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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Poly(oxymethylene) ; Poly(ether-ether-ketone) ; DSC ; Kinetics ; Melt temperature ; Crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the melt temperature (T1) on the crystallization kinetics and the morphology of two semicrystalline polymers: poly(oxymethylene): T m 0 =198° C and poly(ether-ether-ketone) T m 0 =380° C) was investigated using thermal analysis and optical microscopy. For different melt temperatures (T1), isothermal and nonisothermal crystallizations were analysed using the AVRAMI and OZAWA models. Using different analyses, for both polymers we observed a spherulitic growth with the following influence of the melt temperature on the number of spherulites: -T1〈T m 0 produces many small spherulites -T1〉T m 0 gives rise to few large spherulites
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 641-642 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Nucleation ; Water ; Emulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; methacrylamide ; reaction scheme ; viscosity ; additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The aqueous polymerization of methacrylamide initiated by potassiumpersulfate-L-cystein hydrochloride redox system has been studied at 35±0.01
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  • 4
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    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 4 (1994), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Kinetics ; metal exchange reaction ; Cu(II)-poly(vinyl alcohol) ; Zn(II)-EDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the metal exchange reaction between Cu(II)-poly(vinyl alcohol) [Cu(II)-PVA] and Zn(II)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid [Zn(II)-EDTA] has been studied by mixing both solutions in a spectrophotometer at pH 10.0 to 11.0, ionic strength μ=0.10(KNO3), and 15 to 35°C. The reaction is initiated by the formation of unstable Cu(II)-H-PVA through attack of H+ ion on the Cu(II)-PVA complex, and both reactions, ligand exchange and metal exchange, proceed simultaneously. The metal exchange step may be rate determining. The rate equation and rate constants of this reaction were determined as follows: −d[Cu(II)-PVA]/dt=k 0(H)[PVA−][Cu(II)-PVA] [Zn(II)-EDTA], wherek 0(H)=k 1+(k′2+k′3)[H+],k 1=5.98±1.64M −1 s−1, andk 2+k 3=k′2 K Cu(II)-H-PVA −H +k′3 K Zn(II)-EDTA H =(5.91±0.89)×107 M −2 s−1.
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  • 5
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    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 937-944 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Kinetics ; hydrolysis ; anion exchanger ; ring phosphorus oxoanion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ring phosphorus oxoanion, hexapotassium dodecaoxohexaphosphate(III), (DOHP), was hydrolyzed in anion exchangers in order to elucidate the physicochemical state in the solid phase. The hydrolysis of DOHP obeys pseudo first order kinetics as is the case in aqueous solution. The hydrolysis rate constants k were determined as a function of the external solution pH or proton concentration in an anion exchanger. It was estimated from the Donnan equation and from the spectral change of an acid base indicator in the anion exchanger. The difference in k in aqueous and in the anion exchanger phase is discussed.
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  • 6
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    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Kinetics ; solvolysis ; complex ions ; solvent mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of solvolysis of [Co(CN) 5 Cl] 3− have been determined in a range of water-rich water + 2-propanol mixtures over a range of temperatures and they show no simple correlation with dielectric constant. The variation of the enthalpy and entropy of activation with solvent composition show broad extrema and these are discussed in relation to the physical properties of the media. The application of a free energy cycle to the dissociative loss of the chloride ion in the transition state shows that the effect of changes in solvent structure as the alcohol content increases is to stabilize the emergent pentacyanocobaltate(III) ion Co(CN) 5 2− relative to the chloropentacyanocobaltate(III) anion in the initial state.
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  • 7
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    Catalysis letters 18 (1993), S. 209-218 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Kinetics ; heptane reforming ; Pt/BaL zeolite catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of heptane reforming over 0.64% Pt/KBaL have been measured over a wide range of conditions from 390 to 475 ° C, 0.05 to 1.00 atm heptane, and 0.2 to 25.0 atm hydrogen. Below about 6 atm H2, the catalyst deactivates due to carbon fouling of the platinum particles. The reaction rate increases with hydrogen pressure under these conditions, presumably because this accelerates the rate of carbon hydrogenation off the metal surface. Above 6 atm H2, no deactivation occurs. The activation energies and reaction orders in heptane and hydrogen at high H2 pressure are: 39 kcal/mol, 0.7 and −1.9 for hydrogenolysis; 60 kcal/mol, 0.6 and −2.8 for isomerization; and 58 kcal/mol, 0.4 and −2.7 for dehydrocyclization. These kinetics are the same as those observed over platinum on nonacidic supports, and indicate that the reaction mechanism on Pt/KBaL is no different from that on monofunctional Pt catalysts.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Bromination ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the bromination of acetanilide has been studied with the diffusion layer titration method. The results have been obtained using the apparatus which consists of the ring-disc electrode and an amperostat-potentiostat system. Dependence of the ring current on the disc current has been determined as a function of rotation speeds of the electrode, of the solution concentration and temperature. It has been shown the bromination reaction of acetanilide exhibits by first order kinetics. In that case Br2 and Br3 − are the brominating species. The rate of bromination changes with the concentration of the Br− ions. This reaction rate depends on reactions of molecular bromine with acetanilide. For 0.033〈[Br−]〈0.173M the rate constant changes in the following range: $$17530M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}〈 k〈 6400M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} ([H + ] = 1,34;T = 298K)$$
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Mononitrosopiperazine ; N-Nitrosation ; Piperazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Bildung vonN-Nitroso-Verbindungen, die als potentielle carcinogene Substanzen gelten, wurde untersucht. Die Kinetik der Nitrosierung von Piperazin (PIP) in wäßriger Perchlorsäurelösung wurde mittels einer differentiellen spektrophotometrischen Methode verfolgt. Es ergab sich für denpH-Bereich 0,85–4,36 folgendes Zeitgesetz: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ wobei [Nitrit]0 und [PIP]0 die anfänglichen stöchiometrischen Konzentrationen bedeuten. Bei 298,2 K und μ=1,0M,f=(1,17±0,11) 10−3 M,g=(3,5±0,7)·10−2 M s,h=2,6·10−6 M 2 s andj=(0,95±0,04)M s. Bei Erhöhung der Acidität ([HClO4]≥1M) tritt ein neuer kinetischer Term auf: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {Nitrit} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ Bei 298,2 K und μ=3,0M,p=(1,9±0,2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. Es wird ein genereller Mechanismus für die Nitrosierung jedesN-nitrosierbaren Substrates in wäßriger Perchloratlösung vorgeschlagen, wobei als nitrosierende Agentien ausschließlich N2O3 und H2NO2 +/NO+ auftreten. Es werden die Besonderheiten dieses Mechanismus bezüglich derpK-Werte derN-nitrosierbaren Substrate diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of formation ofN-nitroso compounds, which are considered as potential chemical carcinogens was studied. The kinetics of nitrosation of piperazine (PIP) in aqueous solution of perchloric acid have been investigated using a differential spectrophotometric technique. Based on our experimental results, the following rate law, in thepH-range 0.85 4.36, is proposed: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ where [nitrite]0 and [PIP]0 represent initial stoichiometric concentrations. At 298.2K and μ=1.0M,f=(1.17±0.11) 10−3 M,g=(3.5±0.7) 10−2 M s,h=2.6×10−6 M 2 s andj=(0.95±0.04)M s. When the acidity is increased ([HClO4]≥1M), a new kinetic term comes into play: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ At 298.2 K and μ=3.0M,p=(1.9±0.2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. A general mechanism for the nitrosation of anyN-nitrosable substrate in aqueous perchloric solution in which the only nitrosating agents are N2O3 and H2NO2 +/NO+ is proposed. Also, the various particularities of this mechanism, according to thepK of theN-nitrosable substrate, are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Galactitol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Reduction ; Xylitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz der Titelreaktion ist in beiden Fällen erster Ordnung bezüglich Hexacyanoferrat(III). Die Oxidation ist erster Ordnung bei niedrigen Konzentrationen von Xylit und Galaktit und geht bei Erhöhung der Konzentration gegen null. In gleicher Weise wurde eine Kinetik erster Ordnung bezüglich Hydroxyl bei niedrigen Konzentrationen und eine erniedrigte Ordnung bei höheren Konzentrationen für die Oxidation von Xylit beobachtet; bei Galaktit bleibt die Oxidation auch bei höheren Hydroxyl-Konzentrationen erster Ordnung. Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion über einen aktivierten Komplex zwischen [KFe(CN)6]2− und dem Substrat-Anion verläuft; dieser Komplex zerfällt in [KFe(CN)6]3− und ein Substrat-Radikal. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium is reported. The reaction rate is of first order with respect to hexacyanoferrate(III) in each substrate. The reaction is first order at lower concentrations of xylitol and galactitol and tends towards zero order as the concentration increases. Similarly first order kinetics was obtained with respect to hydroxide ion at lower concentrations and tends to lower order at higher concentration in the oxidation of xylitol; in the oxidation of galactitol the reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion even up to manyfold variation. The course of reaction has been considered to proceed through the formation of an activated complex between [K Fe(CN)6]2− and substrate anion which decomposes slowly into radical and [K Fe(CN)6]3−. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.
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  • 11
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Activation energy ; Kinetics ; Methyl-vinyl ketone ; Polarography ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneous polymerization of methyl-vinyl ketone in diluted methanol solutions in presence of proton donors is studied using the polarographic method. The effect of the cation of the indifferent electrolyte is investigated as well as the influence of small quantities of H2O. Suggestions were made about the possible mechanisms of these influences in the general scheme of the process proposed byHolleck et al.
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  • 12
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1087-1092 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Dissolution ; Kinetics ; Pyrrhotite ; Rotating disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit von natürlichem monoklinen Pyrrhotin, FeS1.14, wurde in sauerstofffreien LösungenS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) mit Hilfe der Methode der rotierenden Scheibe bestimmt. Im Temperaturbereich von 40–90° erfolgt die Auflösungsreaktion kinetisch kontrolliert, wobei eine Aktivierungsenergie von 14±1 kcal mol−1 (59±5 kJ mol−1) gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Using the rotating disc method, the rates of dissolution of natural monoclinic pyrrhotite, FeS1.14, in oxygen-free aqueous solutionsS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) were determined. In the temperature range 40–90 °C the dissolution reaction occurs under kinetic control; the activation energy being 14±1 kcal mol−1 (50±5 kJ mol−1).
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  • 13
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1239-1244 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Allyl alcohol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Allylalkohol mitN-Bromsuccinimid (NBS) wurde bei 35 °C in wäßrigem Medium untersucht. Die Reaktion zeigt erste Ordnung gegenüberNBS und Allylalkohol. Bei relativ hoher Säurekonzentration zeigt sich keine Änderung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, bei niedriger Säurekonzentration wird die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich erhöht. Es wurde kein primärer Salzeffekt festgestellt. Bei varriierender Quecksilberacetatkonzentration bleibt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit gleich, bei Abwesenheit von Quecksilberacetat wird jedoch die Geschwindigkeitskonstante erhöht. Die kinetischen Parameter,E a, derArrheniusfaktorA, ΔH ≠, ΔG ≠ und ΔS ≠ wurden bestimmt. Ein Geschwindigkeitsgesetz in Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Befunden wurde abgeleitet und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of allyl alcohol byN-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been studied at 35 °C in aqueous medium. The reaction shows first order dependence on bothNBS and allyl alcohol. In fairly high acid concentration, there is no change in the rate of the reaction but at low acid concentration, the rate is considerably enhanced. There is no primary salt effect. At varying mercuric acetate concentrations, the rate constant remains the same. But in the absence of mercuric acetate, the rate is enhanced. The kinetic parameters,E a,Arrhenius factorA, ΔH≠, ΔG≠ and ΔS≠ have been calculated. A rate law in agreement with experimental results has been derived. A mechanism is proposed.
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  • 14
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 887-893 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotation ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal diazotation conditions were determined by means of extinction measurements at various experimental conditions. The optimal conditions found arep H=9,5, the amount of phenol is 1 250 times the amount of α-naphthylamine.
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  • 15
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diastereomers ; 2,3-Dihydrobilatrienes-abc ; Kinetics ; Saturation-Transfer-Kinetics ; Phytochrome Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From kinetic and equilibrium measurements the activation and thermodynamic parameters of diastereomeric 2,3-dihydrobilatrienes-abc in positions “4” and “15” are deduced. Compared to bilatrienes-abc a pronounced thermal lability of these diastereomers is observed—the exocyclic double bond of the saturated lactam ring being the more labile one. This feature may be of relevance to the thermal cascades and dark reactions observed for phytochrome.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Iodine monochloride ; Kinetics ; Solvent effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Addition von ICl zu einigen Vinylverbindungen in Nitrobenzol als Lösungsmittel wurde untersucht. In allen Fällen ist die Reaktion von zweiter Ordnung hinsichtlich ICl und von erster Ordnung hinsichtlich des Substrats, d. h. mit einer Gesamtordnung von drei. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten wurden für jedes Substrat bei 20°, 30°, 40° und 50°C gemessen. AusArrhenius-Diagrammen wurden Aktivierungsenergien ermittelt und auch andere kinetische und thermodynamische Parameter wurden bestimmt. Ein Mechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, wobei die verschiedenen Parameter diskutiert werden. Lösungsmitteleffekte werden ebenfalls diskutiert und die Daten mit Nitrobenzol und Essigsäure als Lösungsmittel miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the addition of iodine monochloride (ICl) to some vinyl compounds in nitrobenzene solvent was investigated. In all cases the reaction follows second order dependence on ICl and first order on the substrate, making the total order three. Rate constants were measured for each substrate at 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°C.Arrhenius plots were made from which activation energies were evaluated. Other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are reported. A suitable mechanism is proposed for the reaction and based on this, the various parameters are discussed. Solvent effects are discussed and the data with nitrobenzene and acetic acid solvents are compared.
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  • 17
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1185-1197 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Mono and polycarboxylic esters ; Metal salt catalysis ; Kinetics ; Chromatographic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The alcoholysis of various esters of aromatic carboxylic esters with octadecanol in the presence of lead stearate was investigated by chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixtures. The reactivity of the esters was found to be strongly affected by the substitution pattern of the aromatic nucleus as well as by the structure of the alkoxy group. Electron donating substituents in a suitable position lead to a remarkable increase in reactivity compared to the unsubstituted alkyl esters.
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  • 18
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 121 (1990), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Vanadium(V)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden kinetische Untersuchungen der Oxydation von Acetanilid mit Vanadium(V) in schwefelsaurem Medium bei konstanter Ionenstärke durchgeführt. Gegenüber dem Oxidans ist die Reaktion erster Ordnung, die Reaktionsordnung gegenüber Acetanilid variiert zwischen 1 und 0. Die Reaktion folgt einem von der Säurekatalyse unabhängigen Weg, wobei die Abhängigkeit von H+ quadratisch ist. Ein Bunnett-Plot zeigt, daß das Wasser als Nucleophil wirkt. Die thermodynamischen Parameter wurden berechnet. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus und ein Geschwindigkeitsnetz, das mit diesen Daten in Einklang ist, wird angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the oxidation of acetanilide with vanadium(V) in sulphuric acid medium at constant ionic strength has been studied. The reaction is first order with oxidant. The order of reaction in acetanilide varies from one to zero. The reaction follows an acid catalyzed independent path, exhibiting square dependence in H+. A Bunnett plot indicates that the water acts as a nucleophile. The thermodynamic parameters have been computed. A probable reaction mechanism and rate law consistent with these data are given.
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  • 19
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 123 (1992), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Aluminium(III) ; Chloroacetate buffer ; Chromotropic acid ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the reaction of aluminium(III) with chromotropic acid (H4 L) by formation of the complex AlL − was studied in the range ofpH=(2.34...3.23) and by variation of the buffer addition to the Al(III) solution. The results leads to a reaction scheme with the species AlOH2+, Al(OH)2 + and H2 L 2− in Al(III) solutions “not prebuffered”, in Al(III) solutions “prebuffered” additionally the species AlClac 2−. The difference in the course of the functionsk exp =f[c 0(Al);c(H+)] in the Al(III) solutions not prebuffered respective prebuffered was explained: Chromotrophic acid as de facto neutral ligand does not react — contrary to the anionic ligands — with the dimeric Al(III) species present in the Al(III) solutions prebuffered. Water exchange rate constants for the contributing species according to the Eigen-Tamm-model were evaluated and correspond very well with the expected values.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Negative salt effect ; Oxidation ; Stopped-flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaClO4, NaCl and Na2SO4 on the oxidation of Fe(phen) 3 2+ by Ce(IV) was investigated by means of the stopped-flow method. At the concentrations range of NaClO4 and NaCl 0.1–1.0M the rate constant values decrease from 1.03·105 to 0.56·105M−1s−1 and from 1.08·105 to 0.81·105M−1s−1 respectively. In varying concentrations of Na2SO4 solutions (0.05–0.35M) the rate constant values decrease from 1.05·105M−1s−1 to 0.45·105M−1s−1. Taking into account the negative salt effect the mechanism of the reaction progress is proposed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 22
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 124 (1993), S. 1077-1081 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Carboplatin ; Photoaquation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Stabilität wäßriger Carboplatin-Lösungen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit bei Belichtung gegenüber der Zersetzung im Dunklen ansteigt. Die Reaktion folgt erster Ordnung und hängt stark von der Lichtintensität und nur wenig von der Temperatur ab. Je nach experimentellen Bedingungen liegt die Quantenausbeute zwischen 0.05 und 0.2. Die Ergebnisse erlauben den Schluß, daß die Zersetzung durch Belichtung über einen Photoaquationsprozeß verläuft.
    Notes: Summary The stability of carboplatin in aqueous solutions at different experimental conditions was studied. It was observed that the degradation rate of carboplatin under illumination increases notably with respect to the rate obtained in the dark. The time course of carboplatin in solution follows a first-order kinetics with rate constants that depend on the incident light intensity and little with temperature. The quantum yield of the carboplatin degradation lies between 0.05 and 0.2 depending on the experimental conditions. From the results obtained in the present work it is concluded that carboplatin is degraded under illumination by means of a photoaquation process.
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ca-alginate immobilized cell ; Enzyme coimmobilization ; Kinetics ; Lactose hydrolysis ; Batch fermentation ; Shake flask
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The performance of β-galactosidase coimmobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated during shake flask fermentation of deproteinized cheese whey lactose to ethanol. The performance of the coimmobilized enzyme treatment was compared to that of a treatment using acid prehydrolyzed whey lactose (a readily available substrate). Enzyme coimmobilization resulted in a slower rate and a lower extent of substrate utilization, thus giving a lower maximum ethanol concentration (13.5 versus 16.7 g/l). It did result, however, in a better ethanol yield (95% vs. 89% theoretical). It appears that, compared to acid prehydrolysis of whey lactose, through β-galactosidase coimmobilization we could succeed in obtaining substantial process simplifications, thus saving in equipment and operating cost, while gaining in ethanol yield at the cost of some reasonable loss in the rate and the extent of lactose utilization.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 431-439 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Fluorhydroxyapatite ; Crystal growth ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of seeded crystal growth of calcium apatites were studied in dilute supersaturated solutions at various levels of fluoride concentrations. Initial precipitation rates were enhanced by fluoride concentrations higher than 0.05 ppm. The analytical results are consistent with the precipitation of fluoridated hydroxyapatites, Ca5Fx-(OH)1−x(PO4)3, FHA. The degree of fluoridation, X, appears to be determined by the activity of HF in solution, which varies for the various initial fluoride levels but remains fairly constant during precipitation. Thus the composition of the precipitating phase was the same for a given solution whether 25 or 10 mg of hydroxyapatite was added as seeds. All the experimental results are consistent with the BCF theory, which relates the mean linear rate of growth, RL, to the supersaturation, DS, by the expression RL=C1T(DS-1)1n(DS)tanh(C2/T 1n DS), in which DS is the supersaturation defined by mean molar activities with respect to the precipitating FHA, T the absolute temperature, and C1 and C2 are constants calculated from the experimental results. Consequently, the crystal growth appears to take place in surface kinks and to be controlled by surface diffusion. Since crystal growth in most biological systems takes place at fluoride concentrations within the experimental range used, it seems probable that it occurs along the model advanced in the present investigation.
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  • 25
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    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Qβ RNA variants ; Ethidium resistance ; Heterogeneity ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapidly acquired partial resistance to the replicase antagonist, ethidium bromide (EB), seen by Spiegelman and coresearchers in Qβ RNA variants competitively replicating under defined conditions in vitro, reflected existence of a pool of mutant RNA molecules, preadapted to EB, and their cross-propagation from the pre-EB optimum species, MDV-1, and from other kindred variants, some of which remained undetected, according to this quantitative analysis of midivariant RNA replication kinetics. DNAlike features of their evolution, such as the cloning of variants from an MDV-1 subtype and a complicance with the fundamental theorem of natural selection, resulted from the suppression, both real and apparent, of intrinsic RNA heterogeneity through sampling and detection methods, and also by the ascendency of self-propagation over cross-propagation with advancement of a superior variant. The deficit in mean polymer fitness, compared with optimum levels, determines the lower limit of this heterogeneity. Stability conditions for frequency equilibrium and strategies for counteracting viral drug resistance have been considered.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1125-1133 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotization ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the diazotization of α-naphthylamine1 in water HCl solution from 0,2N to 2.0N at 0 °C were investigated. It was found that the nitrosation reaction $$\alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 + NOCl\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{k_v } \alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 NO^ + + Cl^ - $$ is a preceeding advance-back-reaction (velocity coefficient of the nitrosation is 1.92·1010l mol−1 s−1). The decomposition of I by splitting off a proton is the rate determining reaction. The free enthalpy of activation for the nitrosation reaction equals 12.94 kJ/mol.
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  • 27
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1135-1142 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hammet parameter ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Thermodynamic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Reaktion von drei substituierten Acetophenonen mit Bromsuccinimid in Perchlorsäure in Gegenwart von Quecksilberacetat wurde untersucht. Die Reaktion war von nullter Ordnung gegenüberNBS, erster Ordnung gegenüber den Ketonen und [H+]. Mögliche Mechanismen der Reaktion werden diskutiert und auch eine Geschwindigkeitsgleichung wird abgeleitet. Es wurden die thermodynamischen Parameter der Reaktion bestimmt und auch einHammet'scher ϖ-Wert (+0,6) für die Oxidation der Methylarylketone ermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of three substituted acetophenones withN-Bromosuccinimide was studied in perchloric acid media in presence of mercuric acetate. The reactions were found to be zero order with respect toNBS while the order with respect to ketones and [H+] was found to be unity. The addition of succinimide mercuric acetate and sodium perchlorate has no effect on the rate of oxidation and the rate increases with the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium. Kinetic investigations have revealed that the order of reactivity ism-nitroacetophenone 〉 p-chloroacetophenone 〉 p-methylacetophenone. TheArrhenius equation has been found to be valid in the temperature range 35–55°. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. Mechanistic pathways of the reactions are discussed and a rate equation is derived.Hammett's plot gives a ϖ value of +0.60 for methyl-aryl-ketones.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Graphite ; Kinetics ; Reduction ; Thoria ; Thoriumcarbide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion von Thoriumoxid mit Graphit im Überschuß wurde mittels einer Thermowaage zwischen 1620 und 1920 K im Vakuum untersucht. Ab ThO2:C=1:50 war die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Mischungsverhältnis unabhängig; das Endprodukt war immer ThC2. Der logarithmische Gewichtsverlust war direkt proportional der Zeit, und dieArrheniusgerade zeigte einen Knickpunkt bei 1710 K: unterhalb dieser Temperatur ergab sich eine Aktivierungsenergie von 440 kJ, oberhalb eine solche von 260 kJ. Die Temperatur des Knickpunkts entspricht der Umwandlungstemperatur von monoklinem in tetragonal raumzentriertes ThC2.
    Notes: Abstract The reduction of thoria with excess graphite was studied with a thermo-balance in vacuum between 1620 and 1920 K. From Th02:C=1:50 the rate of reaction was independent of the ratio of the reactants; the endproduct was always ThC2. The logarithmic weight loss was directly proportional to the time, and theArrhenius plot showed a break at 1710 K: below this temperature the activation energy was found to be 440 kJ, above 260 kJ. The temperature corresponding to the break coincides with the transition temperature of monoclinic to body-centered tetragonal ThC2.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Ligand-transfer ; Thallium (III)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of oxinate ions from thallium (III)oxinate to trivalent Fe(DMF) 6 3+ in propylenecarbonate takes place via rearrangements within a rapidly formed binuclear thallium(III)—iron(III) complex. In a last rapid step this rearranged complex reacts with excess reactants to the final products whose composition accordingly depends on the ratio of the reactant concentrations.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hydroperoxide ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Zersetzung von α,α-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxid (1) unter Verwendung eines Kupfer(II)chlorkomplexes wurde die neue Feststellung gemacht, daß das Produktverhältnis Acetophenon (2): α,α-Dimethylbenzylalkohol (3) stets 2:1 ist. Die Kinetik der Reaktion wurde untersucht und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit dem experimentellen Resultat konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract In the decomposition of α,α-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide (1) by use of copper(II) chlorocomplexes, the novel fact was found that the product ratio of acetophenone (2) to α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (3) is 2 to 1. The kinetics of this result was investigated and a mechanism consistent with the experimental result is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 411-423 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Bromination ; Dihydroxydiphenylmethanes ; Intramolecular hydrogen bonding ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bromination of 15 dinuclear phenolic compounds (dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, methylene bisphenols) by molecular bromine in acetic acid was studied kinetically at 22°C. In all compounds the electrophilic substitution occurred inortho-position to the phenolic hydroxy group of the methyl phenol unit while the non reacting neighboring unit was differently substituted by H, CH3,t-Bu and NO2. A decrease in the reaction rate was observed in 2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, where the +M-effect of the hydroxy group is diminished by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The strength of this hydrogen bond may be influenced mainly by steric factors. Strong electron withdrawing substituents like NO2 show a rate decreasing influence on the reactivity of the neighboring unit also in 2,4′- and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1385-1392 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Periodate oxidation ; Solvent effect ; Reaction rate ; Kinetics ; Octacyanomolybdate (IV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Mo(CN) 8 4− mit IO4/− wurde in Ethanol—Wasser über einen Temperaturbereich von 15–35 °C untersucht. Der Effekt der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Mechanismus der Reaktion werden diskutiert. Die Aktivierungsparameter sind angeführt. Es wird ein „Inner-Sphere“-Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit den kinetischen Ergebnissen konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of Mo(CN) 8 4− by IO 4 − has been studied in ethanol—water solvent mixtures over a temperature range of 15–35 °C. The effect of solvent composition on the reaction rate and the mechanism has been investigated. Activation parameters are given. An inner-sphere mechanism, consistent with the kinetic results, is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Kinetik der Oxidation von Chinol mit Quecksilbernitrat in Gegenwart einer Mischung ausAcOH-H2O-HNO3 untersucht, um die aktive Species bei der Oxidation in diesem Medium aufzuklären. Die Reaktionsordnung ist sowohl bezüglich des Chinols als auch des Hg(II)-Ions erster Ordnung. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit erhöht sich leicht mit der HNO3-Konzentration und auch mit abfallender Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sinkt mit dem Zusatz von KNO3. Es ist keinerlei Hinweis auf eine Komplexbildung zwischen Chinol und Hg(II) festzustellen. Die Resultate der Untersuchungen legen HgNO + 3 als aktive Spezies nahe. Es wird ein möglicher Mechanismus mit einem Zweielektronen-Transfer im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt vorgeschlagen. Das dabei produziertep-Benzochinon existiert nicht in freier Form, sondern es bildet einen stabilen 1 : 1-Komplex mit Quecksilbernitrat; dieser Komplex wurde mittels TLC und IR charakterisiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of quinol by mercuric nitrate in presence ofAcOH-H2O-HNO3 mixture has been investigated in order to find the active species of mercuric nitrate involved in the oxidation in this medium. The order of reaction both with respect to quinol and Hg(II) is found to be one. The reaction rate slightly increases with the increase in [HNO3] and the decrease of the dielectric constant of the medium. The reaction rate retards on addition of KNO3. There is no evidence for complex formation between quinol and Hg(II). These results suggest that HgNO + 3 might be the active species in this medium. A probable mechanism involving a two electron transfer in the rate determining step has been suggested. The producedp-benzoquinone does not exist in free state but forms a stable (1 : 1) complex with mercuric nitrate which has been characterized by TLC and IR studies.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 697-704 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics ; Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels derivativer cyclischer Voltammetrie wurden für die Titelreaktion Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsparameter erhalten (Dimethylformamid als Lösungsmittel). Benzyliden-,p-Methyl- undp-Methoxybenzylidenmalonnitril reagieren ausschließlich über die Dimerisierung ihrer Anionenradikale (Radikal-Radikal-Kopplung), währenddessen die Dimerisierung vonp-Fluorbenzylidenmalonnitril zu 25% über die Kopplung des Anionenradikals mit dem Substrat erfolgt.
    Notes: Abstract Rate constants and activation parameters for the reductive dimerization of substituted benzylidenemalononitriles were obtained from derivate cyclic voltammetry measurements in dimethylformamide as solvent. Benzylidene-,p-methyl-andp-methoxybenzylidenemalononitrile react exclusively via dimerization of their anion radicals (radical-radical coupling) while forp-fluorobenzylidenemalononitrile 25% of the dimerization proceeds by coupling of the anion radical with the substrate.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 124 (1993), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Aroyl azide ; 4-Toluoyl azide ; Alcoholysis ; Aminolysis ; “Nucleophilic catalysis” ; Kinetics ; Steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Primäre Amine reagieren in nicht-nucleophilen Lösungsmitteln mit 4-Toluoyl-azid in einer einheitlichen Reaktion 2. Ordnung, die durch die Größe des Amins und die Lösungsmittel-Polarität beeinflußt wird. Das ändert sich in Gegenwart von Alkoholen, wo auch die Bildung von 4-Toluylsäureestern beobachtet wird. Diese Konkurrenzreaktion wird durch den „kleinsten“ Alkohol (Methanol) und/oder die relativ größeren Amine (Cylohexylamin bzw. 3-Pentylamin) besonders stark begünstigt. Verglichen mit der einfachen Alkoholyse von 4-Toluoylazid wird eine enorme Beschleunigung der Esterbildung, proportional zur Konzentration des nucleophilen Amins, beobachtet. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird mit besonderer Berücksichtigung sterischer Effekte bei der Konkurrenz von Nucleophilen um das Aroylazid diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Primary amines2[R:n-butyl(2a), cyclohexyl (2b), 3-pentyl (2c)] react with 4-toluoyl azide1 in non-nucleophilic solvents in a clear second order reaction, which is strongly dependent on the size of the amine2 and the solvent polarity (k 2 [Acetonitril; 25 °C]: 15.51 (2a), 0.83 (2b) and 0.19 (2c) 1/mol·min; ΔH#=22.1 kJ/mol, ΔS#=−170.5 J/mol·K [2b in Acetonitril]). Drastic changes occur in the presence of nucleophilic solvents. With nucleophilic amines2 added to these in the solutions a concurrent reaction with alcohols4 [R: methyl (4a), ethyl (4b),n-butyl (4c)] yielding 4-toluoyl ester5 is observed. This is especially dominating with the “smallest” alcohol methanol (4a) and/or effectively promoted by “bulky” amines (2b, 2c; up to 99%5a). Compared with the pure alcoholysis a huge acceleration of the ester formation, proportional to the cencentration of the nucleophilic amine2, is observed. The reaction mechanism is discussed with special emphasis on steric effects in the competition of nucleophiles for the aroyl azide1.
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 38 (1992), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Amylase ; Arthrobacter sp. ; Kinetics ; Yeast glykogen ; Trehalose ; Maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of amylolytic enzyme formation by a yeast cell wall lytic Arthrobacter species were studied. Cultivation on autoclaved cells of baker's yeast showed that amylase formation was closely related to trehalose and glycogen dissimilation. Growth on yeast glycogen (0.5%) proceeded quite rapidly (μ = 0.31 h−1) with extensive amylase formation during exponential cell multiplication and a further low increase in activity during the stationary phase. Beside amylolytic activity [450 units (U) l−1] the formation of a relatively high level of α-glucosidase (90 U l−1) was detected, the latter almost exclusively bound to bacterial cells. Growth on 0.5% trehalose occurred at a reduced rate (μ = 0.22 h−1) with post-logarithmic enzyme synthesis in the stationary phase. Amylase activity attained a level of 1200 U l−1, whereas α-glucosidase was very low at 7.7 U l−1. Continuous culture experiments in the chemostat showed maximal volumetric productivity of amylase (105 U l−1 h−1) at a dilution rate of 0.15 h−1. Growth on various carbohydrates revealed low levels of amylolytic activity (〈100 U l−1), which were increased by a α-1,4-glucans and oligosaccharides such as starch, dextrin, maltotriose and maltose. On 0.5% maltose, growth-associated enzyme synthesis (230 U l−1) was detected at a reduced growth rate (μ = 0.14 h−1). Amylolytic enzyme preparations from the culture fluid showed an unusual cleavage pattern; acting on starch, the polymer was almost completely hydrolysed to maltotriose and maltose in a molar ratio of 3:1.
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 9-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone ; Pregnancy ; Nephrogenous cAMP
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parathyroid hormone (PTH) metabolism in pregnancy has not been clearly defined. Studies have reported either increased or unchanged values of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH). However, iPTH levels do not necessarily correlate with hormonal bioactivity due to the presence of immunoreactive but nonbioactive PTH fragments. In this study we evaluated PTH metabolism in the third trimester of pregnancy by determining iPTH blood levels as well as the biological effects of PTH, assessed by tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption (TmP) and nephrogenous cAMP (ncAMP) excretion, in 10 young, healthy pregnant patients (mean gestational age 35 weeks) and 10 young, healthy age-matched female controls. Pregnancy was associated with a significant increase in creatinine clearance (146±13 vs 106±9 ml/min,P〈0.01), and a significant decrease in total fasting serum calcium (8.4±0.1 vs 9.0±0.1 mg/dl,P〈0.001) and serum albumin (3.6±0.1 vs 4.2±0.1 g/dl,P〈0.001). There was no significant difference in iPTH (3.7±0.4 vs 4.3±0.5 µlEq/ml), serum phosphorus (3.6±0.1 vs 3.8±0.2 mg/dl), TmP (3.61±0.13 vs 3.75±0.25 mg/100 ml GFR), or ncAMP (1.68±0.20 vs 1.88±0.23 nmoles/100 ml GFR) between the two groups. Pregnancy was attended by a significant increase in fasting urinary calcium to creatinine ratio (0.14±0.03 vs 0.06±0.01,P〈0.05), an index of bone resorption. The data suggest that the biological effects of PTH are unchanged in pregnancy, and that reported increments in 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in pregnancy are not regulated by changes in either PTH, calcium, or phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 137-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Enamel ; Dissolution ; Kinetics ; Caries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken in an attempt to relate the kinetics of hydroxyapatite dissolution to solution parameters, under experimental conditions relevant to the dental caries process. Thus, the dissolution of hydroxyapatite was studied in acetic, lactic, and dilute phosphoric acid solutions having initial pH values from 4 to 6. Rates of dissolution and the corresponding degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite were determined at various times throughout the dissolution process. Rates of dissolution of all solutions were found to decrease with increasing degree of solution saturation and were greater in solutions with lower initial values of pH. However, rates of dissolution in partially saturated phosphoric acid solutions (without added organic acid) were at least one order of magnitude lower than those observed in the organic acid buffers with the same initial pH, over the same range of saturation values. The data obtained are consistent with a surface-controlled dissolution model in which the rate of dissolution is dependent upon the degree of saturation and the sum of the activities of the acidic species in solution, i.e., phosphoric and organic acids. These results suggest that in order to assess the cariogenic potential of a given medium (e.g., plaque fluid), one must determine both the degree of saturation with respect to the dissolving mineral and the activities of acidic species in solution.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Bone ; Pregnancy ; Lactation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of vitamin D on bone changes during the reproductive cycle in female rats has been investigated. One group of female rats was maintained on a vitamin D-deficient diet and another group on a vitamin D-replete diet from weaning. Both groups were mated with normal males and changes in their bones were determined histomorphometrically during pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning. All vitamin D-deficient rats had bone changes typical of rickets. Pregnancy caused significant reductions in mineralized tissue of trabecular and cortical bone in the vitamin D-deficient rats. Lactation caused further significant reductions in mineralized tissues of cortical and trabecular bone in both the vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-replete animals, with the greatest changes seen at weaning. Some restoration of mineralized tissues occurred following weaning. There was an increase in tetracycline-labeled bone surface in the vitamin D-replete animals during lactation, likely due to an increase in bone formation rates. In the vitamin D-deficient animals during lactation, there was a decrease in tetracyclinelabeled bone surface, likely due to severely depressed bone mineralization. These results indicate that the mobilization of calcium from bone to maintain pregnancy and lactation occurs by a mechanism independent of vitamin D.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Idiopathic osteoporosis ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Bone mineral density ; Bone histomorphometry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reports of five young women who developed vertebral fractures associated with pregnancy and lactation are presented (Fig. 1). Ages ranged from 24 to 37 (mean 30) years. All five patients have osteoporosis with two to nine vertebral fractures at presentation postpartum. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by single-photon absorptiometry, quantitative computer tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD of the trabecular bone was less than normal values and it remained apparently low even several years after pregnancy. Histological findings of bone biopsy identified the bone loss with increasing bone resorption. Our present findings suggest that postpregnancy osteoporosis affects mainly the trabecular bone site, and the patients might have low peak bone mass and poor reversibility probably due to a low rate of remodeling.
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Corrected calcium ; Parathyroid hormone-related protein ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The object of this study was to determine whether increased circulating levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rp) may explain the increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) bioactivity in pregnancy. In 41 healthy pregnant women (age 19–41 years), PTH-rp and corrected calcium levels were measured and compared with those of nonpregnant control women (n=18, age 20–39 years). PTH-rp and corrected calcium levels were significantly higher in pregnant women (PTH-rp 21.9±7.9 pg/ml, P〈0.001; corrected calcium 2.38±0.07 mmol/liter, P=0.001) than in nonpregnant women (PTH-rp 10.3±7.8 pg/ml; corrected calcium 2.30±0.10 mmol/liter). Our data indicate that circulating PTH-rp levels may significantly increase in pregnancy, suggesting a possible role of this peptide in the modification of calcium homeostasis in pregnant women.
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 697-701 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Endochondral osteogenesis ; Growth ; Pregnancy ; Lactation
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The rates of endochondral bone elongation during pregnancy and lactation in rats have been studied. The rate of growth at the distal femoral epiphyseal growth plate was measured using fluorescent bone markers. Endochondral growth rates were substantially increased in pregnant animals when compared with age-matched, nonmated controls. There were also increases in growth plate thickness, hypertrophic cell lacunar height, and the calculated rate of cell production during pregnancy. At parturition, this growth trend was reversed and during lactation there were significant decreases in endochondral growth rates. There were also corresponding decreases in growth plate thickness, hypertrophic cell lacunar height, and the calculated rate of cartilage cell production. These results indicate that significant changes occur in maternal endochondral growth rates during the reproductive cycle in rats.
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Salivary proteins ; Adsorption ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to investigate the factors determining the adsorption of salivary macromolecules onto hydroxyapatite. Using amino acids and other small adsorbates, it was determined that the carboxyl attached to the α carbon does not appear to adsorb onto HA and the affinities of side-chain carboxyls are much smaller than that of the phosphate group (phosphoserine). Hydroxyl (serine) displays an extremely high affinity, but its adsorption site on HA is different and the number of such sites is much smaller than found for the rest of the functional groups investigated. It is shown that the information obtained from small molecules cannot be readily applied to prediction of the adsorption behavior of salivary macromolecules and polypeptides. The kinetics of adsorption of the salivary phosphopeptide statherin, a polyaspartate, and the salivary prolinerich phosphoprotein PRP3 are consistent with the reversibility of the adsorption process; no conclusion was possible in the case of the protein PRP1. Apparent irreversibility cannot be explained on the basis of multipoint binding or the properties of the carboxyl versus phosphate group; it appears that secondary structure determines to a significant extent the adsorption properties of the macromolecules. Calculation of the thermodynamic molar quantities of adsorption of PRP1, PRP3, andl-ASP onto HA showed that the process is entropically driven. The functional relationship between partial molar entropy and adsorption coverage is similar for the two proteins, but quite different from that for aspartate. Explanations for these results are advanced on the bases of changes in structure configurations and displacement of water from the adsorbate and the adsorbent surface, the second factor being the dominant one in the adsorption of a small molecule such asl-ASP.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen tube ; Kinetics ; Hydrodynamics ; Agapanthus sp
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollen germination of Agapanthus umbellatus follows a logistic-type curve. It has a lag phase, which corresponds to pollen grain (PG) hydration, followed by an exponential phase — initial pollentube (PT) growth. The lag phase is characterized by an increase of about 40% in the volume of the PG as a result of the hydration process. During the exponential phase the PT emerges, and 40 min later it possesses an ultrastructural organization with a typical two-layer wall and four well-defined zones: the apical, sub-apical, nuclear and vacuolar zones. In this period the material transported by the Golgi vesicles seems to be mostly incorporated into the pollen-tube wall (PTW). Stereological analysis showed that the increase in tube volume is correlated with the increase in the vacuolar compartment at the PG level. The decrease in the relative volume occupied by the mitochondria, generative cell and vegetative nucleus in the PG suggests that these organelles move to the PT. A correlation between the disappearance of lipid droplets in the lag phase and the metabolic reactions that take place during hydration is suggested.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Proguanil ; Pregnancy ; Malaria ; cycloguanil ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma and whole blood concentrations of proguanil, its active metabolite cycloguanil, and the inactive metabolite 4-chlorophenyl-biguanide, were measured by HPLC in 10 healthy Karen women in the last trimester of pregnancy, following a 200 mg single oral dose of proguanil. Four of these women were restudied 2 months after delivery. The pharmacokinetic properties of proguanil were similar during and after pregnancy. Median peak plasma concentrations of proguanil during pregnancy and following delivery were 212 and 215 ng·ml−1, and occurred at 4.5 and 5 h, respectively. Mean plasma AUC values for proguanil during and following pregnancy were 94 and 98 ng·h·ml−1·kg−1, respectively. Corresponding whole blood AUC values were 361 and 396 ng·h·ml−1·kg−1. The mean elimination half lives and mean residence times of proguanil in plasma and whole blood were 12.3 and 19.6 h and 13.8 and 20.7 h respectively during pregnancy. Following pregnancy these values were 17.1 and 19.7 h for plasma and 19.7 h and 20.2 h for whole blood respectively. Mean peak plasma and whole blood concentrations of cycloguanil following pregnancy were 25 and 22 ng·ml−1 respectively. During pregnancy peak cycloguanil concentrations in both plasma and whole blood were markedly lower, 13 and 12 ng ml−1, respectively. Two pregnant women (neither of whom were restudied) were probably poor metabolisers of proguanil. The mean ratio of proguanil to cycloguanil plasma AUC was 16.7 in the third trimester of pregnancy and 7.8 following pregnancy, compared with less than 5 in previously reported studies. The concentrations of 4-chlorophenylbiguanide in both plasma and whole blood in pregnant subjects were also lower than those after pregnancy. These data show that blood concentrations of the active antimalarial metabolite cycloguanil are reduced in late pregnancy and that the currently recommended dose of proguanil could be inadequate for antimalarial prophylaxis in pregnant women.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fenoterol ; Pregnancy ; pharmacokinetics ; premature labour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the β2-adrenergic drug fenoterol, which is used as a tocolytic agent in pregnancy, has been investigated in pregnant (n=9) and nonpregnant (n=5) women during a constant rate intravenous infusion. Clearance and mean residence time were found to be 1990 (1879/2220; Median, Q25/Q75) ml/min and 9.2 (8.0/14.0) min in the pregnant and 2126 (1915/2130) ml/min and 16.6 (16.5/32.1) min in the nonpregnant women, respectively. In addition, fenoterol clearance was estimated in 88 women from a single blood sample collected at steady state during IV therapy and the effect of gestational age on clearance was studied. Clearance displayed large inter-individual variation. There was no apparent correlation between clearance and gestational age. We conclude that there is no need to adjust the dose on pharmacokinetic grounds in the course of pregnancy.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 44 (1993), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pregnancy ; Hypertension ; Metoprolol ; β-adrenoceptor blocking effect ; plasma concentration
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma drug concentration-effect relationship after an oral dose of 100 mg metoprolol has been studied in 8 women in the third trimester of a pregnancy complicated by hypertension. The study was repeated 3–5 months after parturition when all but 2 women were normotensive. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were measured in the sitting position followed by the change in heart rate on exercise. The average peak plasma concentration of metoprolol was almost 4-times higher in the non-pregnant state. Despite this difference, the reduction in exercise tachycardia and resting SBP was only slightly more pronounced after delivery than during pregnancy. In relation to the plasma drug concentration, metoprolol had four-times and twice the effect on heart rate and SBP during pregnancy as compared to the post partum period. The altered chronotropic response to metoprolol during pregnancy may be due to increased sensitivity or altered function of the β-adrenergic system.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Drug use ; Complaint profiles ; Pregnancy ; pharmacoepidemiology ; pharmacy records
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have compared the reliability of the information about drug therapy and pregnancy retrieved by interviewing patients with that distilled from pharmacy records. In the initial phase of each interview we used the internationally accepted open-ended technique, and extended this with an indication-oriented set of questions and then a set of specific drug-oriented questions. These data were then compared with those from pharmacy records on dispensing for the same patients during their pregnancy. The results suggest that if drug consumption during pregnancy is evaluated by interview, one should not restrict oneself to open-ended questions but should include indication-oriented and, when appropriate, drug-oriented questions. Such specific questions offer the opportunity of detecting the use of over-the-counter medication and of constructing drug use/complaint profiles. By contrast, pharmacy records will give better information in case of long recall periods and in patients with multiple and/or repeated drug use. Investigators should use the complementary elements of both techniques where appropriate.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pregnancy ; Paracetamol ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Paracetamol pharmacokinetics was evaluated in groups of pregnant (8–12 weeks) and non pregnant women given the standard oral dose of 650 mg. The mean half-life was significantly lower and oral clearance was significantly higher in the first trimester group compared to the control group. The AUC was lower in the first trimester but the difference was not significant. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was reached 48 min after administration in both groups, and the mean maximal serum concentration was similar in the pregnant and non-pregnant women (11.16 and 11.58 μg·ml−1). A correlation of r=0.85 was found between Cmax and the weight of the pregnant women (P〈0.01) but not with the weight of the control women, this suggests that weight gain might be used to determine the women in whom dosage adjustment is needed.
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    European biophysics journal 21 (1993), S. 403-408 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Anion channel ; Guard cell ; Stilbene derivatives ; Voltage dependence ; Gating ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An anion channel in the plasma membrane of guard cells (GCAC1) provides a regulatory element for the voltage-dependent release of anions during stomatal closure (Keller et al. 1989) as well as excitability (Hedrich et al. 1990). Recognition sites for plant growth hormones on the extracellular surface of GCAC1 further indicate that this channel may also serve as a transduction element in hormone signaling (Marten et al. 1991 a). Stilbene derivatives were used to study the inhibitor-structure channel-function relationship of GCAC1. We have analyzed the activity, voltage-gate and kinetics of this channel as affected by stilbenes. The stilbene derivatives SITS and DNDS caused a shift in activation potential and a decrease in the peak current amplitude. Channel block through the action of DIDS, on the other hand, was not accompanied by a shift in voltage-dependence. Differences in the dose-dependence of the two effects give clues to the presence of channel sites responsible for gate-shifting and block. The ability to inhibit anion currents (Kd) increased in the sequence: SITS (4 µM) 〈 DNDS (0.5 µM) 〈 DIDS (0.2 µM). All inhibitors reversibly blocked the anion channel from the extracellular side. Channel block on the level of single anion-channels is characterized by a reduction of long open-transitions into flickering bursts and a decrease in channel amplitude.
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    European biophysics journal 8 (1981), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Light-scattering ; Flash photometry ; Kinetics ; Visual transduction ; Biomembranes
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent development of kinetic light-scattering and -absorption photometry is described. Essential points are: 1) In the scattering experiment, amplitude resolution of 2 · 10−5 (single flash) by application of a differential detector, stability of the same magnitude due to optical compensation, high intensity at the detector due to special optics for the scattered light and semiconductor sources. 2) In the absorption measurement, elimination of scattering contributions by the dual wavelength-method and by high aperture optics. 3) Simultaneous measurement of absorption and scattering. The application of the method is described in using signals from isolated bovine rod outer segments. A reliable procedure is described by the use of which the originally measured light-scattering effects can be split up into single signals. The method allows comparative kinetic analysis of absorption and scattering signals. The possible causal connections between pigment and membrane structure processes can be selected.
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1983), S. 145-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Viroids ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydrodynamics ; Function
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viroids are an independent class of plant pathogens which are distinguished from viruses by the absence of a protein coat and by their unusually small size. They are single-stranded circular RNAs composed of about 360 nucleotide residues. Sequence analysis and physicochemical studies of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) have shown that, as a result of intra-molecular base pairing, viroids form a unique rod-like secondary structure which is characterized by a serial arrangement of double-helical sections and internal loops. There is no indication for an additional tertiary structure because all parts of the molecule are freely accessible to ligand interaction. During the denaturation all of the native base pairs of viroids are dissociated in one highly cooperative transition, and in the same process very stable hairpins which are not present in the native structure are newly formed. Most of the properties of the structure and structural transitions of PSTV have been found also in citrus exocortis viroid, chrysanthemum stunt viroid and four different viroid-like RNAs associated with the cadang-cadang disease. The close similarity between these viroids is more expressed in the overall structure and in thermodynamic and functional domains than in the primary sequence. The stiffness of all viroids can be described by an unique persistence length of 300 å. Characteristically, regions of premelting, regions of stable hairpins, and the sequence UACUACCCGGUGG which is opposite to one of the stable hairpins, are the most conservative sequences in the molecules. Current hypotheses about the function of viroids are discussed on the basis of their structural and thermodynamic features. The suggestion that viroid RNA has features similar to DNA has been supported by the finding that they are replicated in vitro by the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II of the host plant. The highly conserved sequence in viroids mentioned above corresponds very closely to a segment at the 5′-end of the small nuclear RNA U1 of eukaryotes. Because this segment is discussed in recent models, to be involved in the splicing process, a hypothesis is proposed in which viroids interfere with the splicing process leading to a pathogenic misregulation of mRNA processing.
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    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
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    European biophysics journal 18 (1990), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Sodium current ; Potassium current ; Voltage-clamp ; Squid axons ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activation kinetics of the sodium and potassium conductances were re-examined in fresh axons of Loligo forbesi exhibiting very little if any potassium accumulation and a very small leak conductance, special attention being paid to the initial lag phase which precedes the turning-on of the conductances. The axons were kept intact and voltage-clamped at 2–3°C. In all cases, the rising phase of the currents could be fitted with very good accuracy using the Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) equations although, in most cases, the turning-on of the conductance did not coincide with the beginning of the depolarizing test pulse. The delay which separates the change in potential and the turning-on of current (the activation delay) was analyzed quantitatively for different prepulse and pulse potentials. The measured activation delay differed significantly from the delay predicted by the original HH equations. This difference (the ‘non-HH delay’) varied with prepulse and pulse potentials. For the potassium current, the relationship between the non-HH delay and pulse potential for a constant prepulse was bell shaped, the maximum value (0.7 ms for a prepulse to −80 mV) being reached for about 0 mV For this same current, the relationship between the non-HH delay and the prepulse potential for a constant pulse potential was sigmoidal, starting from a minimum value of around 0.5 ms at −100 mV and rising to 5 ms at −15 mV Essentially similar results were obtained for the sodium current although the non-HH delay was three to five times smaller and the dependency upon prepulse potential not significant. These results are in agreement with previous observations on squid axons and frog nodes of Ranvier and suggest that the opening of an ionic channel is preceded by a short but essential voltage-dependent conformational change of the channel protein.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanosarcina thermophila ; Acetate ; Hydrogen ; Kinetics ; K m ; V max
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 produced hydrogen during growth on acetate, maintaining a concentration of approx. 0.3 μM in the culture, corresponding to a hydrogen partial pressure of approx. 40 Pa. Increasing the partial pressure of hydrogen to 250 Pa and more led to a gradually increasing inhibition of acetate metabolism. No growth was observed when the gas phase contained 2000 Pa or more and acetate metabolism did not occur even after prolonged incubation (more than 2 weeks). M. thermophila was capable of limited consumption of hydrogen. Consumption of low concentrations of hydrogen proceeded simultaneously with acetate utilization. The affinity for hydrogen (K m=5 μM) was within the range normally found for hydrogenutilizing methanogens, while the corresponding V max (1.2 μmol hydrogen consumed mg-1 · cells h-1) was orders of magnitude lower.
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    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 288-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cellulase ; Cellulose ; Continuous culture ; Fibrobacter ; Growth yields ; Kinetics ; Rumen
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was grown in cellulose-fed continuous culture at 22 different combinations of dilution rate (D, 0.014–0.076 h-1) and extracellular pH (6.11–6.84). Effects of pH and D on the fermentation were determined by subjecting data on cellulose consumption, cell yield, product yield (succinate, acetate, formate), and soluble sugar concentrationto response surface analysis. The extent of cellulose conversion decreased with increasing D. First-order rate constants at rapid growth rates were estimated as 0.07–0.11 h-1, and decreased with decreasing pH. Apparent decreases in the rate constant with increasing D was not due to inadequate mixing or preferential utilization of the more amorphous regions of the cellulose. Significant quantities of soluble sugars (0.04–0.18 g/l, primarily glucose) were detected in all cultures, suggesting that glucose uptake was rather inefficient. Cell yields (0.11–0.24 g cells/g cellulose consumed) increased with increasing D. Pirt plots of the predicted yield data were used to determined that maintenance coefficient (0.04–0.06 g cellulose/g cells · h) and true growth yield (0.23–0.25 g cells/g cellulose consumed) varied slightly with pH. Yields of succinate, the major fermentation endproduct, were as high as 1.15 mol/mol anhydroglucose fermented, and were slightly affected by dilution rate but were not affected by pH. Comparison of the fermentation data with that of other ruminal cellulolytic bacteria indicates that F. succinogenes S85 is capable of rapid hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and efficient growth, despite a lower μmax on microcrystalline cellulose.
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    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 28-32 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Phosphate ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Regulation ; Pulse ; Steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study phosphate uptake kinetics the cyanobacteriumOscillatoria agardhii was grown in continuous culture under a phosphorus limitation. The affinity of the uptake system reflected in the initial slope of the uptake rate versus external substrate concentration curve (dV/ds) was found to be unaffected by the growth wate. The maximum phosphate uptake rate (V m ) decreased as the growth rate was increased. Attempts were made to relate the decrease ofV m to the increase in phosphorus content of the cells that occurred a higher growth rates. Accumulation of phosphate during pulse experiments indeed resulted in a decrease ofV m . However feedback regulation ofV m by accumulated phosphorus was found to occur only to a small extent in steady state growing cells. The main part of the regulation of the activity of the phosphate uptake system seemingly is determined by a long term process that is, at least longer than 2 h. The presence of short term feedback inhibition by accumulated phosphorus on the activity of the uptake system provides an explanation of the phenomenon thatOscillatoria agardhii is not able to grow at nearμ max growth rates under a phosphorus limitation.
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    Transport in porous media 6 (1991), S. 703-737 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Diffusion Shrinking core ; Exposure ; Scaling
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Non-equilibrium between the composition of the soil solution and of the sorption sites on the solid matrix of soil may be due to mass transfer resistances and to slow chemical kinetics of elementary or complex reactions. Different mechanistic models have been used to describe the rate of change of the soil solution composition due to sorption, using a good description of experimental results to draw conclusions with respect to the mechanisms involved. Assuming a mono-solute description to be appropriate, some similarities and differences between overall first order kinetics and two mechanistic diffusion-sorption kinetics models are considered. Empirical first order reaction rates can often be fitted well within experimental error on the solutions for the mechanistic diffusion-sorption models. For one of the mechanistic models (unreacted shrinking core) the behaviour is shown when the reactive solid particle size is exponentially distributed. This model can be recast into a semi-empirical model that allows scaling of reaction time, as its concentration dependence differs from the two other models. This is illustrated with an example taken from metallurgical engineering. Another difference is the effect of nonequilibrium on the solute front in an ideal plug flow reactor. For sorption according to the shrinking core model displacement may lead to a non-Fickian front, as front spreading does not grow with the square root of time. For the two other sorption models Fickian type of displacement results for large enough displacement distances.
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    Journal of biomolecular NMR 2 (1992), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: Amide proton ; Exchange rate ; Kinetics ; NOE ; Cross-relaxation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A model is proposed to evaluate the rate of exchange between the amide protons of proteins and the solvent water molecules. Using this model we determined the extent of the error for the chemical exchange rate constant when cross relaxation was neglected; both selective inversion and saturation-transfer techniques were evaluated. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the NOE intensities were determined when the exchange rate was varied.
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    The journal of membrane biology 142 (1994), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Na+/glucose cotransporter ; Xenopus oocytes ; Phenylglucosides ; Voltage clamp ; Kinetics ; Molecular modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylglucosides are transported by the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and phlorizin, the classical competitive inhibitor of SGLT1, is also a phenylglucoside. To investigate the structural requirements for binding of substrates to SGLT1, we have studied the interactions between phenylglucosides and the cotransporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes using tracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Some phenylglucosides inhibited the Na+-dependent uptake of 14C-α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (αMDG) with apparent K is in the range 0.1 to 20 mm, while others had no effect. Electrophysiological experiments indicated that phenylglucosides can act either as: (1) transported substrates, e.g., arbutin; (2) nontransported inhibitors, e.g., glucosylphenyl-isothiocyanate; or (3) noninteracting sugars, e.g., salicin. The transported substrates (glucose, arbutin, phenylglucoside and helicin) induced different maximal currents, and computer simulations showed that this may be explained by a difference in the translocation rates of the sugar and Na+-loaded transporter. Computational chemistry indicated that all these β-phenylglucosides have similar 3-D structures. Analysis showed that among the side chains in the para position of the phenyl ring the -OH group (arbutin) facilitates transport, but the-NCS (glucosylphenyl-isothiocyanate) inhibits transport. In the ortho position, -CH2OH (salicin) prevents interaction, but the aldehyde (helicin) permits the molecule to be transported. Studies such as these may help to understand the geometry and nature of glucoside binding to SGLT1.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Cell-attached patch-clamp technique ; (single) Cl− channel activity ; Voltage dependence ; Action potential ; Chara ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma membrane of Chara corallina was made accessible for patch pipettes by cutting a small window through the cell wall of plasmolyzed internodal cells. With pipettes containing Cl− as Ca2+ or Ba2+ (50 or 100 mm), but not as Mg2+ or K+ salt, it was possible to record in the cell-attached mode for long periods with little channel activity, randomly interspersed with intervals of transient activation of two Cl− channel types (cord conductance at +50 mV: 52 and 16 pS, respectively). During these periods of transient channel activity, variable numbers (up to some 10) of the two Cl− channel types activated and again inactivated over several 100 msec in a coordinated fashion. Transient Cl channel activity was favored by voltages positive of the free running membrane voltage (〉 −45 mV); but positive voltage alone was neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for activtion of these channels. Neither type of Cl− channel was markedly voltage dependent. A third, nonselective 4 pS channel is a candidate for Ca2+ translocation. The activity of this channel does not correlate in time with the transient activity of the Cl− channels. The entire set of results is consistent with the following microscopic mechanism of action potentials in Chara, concerning the role of Ca2+ and Cl− for triggering and time course: Ca2+ uptake does not activate Cl− channels directly but first supplies a membrane-associated population of Ca2+ storage sites. Depolarization enhances discharge of Ca2+ from these elements (none or few under the patch pipette) resulting in a local and transient increase of free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) at the inner side of the membrane before being scavenged by the cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffer system. In turn, the transient rise in [Ca2+]cyt causes the transient activity of those Cl− channels, which are more likely to open at an elevated Ca2+ concentration.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraoptic neurones ; Paraventricular neurones ; Pregnancy ; Lactation ; Oxytocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interference microscopy was used to measure the dry mass of nucleoli in unfixed nuclei isolated from neurones of the paraventricular (PV) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of female rats. Changes in nucleolar dry mass during pregnancy and lactation have been interpreted as reflecting changes in rates of synthesis of ribosomes and protein in these neurones. Measurements were made on a total of 6580 nucleoli from 135 rats. At the end of pregnancy nucleolar dry mass of both PV and SO neurones was increased compared with virgin female rats. Nucleolar dry mass of PV neurones but not SO neurones increased further during lactation. This change was biphasic, with a nadir at 2 weeks post partum. After day 5 post partum, nucleolar dry mass of PV and SO neurones was increased only in rats suckling pups. Adjustment of litter size to 10 or 22 to 24 pups on the first day post partum did not affect nucleolar changes in PV and SO neurones. Nucleolar changes were less when only one pup was nursed. The results are discussed in relation to oxytocin secretion induced by the suckling stimulus and the synthetic response of PV and SO neurones to increased secretion.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Binucleate cells ; Placenta ; Trophoblast ; Lectins ; Pregnancy ; Cow ; Sheep
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Chorionic binucleate cells (BNC) occur in several ruminants including cow, deer, goat and sheep. They migrate through the chorionic tight junction to fuse with uterine epithelial cells and discharge their granules into maternal connective tissue. We have compared the BNC of near-term, resin-embedded, ovine and bovine placentae using 15 biotinylated lectins and an avidin-peroxidase revealing system. There was pronounced conservation of saccharides between the two species. Several sub-types of N-glycan were present, with highly branched structures being abundant, as shown by Galanthus nivalis, Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris (leuko) agglutinins. Among the non-reducing terminal saccharides conserved were GalNAcα1,3(Fucα1,2)Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1-, GalNAcα1,6Galβ1-, Galβ1,4GlcNAc- and Galβ1,3GalNAcα1- shown by Dolichos biflorus, Wisteria floribunda, Erythrina cristagalli, and Maclura pomifera agglutinins, respectively. Arachis hypogaea and Glycine max agglutinins tended to bind to bovine BNC at different stages of maturity, while fucosyl residues detectable by Tetragonolobus purpureus and Ulex europaeus-1 agglutinins were not observed in either species. The only major difference related to sialyl residues, with α2,3-linked sialic acid being present in bovine (Maackia amurensis, Limax flavus) and α2,6 sialic acid being present in ovine (Sambucus nigra agglutinin) cells. This conservation of glycan may be related to glycosylation of peptide hormones in the granules, and may thus be important in the targeting of these hormones to their receptors.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 309-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Pregnancy ; Involution ; Epithelial cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (Swiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the murine thymus during pregnancy were studied using immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against thymic epithelial, neuroendocrine, and thymulin-producing cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels and connective tissue components. Extensive alterations occur in mid-pregnancy. The medulla was greatly enlarged in the involuted thymus, and there were greater numbers of epithelial cells. These epithelial cells had an altered distribution forming large structures surrounding spherical masses of mononulear cells, lacked epithelial cells and often contained a central blood vessel with fibroblasts and connective tissue. We have called these structures ‘medullary epithelial rings’ (MERs). To our knowledge these structures have not been described before. Late in pregnancy the loss of the central mononuclear cells leaves collapsed structures in a smaller medulla that nevertheless retains many epithelial cells. In virgins and early-pregnancy, there are cortical channels free of epithelial cells that are very infrequent later in pregnancy. This may reflect the loss of steroid-sensitive thymocytes from the cortex. The influence of sex-steroids neurological impulses and immune activity in causing the changes are discussed, as are the possible consequences in pregnancy of a reduced, thymocyte-depleted cortex and an enlarged medulla that shows great complexity and activity.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 647-656 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chimaera ; Metrial gland ; Bone marrow ; Differentiation ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clear morphological differences between the granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells which develop in the uteri of rats and mice have been used to assess the origin of GMG cells in radiation chimaeras. Lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with either rat or mouse bone marrow cells. Control mice were ovariectomised. A schedule of steroid injections was carried out allowing deciduoma formation to be induced in the irradiated and control animals. Deciduoma formation was impaired, and there were few GMG cells in the irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice in comparison with the ovariectomised controls. However, it was possible to identify, by their distinctive morphology, 1) rat GMG cells in the mice reconstituted with rat bone marrow cells, and 2) mouse GMG cells in the mice reconstituted with mouse bone marrow cells. Conversely, no typical mouse or rat GMG cells were identified in mice reconstituted, respectively, with rat or mouse bone marrow cells. The observations indicate that GMG cells differentiate from a precursor derived from bone marrow.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH-immunohistochemistry ; Pregnancy ; Parturition ; Guinea Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LHRH-immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay of the gonadotropins were used to demonstrate changes in the LHRH content of the hypothalamus during late pregnancy and after parturition in the guinea pig. Immediately after parturition a decrease in the amount of LHRH-associated fluorescence was observed in the medial preoptic area. Only 12 h later similar changes were found in the median eminence. In the precommissural region no obvious changes were noted in the quantity of LHRH-immunoreactive “terminals” and “synapses”. The radioimmunoassay of the gonadotropins shows an increase of LH shortly after parturition which reaches the level of a preovulatory rise, whereas the amount of FSH does not vary significantly. The role of the medial preoptic area and the OVLT in the regulation of the estrous cycle through LHRH is discussed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pregnancy ; Progesterone ; Noradrenaline levels ; Neuropeptides ; Uterine artery ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques, noradrenaline-, neuropeptide Y-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerve fibres were studied in the uterine artery of virgin, progesterone-treated and pregnant guinea-pigs. Morphological changes following hormone treatment or in pregnancy were also evaluated in a quantitative study on semithin sections of the uterine artery. In late pregnancy, the number of noradrenalinecontaining nerve fibres, which formed the densest plexus in virgin animals, was significantly decreased, a finding supported by a significant reduction in noradrenaline levels. This reduction was not mimicked by systemic progesterone treatment. In contrast, the innervation of the uterine artery by neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibres was increased in pregnancy, while the other peptidergic nerves and peptide levels were unchanged after progesterone treatment and in pregnancy. These changes led to a predominance of innervation by neuropeptide Y- rather than noradrenaline-containing nerve fibres in late pregnancy. No morphological changes were detected following progesterone treament, but pregnancy led to a marked increase in the cross-sectional area of the vessel accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the media.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Binucleate cells ; Placenta ; Trophoblast ; Lectins ; Pregnancy ; Cow ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chorionic binucleate cells (BNC) occur in several ruminants including cow, deer, goat and sheep. They migrate through the chorionic tight junction to fuse with uterine epithelial cells and discharge their granules into maternal connective tissue. We have compared the BNC of near-term, resin-embedded, ovine and bovine placentae using 15 biotinylated lectins and an avidinperoxidase revealing system. There was pronounced conservation of saccharides between the two species. Several sub-types of N-glycan were present, with highly branched structures being abundant, as shown by Galanthus nivalis, Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris (leuko) agglutinins. Among the non-reducing terminal saccharides conserved were GalNAcα1,3(Fucα1,2)-Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1-, GalNAcα1,6Galβ1-, Galβ1,4GlcNAc-and Galβ1,3GalNAcα1- shown by Dolichos biflorus, Wisteria floribunda, Erythrina cristagalli, and Maclura pomifera agglutinins, respectively. Arachis hypogaea and Glycine max agglutinins tended to bind to bovine BNC at different stages of maturity, while fucosyl residues detectable by Tetragonolobus purpureus and Ulex europaeus-1 agglutinins were not observed in either species. The only major difference related to sialyl residues, with α2,3-linked sialic acid being present in bovine (Maackia amurensis, Limax flavus) and α2,6 sialic acid being present in ovine (Sambucus nigra agglutinin) cells. This conservation of glycan may be related to glycosylation of peptide hormones in the granules, and may thus be important in the targeting of these hormones to their receptors.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Attitude ; Cooperative behavior ; Drug labelling ; Drug utilization ; Information sources ; Patient education ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study the need for information about drugs among pregnant women and the use of available sources was explored. The women participating in this study were well aware of the risks of the use of drugs. Health professionals were considered to be important sources of information and they should therefore use up-to-date information concerning this topic. Health professionals should also bear in mind in their counseling activities that the beliefs of pregnant women on the safety and need of drugs might lead to reasoned non-compliance.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Amniotic fluid ; Antibiotics ; Cefuroxime ; Membranes ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pregnancy ; Premature ; Rupture, spontaneous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To 6 pregnant patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes, cefuroxime prophylaxis was given 1,500 mg three times daily intravenously. Cefuroxime concentrations were assayed in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid during pregnancy and in umbilical cord blood, placenta, and membranes after delivery. Our results showed a high rate of transplacental transfer of cefuroxime. Bactericidal levels could be demonstrated in maternal plasma, and in amniotic fluid leaking from the vagina. Therapeutically active levels were present in the newborns. The absorption of cefuroxime by the foetal membranes was high. Although the neonatal morbidity in this high-risk population was low, the data are still too preliminary to advise the routine prophylactic use of cefuroxime to pregnant patients with preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
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  • 71
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Drug utilization ; Epidemiological methods ; Lactation ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study the use of prescribed drugs before, during and after pregnancy is described. The study is based on data obtained from pharmacy records of 1,948 women who delivered a live-born infant. Different measures to evaluate drug exposure are used. During the nine months of pregnancy 86% of the women used on average 4.2 prescriptions. During the course of pregnancy the use of gastro-intestinal and blood-forming drugs increased, whereas the use of cardiovascular, antiphlogistic and central nervous system drugs decreased. Anti-emetics were predominantly used in the first trimester, and antacids in the last trimester, whereas laxatives were especially used after delivery. The percentage of women who used a treatment for vaginal infections increased from 2 to 7 during pregnancy. Most of the women (73%) received one or more iron prescriptions during the course of pregnancy, however, the prescribed daily dose was low (prescribed daily dose/defined daily dose=0.6). At least 1% of the women filled a new prescription for anticonceptives in the first trimester of pregnancy. Most likely, our data reflect the general prescribing pattern for Dutch pregnant women who delivered a live-born baby. Therefore, they form a good and detailed base for further studies, for instance, on the exposure to drugs with known or suspected risks or on the use of drugs in patients with chronic concomitant diseases. Such studies may lead to recommendations that may improve prescribing behaviour.
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  • 72
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    Pharmacy world & science 14 (1992), S. 38-45 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Analgesics ; Antibiotics ; Anticonvulsants ; Cardiovascular agents ; Drug utilization ; Pregnancy ; Prescriptions, drug ; Psychotropic drugs ; Teratogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The drug use of nearly 2,000 pregnant women was evaluated at the level of the individual patient for the drugs belonging to the Australian risk categories B3, C and D. The pattern of changes in the use of these drugs is studied in terms of women who discontinue (d), continue (c) or begin (b) using the drug during pregnancy. The ratios d/(c+b) and d/b were the highest for the drugs belonging to the high-risk groups and the lowest for drugs from the low-risk categories. This suggests a congruence between theoretical knowledge and daily practice. Patients who had already been using a drug for a long time before pregnancy, more frequently continued using that drug than patients who had been using the drug only incidentally before. The described daily dose for the riskful drugs was approximately 20% lower in patients who started to use a drug during pregnancy compared to those who continued drug use. The data from this analysis indicate that the prescribing physician is generally aware of the possible risks of drug use during pregnancy. The d/(b+c) and d/b ratios are shown to be a good measure of prescribing behaviour in relation to pregnancy and can be used to compare knowledge of theory and daily practice.
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  • 73
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    Pharmacy world & science 14 (1992), S. 59-59 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Medication errors ; Pharmacists ; Physicians, family ; Pregnancy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Pharmacy world & science 12 (1990), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Data collection ; Drug utilization ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a field, such as drug use in pregnancy, where knowledge is often based on scanty information, and systematic permanent surveillance is needed, so as to avoid reliance on data obtained in widely differing contexts, an international co-operative network was set up, using a cheap and standardized interview technique. The study, originally European, can now be considered ‘intercontinental’, as the twenty-five countries where data is already being collected represent four of the five continents. Thirteen participating countries have already returned about ten thousand completed forms. Fifteen per cent of the 9714 enrolled women took no drugs at any stage of pregnancy, while each taker received an average of 2.6 (range 1–13) prescriptions. Intracountry and intercountry differences were found in prescribing habits and in other characteristics of the population. Although the large amount of data collected is still being processed, preliminary findings indicate that this study seems to have been warranted.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Behavior ; Children ; Czechoslovakia ; Drug utilization ; Epidemiologic methods ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Files with prescription data were used to assess possible behavioural changes in children, whose mothers used benzodiazepines or neuroleptic drugs during the second half of their pregnancy. Prescriptions, bearing the identification number of women resident in one district of Prague, filed in pharmacies during 1974 and the first three months of 1975 represent the first part of the data. During 1984, children born in the appropriate earlier period were searched and linked with the earlier prescription data. A group of 68 children with possible exposure to neuroleptics and a group of 15 children possibly exposed to diazepam during the second half of their intrauterine development were found. Two groups of 55 and 7 children, respectively, born of mothers without exposure to these drugs, were chosen as controls. The teachers of classes attended by these children were addressed by a letter and asked to evaluate their behaviour at school. This was done by means of a form containing analogue scales evaluating different features of behaviour. Each child was compared with its control. The statistical evaluation with Student's t-test, regression analysis and analysis of variance did not reveal any significant difference between both groups and their controls.
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  • 76
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    Pharmacy world & science 15 (1993), S. 171-172 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Data collection ; Drug utilization ; Ovulation induction ; Pharmacoepidemiology ; Pharmacy records ; Pregnancy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Sclerosis ; Myometrial vessels ; Pregnancy ; Cynomolgus monkeys
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotic changes were found histologically in the myometrial vessels of 27 out of 33 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The sclerosis was composed of fibrous proliferations and intimal thickening. These changes were not observed in nulliparous cases, but were found only in multiparous ones. The findings suggest that the sclerotic changes in the myometrial vessels of cynomolgus monkeys are a pregnancy-induced phenomenon.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Zinc deficiency ; Rhesus monkey ; Purified diets ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; Zinc ; Nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although non-human primates are widely used models of human diseases, often studied for long periods of time, their dietary requirements are not well defined. Over a two—three-year time period, female rhesus macaques were fed either a marginally zinc-deprived diet or a comparable zinc replete purified diet. The purified diets were based on current NRC recommendations. Interestingly poor pregnancy outcome was noted in both the zinc-deprived as well as in the control group. Twenty-eight percent of controls (N=16) and 20% of zinc-deprived animals (N=15) failed to conceive after at least seven matings. Pregnancy loss was also high in both groups of animals including 31% of conceptions in controls (N=11) and 33% of conceptions in zinc deficient animals (N=12). The majority of pregnancy losses occurred after animals had been fed purified diet for over two years. In contrast, normal colony pregnancy loss is estimated at 11%. Furthermore, 3 of 18 live-born infants died prior to 7 months of age and one third of surviving offspring were growth-retarded during the 1st year of life compared to established colony norms. Our data demonstrate the difficulty of constructing adequate purified diets for long-term studies in primates even when based upon available and recommended nutritional information.
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  • 79
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 20 (1992), S. 517-531 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Ion channel ; Kinetics ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Chaos ; Mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Models of the gating of ion channels have usually assumed that the switching between the open and closed states is a random process without a mechanistic basis. We explored the properties of a deterministic model of channel gating based on a chaotic dynamic system. The channel is modeled as a nonlinear oscillator, that has a potential function with two minima, which correspond to the stable open and closed states, and is driven by a periodic driving force. The properties of the model are like some properties of single channel data and unlike other properties. The model is like the data in that: the current switches between two well-defined states, this switching is nonperiodic, and there are subconductance states. These subconductance states are subharmonic resonances, due to the nonlinearities in the equation of the model, rather than stable conformational states due to local minima in the potential energy. The model is not like the data in that the current fluctuates too much within in each state and there are sometimes periodic fluctuations within a state. At the present time, the selection of the most appropriate channel model (Markov, chaotic, or other) is not possible, and in addition to chaotic models, other nonlinear models may be suitable.
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  • 80
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 359-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alaska ; Ammonium ; Birch ; Forest-floor ; Isotopedilution ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was conducted of nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of a paper birch forest in subarctic Alaska. Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (〈1% of the total nitrogen pool with 95 to 99 atom percent excess15N) and isotope dilution analysis, were used to establish the kinetics of nitrogen flow. The pools examined were NH4, NO3+NO2, soluble organic-N and forest floor organic matter. This approach allows a more realistic assessment of rates of N movement at the levels of nitrogen concentration encountered in natural systems.
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  • 81
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 399-417 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) ; Kinetics ; Lead ; River-mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of several factors on the rate and the capacity of lead adsorption by river-mud were studies. These factors included the concentration of mud, the concentration of lead, the organic matter content of mud, pH, time of adsorption, temperature and agitation. The reaction order of the adsorption process with respect to lead and the type of adsorption were determined. Also, indications of the rate-limiting step were discussed and an empirical equation describing the adsorption of lead on river-mud was developed.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cadmium ; Heavy metals ; Kinetics ; Lead ; Nitrification ; Perfusion incubations ; Polluted soils ; Selection ; Toxicity ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sensitivity of the mineralization of nitrogen by a range of soils contaminated with heavy metals (up to 340 μg Cd g−1, 7500 μg Pb g−1 and 34000 μg Zn g−1) to the addition of heavy metals in solution were studied using pot incubations (ammonification) and a soil perfusion technique (nitrification). The ammonification of peptone showed little correlation between treatments with Cd, Zn (1000 and 5000 μg g−1) and Pb (10000 and 20000 μg g−1) and origin of the soil. Nitrification was considerably more sensitive to heavy metals than ammonification. All the soils had active, often large, populations of ammonifying and nitrifying organisms which showed substantial similarities between the soils. The rate of nitrifying activity (NO3−N production) was logrithmic in most cases. The presence of tolerant populations of nitrifying organisms in the contaminated soils was demonstrated. Tolerance was also eventually acquired after a longer lag phase, by the non-contaminated soil populations although the rate of activity was often reduced. Metals added in solution were adsorbed by the soil within 4 hours. Differences in toxicity between metal salts (chlorides, sulphates and acetate) were attributed to the amount left in solution. However, in many instances, acetate was found to stimulate all the stages in the mineralisation of nitrogen.
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  • 83
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    Journal of statistical physics 30 (1983), S. 219-241 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kinetics ; phase transitions ; nucleation ; lattice gas ; Becker-Doring equations ; clusters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for calculating from first principles the coefficients in the Becker-Döring equations for the rate of change of the distribution of cluster sizes in a low-density lattice gas with Kawasaki dynamics. The method depends on solving a diffusion problem for the concentration of particles near a given cluster. The coefficients are calculated for cluster sizes up to 6, on a simple cubic lattice at a temperature 0.59 times the critical temperatures, and extrapolated to larger sizes. The resulting version of the Becker-Doring equations is then solved numerically. Comparison with the results of a computer simulation (at overall concentration 0.075) carried out by Kalos and others indicates that the method gives quite good predictions of the dependence of the cluster distribution on the critical cluster size (usually denoted by l*) but that the predicted rate of change of critical cluster size with time is too small, at this overall concentration, by a factor of about 0.3.
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    Journal of statistical physics 34 (1984), S. 399-426 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Becker-Doring equations ; clusters ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We make a quantitative comparison between the predictions of the Becker-Döring equations and computer simulations on a model of a quenched binary A-B alloy. The atoms are confined to the vertices of a simple cubic lattice, interact through attractive nearest neighbor interactions, and move by interchanges of nearest neighbor pairs (Kawasaki dynamics). We study in particular the time evolution of the number of clusters of A atoms of each size, at four different concentrations: ρA=0.035, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 atoms per lattice site. The temperature is 0.59 times the critical temperature. At this temperature the equilibrium concentration of A atoms in the B-rich phase is ρ A eq =0.0145 atoms/lattice site. The coefficients entering the Becker-Döring equations are obtained by extrapolation from previously published low-density calculations, leaving the time scale as the only adjustable parameter. We find good agreement at the three lower densities. At 10% density the agreement is, as might be expected, less satisfactory but still fairly good-indicating a quite wide range of utility for the Becker-Döring equations.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Porcine placenta ; Sodium transport ; Short circuit current ; Pregnancy ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The electrolyte transport capacities of the porcine placenta and fetal membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois) during gestation (47–112 days) were assessed in vitro and in the absence of electrochemical, osmotic, or hydrostatic driving forces. Net transmural transport of 22Na and 36Cl across sections of porcine allantochorion-endometrium (ALCE), amniochorionendometrium (AMCE), and allantoamnion (AA) mounted in Ussing chambers could not be detected at any stage of gestation. 2. These tissues were characterised throughout gestation by low electrical potential difference (PD; 〈5 mV, fetal side positive with respect to maternal side) and short circuit current (SCC; 〈16 μA · cm-1) which were amiloride and iodoacetate sensitive. 3. A periparturitent reversal in the polarity of PD to fetal side negative and a change in the direction of the SCC was observed in tissues obtained from sows (n=3) at 111–112 day gestation. These changes were accompanied by a 73% increase in electrical resistance (R) and a 2–10-fold decrease in the permeability of tissues to Na and Cl. 4. Morphological studies revealed a decrease in the thickness of allantoamnion and a decrease in the height of epithelia from ALCE, AMCE, and AA during gestation, indicating a decrease in activity. These morphological changes only partly explained the pre-term electrophysiological changes in these tissues.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 635-646 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Gills ; Ions ; Acid-base ; Kinetics ; Intracellular pH ; Trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The novel application of a two-substrate model (Florini and Vestling 1957) from enzymology to transport kinetics at the gills of freshwater trout indicated that Na+/acidic equivalent and Cl-/basic equivalent flux rates are normally limited by the availability of the internal acidic and basic counterions, as well as by external Na+ and Cl- levels. Adult rainbow trout fitted with dorsal aortic and bladder catheters were chronically infused (10–16 h) with isosmotic HCl to induce a persistent metabolic acidosis. Acid-base neutral infusions of isosmotic NaCl and non-infused controls were also performed. Results were compared to previous data on metabolic alkalosis in trout induced by either isosmotic NaHCO3 infusion or recovery from environmental hyperoxia (Goss and Wood 1990a, b). Metabolic acidosis resulted in a marked stimulation of Na+ influx, no change in Cl- influx, positive Na+ balance, negative Cl- balance, and net H+ excretion at the gills. Metabolic alkalosis caused a marked inhibition of Na+ influx and stimulation of Cl- influx, negative Na+ balance, positive Cl- balance, and net H+ uptake (=base excretion). Mean gill intracellular pH qualitatively followed extracellular pH. Classical one-substrate Michaelis-Menten analysis of kinetic data indicated that changes in Na+ and Cl- transport during acid-base disturbance are achieved by large increases and decreases in Jmax, and by increases in Km. However, one-substrate analysis considers only external substrate concentration and cannot account for transport limitations by the internal substrate. The kinetic data were fitted successfully to a two-substrate model, using extracellular acid-base data as a measure of internal HCO 3 - and H+ availability. This analysis indicated that true Jmax values for Na+/acidic equivalent and Cl-/basic equivalent transport are 4–5 times higher than apparent Jmax values by one-substrate analysis. Flux rates are limited by the availability of the internal counterions; transport Km values for HCO 3 - and H+ are far above their normal internal concentrations. Therefore, small changes in acid-base status will have large effects on transport rates, and on apparent Jmax values, without alterations in the number of transport sites. This system provides an automatic, negative feedback control for clearance or retention of acidic/basic equivalents when acid-base status is changing.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Vascular smooth muscle ; Phenylephrine-induced contraction ; Pregnancy ; Aorta ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pregnancy on the supply of calcium ions for the contractile responses of rat aortic rings to phenylephrine was investigated. The contractility of intact aortic rings from pregnant rats, compared with that of similar rings from non-pregnant rats, to phenylephrine and potassium chloride was significantly decreased. Contractions of rings from non-pregnant rats, pretreated with phenylephrine or potassium chloride, in response to calcium chloride were greater than those of similarly treated rings from pregnant rats. When the concentration of calcium chloride in the medium bathing the rings was reduced to 0.8 mmol·l-1, the contractile response to phenylephrine was significantly (P〈0.005) inhibited in rings from both pregnant and non-pregnant rats but to a greater extent in rings from non-pregnant rats. Contractions of aortic rings from pregnant rats in response to phenylephrine in calcium-free medium were similar to those of rings from non-pregnant rats, suggesting equal dependence on calcium from intracellular stores. The results suggest that pregnancy decreased the response to calcium influx into the aortic smooth muscle cells through both receptor-and voltage-operated calcium entry pathways. Since de-endothelialisation reversed the pregnancy-induced diminished contraction to phenylephrine, it is likely that pregnancy interferred with contractions induced by activation of receptors with phenylephrine through enhanced production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s).
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pregnancy ; Adrenal zona glomerulosa ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Ultrastructure ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and renal juxtaglomerular apparatus have been examined during normal pregnancy in sheep. As pregnancy progressed, increasing numbers of cells in the adrenal zona glomerulosa displayed mitochondria with straight tubular “rod-like” structures replacing their normal lamelliform cristae; groups of cells showing these mitochondrial changes were predominantly located in the middle and superficial regions of the zona glomerulosa, but at all stages remained interspersed with cells with apparently normal mitochondria. In the same animals, the renal juxtaglomerular index was raised, reflecting an increase in renin storage, and juxtaglomerular myoepithelioid cells showed increased numbers of cytoplasmic granules, but no apparent increase in granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi profiles; there were no distinguishing morphological changes in juxtaglomerular peripolar cells. These findings provide morphologic evidence of stimulation of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in association with increased juxtaglomerular renin storage during pregnancy. The mitochondrial changes observed in an increasing proportion of cells in the zona glomerulosa closely resemble those seen in sodium-depleted animals, and may reflect the altered steroidogenic capacity of the adrenal gland in pregnant sheep. The finding of groups of cells displaying altered mitochondria lying next to cells with normal mitochondria suggests the presence of cells with different sensitivities to stimuli for aldosterone production or may indicate the presence of different cell types in the zona glomerulosa responding to different stimuli.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 36 (1993), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Tinidazole ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method herein described allows the simultaneous determination of the hydrolysis kinetics of tinidazole and the formation kinetics of the hydrolysis products. Tinidazole is easily hydrolysed under basic conditions at raised temperature. The rate varies with the pH and the temperature of the solution, and the decomposition follows apparent first-order kinetics. The Arrheinius equation can be used to describe the effect of temperature on the half-life.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Primates 33 (1992), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Cotton-top tamarin ; Saguinus oedipus ; Energy ; Activity ; Pregnancy ; Lactation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The energetic costs of reproduction are likely to be particularly high in the Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins), which characteristically produce twin litters. The activity of five captive breeding pairs of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) was investigated for a 6-month period covering the second half of pregnancy and lactation. Breeding males showed few major changes in activity over this period, but breeding females reduced their levels of locomotion during late pregnancy, and during lactation they spent up to twice as much time feeding and foraging as they did during pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that the costs that callitrichid females incur when reproducing are likely to have been an important factor in the evolution of these species' communal rearing systems.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Limbic system ; Antipyresis ; Pregnancy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the content of vasopressin-immunoreactive material in neurons and their projections were examined in pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs as well as in mother and newborn animals. Before sacrifice all animals used in the present study were submitted to a pyrogen test, during which the pregnant animals displayed a reduced fever response to exogenous pyrogen. The unlabeled enzyme-immunoperoxidase method was used in the present study. Light microscopic examination showed that, in comparison to all other groups examined, the pregnant animals exhibited a reduced content of the vasopressin-immunoreactive substance in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), in the neuronal pathways extending between the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the SON, as well as in the axons projecting to the neural lobe of the pituitary. An increased amount of vasopressin-immunoreactive material was observed during pregnancy especially in the medial portion of the PVN, in axonal distensions in the external zone of the median eminence and in the extrahypothalamic projection sites of the PVN in the lateral septum and in the amygdala. In the pregnant animals neurovascular contacts of vasopressinergic perikarya and fibers were abundant in the PVN; in the lateral septum and in the amygdala vasopressinergic terminals appeared to contact neurons of other types. It is suggested from the present immunocytochemical results that activation of neurons in the medial portion of the PVN and the increased number of vasopressinergic terminals and preterminals in the lateral septum and in the amygdala might be functionally involved in fever suppression at the term of pregnancy.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Epithelial cells ; Tight junctions ; Pregnancy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of tight junctions between uterine luminal epithelial cells of the pregnant rat was studied by the freeze-fracture technique. On day 5 of pregnancy, the day of implantation, the region of tight junctions extended three times as far down the lateral cell membrane as on day 1 of pregnancy, and the strands of the complex interlinked more frequently. These observations suggest that tight junctions on day 5 may be more efficient in preserving the contents of the uterine lumen from dilution or escape than at earlier times of pregnancy.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Heart rate variability ; Blood pressure variability ; Pregnancy ; Portapres ; Symbolic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pregnancy induces important changes in the autonomic control. Measures of heart rate (HR) variability and systolic blood pressure (SP) variability are sensitive to those changes. The interactions between HR and SP are complex and strongly non-linear. Therefore they cannot be completely described by linear analysis techniques. A study of joint symbolic dynamics is presented as a new short-term non-linear analysis method to investigate the interactions between HR and SP. Continuous, non-invasive 30 min blood pressure recordings (Portapres) of 25 pregnant and 14 non-pregnant women were analysed. Time series of beat-to-beat HR and SP were extracted. Using the concept of joint symbolic dynamics, HR and SP changes were transformed into a bivariate symbol vector. Subsequently, this symbol vector was transformed into a word series (words consisting of three successive symbols), and the probability of occurrence of each word type was calculated and compared between both groups. Significant differences were found in five word types between pregnant and non-pregnant women: w0,4(0.021±0.011 against 0.008±0.006; p=0.022), w4,6(0.020±0.010 against 0.007±0.003; p=0.001), w3,2(0.004±0.003 against 0.007±0.003; p=0.038), w6,5(0.009±0.007 against 0.023±0.008; p〈0.001) and w3,6(0.011±0.007 against 0.023±0.008; p=0.001). Joint symbolic dynamics provides an efficient non-linear representation of HR and SP interactions that offers simple physiological interpretations.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 26;247(4941):408-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Nerve Growth Factors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-03-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 30;247(4950):1539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Humans ; Literature ; *Primates ; *Statistics as Topic ; Substance-Related Disorders ; United States
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 1990-08-10
    Description: The stimulation of phospholipase A2 by thrombin and type 2 (P2)-purinergic receptor agonists in Chinese hamster ovary cells is mediated by the G protein Gi. To delineate alpha chain regulatory regions responsible for control of phospholipase A2, chimeric cDNAs were constructed in which different lengths of the alpha subunit of Gs (alpha s) were replaced with the corresponding sequence of the Gi alpha subunit (alpha i2). When a carboxyl-terminal chimera alpha s-i(38), which has the last 38 amino acids of alpha s substituted with the last 36 residues of alpha i2, was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the receptor-stimulated phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited, although the chimera could still activate adenylyl cyclase. Thus, alpha s-i(38) is an active alpha s, but also a dominant negative alpha i molecule, indicating that the last 36 amino acids of alpha i2 are a critical domain for G protein regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, S K -- Diez, E -- Heasley, L E -- Osawa, S -- Johnson, G L -- DK37871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM30324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):662-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chlorides/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lithium/pharmacology ; Lithium Chloride ; Macromolecular Substances ; *Mutation ; Phospholipases/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A2 ; Receptors, Purinergic/drug effects/*physiology ; Restriction Mapping ; Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: The transcription factor C/EBP uses a bipartite structural motif to bind DNA. Two protein chains dimerize through a set of amphipathic alpha helices termed the leucine zipper. Highly basic polypeptide regions emerge from the zipper to form a linked set of DNA contact surfaces. In the recently proposed a "scissors grip" model, the paired set of basic regions begin DNA contact at a central point and track in opposite directions along the major groove, forming a molecular clamp around DNA. This model predicts that C/EBP must undertake significant changes in protein conformation as it binds and releases DNA. The basic region of ligand-free C/EBP is highly sensitive to protease digestion. Pronounced resistance to proteolysis occurred when C/EBP associated with its specific DNA substrate. Sequencing of discrete proteolytic fragments showed that prominent sites for proteolysis occur at two junction points predicted by the "scissors grip" model. One junction corresponds to the cleft where the basic regions emerge from the leucine zipper. The other corresponds to a localized nonhelical segment that has been hypothesized to contain an N-cap and facilitate the sharp angulation necessary for the basic region to track continuously in the major groove of DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shuman, J D -- Vinson, C R -- McKnight, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):771-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Research Laboratories, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2202050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Leucine ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Trypsin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-02-02
    Description: The RNA moiety of the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase from the ciliate Euplotes crassus was identified and its gene was sequenced. Functional analysis, in which oligonucleotides complementary to portions of the telomerase RNA were tested for their ability to prime telomerase in vitro, showed that the sequence 5' CAAAACCCCAAA 3' in this RNA is the template for synthesis of telomeric TTTTGGGG repeats by the Euplotes telomerase. The data provide a direct demonstration of a template function for a telomerase RNA and demarcate the outer boundaries of the telomeric template. Telomerase can now be defined as a specialized reverse transcriptase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shippen-Lentz, D -- Blackburn, E H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 2;247(4942):546-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1689074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ciliophora/enzymology/*genetics ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/*genetics ; Genes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; RNA/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; *Templates, Genetic
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 1990-06-29
    Description: In Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-infected chickens, wounding leads to tumor formation with nearly 100% frequency in tissues that would otherwise remain tumor-free. Identifying molecular mediators of this phenomenon should yield important clues to the mechanisms involved in RSV tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-beta is present locally shortly after wounding, but not unwounded controls. In addition, subcutaneous administration of recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) could substitute completely for wounding in tumor induction. A treatment protocol of four doses of 800 nanograms of TGF-beta resulted in v-src-expressing tumors with 100% frequency; four doses of only 10 nanograms still led to tumor formation in 80% of the animals. This effect was specific, as other growth factors with suggested roles in wound healing did not elicit the same response. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) or TGF-alpha had no effect, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) yielded only occasional tumors after longer latency. TGF-beta release during the wound-healing response may thus be a critical event that creates a conducive environment for RSV tumorigenesis and may act as a cofactor for transformation in this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieweke, M H -- Thompson, N L -- Sporn, M B -- Bissell, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1656-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2163544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; Chickens ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sarcoma, Avian/complications/*pathology ; Swine ; Transforming Growth Factors/analysis/*pharmacology ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries/complications/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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