 137-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: vitellogenin ; flavin fluorescence ; pupal-adult molt ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A riboflavin-binding hexamerin isolated from pupal hemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia has a native Mr of 510,000, subunit Mr of 85,000, and a 5% carbohydrate content. An intrachain cross-link was confirmed in protease limit digests. Ellman titration confirmed the presence of a sulfhydryl group, which is needed for this linkage. Though Cu2+ is known to promote the linkage, heavy metals were not detected in the isolate. Heat denaturation released ligand with the absorbency, fluorescence spectra, and chromatographic behavior of riboflavin. Binding resulted in substantial quenching of the fluorescence of both the isoalloxazine in riboflavin and of aromatic groups in the apoprotein. Kinetic analysis indicated a KD of 2.5 × 10-7 M for riboflavin, 1.3 × 10-7 M for lumiflavin, and greater than 1 × 10-6 M for FMN and FAD. Over four moles of flavin were bound per mole of hexamerin. The amount of riboflavin in pupal hemolymph is sufficient to occupy only 2-3 of these sites. Riboflavin is also associated with lipophorin and vitellogenin, but the molar ratios after protein isolation were low. On a standard laboratory diet, riboflavin is in great excess, but most of it is apparently excreted before the apoprotein first appears in the hemolymph, just before wandering. The concentration of riboflavin-binding hexamerin rises to 15-30 mg/ml in pupae; relative to other hexamerins, very little is stored in the fat body. All of the apoprotein and 75% of riboflavin disappear from the hemolymph during adult development. An amount of flavin at least equal to that stored in pupal hemolymph is transferred to the eggs formed during this period. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Hydrocarbon biosynthesis in Triatoma infestans eggs (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: fatty acid elongation ; methyl-branched lipids ; insect egg ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Triatoma infestans eggs are shown to synthesize hydrocarbons. Radio-gas chromatography was used to demonstrate metabolism of [1-14C]propionate into precursor methyl-branched fatty acids and into methyl-branched hydrocarbons in T. infestans eggs. These reactions have not been demonstrated previously in insect eggs. An in vivo study showed that hydrocarbons are also transported to eggs by the hemolymph. Inhibition of hydrocarbon synthesis by sodium trichloroacetate (NaTCA) was correlated with reduced oviposition, reduced hatchability, and reduced insect survival. Scanning electron microscopy showed impoverishment of the eggs' epicuticular waxes following NaTCA treatment. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental changes and acetylcholinesterase activity in the metamorphosing brain of Tenebrio molitor: Correlation to ecdysteroid titers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 207-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; metamorphosis ; molecular forms ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The brain of Tenebrio molitor exhibited marked fluctuations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity throughout metamorphosis. This was true AChE activity, since it was inhibited by high substrate concentrations and by 10 μM of the specific AChE inhibitor BW284C51 [(1,5-bis'4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one dibromide] but not by iso-OMPA (tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide), a cholinesterase (but not AChE) inhibitor. The histochemical AChE activity was localized in the neuropile and the nuclear envelope of neurons and glial cells. The enzyme extracted from brains with 1% Triton X-100 and 1 M NaCl sedimented as a single peak in a sucrose density gradient, with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.4S. This single AChE sedimentation peak was mainly due to an amphiphilic dimeric form. AChE activity per brain increased in newly ecdysed pupa. AChE activity per milligram of protein exhibited a peak in the mid-pupa which could be correlated to the increase in ecdysteroid titers. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of a 24 kD parasitism-specific hemolymph protein from pharate pupae of the caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: sialoglycoproteins ; host-parasite relationship ; microheterogeneity ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A parasitism-specific protein was originally identified in the hemolymph of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa parasitized by the braconid wasp Diachasmimorpha (Biosteres) longicaudata using single-dimensional (1-D) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) PAGE. We now show that the protein is comprised of two closely migrating species both of which are glycoproteins of ≍ 24,000 Daltons (24 kD). The proteins were poorly resolved from whole hemolymph by 1-D SDS PAGE, but were well resolved by two-dimensional (2-D) PAGE and isoelectric focusing. They have pl's of ≍ 6.3 and 6.7 and contain Man residues, based on their affinity for concanavalin A (Con A). The presence of GlcNAc, NeuAc, and GalNAc residues in both proteins was implicated by their binding to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The proteins bound WGA more intensely following mannosidase treatment which eliminated their affinity to Con A and further implicated the presence of internal GlcNAc residues. However, binding of the proteins to WGA in the presence of competing GlcNAc (1 M) was reduced but not eliminated and suggested that in addition to GlcNAc, other WGA-binding sugar moieties, possibly NeuAc, a Sia, were present. To evaluate the presence of NeuAc, we treated the hemolymph with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase which specifically cleaves terminal Sia. Samples of the neuraminidase-digested proteins were evaluated by WGA binding and Western blotting with the use of an anti-24 kD rabbit polyclonal serum to determine whether desialation eliminated the proteins' affinity to WGA or their immunoreactivity. Our results show that partial digestion of the 24 kD proteins with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase resulted in two immunoreactive bands in Western blots of 1-D gels but only one of these, the upper undigested 24 kD band, bound WGA. This confirmed the presence of Sia residues in the proteins and demonstrated that desialation increased their relative electrophoretic mobilities. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Chitin synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda wing imaginal discs: I. Chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, and teflubenzuron inhibit incorporation but not uptake of [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 245-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: ecdysteroid ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; tissue culture ; benzoylphenyl urea ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of potent inhibitors of chitin synthesis on an organ culture test system as a basis for determining the mode of action of such compounds. Consequently, we investigated the action of chlorfluazuron (CFA), diflubenzuron (DFB), and teflubenzuron (TFB) on uptake and incorporation into chitin of [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine ([14C]GlcNAc) in wing imaginal discs cultured in vitro. Spodoptera frugiperda wing imaginal discs provided a highly responsive test system for studying the inhibition of ecdysteroid-dependent chitin synthesis in a target tissue in vitro.All three inhibitors blocked ecdysteroid-dependent [14C]GlcNAc incorporation into chitin by the wing imaginal discs. The effectiveness of the inhibitors was not affected by the time of their application, i.e., exposures before, during, or after 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment were equally effective in inhibiting chitin synthesis. Thus, exposure of freshly dissected discs to CFA for periods as short as 15 min inhibited approximately 90% of the chitin synthesis measured 72 h later. In contrast to previous in vivo studies all three inhibitors were similar in their effectiveness in vitro. However, while all three compounds inhibited [14C]GlcNAc incorporation in a similar dose-dependent manner, only DFB and TFB reduced but did not block uptake of GlcNAc. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    Regulation of pheromone production in virgin and mated females of two tortricid moths (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 271-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Planotortrix octo ; pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide ; PBAN ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sex pheromone titers in females of two tortricid moths, Epiphyas postvittana and Planotortrix octo, did not significantly vary between the scotophase and photophase. Pheromone production in these two species is controlled by a factor located in the head of the respective females, probably the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Unlike that reported for the related tortricid, Argyrotaenia velutinana, the bursa copulatrix in female E. postvittana and P. octo does not appear to contain a factor that stimulates pheromone production. After mating, female E. postvittana permanently shut down pheromone production. In contrast, pheromone titer in mated P. octo females is reduced to a level approximately half that of similar-age virgins. While the abdominal nervous system is involved in the inactivation of pheromone production in mated E. postvittana females and probably acts to stop release of PBAN from the corpora cardiaca, the abdominal nervous system is not involved in effecting the decreased pheromone titers of mated P. octo females. It is possible that in the latter species, a humoral factor(s) is responsible for effecting the decreased pheromone titers, possibly through affecting the release of PBAN from the corpora cardiaca. Bioassaying head extracts allowed changes in PBAN titer in female E. postvittana to be inferred. PBAN titers remain roughly constant in virgins but increase after mating. This suggests that PBAN is biosynthesized throughout the life of an adult virgin female at approximately the same rate as it is released. Furthermore, it appears that the decline in pheromone titer observed in older E. postvittana females is probably due to a decline in competency of the gland to produce pheromone rather than to a decrease in PBAN titer in older females. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Pheromonotropic and pheromonostatic activity in moths (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: insects ; PBAN ; pheromone ; mating ; ecdysteroid ; RIA ; neuropeptide ; juvenile ; hormone ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pheromone biosynthesis in many species of moths requires a pheromonotropic neurosecretion, the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), from the brain-subesophageal ganglion-corpora cardiaca complex. Some investigators suggest that PBAN is released into the hemolymph and acts directly on sex pheromone glands (SPG) via a Ca++/calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. Others suggest, however, that PBAN acts via octopamine that is released by nerves from the terminal abdominal ganglion innervating the SPG. These findings suggest that there are controversies on the mode of action of PBAN and other pheromonotropic factors, sometimes even within the same species.Mating in many insects results in temporary or permanent suppression of pheromone production and/or receptivity. Such a suppression may result from physical blockage of the gonopore or deposition of pheromonostatic factor(s) by the male during copulation that result in suppressed pheromone production and/or receptivity in females either directly or by a primer effect. In several species of insects, including moths, a pheromonostatic factor is transferred in the seminal fluid of males. Similar to the controversies associated with the pheromonotropic activity of PBAN, sometimes even within the same species, there appear to be controversies in pheromonostasis in heliothines as well.This paper reviews these conflicting findings and presents some data on pheromonostatic and pheromonotropic activity in Heliothis virescens that support and conflict with current information, raising further questions. Answers to some of the questions are partly available; however, they remain to be answered unequivocally. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Juvenile hormones: Their role in the regulation of the pheromonal communication system of the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: corpora allata ; pheromone biosynthesis ; calling behavior ; male responsiveness ; PBAN ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recently, much effort has been devoted to the elucidation of the neuro-endocrine mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis and emission of sex pheromones in the Lepidoptera. The available data indicate that the hormonal mechanisms involved vary considerably among species. For example, compelling evidence that juvenile hormones (JH) play a role in the control of sex pheromone production has been presented only for the armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta. In this species, females that are allatectomized at emergence neither produce nor release pheromone, but both activities are restored following replacement therapy with synthetic JH. However, injection of synthetic JH into neck-ligated females does not induce pheromone biosynthesis, whereas treatment with either a brain homogenate or synthetic PBAN results in a rise in the pheromone titer. These results indicate that the role played by JH is an indirect one and that the tropic factor is a PBAN-like substance.Studies on in vitro JH biosynthesis by isolated corpora allata of P. unipuncta have shown that the low JH output observed early in the life of adult females coincides with the absence of both calling behavior and pheromone production. The subsequent increase in the rates of JH biosynthesis correlates with the onset of pheromone production and release. We have therefore proposed that JH titers must pass a threshold level before the circadian release of PBAN and calling behavior can begin. Furthermore, recent experiments suggest that the continuous presence of JH is necessary for calling behavior to be maintained once initiated. Lastly, we present data suggesting a role for JH or JH acids in the receptivity of P. unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994) 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940260101
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    Cellular defense mechanisms in C. capitata: Recognition and entrapment of E. coli by hemocytes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cellular immunity ; phenoloxidase ; Diptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mechanism of recognition of foreignness and entrapment of invaders by the immune system of insects is unknown. In this report using hemocyte monolayer preparations and biochemical analysis we demonstrate the requirements for recognition of E. coli in vitro, their entrapment by hemocytes, and nodule formation. A model system consisting of an isolated hemocyte protein (47 KDa), isolated hemocyte tyrosinase, isolated hemocytes, tyrosine, and E. coli was used to obtain these results. The 47 kDa polypeptide has the ability to form adducts with tyrosine derivatives generated by the action of tyrosinase and to attach to the E. coli surface. The latter process takes place independently of tyrosinase activity. When the E. coli-47KDa protein complex was overlaid on hemocyte monolayers followed by tyrosine and tyrosinase or vice versa, the bacteria were entrapped by hemocytes. The same results were obtained when the monolayers were overlaid with 47 KDa protein, followed by E. coli-47 KDa protein complex and then tyrosine and tyrosinase. The same experimental procedure in test tubes resulted in nodule formation. These results permit us to propose that the most likely explanation for the entrapment of E. coli to hemocytes and the formation of nodules is the production of E. coli-47 KDa complexes, and their crosslinking through a quinone intermediate generated by the action of tyrosinase on hemocytes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Storage protein uptake in helicoverpa zea: Arylphorin and VHDL share a single receptor (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: receptor mediated endocytosis ; storage protein receptor ; arylphorin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The major lepidopteran storage protein arylphorin is selectively taken up into perivisceral fat body of prepupae by receptor mediated endocytosis. The arylphorin receptor was identified by ligand blotting and in vitro binding studies. Fat body membranes contain a glycosylated receptor protein with an apparent molecular weight of 80,000 that binds arylphorin with a KD of 9.02 × 10-8 M. Competitive binding experiments revealed that the arylphorin receptor is identical with the previously identified VHDL receptor. Apparently a single receptor mediates the uptake of structurally distinct storage proteins. This storage protein receptor is present only in perivisceral fat body and only during the period around pupation when both storage proteins are sequestered. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Peptide amidation in an invertebrate: Purification, characterization, and inhibition of peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase from the heads of honeybees (apis mellifera) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 27-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: neuropeptide formation ; inhibition of amidating enzyme ; glycyl peptide hydroxylation ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM), an enzyme involved in formation of neuropeptides with a C-terminal amide functionality in mammals and amphibians, was isolated from the head of an invertebrate, the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and purified 220-fold in 1% overall yield. The bee PHM has a molecular weight of 71,000, is membrane associated but can be solubilized with a detergent (n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), and cross-reacts with rabbit antibodies generated toward bacterially expressed rat PHM. In the presence of copper, oxygen, and ascorbic acid, the enzyme hydroxylates model tripeptides such as dansyl-L-Phe-L-Phe-Gly on the methylene carbon of the glycine residue with retention of configuration. Using this tripeptide as substrate, the Km is 1.7 μM and the Vmax is 2.3 nmol • μg-1 • h-1. Treatment of the insect PHM with D-Phe-L-Phe-D-vinylglycine, a substrate analogue and mechanism-based inactivator of PHM from pig pituitary, results in irreversible loss of activity. The diastereomeric analogue, D-Phe-L-Phe-L-vinylglycine, is only a competitive inhibitor (lC50 = 320 μM). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Biosynthesis of sorbic acid in aphids: An investigation into symbiont involvement and potential relationship with aphid pigments (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 49-67 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: 2,4-hexadienoic acid ; triglyceride ; mycetocyte ; UV ; antibiotic ; aphin ; acetogenin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Studies were undertaken to determine the role of symbionts and UV exposure in biosynthesis of the aphid-specific polyketides, sorbic acid and quinone pigments. Injection of adult potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), with the antibiotic rifampicin did not alter the level of sorbic or myristic acid in triglycerides of resultant progeny; pigmentation was also unaffected. However, antibiotic injection did produce marked physiological effects; progeny from injected aphids were smaller, slower to mature, and not fecund. Light microscopy confirmed that only 8% of rifampicin-treated aphids contained mycetocytes; thus, symbiont involvement in the production of this unusual UV-quenching short chain fatty acid is not supported. Following multigenerational exposure to long wavelength UV light, no substantial changes in sorbic acid content were detected in the potato aphid or the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Fonscolombe. Pigments from UV-exposed oleander aphids had a peak absorbance at 390 nm, 70 nm lower than unexposed aphids. This suggests a photo-protective role for the pigments of the sunlight-inhabiting A. nerii; by contrast, no changes were observed in pigments of M. euphorbiae which usually feeds in the shade. Injection of adult potato aphids with sodium [1-14C]-acetate rapidly labeled both sorbic acid and pigments, particularly among the latter a yellow pigment which co-chromatographed with the dominant C15 yellow pigment of the oleander aphid. These data support the hypothesis that aphid C30 pigments are built up by coupling of “monomeric type” C15 pigments. Although aphid and not symbiont enzymes appear to synthesize these acetogenins, a possible biosynthetic link between sorbic acid and aphid pigments requires further clarification. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effect of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis isolated glands (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 77-87 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; sex pheromone ; pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide ; hormonal control ; reduction ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The control of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone biosynthesis has been investigated with synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and different labeled tracers using an in vitro isolated gland system. Responsiveness of the glands to PBAN stimulation was impaired by careless tissue manipulation. The fact that PBAN is active in the isolated gland system suggests that this might be a target organ for this peptide in S. littoralis. As reported previously with Br-SOG extracts and intact females, label incorporation into the pheromone increased in glands treated with PBAN from all the precursors tested. However, the formation of labeled intermediates from d5E11-14:Acid also occurred in glands incubated in the absence of the peptide, but the amounts of d5Z9, E11-14:Acid were lower in PBAN treated glands than in controls. These results indicate that PBAN controls pheromone biosynthesis in S. littoralis by regulating the reduction of acyl moieties. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940260401
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    Cyclodiene resistance at the insect GABA receptor/chloride channel complex confers broad cross resistance to convulsants and experimental phenylpyrazole insecticides (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 69-79 
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    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: cyclodienes ; insecticide resistance ; convulsants ; chloride channel ; GABA receptor ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study investigated the pharmacological profile of cyclodiene resistance in Drosophila melanogaster and the mode of action of a phenylpyrazole insecticide, JKU 0422. Toxicological studies were performed with a sucrose bait assay containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The Maryland strain of D. melanogaster was resistant to dieldrin, lindane, picrotoxinin, TBPS, p-CN-TBOB, and JKU 0422. In contrast, this strain was susceptible to cypermethrin and the avermectins MK-243, abamectin, and abamectin 8,9-oxide. Neurophysiological studies showed that both TBPS and JKU 0422 reversed the inhibitory action of GABA in central nerve preparations from susceptible D. melanogaster. However, the response to these compounds was attenuated in nerve preparations from the resistant Maryland strain, which indicated that the resistance was expressed at the level of the nerve. Topical toxicity bioassays with JKU 0422 on susceptible (CSMA) and cyclodiene-resistant (LPP) strains of German cockroach revealed a resistance ratio of 553-fold for this compound. These studies demonstrate that cyclodiene resistance in D. melanogaster confers broad cross resistance toward compounds thought to block the GABA-gated chloride channel in a manner similar to the cyclodienes. Moreover, the cross resistance extends to JKU 0422, and resistance to this compound is also present in a strain of cyclodiene-resistant German cockroach. These toxicological results, along with the neurophysiological studies, confirm that JKU 0422 has a mode of action that is similar to the cyclodienes and TBPS. These findings suggest that the introduction and use of new chloride channel antagonists as insecticides should be managed carefully in order to prevent the rapid development of resistance in the field. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Octopamine enhances phagocytosis in cockroach hemocytes: Involvement of inositol trisphosphate (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: amine ; IP3 ; insect defense ; agonist ; antagonist ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Octopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were previously shown to affect phagocytosis in cockroach hemocytes through unidentified receptor-mediated events. In the present study, we examined the ability of 5-HT and octopamine to enhance inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production using hemocyte membranes of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Octopamine enhanced IP3 production with a maximal peak at 100 nM. Similarly, 5-HT enhanced IP3 production with a maximal effect at 10 nM. The effects of 5-HT and octopamine are not additive, suggesting that both are working through the same receptor. Phentolamine, a general octopamine antagonist, blocked the effects of octopamine and 5-HT, while a mammalian 5-HT2 antagonist that blocks 5-HT-sensitive receptors in insect peripheral tissue, ketanserin, did not. A pharmacological profile indicates that the receptor is similar to an octopamine1-type.Octopamine at 1 μM increased phagocytosis in cockroach hemocytes exposed to Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and this effect was mimicked by IP3 (10 μM). The octopamine-treated hemocytes were shown to increase IP3 production in the latter stage of phagocytosis.Adult cockroaches exposed to an LD50 dose of S. aureus in conjunction with either 0.1 mM octopamine or the octopamine1 agonist, clonidine, had higher survival rates compared to saline-treated cockroaches. Correspondingly, the octopamine1 antagonist, chlorpromazine, partially blocked the octopamine-mediated increase in cockroach survival. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Covalent modificaition of juvenile hormone binding proteins by photoaffinity labeling: An unexpected gel shift effect (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: methyl farnesoate ; methoprene analog ; JH II analog ; Manduca sexta ; hemolymph ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 32 kD juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) and two 80 kD proteins in larval Manduca sexta hemolymph were labeled with [3H]FDK, a photoaffinity analog of methyl farnesoate (MF). The labeling could be completely displaced by a 30-fold excess of either MF or JH II, demonstrating that [3H]FDK binds specifically to the JH binding sites of the 32 kD JHBP and the 80 kD proteins. In addition, a high molecular-mass protein was labeled with [3H]FDK; labeling could be displaced by excess MF but not by JH II, demonstrating the selectivity in binding MF. The 32 kD JHBP also appeared to weakly bind the potent juvenoid, methoprene, at the JH binding site.Covalent modification by [3H]FDK induced a change in the apparent size and the isoelectric point of the JHBP. These changes were not induced by substrate alone, nor by UV irradiation alone. The same effect was also observed during labeling with [3H]MDK, an analog of methoprene. These data provide an important caveat for anticipating artifactual changes of protein properties during chemical or photochemical affinity labeling experiments. The molecular dimensions of [3H]FDK more closely resemble those of JH II than those of [3H]EHDA, a photoactivatable analog of JH II. We suggest that covalent modification by a diazoketone photolabel involves a hydrophilic amino acid important in the recognition of the ester group of JH. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Occurrence of three different binding sites for Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins in the midgut brush border membrane of the potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 315-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; Phthorimaea operculella ; insecticidal crystal protein ; receptors ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The potato tuber moth is susceptible to at least three insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) from Bacillus thuringiensis: CrylA(b), CrylB, and CrylC. To design useful combinations of toxin genes either in transgenic plants or in new genetically modified B. thuringiensis strains, it is necessary to determine the binding characteristics of the different ICPs so as not to combine a pair sharing the same binding site. This has been accomplished using two different techniques: 125I-labeling of the ICPs with further measurement of the radioactivity bound to brush border membrane vesicles, and microscopic visualization of the bound ICPs by enzyme-linked reagents such as antibodies or streptavidin using biotinylated ICPs. Our results show that CrylA(b), CrylB, and CrylC bind to different sites in the brush border membrane of midgut epithelial cells. Also, the affinity of the binding sites for the ICPs and their concentration in brush border membrane vesicles has been determined in a laboratory strain and a storage collected population. No significant differences were found between these two strains. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Parasitoid-host interactions: Historical perspectives and current status (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 81-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The papers contained in this special issue of Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology are published in connection with the symposium entitled “Physiological and Molecular Interactions Between Parasitoids and Their Hosts” held at the XIX International Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China. Speakers in the program discussed advances in the field and provided insight into future directions of study. As a preface to this special issue, we summarize the history of this field as reflected through the continuing series of symposia held in association with the International Congresses.
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    Changes in protein patterns in sperm and vas deferens during the daily rhythm of sperm release in the gypsy moth (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: circadian rhythms ; secretion ; epithelium ; sperm bundles ; Lymantria dispar ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, the release of sperm bundles from the testis into the upper vas deferens (UVD) is precisely timed within each 24 h period by a circadian mechanism located in the reproductive system. In males kept under light:dark cycles of 16:8, release of sperm bundles is limited to the 3 h period that starts before lights off. Sperm released from the testis remains in the UVD for about 12 h and then moves into the seminal vesicles, so that the UVD stays empty until the next cycle of sperm release begins. The rhythm of release appears to play a role in the terminal stages of sperm maturation and is essential for the fertility of males. Sperm bundles undergo substantial morphological changes during the release from the testis and while they are retained in the UVD. In this study, using gel electrophoresis, we compared protein patterns in sperm and in the UVD during the daily cycle of sperm release and maturation. Several protein bands evident in the sperm bundles contained in the testis were missing from the sperm bundles that had passed from the testis into the UVD. Furthermore, a number of new proteins appeared in the sperm bundles as they remained in the UVD. Some of these proteins appeared to be secreted from the UVD epithelium into the UVD lumen before being incorporated into sperm bundles. Correlations between changes in protein patterns and ultrastructural changes in sperm during the cycle of sperm release and maturation are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Isolation and characterization of a hemocyte aggregation inhibitor from hemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: hemolymph proteins ; tobacco hornworm ; hemolin ; HAIP ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A protein that inhibits hemocyte aggregation has been isolated from hemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae and named hemocyte aggregation inhibitor protein (HAIP). HAIP has a Mr = 50,000, pI = 8.5, and contains 7% carbohydrate. It is present at 230 ± 20 μg/ml in hemolymph of day 3 fifth instar larvae. Antibodies to HAIP do not cross-react with M. sexta hemolin, which is similar in size and charge and also inhibits hemocyte aggregation. HAIP and hemolin have some similarity in amino acid composition and NH2-terminal sequence, but are different in overall secondary structure, as determined by CD spectroscopy. The concentration of HAIP in hemolymph is not affected by injection of larvae with bacteria. A protein of approximately 50,000 daltons that reacts with antibody to M. sexta HAIP is present in hemolymph of Bombyx mori, Heliothis zea, and Galleria mellonella. Although the function of HAIP in vivo is not yet clear, it may have a role in modulating adhesion of hemocytes during defensive responses. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Molecular cloning of a Drosophila melanogaster gene coding for an homologue of human carboxypeptidase E (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: Carboxypeptidase B ; Carboxypeptidase E ; Carboxypeptidase M ; carboxypeptidase N ; proteolytic processing ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: PCR primers derived from two functional domains of vertebrate carboxypeptidase E (CPE) were used to generate a probe for screening a size-selected Drosophila melanogaster genomic library. A sequence representing about 50% of the expected complete sequence was obtained by translation of the two open reading frames present on a 1.6 kb DNA genomic fragment. This partial sequence, homologous to human CPE, CPM, and CPN, contained the conserved arginine and zinc binding domains. Similarities to the human enzymes were found with stretches that were equally divergent from the three vertebrate carboxypeptidases. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of a 6.9 kb transcript for this gene in Drosophila embryos. I postulate that insects possess a single protein fulfilling CPE, CPM, and CPN functions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    “Reduced appendage”: A mutation affecting development of pupal and adult appendages of the moth, Plodia interpunctella (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 179-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: imaginal discs ; morphogenesis ; metamorphosis ; disc evagination ; Indianmeal moth ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A mutant that results in the reduced length of pupal and adult appendages was isolated from a laboratory colony of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). “Reduced appendage” (rda) was determined to be an autosomal recessive mutation that affects the development of pupal and adult appendages during the larval/pupal molt. The rda mutation had no observed effect on the larval phenotype. After pupation, the appendages of rda were reduced in size as compared with wild-type. In addition, unsclerotized cuticle underlying the pupal appendages was exposed and the establishment of the boundary between the unsclerotized and sclerotized pupal abdominal cuticle appeared normal even though the imaginal discs of rda did not evaginate normally. This demonstrates that rda affects only imaginal discs and that the morphogenesis of structures that were not derived from the imaginal discs were not dependent on interactions with evagination of imaginal discs. Although the rda phenotype resulted in shorter antennae, mouth parts, legs, and wings in pupae and adults, the mutation did not affect the number of cells comprising the imaginal discs or the pupal appendages. Cell counts showed that forewing imaginal discs and pupal forewings from the rda mutants contained the same number of cells as did the imaginal discs and wings from the wild-type strain. Thus, rda appears to affect processes related to disc evagination and not cell proliferation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940270304
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    Aminopeptidase a from Rhynchosciara americana (Diptera) larval midguts: Properties and midgut distribution (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 27 (1994), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: aminopeptidase A ; aminopeptidase N ; terminal digestion ; aminopeptidase properties ; soluble aminopeptidases ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: L-aspartic acid α-(β-naphthylamide) (AspβNA) hydrolase activity is restricted mostly to the midgut caeca of Rhynchosciara americana larvae. The membrane-bound activity is solubilized in detergent and, after electrophoretic separation, proved to be identical to leucine p-nitroanilide (LpNA) hydrolases previously described. Differential centrifugation of midgut caeca homogenates, followed by assays of enzyme markers and aminopeptidase, suggests that the soluble AspβNA hydrolase is associated with the cell glycocalyx. Soluble aminopeptidases from R. americana midgut caeca are resolved into three fractions by gel electrophoresis. The slow migrating fraction hydrolyzes AspβNA well and displays a low activity on LpNA and proline β-naphthylamide (ProβNA). Thus, this enzyme is an aminopeptidase A (EC 3.4.11.7). It has a pH optimum of 7.5, Mr 117,000 (gel filtration), and is competitively inhibited by aspartate hydroxamate (Ki 0.1 mM). Nevertheless, this enzyme, in contrast to the vertebrate enzyme, is not activated by calcium ions. The aminopeptidase A seems to have a charge variant that displays an intermediate migration and is not resolved from an aminopeptidase N (enzyme very active on LpNA). These two activities are not resolved by either gel filtration or ion-exchange chromatography. The aminopeptidases N with intermediate and high migration, previously reported to be charge variants, were shown in this paper to differ in substrate specificities and in the strength with which they associate to the cell glycocalyx. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940270406
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    Development and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to venom of the parasitoid microplitis demolitor (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 26 (1994), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: polydnavirus ; hemolymph ; soybean looper ; braconid ; parasite ; wasp ; Lepidoptera ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The venom of Microplitis demolitor consists of a mixture of proteins. On native PAGE gels three major proteins designated a, b, and g were detected, while on SDS-PAGE gels two major proteins of Mr 64.5 and 30.8 kD and several minor proteins were detected. No proteins smaller than Mr 30.8 kD were present. Murine monoclonal antibodies were generated against different venom components. Analysis by Western blot of venom proteins separated on native and SDS-PAGE gels confirmed that antibodies from seven hybridoma lines recognized venom components. Two of the seven hybridoma lines reacted specifically with protein g on native PAGE gels and the Mr 30.8 k protein on SDS-PAGE gels, while four other lines cross-reacted with these and other venom proteins. The final hybridoma line reacted with protein a when venom was separated on native PAGE gels and an array of proteins when venom was separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Using an enzyme-immunoassay and specific monoclonal antibodies, M. demolitor females were estimated to inject 0.02 - 0.05 venom gland reservoir equivalents into its host, Pseudoplusia includens, at oviposition. Venom proteins persisted in host hemolymph for 6 - 12 h before dropping to undetectable levels. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940260206
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