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  • phosphorus  (264)
  • photosynthesis  (263)
  • Springer  (525)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1990-1994  (416)
  • 1980-1984  (109)
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  • Springer  (525)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of folding and feeding by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis on photosynthesis and transpiration of rice leaves (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 101-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cnaphalocrosis medinalis ; rice leaffolder ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nickel on certain physiological and biochemical behaviors of an acid tolerantChlorella vulgaris (1994)
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Chorella vulgaris ; acid tolerance ; ATPase ; nickel toxicity ; nutrient uptake ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study concerns the inhibitory effects of acid pH and nickel on growth, nutrient (NO3 - and NH4 +) uptake, carbon fixation, O2 evolution, electron transport chain and enzyme (nitrate reductase and ATPase) activities of acid tolerant and wild-type strains of Chlorella vulgaris. Though a general reduction in all these variables was noticed with decreasing pH, the tolerant strain was found to be metabolically more active than the wild-type. A reduced cation (NH4 +, Na+, K+ and Ca2+) uptake, coupled with a facilitated influx of anions (NH4 +, PO4 3- and HCO3 -), suggested the development of a positive membrane potential in acid tolerant Chlorella. Nevertheless, a tremendous increase in ATPase activity at decreasing pH revealed the involvement of superactive ATPase in exporting H+ ions and keeping the internal pH neutral. A difference in Na+ and K+ efflux of the two strains at decreasing pH suggests there is a difference in membrane permeability. The low toxicity of Ni in the acid tolerant strain may be due to the low Ni uptake brought about by a change in membrane potential as well as in permeability. Hence, the development of superactive ATPase and a change in both membrane potential and permeability not only offers protection against acidity, but also co-tolerance to metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140491
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877062
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The short term response to eutrophication abatement (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 199-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; ecosystem ; chlorophyll-a ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compare results of a new model for predicting the short term inter annual changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in lakes after reductions in total phosphorus (TP) to predictions made by least squares regression models. In the new method, slopes of chl-a/TP graphs (both axes in mg · m−3) are depicted in frequency diagrams and used to extract information on the expected, short term chl-a/TP response. The short term response for nine shallow (〈 10 m deep) and nutrient rich lakes to changes in TP was found to be: Chl-a = 0.49 · TP + 17.3, and for nine deep, P-limited lakes: Chl-a = 0.08 · TP + 3.5. If the TP-reduction is known to be greater than 10 mg · m−3, the expected slope increases to 0.58 for shallow lakes and to 0.26 for deep lakes. The slope, 0.58, is 8% lower than the slope for the long term response calculated by regression for the shallow lakes. For deep lakes the slope, 0.26, is 2 to 3 times higher than that calculated by regression, indicating that reductions in TP for deep lakes give greater effects than least squares regression equations suggest. We have also calculated the reduction in TP which will give about 80% probability that a reduction in chl-a will be observed next year. For shallow, P-limited lakes this reduction is about 30 mg · m−3 (5% of average initial in-lake TP concentration), and for deep lakes about 14 mg · m−3 (35% of average initial in-lake TP concentration).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877280
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical mixing in Überlinger See, western part of Lake Constance (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Vertical mixing ; stratification ; phosphorus ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depth variable vertical eddy diffusion coefficients for heat (K z) were calculated from continuously measured temperature profiles in Überlinger See (western part of Lake Constance). The temperatures were averaged over vertical intervals of 10 m yielding 14 discrete values (maximum depth of Überlinger See: 147 m). A linear fit from 10 June to 29 September 1987 was used to smooth the significant temperature fluctuations caused by internal seiches of Lake Constance. Assuming horizontal homogeneity for the smoothed data the Gradient-Flux-Method was applied to compute vertical diffusion coefficientsK z at different depths using the depth variable volumes and surfaces of the 14 layers. The resulting mean diffusion coefficients for the period from June to September are 0.04 cm2/s near the thermocline and up to 0.8 cm2/s in deeper strata (accuracy: ± 50%). It is shown that horizontal mixing between Überlinger See and Obersee (main lake) alters the computation ofK z by less than 50%. A relationship betweenK z and stability (Brunt-Väisälä) frequencyN is found which corresponds well to the theory of internal wave induced turbulence. Combining the diffusion coefficients with measured phosphorus profiles, a phosphorus flux from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of (0.7 ± 0.4) mg P m−2 d−1 was calculated, corresponding to about 20% of the average external loading per area of Lake Constance in 1986.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877283
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The control of the production process of phytoplankton by the physical structure of the aquatic environment with special reference to its optical properties (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 136-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; primary production ; photosynthesis ; optics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This tutorial was designed for nonbiologists requiring an introduction to the nature and general timescales of phytoplankton responses to physical forcing in aquatic environments. As such, an effort was made to highlight biological markers which might assist in identifying, measuring and/or validating physical processes controlling the variability in the distribution, abundance, composition and activity of phytoplankton communities. Given the recent advances in environmental optics and remote sensing capabilities, a special emphasis was placed on the nature and utility of phytoplankton optical properties in current bio-optical modelling efforts to predict temporal and spatial variability in phytoplankton productivity and growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877058
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of total dissolved phosphorus in small volumes of iron rich interstitial water (1992)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sediment ; interstitial water ; phosphorus ; iron ; persulfate digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that sorption of orthophosphate to iron compounds, formed during persulfate digestion, can cause a significant underestimation of total dissolved phosphorus in interstitial waters rich in iron and poor in phosphorus. Labelling the samples with carrier free32PO4 before digestion allows to correct for these losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877261
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061321
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in high-purity aluminium (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 101 (1990), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium analysis ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; chlorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multi-step procedures for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are described and tested against established methods and on reference materials. Phosphorus is separated as hydrogen phosphide, extracted as phosphomolybdic acid, reduced to molydenum blue and measured photometrically (detection limit 0.05 μg/g). Sulfur is separated after reduction as hydrogen sulfide or by means of pyrohydrolysis and measured by ICP-OES (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). Chloride can be measured by ion chromatography after pyrohydrolytic separation (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). The determination of sulfur was also successfully tested on copper and steel samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244179
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by plasma spectrometry (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphonate base scale inhibitor ; brine ; direct current plasma ; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The first method is based on a direct nebulization of the brine samples and plasma using the phosphorus line at 213.618 nm. The second method involves extraction of phosphorus as phospho-antimonyl molybdate complex into methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase and analysis of the extract for molybdenum using the Mo 313.260 nm line. Comparison between the proposed methods and an established recommended method [1] shows excellent agreement between the results in addition to the sensitivity and ease of automation provided by AES.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242475
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00678089
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Fertilizer regime and changes in the phosphate and potash status of a silty marine clay soil during 25 years (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil fertility ; phosphorus ; potassium ; green manure ; crop rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the soil phosphorus and potassium status on three farming systems in the Northeast Polder during 25 years are related to the fertilizer regime over this period. The changes in the nutrient status of the soil are reflected in fertilizer policy. High rates of phosphate dressings markedly increased the phosphate status of the soil and built up a reserve of phosphate. In contrast, the potassium status decreased by about half, because only potatoes in the rotation were dressed with potassium. Methods of fertilization are discussed and suggestions are made with regard to possible improvements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073181
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  • 14
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    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747583
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  • 15
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    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750669
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  • 16
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    Results and experiences from fertilization experiments in The Netherlands (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Liming ; phosphorus ; heathland ; copper ; fertilization ; forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest fertilization in the Netherlands has played an important role in the phase of afforestation of former heathlands. Research started in the early fifties, but results were not applied in practical forestry. A review is presented on forest fertilization in practice, and on the main results of the activities of De Dorschkamp on NPK fertilization, liming and micronutrients application. Attention is paid to problems which have developed during the past ten years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048613
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  • 17
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    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048764
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  • 18
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    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748551
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    Agriculture and energy with special reference to mineral fertilization (1980)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 137-155 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: energy consumption ; energy production ; photosynthesis ; mineral fertilization ; biomass and live energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 1. The world consumption of energy is roughly 250 EJ. It increases with the level of technology and gross national product of a country. More than 83% of world energy consumption is used by the industrialized countries with one third of the world population; not quite 17% is used by the developing countries with two thirds of the world population. The world's resources of fossil fuels are estimated at 364,560 EJ; about 5–13% of this, and 31% in the case of natural gas, are considered reserves that are economically recoverable and utilizable with current technologies. 2. Agriculture's share of the economy's energy consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany is about 3.4%. It was five times higher per hectare of agricultural land in 1975 than in 1880, but the productivity of the energy was only half as high because of the enormous increase in productivity per unit of labor and area. In absolute terms, however, energy production per unit area increased tremendously, with gross agricultural production two and a half times its earlier size. 3. As a producer of plant material, agriculture qualifies as an energy producer, while as a producer of livestock it also is an energy consumer. In fact, through plant production agriculture becomes the only branch of our economic system that produces more energy than it consumes as fossil energy. Agriculture uses about 40% of its energy requirement for fuel, about 20% for machinery repair and replacement, 30% for mineral fertilizers, about 10% for electricity, and 1–2% for chemical crop protection. Forestry can be evaluated as particularly favorable from the energy viewpoint, while hothouse crops are very unfavorable. Agricultural chemicals support the energy output of green plants; agriculture as a whole is on balance energetically. 4. Solar energy and photosynthesis are the primary sources of energy to our plant. About 3 million EJ solar energy are radiated to the earth annually; 3000 EJ are fixed photosynthetically (2 ⋅ 1011 tons vegetable matter); the food requirement of 4 billion people is 15EJ. Another item of interest on the periphery of the energy balance is the enrichment of our atmosphere with oxygen, which has been accomplished for millions of years solely by the photosynthesis of green plants. 5. Through their additional yield effect, mineral fertilizers increase the energy output of plants more strongly than just the equivalent of the energy input. They cause the plant to produce more foliage and thereby promote more intensive assimilation, which means that mineral fertilizers enable the plant to utilize free solar energy better. A calculation of the energy involved in long-term field trials in cereals disclosed energy input: energy output ratios of 1:5.8 and 1:6.1. 6. Chemical crop protection has a similar effect since it protects against loss of plantproduced energy. Based on an average energy expenditure of 263 MJ ha−1 per kg ha−1 ‘typical’ active ingredient for a crop protection product, additional yields of only 4–4.5% — or considerably less in the case of high-energy crops such as cereals or sugar beets — would be sufficient to cover the energy expenditure; as a rule, however, the productivity of the chemical crop protectants is higher. The biological potential of our crops to utilize solar energy also has been improved considerably compared to earlier times — with cereals, for example, from 0.25% per unit area during the Middle Ages to 1.5% today; theoretically 4% is possible. The thesis that agrochemical aids in agriculture and horticulture are a waste of energy is unjustified. 7. Biomass also creates energy. Experts estimate the utilizable annual production of biomass in the Federal Republic of Germany to be 30 million tons mineral coal units (1 coal unit = 29.3 MJ), whereby undersized and refuse wood, straw and biogas are of special significance. Especially “fuel forests' of, for example, willows, poplars and alders could produce the equivalent of 486,000 MJ by way of 30 tha−1 biomass, contributing sizably to the fuel supply of the nation; at the moment, the conventional form of forestry produces only 30,240 MJ. It is considered feasible in Sweden to supply the entire energy requirement of the country from 93,000 km2 of ‘fuel forest’, and it must be remembered that mineral fertilization could be used to increase the productivity of land used for this purpose relatively quickly if the need were to become acute. The extraction of alcohol from crops offers other interesting aspects; the currently highest yield fuel crops (sugar beet, sugarcane and cassava) produce between 4,900 and 10,700 l ha−1 alcohol. 8. The energy problem of modern economies will not find its complete answer in the green plant. Prudent and well contemplated use of the green plant, however, may eventually do much to take the edge off today's energy dilemma.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
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    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on unshaded Amazon cocoa in Nigeria (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cocoa ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil analysis ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract No extensive investigation on the effect of fertilizers on Amazon cocoa variety (Theobroma cacao L.) has been performed in Nigeria. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments involving nitrogen and phosphorus, replicated six times at four locations across southern Nigeria, were established in 1973. The four N levels (N0, N1, N2, N3) involved were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1 y−1, and the two P levels (P0, P1) were 0 and 67 kg ha−1 y−1. Results of the first 5 years of fertilizer application are reported. Response to P was observed at all locations, and the response was statistically significant at 2 of the locations. There was no response to the application of nitrogen. The data suggest, however, that there is only a response to phosphorus when nitrogen is applied.
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    The interpretation of Olsen extractable P values in relation to recommendations for the fertilizer requirements of crops (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Soil testing ; phosphorus ; relative yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment, with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as the test crop, was conducted on twenty-one soils ranging in Olsen's extractable phosphorus from 1.8 to 15.5µg Pg−1 soil. The experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The soils were nonsaline with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. A critical level of 2.55µg Pg−1 soil was predicted by Cate and Nelson's (1971) statistical procedure. Because of a wide range in relative yields, this value did not accurately predict response to applied P. An approach to compute minimum response to applied fertilizer, which is likely to be obtained at a particular Olsen P level, has been presented. It involves calculation of lower 60 percent confidence limits for relative yield and fitting loge-linear regression to the transformed data. The regression was tested on a published data set and was found to hold well.
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    Two post thinning fertilizer trials inPinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia (1992)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 259-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; timber increment ; fertilization ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two trials inPinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha−1 over 7 years on one site and 36 m3 ha−1 on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximise economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
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    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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    Nitrogen fertilizer use in rainfed agriculture (1984)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 371-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; dry areas ; apparent recovery fraction ; fertilizer management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic efficiency (AE) is defined as the increase in economic yield of a crop per unit fertilizer applied. Components of AE are physiological efficiency and apparent recovery fraction. The latter can be further separated into uptake efficiency and availability index. Ways to increase the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in rainfed agriculture through fertilizer management are discussed.
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
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    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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    Nutrient-chlorophyll trajectories across trophic gradients (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
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    Role of pigments on algal communities and photosynthesis (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Algal pigments ; algal communities ; photosynthesis ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A one-year study of phytoplankton, primary production and related physical and chemical factors was made in a Swiss basin of Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The chlorophylls and 12 carotenoids were analyzed with a TLC technique. The carotenoid monitoring was considered to be particularly interesting, because the role of these pigments in freshwater algae is still very poorly documented by field studies. The dependence of photosynthesis on several factors was statistically evaluated. Evidence was found of light-adaptation phenomena. The variations of photosynthetic activity and efficiency largely depended on the light regime in the few days before the field observations and on the cellular content of chlorophylls and single carotenoids, whose concentrations in their turn were closely linked with light, temperature, average cell size, and with the actual species assemblage.
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    Possibilities and limitations of lake restoration: Conclusions for Lake Lugano (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 381-390 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; phosphorus ; lake restoration ; internal restoration measures for lakes ; Swiss lakes ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In most lakes eutrophication is linked to an excessive input of phosphorus. Lake restoration by reduction of P-input (external measure) has led to a considerable drop of the P-concentration in all major Swiss lakes as well as in many other lakes. Internal restoration measures such as artificial mixing, drainage of hypolimnetic water, flushing, aeration, biomanipulation and others serve to improve and accelerate the response of a lake to external measures. For the case of Lago di Lugano, a simple two-box model is employed to demonstrate that a reduction of the P-input to about 25% of the present values is necessary to reach the “P-criterion” (P-concentration below 30 µg/l). Internal measures could possibly accelerate the extremely slow response of the northern basin.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
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    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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    Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation in the drainage basin of the Santillana Reservoir (Madrid) (1994)
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    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Precipitation collector ; Nutrients rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus due to precipitation constitutes the second most important route after superficial runoff. The sampling carried out during a two-year period by means of a precipitation collector allows us to determine the contribution of this route both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nitrogen is mainly supplied in an inorganic form, while phosphorus is principally supplied as orthophosphate. During the period of this study (March 1986–February 1988) it was found that in the Santillana Reservoir Watershed the level of nitrogen supplied by precipitation constitutes an average of 4.87% and the level of phosphorus constitutes 8.01%. The contribution of nitrogen varies in inverse ratio to precipitation and the contribution of phosphorus varies in direct ratio.
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    Responses of C4 grasses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 65 (1984), S. 30-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Stomatal conductance ; photosynthesis ; C4 grasses ; CO2xlight interaction ; light saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The growth and photosynethetic responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment of 4 species of C4 grasses grown at two levels of irradiance were studied. We sought to determine whether CO2 enrichment would yield proportionally greater growth enhancement in the C4 grasses when they were grown at low irradiance than when grown at high irradiance. The species studied were Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, and Setaria faberi. Plants were grown in controlled environment chambers at 350, 675 and 1,000 μl 1-1 CO2 and 1,000 or 150 μmol m-2 s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). An increase in CO2 concentration and PPFD significantly affected net photosynthesis and total biomass production of all plants. Plants grown at low PPFD had significantly lower rates of photosynthesis, produced less biomass, and had reduced responses to increases in CO2. Plants grown in CO2-enriched atmosphere had lower photosynthetic capacity relative to the low CO2 grown plants when exposed to lower CO2 concentration at the time of measurement, but had greater rate of photosynthesis when exposed to increasing PPFD. The light level under which the plants were growing did not influence the CO2 compensation point for photosynthesis.
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    High SO2 resistance ofClethra barbinervis established in a smoke-polluted area of Ashio, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (1992)
    Springer
    Ecological research 7 (1992), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Clethra barbinervis ; interspecific difference ; intraspecific variation ; photosynthesis ; SO2 resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of SO2 on the photosynthesis ofClethra barbinervis collected from a smoke-polluted area near the Ashio copper smelter in Tochigi Prefecture was compared withC. barbinervis collected from a nonpolluted district in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture andQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata grown in a nonpolluted field in Nagano Prefecture. The plants were exposed to 0.5–1.5 p.p.m. SO2 for 90 min (short-term) and to 0.3 p.p.m. SO2 for 31–39 days (long-term). TheClethra plants from both sites had a lower intrinsic stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate thanQuercus plants. Short-and long-term fumigation caused stomatal closure inQuercus plants, but had little effect on the stomatal conductance ofClethra plants. Under short-term fumigation, nonstomatal photosynthetic inhibition per unit of absorbed SO2 was smallest inClethra plants from Ashio. Long-term fumigation caused photosynthetic decline and visible foliar injury toQuercus plants, but had no effect onClethra plants from Ashio. Consequently,Clethra plants from Ashio had a higher photosynthetic rate thanQuercus plants after long-term fumigation. These results suggest thatC. barbinervis populations in the smoke-polluted area of Ashio had evolved high SO2 resistance connected with SO2 detoxification ability in mesophyll cells.
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    Photosynthesis of bract and its contribution to seed maturity inCarpinus laxiflora (1993)
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 81-83 
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    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: bract ; Carpinus laxiflora ; mast year ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light saturated net photosynthesis was measured in bracts and leaves ofCarpinus laxiflora, the major species in secondary forests in cool and intermediate temperate zones in Japan. The maximum net photosynthesis of leaves and bracts was essentially constant from May to early August and decreased gradually thereafter. For bracts, it was 3.2 μmol m−2s−1, approximately half that for the leaves. The photosynthesis of bracts would thus appear to contribute significantly to seed maturity. The estimated production of bract based on the photosynthesis would make seeds (3 mg dry weight) mature for 37 days, assuming all photosynthate of the bracts to have been distributed in the seeds only. This was quite consistent with the growth curve for the seeds. A mast year phenomenon is discussed in relation to bract photosynthesis and leaf number.
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    Comparison of ecophysiological responses to heavy snow in two varieties ofAucuba japonica with different areas of distribution (1993)
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 111-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Aucuba japonica ; photosynthesis ; Sea of Japan ; shading ; snow cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aucuba japonica varieties are common evergreen understory shrubs in Japan.Aucuba japonica var.borealis is distributed on the Sea of Japan side of Honshu and Hokkaido where heavy snow cover lasts for more than 3 months in winter.Aucuba japonica var.japonica is distributed in areas with shallow or no snow on the Pacific Ocean side of Honshu and Shikoku. The ecophysiological characteristics of var.borealis were compared with those of var.japonica to examine the effects of heavy and long-term snow cover on the life cycle of var.borealis. Shoots of both varieties were shaded in crushed ice for 110 days, but their photosynthetic activities, chlorophyll contents and the chlorophylla/b ratio was not affected. The leaves of var.borealis were no less frost tolerant than those of var.japonica. In spite of the difference in environmental factors, both varieties had similar characteristics in seasonal changes of photosynthesis, respiration and chlorophylla/b ratio. These results suggest that var.japonica could survive in areas with heavy snow where it does not normally occur. Leaf net production (LNP) was estimated based on the microclimatic data and seasonal photosynthetic and respiration rates. The difference in the annual LNP between the two varieties was equivalent to the difference in the LNP during the snow season. One of the major effects of snow cover is to interrupt and reduce the production period of var.borealis.
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    Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on net P, K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2429-2439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; ferulic acid ; split root ; phosphorus ; potassium ; water ; net uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds should be related to the frequency of contact with roots. Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased. Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14 days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr before being placed into a split-root culture system. The containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots (milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration (milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake rates. No compensation for P and K uptake rates was observed.
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    Effects of juglone on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration (1993)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 559-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Juglone ; allelopathy ; allelochemical ; photosynthesis ; chioroplast ; mitochondria ; Lemna minor ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The impacts of juglone on plant growth and several other physiological functions were evaluated in this study. Juglone inhibitedLemna minor growth, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis at treatments between 10 and 40μM. Soybean leaf disks vacuum infiltrated with as little as 10μM juglone had reduced photosynthesis. Oxygen evolution by chloroplasts isolated fromPisum sativum was inhibited by juglone with an I50 of 2μM. Micromolar treatments of juglone stimulated oxygen uptake in mitochondria isolated fromGlycine max. These data suggest perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial functions may contribute to plant growth reductions observed in juglone-mediated allelopathy.
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    Sequence of the fourth and fifth Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and evidence for the presence of a full complement of the extended CAB gene family (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 725-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene duplication ; photosynthesis ; RFLP ; Southern blots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A second locus (Lhb1B) encoding Photosystem II Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) polypeptides was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. This locus carries two genes in an inverted orientation. The predicted sequences of the polypeptides encoded by these two genes show substantial divergence in their amino termini relative to each other and to the proteins encoded by the three Lhb1 CAB genes previously characterized [10], but little divergence within the predicted primary structure of the mature protein. DNA probes derived from seven additional types of tomato CAB genes, encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides of several antenna systems of the photosynthetic apparatus, were tested against A. thaliana. Each of these hybridized in Southern blots to unique DNA fragment(s), demonstrating the existence of each of these different types of CAB genes in the genome of A. thaliana. The number of genes encoding each CAB type in A. thaliana was estimated to be similar to that of tomato.
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    Modification of carbonic anhydrase activity by antisense and over-expression constructs in transgenic tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 377-385 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carbonic anhydrase ; antisense ; over-expression ; tobacco ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity and location of carbonic anhydrase has been modified by transformation of tobacco with antisense and over-expression constructs. Antisense expression resulted in the inhibition of up to 99% of carbonic anhydrase activity but had no significant impact on net CO2 assimilation. Stomatal conductance and susceptibility to water stress appeared to increase in response to the decline in carbonic anhydrase activity. An over-expression construct designed to increase cytosolic carbonic anhydrase abundance resulted in a significant increase in net activity, a small increase in stomatal conductance but little impact on CO2 assimilation. Chloroplastic carbonic anhydrase activity was enhanced by the expression of an additional construct which targeted the polypeptide to the organelle. The increase in chloroplastic carbonic anhydrase appeared to be accompanied by a concomitant increase in Rubisco activity.
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    Cloning and sequencing of the petBD operon from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 481-491 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; cytochrome b 6 ; gene regulation ; genome mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genes encoding the photosynthetic cytochrome b 6 (petB) and subunit 4 (petD) have been cloned and sequenced from the unicellular, photoheterotrophic, transformable cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, formerly designated Agmenellum quadruplicatum. The gene arrangement was found to be similar to that reported in the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7906. The DNA and derived protein sequences were compared to chloroplast and the other cyanobacterial sequences. By pulsed-field electrophoresis, the petBD operon and the petCA operon, encoding the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and cytochrome f, were found to be located on separate, unlinked,Not I-digested DNA fragments. ThepetBD operon was found on the third largest Not I fragment (NC-325) while the petCA operon was found on the second largest Not I fragment (NB-370). These results suggest the two operons are not in proximity. The 1.35 kb transcript was shown to be light-regulated. Transcripts from cells grown under constant illumination showed a decrease in petB transcript levels to undetectable levels within 2 h after the cells were placed in the dark. Upon reillumination, transcript levels rose to three-fold over that seen initially under constant illumination.
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    The osmochemistry of electron-transfer complexes (1991)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 11 (1991), S. 539-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: proton translocation ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; quinones ; bc complexes ; cytochrome oxidase ; NADH-quinone oxidoreductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed molecular mechanisms of electron transfer-driven translocation of ions and of the generation of electric fields across biological membranes are beginning to emerge. The ideas inherent in the early formulations of the chemiosmotic hypothesis have provided the framework for this understanding and have also been seminal in promoting many of the experimental approaches which have been successfully used. This article is an attempt to review present understanding of the structures and mechanisms of several osmoenzymes of central importance and to identify and define the underlying features which might be of general relevance to the study of chemiosmotic devices.
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    Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of psbB, the gene encoding CP47, employing a deletion mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1165-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll-binding proteins ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; site-directed mutagenesis ; Synechocystis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC (Pasteur Culture Collection) 6803 has been developed in which psbB, the gene coding for the chlorophyl a-binding protein CP47 in Photosystem II (PSII), has been deleted. This deletion mutant can be used for the reintroduction of modified psbB into the cyanobacterium. To study the role of a large hydrophilic region in CP47, presumably located on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane between the fifth and sixth membrane-spanning regions, specific deletions have been introduced in psbB coding for regions within this domain. One psbB mutation leads to deletion of Gly-351 to Thr-365 in CP47, another psbB mutation was targeted towards deletion of Arg-384 to Val-392 in this protein. The deletion from Gly-351 to Thr-365 results in a loss of PSII activity and of photoautotrophic growth of the mutant, but the deletion between Arg-384 and Val-392 retains PSII activity and the ability to grow photoautotrophically. The mutant strain with the deletion from Gly-351 to Thr-365 does not assemble a stable PSII reaction center complex in its thylakoid membranes, and exhibits diminished levels of CP47 and of the reaction center proteins D1 and D2. In contrast to the Arg-384 to Val-392 portion of this domain, the region between Gly-351 and Thr-365 appears essential for the normal structure and function of photosystem II.
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    Stable assembly of PsaE into cyanobacterial photosynthetic membranes is dependent on the presence of other accessory subunits of photosystem I (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 895-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyanobacterial mutant ; membrane assembly ; PsaE ; photosystem I ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied assembly of the PsaE subunit of photosystem I into photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacterial mutant strains that lack specific photosystem I subunits. Radiolabeled PsaE was incubated with photosynthetic membranes, and their binding and assembly were assayed by resistance to removal by chaotropic agents and proteolytic digestion. PsaE incorporated into the wild-type membranes was resistant to these treatments. In the absence of PsaD, it was resistant to proteolytic digestion, but was removed by NaBr. When the membranes were isolated from a mutant strain in which the psaF and psaJ genes have been inactivated, PsaE assembled in vitro could not be removed. PsaE could associate with the membranes of the strain DF in which the psaD, psaJ and psaF genes have been mutated. However, the radiolabeled PsaE associated with these membranes was removed both by the proteolytic as well as by the chaotropic agents. Characterization of PsaE present in vivo revealed similar results. These observations suggest that PsaD and PsaF/J may interact with PsaE and stabilize it in the photosystem I complex.
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    Over-production of the D1 protein of photosystem II reaction centre in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 709-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; photosynthesis ; protein turnover ; psbA ; tac promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 has three psbA genes encoding two different forms of the photosystem II reaction centre protein D1 (D1:1 and D1:2). The level of expression of these psbA genes and the synthesis of D1:1 and D1:2 are strongly regulated under varying light conditions. In order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying these processes, we have constructed a strain of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 capable of over-producing psbA mRNA and D1 protein. In this study, we describe the over-expression of D1:1 using a tac-hybrid promoter in front of the psbAI gene in combination with lacI Q repressor system. Over-production of D1:1 was induced by growing cells for 12 h at 50 μmol photons m-2 s-1 in the presence of 40 or 80 μg/ml IPTG. The amount of psbAI mRNA and that of D1:1 protein in cells grown with IPTG was three times and two times higher, respectively. A higher concentration of IPTG (i.e., 150 μg/ml) did not further increase the production of the psbAI message or D1:1. The over-production of D1:1 caused a decrease in the level of D1:2 synthesised, resulting in most PSII reaction centres containing D1:1. However, the over-production of D1:1 had no effect on the pigment composition (chlorophyll a or phycocyanin/number of cells) or the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis. This and the fact that the total amounts of D1 and D2 proteins were not affected by IPTG suggest that the number of PSII centres within the membranes remained unchanged. From these results, we conclude that expression of psbAI can be regulated by using the tac promoter and lacI Q system. However, the accumulation of D1:1 protein into the membrane is regulated by the number of PSII centres.
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    The atp1 and atp2 operons of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 641-652 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: F-ATPase ; cyanobacteria ; operon ; evolution ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two operons atp1 and atp2, encoding the subunits of the FOF1 ATP-synthase, have been cloned and sequenced from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The organization of the different genes in the operons have been found to resemble that of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The Synechocystis FOF1 ATP-synthase has nine subunits. A tenth open reading frame with unknown function was detected at the 5′ end of atp1, coding for a putative gene product similar to uncI in Escherichia coli. A promoter structure was inferred for the Synechocystis atp operons and compared to other known promoters of cyanobacteria. Even though the operon structure of atp1 and atp2 in Synechocystis resembles the corresponding operons of Synechococcus, the amino acid sequences of individual gene products show marked differences. Genetic distances between cyanobacterial genes and genes for ATP-synthase subunits from other species have been calculated and compiled into evolutionary trees.
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    Primary structure of the psbN-psbH-petC-petA gene cluster of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytochrome b 6-f complex ; photosystem II (Synechocystis PCC 6803) ; photosynthesis ; Rieske Fe-S sequence ; apocytochrome f sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes are differentially expressed during soybean development (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 217-230 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes ; Glycine ; LHCP II ; photosynthesis ; soybean ; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The levels of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (Cab) gene polysomal poly(A)+ mRNA were quantitated throughout the development of Glycine max L. Cab mRNAs were abundant in young expanding leaves, representing 6.1% of the leaf mRNA population. Lower Cab mRNA levels were present in embryos, stems, and cotyledons of developing seedlings; the lowest levels were found in roots where they accounted for 0.04% of the polysomal poly(A)+ mRNA of this organ. To determine the contribution of different members of the Cab gene family to the Cab mRNA populations, a quantitative S1 nuclease reconstruction assay was developed. Cab3, Cab4, and Cab5 mRNAs were detected in all stages examined during soybean development but their levels underwent differential changes. Cab3 encodes the most abundant Cab mRNA in young leaves, developing embryos, and in Stage VII cotyledons from the developing soybean seedling. The levels of Cab mRNAs were compared to the levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene mRNA and differences in their patterns of accumulation were noted. Collectively these data indicate that during soybean embryogenesis developmental control mechanisms supersede light-regulatory signals.
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    Sequence homology between the 32K dalton and the D2 chloroplast membrane polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardii (1984)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 3 (1984), S. 363-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; chloroplast genes ; thylakoid polypeptides ; Chalamydomonas reinhardii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The region of the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardii containing the gene of the thylakoid polypeptide D2 (psbD) has been sequenced. A unique open reading frame of 350 codons exists in this region. Because the first ATG is followed 11 codons downstream by a second one, the D2 polypeptide consists of either 339 or 350 amino acids. Comparison of the sequences of D2 and the 32K dalton polypeptides, both of which are associated with photosystem II, reveals partial homology. Although, the overall homology of these two polypeptides is only 27%, they contain several related regions and their hydropathic profiles are strikingly similar. These data suggest that the two polypeptides may have related functions and/or that their genes may have originated from a common ancestor. Alternatively, convergent evolution of these polypeptides may be due to structural constraints in the thylakoid membrane. Limited sequence homology is also observed between the D2 polypeptide and some of the subunits of the reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria.
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    Dimerization constant and single-channel conductance of Gramicidin in thylakoid membranes (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 126 (1992), S. 265-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; thylakoids ; electrochromism ; gramicidin ; conductance ; dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the pore-forming antibiotic gramicidin on pure lipid membranes is well characterized. We studied its action in protein-rich thylakoid membranes that contain less than 25% (wt/wt) acyl lipids. A transmembrane voltage was induced by flashing light, and its decay was measured and interpreted to yield the distribution of gramicidin over thylakoids, its dimerization constant and its single-channel conductance in this membrane. The distribution of gramicidin over the ensemble of thylakoids was immediately homogeneous when the antibiotic was added under stirring, while it became homogeneous only after 20 min in a stirred suspension that was initially heterogeneous. The dimerization constant, 5×1014 cm2/mol, was about 10 times larger than in pure lipid membranes. This was attributed to the upconcentration of gramicidin in the small fractional area of protein free lipid bilayer and further by a preference of gramicidin for stacked portions of the membrane. The latter bears important consequences with regard to bioenergetic studies with this ionophore. As gramicidin was largely dimerized from a concentration of 1 nm (in the suspension) on, the membrane's conductance then increased linearly as a function of added gramicidin. When the negative surface potential at the thylakoid membrane was screened, the conductance of a single gramicidin dimer agreed well with figures reported for bilayers from neutral lipid (about 0.5 pS at 10 mm NaCl). The modulation of the conductance by the surface potential in spinach versus pea thylakoids and between different preparations is discussed in detail.
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    Evidence against H+−HCO 3 − symport as the mechanism for HCO 3 − transport in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis (1984)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 79 (1984), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Anabaena ; bicarbonate transport ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; proton motive force
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The rate of inorganic carbon uptake and its steadystate accumulation ratio (intracellular/extracellular concentration) was determined in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis as a function of extracellular pH. The free energy of protons ( $$\Delta \overline \mu _{H^ - }$$ ) across the plasmalemma was calculated from determinations of membrane potential, and intracellular pH, as a function of the extracellular pH. While inward proton motive force decreased with increasing extracellular pH from 6.5 to 9.5, rate of HCO 3 − influx and its accumulation ration increased. The latter is several times larger than would be expected should HCO 3 − influx be driven by $$\Delta \overline \mu _{H^ + }$$ . It is concluded that HCO 3 − transport in cyanobacteria is not driven by the proton motive force.
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    Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). II. Relations between plant growth and measurements of fluorescence (1992)
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water-stress ; photosynthesis ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relations between measurements of the slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence and growth and yield were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Drought reduced total dry matter production and yields and increased tuber dry matter concentration. Drought increased harvest index in cv. Spunta, but decreased it in cv. Pentland Crown. Total dry matter production was correlated with each of constant fluorescence, variable fluorescence and the half life of the decay in variable fluorescence. These correlations were determined largely by the effect of treatment, and did not discriminate effectively between genotypes within a treatment.
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    Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). I. Plant water status and the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence (1992)
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water-stress ; photosynthesis ; leaf water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Constant and variable fluorescence (F o andF v respectively) declined with time in plants from both irrigated and droughted treatments, but the decline was greater in droughted than irrigated plants. However, the yield of variable fluorescence (F v/(F o+F v)) was unaffected by the drought treatment. The main effect of drought was upon the quenching of variable fluorescence. Both the half life of the decay of variable fluorescence (q1/2) and the secondary maximum (M) were significantly greater in the droughted plants than in those from the irrigated treatment. Significant differences between genotypes were found forF v/(F o+F v),M andq 1/2. Genotype-by-treatment interactions were non-significant for all the variables examined. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence transients were not closely related to changes in leaf water potential.
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    Dry matter content and mineral composition of potatoes grown in Cyprus (1980)
    Springer
    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; sodium ; nitrate ; sulphate ; micronutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The specific gravity and dry matter content of 193 tuber samples (cultivars: Arran Banner, Spunta, Up-to-Date, Cara) from crops grown at Kokkinochoria, the major potato growing area of Cyprus, were related to each other as follows: Dry matter (%)=−269.59+268.24×specific gravity. This regression accounted for 82.4% of the variation; the fiducial limits (P〈0.05) for single determinations of specific gravity were±1.54 percentage units. The mineral contents of the tubers were similar to those reported in other countries.
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    Rapid multiplication of potatoes in the warm tropics: rooting and establishment of cuttings (1990)
    Springer
    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: hormones ; media ; phosphorus ; rooting depth ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To expand potato production in developing countries using cuttings as a source of good quality planting material, requires simple low cost methods to root and establish them. Experiments at a warm tropical site in the Philippines, to determine appropriate methods, showed that simple media ranging from fine sand to clay subsoil mixed with rice hulls enabled rooting which was not improved by hormones. Nitrogen rich media, such as volcanic soil or compost with additional P, were best for developing cuttings into strong transplants but there were no major differences in root and shoot development from cuttings differing in size and age. Tuberizations was favored by increasing the number of nodes buried in the media. Low solar radiation of 7 MJ/m2/day enabled high cutting survival up to root initiation, after which higher radiation supported larger root and shoot production.
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    An EPR and molecular mechanics study of radical adducts of phosphonyl radicals with 2-hydroperfluoro-4-methyl-and 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene (1992)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 41 (1992), S. 2008-2011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: EPR ; radical ; fluorine ; conformation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract EPR spectra of radical adducts of phosphonyl radicals with 2-hydroperfluoro-4-methyl- and 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene have been studied. The molecular mechanics method has been used to determine the preferred conformation of the (CF3)2CF-CF-HCF3P(O)(OMe)2 radical. The eclipsed conformation of the C–P bond and 2p z -orbital of an unpaired electron is stabilized due to steric factor and hyperconjugation.
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    The role of suspended matter in the distribution of dissolved inorganic phosphate, iron and aluminium in the Ems estuary (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 383-395 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Ems estuary ; phosphorus ; iron ; fluorescence ; aluminium ; adsorption ; suspended matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In winter 1992/1993, a persistent local maximum in fluorescence, dissolved iron, dissolved aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate was found, upstream of the turbidity maximum in the freshwater zone of the Ems estuary (The Netherlands — Federal Republic Germany; western Europe). Upstream of this local maximum values ranged from 6 to 9 rel. units fluorescence, 0.9 to 2.4 μmol dm−3 iron, 0.5 to 0.7 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 0.6 to 2.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate. Within the maximum peak values of 24 rel. units fluorescence, 5.8 μmol dm−3 iron, 1.4 μmol dm−3 aluminium and 8.3 μmol dm−3 dissolved inorganic phosphate were observed. Downstream, fluorescence (indicator of dissolved organic carbon) showed conservative mixing with sea water, whereas dissolved iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate did not. Dissolved aluminium and iron were quickly removed from solution to reach values of ∼100 nmol dm−3 aluminium and ∼0.3 μmol·dm−3 Fe at salinities of approximately 7 PSU. Further seaward iron concentrations gradually decreased to levels below 0.04 μmol dm−3. Dissolved aluminium first decreased to ∼20 nmol dm−3 at 29 PSU and increased again to concentrations of 30–44 nmol dm−3 at higher salinities. Dissolved inorganic phosphate, however, first decreased to upstream concentrations before reaching a secondary peak in the mid-estuarine reaches. At salinities 〉25 PSU dissolved inorganic phosphate mixed conservatively with sea water. It is hypothesized that adsorption-desorption equilibria are responsible for the local maximum values of fluorescence (DOC), iron, aluminium and dissolved inorganic phosphate. The similarity between the observed curves suggests a common underlying process, possibly related to the adjustment of new equilibria between suspended matter of marine and riverine origin.
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    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae, Dunaliellales) in relation to β-carotene content (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: adaptation ; β-carotene ; Dunaliella salina ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics of Dunaliella salina with high (red form) and low β-carotene (green form) concentrations were studied. D. salina growing in brine saltworks exhibited a high level of β-carotene (15 pg cell−1). The rate of oxygen evolution as a function of irradiance was higher in the red than in the green form (on chlorophyll basis). Photosynthetic inhibition of the green form was observed above 500 µmol m−2 s−1. The red form appeared more resistant to high irradiance and no inhibition in O2 evolution was observed up 2000 µmol m−2 s−1. However, when these results are expressed on a cell number basis the rate of oxygen evolution was significantly higher in the green form. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity (total, soluble, membrane bound) was found in red and green forms. CA was higher in the red form on a chlorophyll basis, but lower if expressed on a protein basis. The light dependent rate of oxygen evolution and photoinhibition depends on the concentration of β-carotene in D. salina cells.
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    A simple, microcomputer based data acquisition system for monitoring pH shifts (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 373-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: data acquisition ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Cladophora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of ‘of the shelf’ microcomputer hardware and software and a new type of laboratory style combination pH electrode with a built in preamplifier makes it possible to monitor pH shifts in a group of experimental vessels in a time frame of seconds without resorting to expensive smart switch boxes or multiple pH meters. A data acquisition system is described for monitoring pH shifts.
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    Iron deprivation in cyanobacteria (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 199-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; iron deficiency ; photosynthesis ; siderophores ; flavodoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron is an essential component of electron transport in almost all living organisms. It is particularly important to phototrophs like cyanobacteria because 22–23 irons are required for a complete functional photosynthetic apparatus. Since the low solubility of Fe+++ above neutral pH in oxic ecosystems severely limits the biological availability of iron to aquatic microorganisms, cyanobacteria and other microbes have developed a number of responses to cope with iron deficiency. Cyanobacterial responses to iron stress include the synthesis of an efficient, siderophore-based system to scavenge iron and the substitution of ferredoxin with flavodoxin. An additional response in cyanobacteria involves the alteration of the light-harvesting apparatus that includes the appearance of a new, iron-stress-induced, photosystem II, chlorophyll-binding protein. Although cytochromec-553 has a potential non-iron-containing replacement in plastocyanin, a copper-containing protein, iron stress appears to favor the utilization of cytochromec-553 because siderophores also bind copper and form a complex that is excluded from the cell. This paper is intended primarily as a review of molecular and physiological responses of actively growing cyanobacterial cultures to conditions of iron stress, where iron is present but essentially insoluble, and to differentiate these responses from iron starvation, where the amount of iron in the system is not sufficient for cell growth.
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    Optimizing algal biomass production in an outdoor pond: a simulation model (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal mass culture ; areal density ; Isochrysis ; photosynthesis ; productivity ; respiration ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A deterministic simulation model was developed to predict production rates of the marine prymnesiophyteIsochrysis galbana in an outdoor algal mass culture system. The model consists of photoadapation, gross photosynthesis and respiration sections. Actual physiological and biophysical laboratory data, obtained from steady state cultures grown under a wide range of irradiance levels, were used in calculating productivity. The resulting values were used to assess optimal operational parameters to maximize algal biomass production. The model predicted a yearly averaged production rate of 9.7 g C m−2d−1, which compared well with field data reported in the literature. The model evaluated the effect of pond depth and chlorophyll concentration on potential production rate in various seasons. The model predicted that a yearly averaged chlorophyll areal density of 0.65 g m−2 will yield the maximal production rate. Chlorophyll areal density should be seasonally adjusted to give maximal production. This adjustment could be done either by changing pond depth or chlorophyll concentration. The model predicted that under optimal operational conditions, the diurnal respiration losses averaged 35% of gross photosynthesis. The calculated growth rate for maximal productivity ranged between 0.15 and 0.24 d−1, suggesting an optimal hydraulic retention time of 6.7 and 4.2 d for various seasons.
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    A simple, microcomputer based data acquisition system for monitoring pH shifts (1991)
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    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 373-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: data acquisition ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Cladophora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of ‘of the shelf’ microcomputer hardware and software and a new type of laboratory style combination pH electrode with a built in preamplifier makes it possible to monitor pH shifts in a group of experimental vessels in a time frame of seconds without resorting to expensive smart switch boxes or multiple pH meters. A data acquisition system is described for monitoring pH shifts.
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    Performance of a flat plate, air-lift reactor for the growth of high biomass algal cultures (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: photobioreactor ; flat plate air-lift reactor ; Chlorella ; Synechococcus ; hydraulic characteristics ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A flat plate, multi-pass air lift reactor (FPALR) for the culture of photosynthetic organisms was constructed from twin wall acrylic sheet and its performance characterised. When operated at an air input of 2.01 min−1 the multi-pass system had a Reynolds number of 5200 indicating fully turbulent flow. Chlorella vulgaris 211/11c was found to have a stationary phase biomass of 1.48 g 1−1 when grown in the flat plate air lift reactor (FPALR) at 100 µmol m−2s−1 compared to 1.11 g 1−1 when cultured in the continually stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at the same PFD (photon flux density). The same organism cultured at 200 µmol m−2s−1 achieved a stationary phase biomass of 1.71 g 1−1 in the FPALR. In contrast, Scenedesmus sp. produced a stationary phase biomass of 2.27 g1−1 and 1.27 g1−1, when cultured at 100 µmol m−2s−1 in the FPALR and the CSTR respectively. The growth rates of both organisms were also higher in the PFALR.
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    Influence of enhanced CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of the red algaeGracilaria sp. andG. chilensis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 563-571 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; Gracilaria ; growth ; nitrate ; 18O2 ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on growth and photosynthesis ofGracilaria sp. andG. chilensis was investigated in order to procure information on the effective utilization of CO2. Growth of both was enhanced by CO2 enrichment (air + 650 ppm CO2, air + 1250 ppm CO2, the enhancement being greater inGracilaria sp. Both species increased uptake of NO3 − with CO2 enrichment. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon uptake was depressed inG. chilensis by pre-culture (15 days) with CO2 enrichment, but little affected inGracilaria sp. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that O2 uptake was higher in the light than in the dark for both species and in both cases was higher inGracilaria sp. The higher growth enhancement inGracilaria sp. was attributed to greater depression of photorespiration by the enrichment of CO2 in culture.
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    Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to estimate the effect of photoinhibition in outdoor cultures ofSpirulina platensis (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 31-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; Spirulina ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used to evaluate the effect of temperature on photoinhibition inSpirulina platensis cultures grown in tubular reactors outdoors. Cultures grown at 35 °C during the day time showed a lower reduction in the Fv/Fm ratio as compared to cultures grown at 25 °C. It is demonstrated that the lower temperature photoinhibited cells can undergo a complete recovery once transferred to low light and higher temperature. This recovery does not take place when 100 µg ml-1 chloramphenicol is added to cells. The recovery is light dependent and cells incubated in the dark at low temperature do not show a recovery in the Fv/Fm ratio. The data presented strongly support the hypothesis that photoinhibition takes place in outdoorSpirulina cultures. At the same time it is demonstrated that fluorescence measurements can be used as a fast reliable indication for photoinhibition in outdoor algal cultures.
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    Use of macroalgae for marine biomass production and CO2 remediation: a review (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 45-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: biofilter ; biofuels ; CO2 ; macroalgae ; marine biomass ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biomass production from macroalgae has been viewed as important mainly because of the need for pollution abatement. Environmental considerations will increasingly determine product and process acceptability and drive the next generation of economic opportunity. Some countries, including Japan, are actively promoting "green" technologies that will be in demand worldwide in the coming decades. Should an international agreement on CO2-reduction be ratified, its effective use for energy production would be of high priority. This report shows that macroalgae have great potential for biomass production and CO2 bioremediation. Macroalgae have high productivity, as great or greater than the most productive land plants, and do not compete with terrestrial crops for farm land. The review focuses on recent data on productivity, photosynthesis, nutrient dynamics, optimization and economics. Biomass from macroalgae promises to provide environmentally and economically feasible alternatives to fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the techniques and technologies for growing macroalgae on a large-scale and for converting feedstocks to energy carriers must be more fully developed.
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    Unique response of Cyanophyceae to copper (1990)
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    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; periphyton ; tolerance ; Cyanophyceae ; genetic adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the tolerance to Cu of 11 strains of Cyanophyceae and 7 strains of eukaryotes. These had all been tested within 6 months after isolation for their photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu (Takamuraet al., 1989) and had repeatedly been subcultured in the medium without Cu for 2 years. Photosynthetic measurements were made in two ways: precultured in medium without Cu or precultured (for one subculture) in medium containing Cu (645 μg 1−1). The results were compared with those obtained within 6 months of isolation. The tolerance of the eukaryotes did not change significantly in any case, but most strains of Cyanophyceae lost their tolerance to Cu within a few subcultures in medium without Cu; however tolerance recovered following one subculture in medium containing an intermediate level of Cu. This rapid adaptation cannot be explained by a constitutive mutation.
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    Effects of environmental parameters on net photosynthesis of a free-living brown seaweed,Cystoseira barbata formarepens: determination of optimal photosynthetic culture conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cystoseira barbata ; photosynthesis ; light ; temperature ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The net photosynthesis of the Mediterranean brown seaweedCystoseira barbata f.repens is measured according to irradiance, temperature and salinity. There is not only, a good utilization of low light intensities (light-shade adaptation), but also a specific ability to use a broad range of irradiance, which corresponds in the photosynthesis-irradiance curves to a high initial slope and an extended light saturation level from 300 to 1500 μmol photon m−2 s−1; only very high irradiances induce photoinhibition. Maximum net photosynthesis occurred at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C. The alga tolerates not only a low level of salinity, but also a slight increase in salinity; however, at more than 47.5 g 1−1 NaCl, oxygen exchange is significantly reduced. Light, temperature and salinity requirements are discussed, taking into account ecological considerations. Yields and quality of alginic acid are presented according to the irradiance and yearly evolutionin situ in order to aid future cultivation of this species.
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    Enhanced growth of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 3 (1991), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; growth ; pH ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra yezoensis ; red alga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leafy thalli of the red algaPorphyra yezoensis Ueda, initiated from conchospores released from free-living conchocelis, were cultured using aeration with high CO2. It was found that the higher the CO2 concentration, the faster the growth of the thalli. Aeration with elevated CO2 lowered pH in dark, but raised pH remarkably in light with the thalli, because the photosynthetic conversion of HCO 3 − to OH− and CO2 proceeded much faster than the dissociation of hydrated CO2 releasing H+. Photosynthesis of the alga was found to be enhanced in the seawater of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, CO2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 − ). It is concluded that the increased pH in the light resulted in the increase of DIC in the culture media, thus enhancing photosynthesis and growth. The relevance of the results to removal of atmospheric CO2 by marine algae is discussed.
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    What kind of lamp for the cultivation of algae? (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: light source ; emission spectrum ; photosynthesis ; algae ; absorption ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for quantitative evaluation of light sources from the point of their suitability for algal cultivation is described. Two parameters are used for the evaluation: (1) amount of photons emitted in the spectral region absorbed by algae per consumed unit of electrical energy; (2) fraction of photons intercept by the algae that got effectively transformed into chemical energy. The value of parameter (2) depends on the emission spectrum of the light source, the absorption spectrum of the algae, quantum capacity of the algae and on conditions of cultivation. The method permits the assessment of the differences in algal productivity under light of various light sources with respect to other recent methods for comparison.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181944
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    Modelling phosphorus fluxes in the hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes (1990)
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    Aquatic ecology 24 (1990), S. 69-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: model ; eutrophication ; phosphorus ; P/C ratio ; lake ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic, deterministic model is presented to simulate the phosphorus cycle and plankton growth in the shallow, hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes (The Netherlands) before and after restoration measures. Besides inorganic phosphorus (SRP) in both the surface water and the interstitial water, the model comprises three algal groups, zooplankton, fish, detritus, zoobenthos and upper sediment (all modelled both in carbon and in phosphorus). Within the model system, the phosphorus cycle is completely closed. Carbon and phosphorus are described independently, so that the dynamics of the P/C ratios can be modelled. Sediment processes are described in a simplified form. Simulated values are largely within the range of observed ones. The detrital fraction of the seston (=phytoplankton+detritus) varies from 50–60% in summer to about 90% in winter. SRP in the surface water is very low during most of the year. Sensitivity for external phosphorus input is larger for algal and detrital P than for algal and detrital C and chlorophyll-a. So the P/C ratio of the seston decreases following restoration measures, as is observed in the lakes, while the much higher P/C ratios of zooplankton and fish remain constant. Phosphorus mobilisation from the sediment decreases with decreasing external input. Adaptation of the model system to the reduced loading takes place within about two years. Sources of uncertainty in the model include the limited knowledge on selective grazing as well as on mortality and mineralisation processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02256750
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    Underwater light penetration, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic activity in Lake Xolotlán (Managua) (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 25 (1991), S. 137-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light penetration ; phytoplankton biomass ; primary productivity ; photosynthesis ; tropical lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We measured underwater light penetration, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic activity during three years (1987–1990) in Lake Xolotlán (L. Managua), Nicaragua. Phytoplankton biomass governed the light climate of the photic zone, but as biomass also was composed of a varying proportion of dead algae, light availability for the potential biomass of actively photosynthesizing algae (170 mg Chl-a.m−2) was reduced. The concentration of chlorophyll-a within the photic zone was thus lower and ranged between 58 and 141 mg Chl-a.m−2. Still, photosynthetic activity was high (2,162 mg 02.m-2.h−1) due to an extremely high specific rate of photosynthesis; light was the only factor that limited growth. As also other conditions in Lake Xolotlán, beside light limitation, met with the requirements of the models that have been used to analyse production and photosynthetic characteristics in tropical lakes there was a striking agreement between observed and predicted values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02291245
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    Strain selection in Gracilaria spp. 2. Selection for high and low temperature resistance in G. verrucosa sporelings (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; strain selection ; growth ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; agar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain selection procedure using Gracilaria verrucosa gametophytic sporelings was found to be an efficient tool for the improvement of Gracilaria strains. Two strains, C-2 and A-18, which were isolated and grown clonally, showed higher growth rates under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, than the local Gracilaria conferta. Growth rate, photosynthesis and chlorophyll, which were measured under different temperature and photon flux densities, demonstrated an overall advantage of the selected strains over the wild type strains of both G. verrucosa and G. conferta. Growth rates were also generally in positive correlation with the carboxylase activity of Rubisco. The G. verrucosa wild type also had a 40% higher agar content than G. conferta. The selected strains thus showed higher potential for outdoor cultivation than local wild type populations.
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    Turbulence in mass algal cultures and the role of light/dark fluctuations (1994)
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    Journal of applied phycology 6 (1994), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: turbulence ; photosynthesis ; Chlorella ; light/dark cycles ; mass transfer rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In mass algal cultures, some form of agitation is usually provided; among other effects, this moves the organisms though an optically dense profile and provides mixing. During this transport, medium frequency fluctuations in the light energy supply are perceived by the algae, which are of the order of 1 Hz and less. It has been suggested that turbulence with the resultant light/dark cycles of medium frequency enhances productivity. However, turbulence has two major influences in a well mixed system: it facilitates fluctuating light regimes and increases the transfer rates between the growth medium and the cultured organism. An estimation of productivity as oxygen liberation was measured under laminar and turbulent flow rates, and varying light/dark ratios. Increased turbulence, which increased exchange rates of nutrients and metabolites between the cells and their growth medium, together with increased light/dark frequencies, increased productivity and photosynthetic efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181947
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    Studies on carrageenans and effects of seawater phosphorus concentration on carrageenan content and growth ofAgardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft and Wynne (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 3-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Agardhiella ; carrageenan ; phosphorus ; cultivation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas liquid chromatography, chemical analyses, and infrared and13C-NMR spectroscopies indicated that phycocolloids extracted fromAgardhiella subulata had a dominant ι-carrageenan feature with less deviant ι-carrageenan and υ-carrageenan. The presence of methylated galactose and a small contamination by xylose were registered. Unattached plants were cultivated for 4 weeks in tanks receiving seawater enriched with 53.5 µM nitrate and 0 to 20 µM phosphate (Pi) week−1. The growth was phosphorus (P)-limited up to a tissue P content of 0.14 ± 0.03% dry weight. Maximal specific growth rate and carrageenan content were observed with enrichments of 6 µM Pi and 3 µM Pi, respectively. Hence carrageenan production was promoted in the range of 3–6 µM Pi. Further Pi enrichment was useless. This phenomenon, observed with P nutrition, is comparable to the ‘Neish effect’ in nitrogen nutrition studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179764
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    Determination of orthophosphate in highly saline waters (1994)
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    International journal of salt lake research 3 (1994), S. 159-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: phosphorus ; orthophosphate ; phosphomolybdenum blue ; salt effect ; hypersaline ; saline ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Standard methods for the determination of phosphorus as phosphate ion are now well established for fresh and marine waters. In highly saline waters, however, salt effects due to ionic strength, or to particular ions present, may result in method interferences. Three methods of analysis of phosphate based on the formation of phosphomolybdenum blue complexes have been evaluated here for hypersaline waters. Stannous chloride reduction in aqueous media exhibits a substantial salt effect and its use is not recommended. Stannous chloride reduction following extraction into non aqueous solvents shows a significant salt effect (up to 30 per cent) in solutions of salinity 〉100 g L−1. Dilution of hypersaline waters to below this salinity may overcome the salt effect but the method suffers from other disadvantages involving resource constraints and health and safety considerations. Ascorbic acid reduction, catalysed by antimony (III) ions, appears to offer the most promise for hypersaline waters. Turbidity in samples having high salinity (〉 100 g L−1) and high phosphorus concentrations (〉 500 μg P L−1) changes the spectral characteristics of solutions but linear calibration curves still result for concentrations in the range 400 to 1,000 μg P L−1. The occurrence of turbidity is also affected by the ionic composition of hypersaline waters since solutions made from sea salt give different results to those made from sodium chloride. Dilution of samples, to give salinities less than 100 g L−1 prior to reduction is recommended to avoid turbidity. The salt effect in these lower salinity waters is less than 3 per cent up to 100 g L−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990492
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    Damage effects of cereal aphids in wheat (1981)
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    European journal of plant pathology 87 (1981), S. 217-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Sitobion avenae ; Metopolophium dirhodum ; Cryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens ; Cladosporium spp. ; Sporobolomyces roseus ; Aureobasidium pullulans ; honeydew ; damage-threshold ; agein of leaves ; photosynthesis ; Entomophthora ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Laboratorium- en veldproeven over de schade door bladluizen in tarwe worden beschreven. Een analyse van de directe en indirecte effecten van bladluizen op de groei van het gewas werd verricht. In het laboratorium werd een duidelijk effect van honingdauw en gisten op de fotosynthese gevonden. Dit effect kon niet worden gedemonstreerd in het veld, hetgeen waarschijnlijk wordt veroorzaakt door de orde van grootte van dit effect dat valt binnen de meetfout van de gewasfotosyntheseapparatuur. Het effect van honingdauw op veroudering, dat in het laboratorium werd vastgesteld, kon ook worden aangetoond in het veld en is waarschijnlijk een van de hoofdoorzaken van de oogstverliezen. Deze oogstverliezen in het veld bedroegen 700 kg ha−1 bij een maximale dichtheid van 35 bladluizen per halm en werden voor 72% veroorzaakt door direct zuigsschade en honingdauweffecten. Van de totale schade werd 28% veroorzaakt door saprofytische en wellicht ook door enige necrotrofe schimmels. De precieze bijdrage van ieder van de schadefactoren tot de schade werd niet vastgesteld, maar de wijze waarop directe en indirecte effecten hun bijdrage leverden aan de uiteindelijke oogstverliezen werd zichtbaar gemaakt.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies on aphid damage in wheat are described. Both direct and indirect effects of aphids on the behaviour of the crop were studied. In the laboratory a clear effect of honeydew and yeasts on photosynthesis was found. This effect could not be demonstrated under field conditions, since even at yield loss levels of 700 kg ha−1 the size of this effect may be undetectable with crop enclosures reaching an accuracy of 10%. The effect of honeydew on ageing, measured in the laboratory trials was also found in the field and may form a major cause of the yield losses found in the field. Yield losses under field conditions reached 700 kg ha−1 and were for 72% due to direct sucking damage of the 35 aphids, found maximally per culm, and direct and indirect honeydew effects. Saprophytic and possibly also some necrotrophic fungi caused 28% of the yield losses. The exact contribution of each of the damage factors was not revealed but it was demonstrated that direct and indirect effects contribute to the final yield losses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02084437
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    Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice (1990)
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inorganic P ; organic P ; P/Fe ; P/Mn ratios ; phosphorus ; rice ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to measure the effect of silicon on phosphorus uptake and on the growth of rice at different P levels. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was cultured in Kimura B nutrient solution without and with silicon (1.66 mM Si) and with three phosphorus levels (0.014 mM P, low; 0.21 mM, medium; and 0.70 mM, high). Shoot dry weight with Si (+Si) in solution increased with increasing P level, while shoot weight without Si (−Si) was maximum at 0.21 mM P, suggesting that +Si raised the optimum P level for rice. +Si increased shoot weight more when P was low or high than when P was medium. The concentration and amount of inorganic P in shoots increased with increasing P level. +Si did not significantly decrease P uptake by rice at 0.014 mM P, however, uptake at 0.21 and 0.70 mM P was 27 and 30 percent less than uptake with −Si, respectively. In −Si with 0.21 and 0.70 mM P, inorganic P in shoots was more than double the concentration in shoots grown in +Si solutions. The Si concentration in shoots decreased slightly with increasing P level, although Si uptake was not significantly affected by P. +Si decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn by an average of 20 and 50 percent, respectively, thus P/Mn and P/Fe ratios increased in the shoot when P was low. From the results above, the beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice was clearly shown when P was low or high. This effect may have resulted from decreased Mn and Fe uptake, and thus increased P availability within P deficient plants, or from reduced P uptake when P was high.
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    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; Leucaena yield ; lime ; phosphorus ; phosphorus uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of lime and P addition on the amounts of soil extractable P and Al, and on the growth of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were investigated in a factorial experiment under controlled climate conditions using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid (pH initially 3.9 to 4.9) soils from Fiji. Resin-extractable P increased with lime addition and then decreased above pH 5.5, whereas M KCl-extractable Al decreased to undetectable levels at or above pH 5.2. Plant growth was usually adversely affected at low and high pH, even in the presence of added P. The pH (in M KCl) at which maximum growth occurred in the 4 soils varied from approximately 4.4 to 5.2; values somewhat lower than those reported in the literature. Changes in dry matter yield with increasing soil pH were strongly influenced by P status and a positive lime × P interaction was obtained with 3 of the 4 soils. Above pH 5.2, liming decreased the yield of both tops and roots, for reasons which are discussed in part II. The data obtained for extractable soil P and plant P concentrations indicate that P deficiency is a major problem on these soils.
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    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; aluminium-induced P deficiency ; chemical composition ; Leucaena ; lime ; Lolium perenne L ; perennial ryegrass ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of lime and P on the chemical composition of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were studied in a controlled climate laboratory experiment using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid soils from Fiji. For all soils, changes in the concentration of P in the Leucaena tops followed trends similar to the yield response curve, i.e., the concentration of P was highest at the soil pH at which maximum growth occurred. The concentration of Al in plant tops increased on either side of the pH of maximum growth, but Al uptake by the whole plant (tops plus roots) declined steadily with increasing pH. Although complete major (except P) and minor nutrients were added regularly, there was variation in the uptake of nutrients with pH. Poor growth at low pH values was attributed to an Al-induced P deficiency within the plant and at high pH to a soil P deficiency and, to a smaller extent, to the increased concentration of Al in the plant tops.
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    Plant community dynamics in a semi-arid ecosystem in relation to nutrient addition following a major disturbance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: disturbance ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nutrient enrichment ; phosphorus ; secondary succession ; species richness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of annual additions of mineral N and P (100 kg ha−1) on plant species composition and annual aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were investigated during the first three years following disturbance in a semi-arid ecosystem. Additions of N reduced richness of perennial plant species during years 2 and 3, while P reduced the number of perennial species only in year 3. From year 1 to year 2, annual and biennial species richness declined in all treatments while ANPP of annual species increased greatly. Added N increased ANPP of annual species while it decreased ANPP of most perennial species relative to the unfertilized control treatment. Community similarities were higher for the control and native vegetation than for other pairs of treatments using both species presence and plant production data. Nitrogen additions have retarded but not completely arrested secondary succession in this system.
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    Twig and foliar nutrient concentrations in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and an understorey legume (Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 265-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: eucalypt ; foliar analysis ; legume ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant nutrients ; plant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of tissue nutrient concentrations to changes in plant age and the supply of P and N was compared between leaves and associated twigs in two forest species. In a young regrowth stand, tissues were sampled on three occasions from the mid-crown position of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris, a major understorey legume. Leaves and twigs were also sampled from young plants of B. laidlawiana growing in a mature eucalypt stand to which P treatments had been applied. Nitrogen application increased N concentrations in twigs of karri and B. laidlawiana, but not in leaves. Phosphorus application increased P concentrations in both leaves and twigs of karri but the average increases were proportionally greater in twigs (65%) than in leaves (36%). Over the sampling period, P concentrations in leaves declined, while those in twigs were relatively stable. In B. laidlawiana, P supply also had a larger effect on P concentrations in twigs than in leaves. Addition of 200 kg P ha−1 increased average P concentrations in twigs by 109% in the regrowth stand and by 215% in the mature stand while the corresponding increases in leaves were only 11% and 27%. Concentrations of other nutrients in both species were also affected by N and P application, the most notable being a decline in the concentrations of the minor nutrients, Zn and Cu, with increased P supply. The increased N concentrations in twigs of karri, and the increased P concentrations in tissues of both species, were associated with responses of karri to added N and P, and of B. laidlawiana to added P. This indicates that tissue concentrations of N and P were generally below critical concentrations where N and P were not applied. The results show that for these species twigs may be a better tissue than leaves for diagnosing deficiencies or predicting N and P requirements. The ratio of P concentrations in twigs to P concentrations in leaves also increased with added P. It is suggested that this ratio may be a useful index if it reduces the variability caused by sampling position within the crown or genetic differences between plants.
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    Temporal and spatial variability in soil nutrient status of a former beach plain (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; labile organic P ; nitrate ; N mineralization ; phosphorus ; Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma ; soil nutrient availability ; soil nutrient pools ; spatial variation ; temporal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As part of a research project on the variation in life-history characteristics within a population of Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma, seasonal and spatial variability in the availability of macronutrients (N, P, and K) were examined on a small scale in the 0–25 cm soil depth at a primary beach plain site, embanked since 1966. On the basis of distinct differences, among other things, in plant biomass, an a priori division into three different types of microhabitat occurring in a mosaic distribution pattern was made: an overall low-lying area (subsite 1) with slightly elevated patches of 0.5 to 1.5 m in diameter (subsite 2) and rather large patches, 20 to 40 m in diameter, of sea buckthorn shrubs, with small and relatively open spots (subsite 3) in the transitional zone from lower area into scrub. All three subsite types were studied within a total area of approximately 2000 m2. Three methods of analysis were applied: an inventory survey (sampling once at the start of the growing season), an analysis of the seasonal variation (sampling at approximately monthly intervals during the period April-November), and an assessment of nitrogen mineralization potentials in the laboratory (sampling once at the beginning of the growing season). All three procedures clearly demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the availability of nutrients over very short distances, i.e. a pronounced spatial variability among subsites. Particularly the availability of N and P appeared to have increased at the subsites 2 and 3, when compared to subsite 1. This small-scale differentiation in soil properties has occurred in an essentially homogeneous parent material (e.g. in texture and carbonate content) over a period of about 20 years. Besides a spatial variability, statistically significant temporal fluctuations were observed in the availability of N, P, and K. Relative fluctuations of mineral N (as indicated by the range/mean ratio) were especially large at the subsites 2 and 3.
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    Adaptation of the thylakoid membranes of pea chloroplasts to light intensities. II. Regulation of electron transport capacities, electron carriers, coupling factor (CF1) activity and rates of photosynthesis (1984)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 5 (1984), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chl a/chl b ratios ; coupling factor activity ; cytochrome f ; electron transport rates ; light intensity adaptation ; P700 ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone ; Q ; thylakoid membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The electron transport rates of photosystems II and I, amounts of electron carriers, coupling factor activity and photosynthetic rates were investigated in thylakoids isolated from pea plants grown under a wide range of light intensities (16 h light-8 h dark). The electron transport rates of PS II and PS I, as partial reactions or in whole chain, and coupling factor activity on a unit chlorophyll basis, all increased as the light intensity available for growth was altered from a very low intensity of 10 μE m-2s-1 to a high intensity of 840 μE m-2s-1. Similarly, there were increases in the amounts of atrazine binding sites, plastoquinine, cytochrome f and P700 per unit chlorophyll; significantly, the amounts of reaction centres of PS II and PS I were not equal at any light intensity. The rate of change of all parameters with respect to light intensity could be represented by two straight lines of different slopes which met at a transition point corresponding to approximately 200 μE m-2s-1 during growth. These photoadaptations were similar to those observed for both the relative distribution of chlorophyll in chlorophyll-protein complexes and the chl a/chl b ratios [Leong and Anderson, 1984, Photosynthesis Research 5:117–128]. Since these thylakoid components and functions were affected in the same direction by light intensity during growth and all show linear relationships with chl a/chl b ratios, it indicates that they are closely regulated and markedly well co-ordinated. Plants compensate for the limited amount of low light intensities by drastically increasing the light-harvesting antenna unit size of photosystem II and to a lesser extent that of photosystem I. Changes in the composition of the thylakoid membranes exert a regulatory effect on the overall photosynthetic rate up to approximately 450 μE m-2s-1.
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    The influence of Verticillium dahliae and drought on potato crop growth. 1. effects on gas exchange and stomatal behaviour of individual leaves and crop canopies (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 273-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Canopy enclosure ; stomatal conductance ; light response curve ; light use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transpiration ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aardappelplanten (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv.Saturna werden onderworpen aan stress als gevolg vanVerticillium dahliae en droogte. In vroege stadia van de groei werden stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese bij lichtverzadiging (PAR〉300 W m−2) gemeten aan individuele bladeren en met een mobiel instrumentarium met behulp van gewaskappen. Er werden geen significante verschillen gevonden in de waarden van de stomataire geleiding en de gasuitwisslingskarakteristieken als gevolg vanV. dahliae-besmetting tot een maand na opkomst. Daarna leidde infectie metV. dahliae tot een afname van de stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese, speciaal bij oudere bladeren en bij planten die meer aan zonlicht waren blootgesteld. Soms vertoondeV. dahliae interactie met droogte en bleken beide effecten minder dan optelbaar. De hoge waarden van de variatiecoëfficiënten maakten een groot aantal metingen per behandeling noodzakelijk; dit was vooral het geval bij metV. dahliae geïnfecteerde planten hetgeen aantoont datV. dahliae vooral in het begin van de groei niet alle bladeren in gelijke mate aantast. Door de matigende invloed van de integratie van alle bladlagen en mogelijk doordat de bovenste bladeren werden gestimuleerd, werd de totale gewasfotosynthese in mindere mate beïnvloed doorV. dahliae dan de individuele bladfotosynthese. De bovenste niet geïnfecteerde bladeren bleken verantwoordelijk voor het grootste gedeelte van de gewas-fotosynthese. De resultaten tonen aan, dat volgend op een infectie metV. dahliae, de fotosynthese reeds in een vroeg stadium van de groei wordt verminderd als een gevolg van droogtestress in de bladeren.
    Notes: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants cv.Saturna were subjected to infection withVerticillium dahliae and drought stress. At the early stages of growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were measured at light saturation (PAR〉300 m−2) on individual leaves and with mobile field equipment with the aid of field enclosures. No significant changes in stomatal conductance and gas exchange characteristics occurred as a result ofV. dahliae instomatal conductance, transpiration and and photosynthetic rates, especially on older leaves and on plants exposed to direct sunlight for a longer period of time. In combination with drought,V. dahliae only occasionally showed interaction; their effects being less than additive. High values of coefficients of variatoon necessitated a high number of measurements per treatment; the more so in the inoculated plants which shows thatV. dahliae seems to affect certain leaves while not affecting others early in growth. Crop photosynthesis was less reduced byV. dahliae than individual leaf photosynthesis due to the levelling effect of integration over the whole canopy and possibly through a stimulation of the top leaves. The upper non-affected leaves are responsible for the bulk of photosynthetic crop activity. The results indicate that following an infection withV. dahliae photosynthesis is reduced early in growth as a result of drought stress in the leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02000169
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  • 91
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    Effect of rice based six multiple cropping sequences under two cycles of crop rotations on yield and fertility status of soil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop rotations ; copper ; fertilizers ; iron ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of various crop rotations, of high yielding varieties of cereals, pulses, fodders, tubers and oilseeds, on the performance of the crops and the fertility status of the soil over two crop-rotation cycles. The yields of rice (Oryza saliva L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and onion (Allium cepa) crops were found to be decreasing. The yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea coss), were not affected, while the yield of moong (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) showed a tendency to increase. Rotations which included berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) increased the organic carbon content of the soil and there was a slight lowering of the pH with the highest application of phosphatic fertilizer. The accumulation of available potassium was greater in the treatments where the highest amount of fertilizer was applied. The available nitrogen content of the soil increased with application of nitrogen and the balance sheet of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed a positive trend. The continuous cropping of high yielding varieties showed a reduction in the available zinc and iron status of the soil, whereas available manganese and copper increased. The available micronutrients, except manganese, did not correlate significantly with soil pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014433
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  • 92
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    Inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala by chlorothalonil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorothalonil ; Glomus aggregatum ; Leucaena leucocephala ; mycorrhizal effectiveness ; phosphorus ; phytotoxicity ; Tropeptic Eutrustox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the fungicide, chlorothalonil, on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was studied in a greenhouse using Leucaena leucocephala as test plant. Chlorothalonil was applied to soil at 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg g−1. The initial soil solution P levels were 0.003 μg mL−1 (sub-optimal) and 0.026 μg mL−1 (optimal). After 4 weeks, the sub-optimal P level was raised to 0.6 μg mL−1 (high). The soil was either uninoculated or inoculated with the VAM fungus, Glomus aggregatum. The fungicide reduced mycorrhizal colonization of roots, development of mycorrhizal effectiveness, shoot P concentration and uptake and dry matter yields at all concentrations tested, although the highest inhibitory effect was noted as the concentration of the fungicide was increased from 50 to 100 μg g−1. Phosphorus applied after four weeks tended to partially offset the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil in plants grown in the inoculated and uninoculated soil which suggests that the fungicide was interfering with plant P uptake. The results suggest that the use of chlorothalonil should be restricted to levels below 50 μg g−1 if the benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are to be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010418
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  • 93
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    Plant-soil interactions associated with acid, weathered soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; aluminium ; calcium ; citrus ; continuous-function design ; legumes ; manganese ; phosphorus ; soil mineral ; sulphur ; variable charge ; weathered soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant-soil interactions in weathered soils are so complex that unqualified statements about a suitable pH for plants are risky. Conventional experimental designs and statistical methods may not be appropriate for investigating such complexities. Lime experiments using continuous function designs and observation of plant response to indigenous variability in soil pH permit detailed observations of plant-soil interactions that are frequently not detected. A graphical boundary-line approach to interpreting data can make good sense out of apparent confusion. Increasing the pH of variable-charge soils by adding lime or by indigenous means increased CEC and retarded cation leaching, but Ca solubility changed very little over the range pH 5 to 6. N fixation and yield was closely related to soil pH, soil Mn and Mn uptake by soybean. This result was clearly demonstrated regardless of numerous other limiting factors. Plant yield response curves resolved into distinct segments that corresponded with associated soil properties. Excess Al compounded by Ca deficiency is suspect in the pH range 〈5. Excess Mn, and Ca deficiency probably limited yields in the pH range 5.0 to 5.7. Yields were stable, and Ca and P were constant in the pH interval 5.7 to 6.0. Yields abruptly increased in the pH interval 6.0 to 6.3. This was associated with elevated Ca concentrations in soil solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010718
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  • 94
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    The influence of fertilizers on root rot of field peas caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium vexans and Rhizoctonia solani inoculated singly or in combination (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum ; nitrogen ; peas ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Pythium vexans ; Rhizoctonia solani ; root-rots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In field peas the application of nitrogen plus phosphorus, phosphorus plus potassium or nitrogen plus phosphorus plus potassium were effective in reducing severity of root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and with the combination of nitrogen plus phosphorus plus potassium in the case of Fusarium oxysporum. The fertilizers tested did not reduce disease caused by Pythium vexans or a combination of all pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011008
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  • 95
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    Growth and CO2 assimilation of lowland rice in response to timing and method of N fertilization (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light response ; N uptake ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand more clearly the dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield development in relation to N fertilization, a field experiment was conducted in Laguna, Philippines. The soil, a Maahas clay (Aquic Hapludalf), was flooded, puddled, and then planted with 20-day-old seedlings of IR64 rice. Treatments were six combinations of N fertilizer timing and method: (1) 0 N control; (2) prilled urea broadcast at 15 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) (BR-LATE); (3) prilled urea injected with a spring auger applicator at 15 DAT and broadcast at 60 DAT (INJ-LATE); (4) prilled urea broadcast and incorporated at 0 DAT and broadcast at 40 DAT (BR-EARLY); (5) urea super granules (USG) manually deep-placed at 3 DAT and prilled urea broadcast at 40 DAT (DP-EARLY); and (6) USG manually deep-placed at 3 DAT (DP). Except for the control, all treatments received a total of 58 kg N ha-1. Yield results were consistent with those of other experiments, namely, DP had the highest yields, the early-split treatments (BR-EARLY and DP-EARLY) were second best, followed by the late-split treatments (BR-LATE and INJ-LATE), with the control having the lowest yield. Sequential harvest results showed that the advantages of DP in terms of dry matter assimilation, tillering, and leaf area index (LAI) were expressed later in the season. For all treatments, midday net CO2 assimilation (Ac) peaked around 48 DAT, approximately panicle initiation. Grain yield was highly correlated with midday Ac at panicle initiation and flowering but not at other growth periods. Rates of midday Ac and night respiration depended strongly on shoot N content. We conclude that N application method and timing should be designed to give high shoot N content at panicle initiation and flowering, and that DP satisfied this requirement best among the treatments tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011018
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  • 96
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    Effect of NPK on growth and nitrogen fixation of Sesbania rostrata as a green manure for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; Sesbania rostrata ; stem nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stem-nodulating tropical legume Sesbania rostrata is a promising green manure species for low input rice-farming systems in lowland areas. However, its success as biofertilizer depends on its biomass production and N2 fixation. Nutrient imbalances and soils low in available nutrients can considerably affect biofertilizer production. Use of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in growing S. rostrata as biofertilizer for lowland rice was therefore evaluated in pot experiments, and in the fields in Central Luzon, Philippines. Two soils low in Olsen P (3–7.3 mg kg−1) and exchangeable K (0.05–0.08 meq 100g-1) were used. Increasing amounts of N (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg kg-1), P (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1), and K (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1) were applied to S. rostrata grown in the greenhouse, whereas small amounts of N, P, and K fertilizers (30, 15, and 33 kg ha-1, respectively) were applied in the field. Mineral N application depressed nodulation and N2 fixation in roots. It however, stimulated nodulation and N2 fixation in stems. Applying 30 kg N ha-1 as urea increased total N accumulation by S. rostrata and yield of the subsequent rice crop (IR64). Applied P and K both stimulated growth, nodulation, and N2 fixation of S. rostrata. Nitrogen accumulation in P- and K-fertilized S. rostrata was about 40% higher than that in nonfertilized green manure. Thus integration of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in a green manure-based rice-farming system can considerably improve biofertilizer production and increase rice grain yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011021
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  • 97
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    Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Ecucalyptus regnans F. Muell (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia ; Eucalyptus regnans ; decomposition ; litterfall ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N and P contents of the litter layer and the return of these nutrients in litterfall were measured in seven stands of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) ranging in age from 5 years to about 250 years. Both annual litterfall and nutrient return were correlated with stand basal area and were high compared with other productive eucalypt forests. In contrast, the fall of dead eucalypt leaves was constant with stand age, demonstrating that sites are fully occupied at an early age. Similarly, amounts of N and P in total leaf fall (overstorey plus understorey) were constant with stand age, except for low amounts in the stand aged 40 years where Acacia spp., important fixers of atmospheric N, were not prevalent. The decomposition constant (k) of organic matter in the litter layer decreased with stand age, from 0.31 year-1 at age 5 years to 0.23 year-1 at age 250 years. These constants also applied to N and P, indicating a tight coupling between organic matter decomposition and release of these nutrients from litter. The litter layer released about 30 kg ha-1 of N at age 5 years, and about 70 kg ha-1 at age 80 years. These results are discussed in relation to growth of Mountain Ash following fire, and the subsequent retention and accumulation of N during stand development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010962
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  • 98
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    Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; ectomycorrhizae ; phosphorus ; Pinus rigida ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; sand culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum (Al) in the rhizosphere adversely affects plant nutrition and growth. Although many conifer species, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in particular, have evolved on acidic soils where soluble Al is often high, controlled environment studies often indicate that Al interferes with seedling growth and nutrient relations. Under normal field conditions, conifer roots grow in a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and this association may modulate the effects of Al on root physiology. To investigate the influence of mycorrhizal infection on Al toxicity, pitch pine seedlings were grown with or without the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius and were exposed to low levels of Al in sand culture. Aluminum at 50 μM reduced nonmycorrhizal seedling growth and increased foliar Al concentrations, but did not alter photosynthetic gas exchange or other aspects of seedling nutrition. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to 200 μM Al exhibited decreased growth, increased transpiration rates, decreased water use efficiency, increased foliar Al and Na levels, and reduced foliar P concentrations. Seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius exhibited unaltered growth, physiological function, and ionic relations when exposed to Al. The fungal symbiont evidently modulated ionic relations in the rhizosphere, reducing Al-P precipitation reactions, Al uptake, and subsequent root and shoot tissue Al exposure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010739
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  • 99
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    Growth and elemental content of several sagebrush-steppe species in unburned and post-wildfire soil and plant effects on soil attributes (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010108
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  • 100
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    Subterranean clover decline in permanent pastures in north-eastern Victoria (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: phosphorus ; root disease ; soil acidity ; subterranean clover ; yield decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experimental sites were established at two locations in north-eastern Victoria to define factors limiting the establishment and growth of Trifolium subterranean L. (subterranean clover). Liming the soil, seed inoculation and fungicide application were used in renovating subterranean clover pasture on two acidic soils (Longwood: brown/grey sandy loam DY 3.14 and Seymour: grey brown light clay DY 3.22, Northcote classification) with mean annual rainfall of 650 mm and 600 mm respectively. Soil acidity, low available soil phosphorus and plant disease were identified as factors limiting clover yield on these soils. Significant yield responses to lime (35–140%) were obtained with subterranean clover at both sites, with corresponding decreases in Al in the 0–10 cm soil horizon. Liming the soil, when combined with seed inoculation, increased the number and effectiveness of root nodules at both sites. Soil P available for plant growth was low at both sites (6.1 and 8.4 μg g−1) resulting in sub-optimal P concentrations in the clover herbage (45 mmol kg−1 at Longwood). Levels of root disease were low but Aphanomyces euteiches and Phytophthora clandestina (causal agents of lateral and tap root rot) were detected frequently on roots. Application of fungicide resulted in higher dry matter yields (p=0.05) at both sites. An assessment of the relative contributions of these limiting factors and the benefits to be obtained from better management would provide a clearer picture of the profitability and sustainability of this farming system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010075
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