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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selektive Partnerwahl der Aaskrähe (Corvus corone) in der Hybridisierungszone von Rabenkrähe (C. c. corone) und Nebelkrähe (C. c. cornix) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: mate choice ; taxonomy ; phenotypic hybrids ; fitness ; decision rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die als Unterarten klassifizierten europäischen Formen der Aaskrähe, Rabenkrähe und Nebelkrähe, besiedeln verschiedene, aneinandergrenzende Verbreitungsgebiete und hybridisieren in der Kontaktzone. Die Nachkommen von Mischpaaren sind fruchtbar und können sowohl mit anderen Hybriden als auch mit Raben- und Nebelkrähen erfolgreich brüten. Trotzdem kommt es zu keiner völligen Vermischung der Formen und/oder Verlagerung der Verbreitungsgebiete. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchten wir die Partnerwahl von Aaskrähen in der Hybridisierungszone auf der nordfriesischen Insel Amrum und stellten fest, daß Partner gleichen Phänotyps häufiger miteinander verpaart waren, als stochastisch zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Unsere Daten bestätigen vergleichbare Studien aus Hybridisierungszonen in Italien und Sibirien. Wir schließen daraus, daß phänotypisch selektive Partnerwahl bei der Aaskrähe ein allgemeines Phänomen sein könnte und diskutieren, warum dieses Verhalten anfitness-relevante Parameter gekoppelt sein sollte. Um welche es sich dabei handeln könnte, wurde bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht und muß deshalb offen bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow are regarded as subspecies of the Crow. They show frequent hybridisation along the adjacent borders of their distribution. Mixed pairs produce fertile offspring which are able to breed successfully with both hybrids and mates of either phenotype. However, hybridisation does not lead to phenotypic changes of Carrion and Hooded Crows in general nor in their distinct distribution. We studied the mating behaviour of Crows in the hybrid zone on the Island of Amrum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) and found evidence that Crows may prefer mates of the same phenotype. Our data confirm previous studies which reported assortative mating with respect to plumage coloration from hybrid zones in Italy and Siberia. We discuss why this behaviour should be related tofitness traits which in our opinion have not yet been studied adequately nor identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01651226
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of heuristics 5 (1999), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625526657
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha–1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by 15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha–1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha–1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha–1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha–1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of phosphorus or phosphorus-potassium fertilization on biomass and dinitrogen fixation of the stem-nodulating green-manure legume Sesbania rostrata in different marginally productive wetland rice soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wetland rice soils ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania rostrata ; PK fertilization ; Soil Mn ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; Green manure ; N dilution method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The performance of Sesbania rostrata varies widely from site to site. This makes it difficult to predict the N yield and biomass of this plant in marginally productive soils, and to arouse the interest of farmers in green manure technology. Three consecutive pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to evaluate growth, nodulation, N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction assay and 15N dilution method), and N yield of 6-week-old S. rostrata on 13 physicochemically different wetland rice soils of the Philippines and on three artificial substrates. The performance of S. rostrata on the unfertilized controls was compared with two fertilizer treatments containing either P (100 mg P kg-1 dry soil) or P+K (100 mg P kg-1 and 200 mg K kg-1 dry soil). In the control soils and substrates, the N yield of S. rostrata varied between 20 and 470 mg N per pot, with the N rate from N2 fixation ranging between 0 and 95%. In three of the nutritionally poor soils even Mn toxicity symptoms apparently occurred with S. rostrata. P application alleviated these symptoms and increased the overall N yield considerably, mainly through increased biological N2 fixation. An additional increase in N yield was obtained by the PK treatment. Multiple regression analysis between soil characteristics and the N yield of S. rostrata showed that the original level of P (Olsen-extracted) and Mn in the soil accounted for 73% of the variance in biomass production by S. rostrata among the unfertilized soils and substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336588
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of potassium fertilizer in nodulation and nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under drought stress (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Faba bean ; Water stress ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Leghaemoglobin ; Invertase ; Protease ; K fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-week-old nodulated faba bean plants were subjected to different levels of drought stress (onehalf, one-quarter, or one-eighth field capacity) for 5 weeks. Half the stressed plants were treated with KCl at 10 mg kg-1 soil or 150 mg kg-1 soil at the beginning of the drought stress. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were significantly decreased by increasing drought stress. Leghaemoglobin and protein contents of nodule cytosol were also severely inhibited by drought sttess. This decline was attributed to the induction of protease activity. However, carbohydrate contents of the nodule cytosol increased significantly. This accumulation was attributed to a sharp decline in invertase activity and low use of sugar by the bacteroids We conclude that harmful effects of water deficits can be alleviated by increasing K+ supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336594
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen use and biomass yield over time in pot-grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen use ; 15N ; Time course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of nodulation, N2-fixation and N use in Leucaena leucocephala cv. K28 over time was investigated in a screenhouse at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months after planting (MAP) using the 15N-labelling method. Leucaena had a consistently increasing pattern of nodulation, dry biomass and nitrogen yield. A sharp rise in nodulation was observed between 12 and 16 MAP, whereas for biomass, N accumulation and N2-fixation, and N2-fixation, an upward surge occurred between 4 and 12 months. Nodulation, N accumulation, N2-fixation and biomass yield all peaked at 16 MAP. Along with the steady increase in N2-fixation throughout the 16-month growth period, the % N derived from the atmosphere rose from 17.9% to 61.5%, 70.1% and 74%, equivalent to 191, 1623, 2395 and 3385 mg N2 fixed plant-1 at 4, 8, 12 and 16 MAP, respectively. Nitrogen assimilation from soil and fertilizer decreased inversely to the increase in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336553
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with positive hydrogen-uptake activity compared with negative mutants in relation to nitrogen fixation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mungbean ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen uptake ; Mutation ; Nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H2 uptake activity was well distributed in Rhizobium sp. strains isolated from nodules of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.). Two effective strains, RMP1 und RMP2, exhibiting significantly higher H2 uptake activity were subjected to mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. The respective mutation frequencies were 0.18 and 0.19%. Three Hup- mutants each of RMP1 und RMP2 were compared with the wild-type parent strains under pot culture experiments to evaluate the significance of the H2 uptake system in biological N2 fixation. Nodulation capabilities, plant growth characteristics, and the chlorophyll content of the leaves were significantly reduced in the plants treated with Hup- mutants. Nitrogenase activity in Hup- nodules was reduced by 8–41%. Similarly, N accumulation was also reduced singificantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336089
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytie habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g-1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335935
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050257
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic grouping of Brazilian Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050333
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation pattern and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity of some highland and lowland Acacia species of Ethiopia (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 60-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acacia spp. ; Bradyrhizobium ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Endosymbionts from the Ethiopian highland acacia species Acacia abyssinica, A. negrii and A. etbaica, and the lowland species A. nilotica, A. prasinata, A.senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis and Faidherbia (Acacia) albida were isolated and characterized. Seven tree species were found to be nodulated by species of both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. F. (Acacia) albida and A. senegal were nodulated by only Bradyrhizobium or Rhizobium, respectively. In A. abyssinica, both genera were isolated from the same nodule, whereas in A. nilotica and A. tortilis, both strains were isolated from different nodules of the same plant. The nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) activities varied considerably and showed no correlation with the nitrogen content of the plant. Highland species were as effective as lowland plants, thus demonstrating good potential for soil reclamation. The endosymbionts isolated proved rather promiscuous, efficiently nodulating other Acacia spp. and some tropical grain legumes, but did not nodulate temperate legumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050400
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Competitiveness ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N2 fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N2 fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N2 fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N2 fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N2 fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N2 fixation to soybean nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050449
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAstragalus cicer ; Nodulation ; DNA ; Milkvetch ; Nitrogen fixation ; Forage legume ; Rhizobium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050299
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Soil sterilization ; 15N ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacterial inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N2 fixation using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N2 fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N2 fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050250
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050528
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  • 17
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    Fate of blue-green algae in the food web of flooded rice-field ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ecosystem ; Zooplankton ; Benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As part of an integrated pest management project to study the role blue-green algae (BGA) may play in the food web of rice-field ecosystems, 14C-labelled filamentous and monocellular BGA were used as food for fish, zooplankton and benthic fauna in artificial rice fields in the form of three aquaria. 14C present in the organisms was then traced by liquid scintillation to follow the manner in which the labelled BGA were consumed by different organisms. In this study the grazing rate of fish (mud carp) was compared to that of benthic organisms and zooplankton. It was found that fish consumed the BGA at the fastest rates and in the largest amounts, followed by the benthic species and zooplankton. It was also found that filamentous BGA were consumed in higher amounts than monocellular BGA. The importance of grazing in nutrient recycling is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050536
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  • 18
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    Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Red alder ; White clover ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1 obtained for red alder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050492
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  • 19
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    Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Collembola ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050504
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  • 20
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    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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  • 21
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    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335908
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  • 22
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    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient ; cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050184
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  • 23
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    Survival and symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of thiram: isolation of fungicide resistant strains (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean ; Thiram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fungicide thiram, widely used as a chemical seed protectant, induces a strong inhibition of primary nodulation in the crown zone of soybean roots. The present work reports on the isolation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains resistant to thiram, some of which (T3B, A86 and A2) maintained their capacity for nodulation and were still efficient symbionts, but some (A1, C1 and C6) lost the ability to stimulate nodulation. Characterization tests such as growth at different pH, denitrifying ability, salt tolerance, production of siderophores and phosphate solubilization were performed on the resistant strains. Inoculants produced from these strains could be appropriate for use with thiram-treated seeds, without causing a loss of bacteria viability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050357
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  • 24
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    Natural abundance of 15N in sweet potato, pumpkin, sorghum and castor bean: possible input of N2-derived nitrogen in sweet potato (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 152-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsCucurbita moschata ; Ipomoea batatas ; Nitrogen fixation ; δ15N method ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two combinations of plant species, sweet potato (three cultivars) and pumpkin, and sweet sorghum (three cultivars) and castor bean were grown separately in three plots of alluvial soil from June to September 1996. The shoots (leaves plus stems) of sweet potato and pumpkin, and the whole tops (leaves plus stems and grains) of sweet sorghum and castor bean were harvested twice, once in August and once in September in order to analyze their natural abundance of 15N (δ15N). The δ15N values of two of the varieties of sweet potato harvested in September were significantly lower than those of pumpkin, while δ15N values of sweet potato and pumpkin harvested in August, as well as those of sweet sorghum and castor bean harvested in August and September, did not significantly differ. The lower δ15N values observed in the September-harvested sweet potato may indicate that as much as 40% of the N intake of this species is derived from dinitrogen. This species is known to have a high ability to take up N from undefined sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050359
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was obsersed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant-1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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  • 26
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    Nitrogen use in maize-grain legume cropping systems in semi-arid Kenya (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen use ; Nitrogen fertilizer recovery ; Zea mays ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Locally suitable cultivars of maize, beans, and cowpeas were grown in field experiments for four seasons in semi-arid Kenya. For three seasons, the dry matter production and grain yield of maize and beans were not increased by N fertilizer additions up to 120 kg N ha-1. Fertilizer recoveries measured by 15N isotope dilution techniques were low, less than 20%. Inoculated and uninoculated beans failed to fix N2. By contrast the cowpea derived 50% of its N from fixation, equivalent to 197 kg N ha-1. The N content of the grain generally exceeded 40 kg N ha-1, and the N content of the seeds from the grain legumes were greater than those from the cereals. Large inputs of N fertilizer or N by fixation are required if maize-grain legume cropping system in semiarid Kenya are to be sustained in the long term.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307842
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  • 27
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    Nodulation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) by Bradyrhizobium sp. isolated from Erythrina brucei (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 209-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium ; Sphenostylis stenocarpa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil reclamation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), which is widely cultivated in Africa because of its growth capability on marginal soils, was nodulated by an endosymbiont (characterized and designed Bradyrhizobium sp. AUEB20) isolated from the Ethiopian tree Erythrina brucei with the formation of a small number of large, indeterminate N2-fixing nodules. In contrast, 24 other isolates from Ethiopian woody legumes were ineffective. Strain AUEB20 promiscuously nodulated a number of tropical legumes, but none out of five European crop plants tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050305
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  • 28
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    Diversity, adaptation and activity of the bacterial flora in saline environments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bacterial flora ; Salt-affected soils ; Salt marshes ; Osmotic adjustment ; Microbial activity ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saline environments have a natural bacterial flora, which may play a significant role in the economy of these habitats. The natural saline environments (usually containing salinity equivalent to 4–30% NaCl) are aquatic (e.g. salt marshes) or terrestrial (e.g. saline lands). Saline environments include an increasing area of salt-affected cultivated soils throughout the world. These environments contain various ions which may interfere with uptake of water and which may be toxic to a large number of organisms. Saline environments harbour taxonomically diverse bacterial groups, which exhibit modified physiological and structural characteristics under the prevailing saline conditions. The majority of these bacteria can osmoregulate by synthesizing specific compatible organic osmolytes such as glutamine, proline and glycine betaine and a few of them accumulate inorganic solutes such as Na+, K+ and Mg2+. The morphology of the bacteria is usually modified, cells are usually elongated, swollen and showing shrinkage, in addition to changes in the cell and cytoplasmic volume. The chemical composition of membranes may also occasionally be modified, and the synthesis pattern of proteins, lipids, fatty acids and polysaccharides may change with a moderate increase in salinity. However, ultrastructural alterations in cells of halophilic bacteria have not been reported, and profound changes in cellular properties of these bacteria only occur at concentrations above 2MNaCl. Evidence has accumulated that the bacteria are essential elements in the saline environment because of their activity such as degradation of plant remains, nitrogen fixation and production of active metabolites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050306
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  • 29
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    Free-radical-induced mutation vs redox regulation: Costs and benefits of genes in organelles (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 482-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aging ; Chloroplasts ; Mitochondria ; Cell evolution ; Cytoplasmic genomes ; Gene transfer ; Redox regulation ; Free radical mutagenesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Endosymbiosis ; Mutation frequency ; Uniparental inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The prokaryotic endosymbionts that became plastids and mitochondria contained genes destined for one of three fates. Genes required for free-living existence were lost. Most genes useful to the symbiosis were transferred to the nucleus of the host. Some genes, a small minority, were retained within the organelle. Here we suggest that a selective advantage of movement of genes to the nucleus is decreased mutation: plastids and mitochondria have high volume-specific rates of redox reactions, producing oxygen free radicals that chemically modify DNA. These mutations lead to synthesis of modified electron carriers that in turn generate more mutagenic free radicals—the “vicious circle” theory of aging. Transfer of genes to the nucleus is also advantageous in facilitating sexual recombination and DNA repair. For genes encoding certain key components of photosynthesis and respiration, direct control of gene expression by redox state of electron carriers may be required to minimize free radical production, providing a selective advantage of organelle location which outweighs that of location in the nucleus. A previous proposal for transfer of genes to the nucleus is an economy of resources in having a single genome and a single apparatus for gene expression, but this argument fails if any organellar gene is retained. A previous proposal for the retention of genes within organelles is that certain proteins are organelle-encoded because they cannot be imported, but there is now evidence against this view. Decreased free radical mutagenesis and increased sexual recombination upon transfer to the nucleus together with redox control of gene expression in organelles may now account for the slightly different gene distributions among nuclei, plastids, and mitochondria found in major eukaryote taxa. This analysis suggests a novel reason for uniparental inheritance of organelles and the evolution of anisogametic sex, and may also account for the occurrence of nitrogen fixation in symbionts rather than in nitrogen-fixing organelles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02352278
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  • 30
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    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863825469
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  • 31
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    Candida novakii, sp. nov. a new anamorphic yeast species of ascomycetous affinity (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida novakii ; taxonomy ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of an undescribed species of the genus Candida were isolated from decaying wood of Quercus sp. A description of the new species Candida novakii is given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000238205640
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    Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the Bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: phylogeny ; prosthecobacter ; taxonomy ; Verrucomicrobia ; Verrucomicrobiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of nonmotile, prosthecate bacteria were isolated in the 1970s and assigned to the genus Prosthecobacter. These strains were compared genotypically by DNA/DNA reassociation and 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analyses. Genotypic comparisons were complemented with phenotypic characterizations. Together, these studies clearly indicate each Prosthecobacter strain represents a novel species of bacteria. We propose three new species of Prosthecobacter, P. dejongeii strain FC1, P. vanneervenii strain FC2, and P. debontii strain FC3; P. fusiformis is reserved for the type strain of the genus, strain FC4. Additionally, we propose the genera Prosthecobacter and Verrucomicrobium, currently members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to comprise a novel higher order taxonomic group, the division Verrucomicrobia div. nov. and the class Verrumicrobiae class nov. Many novel members of the Verrucomicrobia, as revealed by molecular ecology studies, await isolation and description.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000348616863
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    Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Ix: Neoarachnotheca gen. nov. and a new species of Nannizziopsis (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: keratinophilic fungi ; Neoarachnotheca ; Neoarachnotheca keratinophila ; Nannizziopsis tropicalis ; Onygenales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neoarachnotheca is proposed as a new genus of Onygenales. The outstanding generic characteristics are white, spherical ascomata with a wall formed by a network of hyphae and spherical, subhyaline ascospores with an irregular sheath. Nt. keratinophila, the type species, characterized by wavy peridial hyphae has been isolated from marine and river sediments and Myriodontium keratinophilum is its anamorph. Nannizziopsis tropicalis is proposed as a new species based on a strain isolated from soil in Burundi. RFLPs analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA support these proposals. The differences with related genera are discussed.
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    Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum: Genomic characterization (1998)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74 (1998), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Dipodascus capitatus ; D.spicifer ; Geotrichum clavatum ; yeast ; taxonomy ; DNA heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The G+C contents of 25 strains of Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum were found to be heterogeneous on basis of derivative graphs of the melting profiles. Strains showing similar derivative graphs of the melting curve exhibited high levels of DNA homology (80-100%); strains showing dissimilar derivative graphs exhibited low levels of DNA homology (5 to 45%). Being considered separate taxa on basis of these parameters, D. capitatus, D. spicifer and G. clavatum could be identified by a combination of the key characteristics growth on xylose, cellobiose, salicin and arbutin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001762024710
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    Identification of Taxa in the Genus shape Beta using ITS1 Sequence Information (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: allele-specific PCR ; Beta ; ITS1 ; plant identification ; rDNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in the ITS1 locus of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in beets has previously been used to reconstruct phylogeny of the species in the genus Beta. We have developed protocols that allow the identification of Beta taxa by use of taxon-specific primers. Beta sections, species and subspecies can be identified. Differences within the ITS1 region of a single base can be exploited for species identification. The results from this study not only provide effective methods for wild beet identification, but also indicate the potential use of the techniques in other crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007416817736
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    The taxonomic impediment in orthopteran research and conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
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    Biological control of pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A. Powellii, S. Watson and A. bouchonii Thell.) with phytophagous insects, fungal pathogens and crop management (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biological control ; insects ; pathogens ; germination ; taxonomy ; genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018480429706
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    Taxonomy and the Personal Equation: The Historical Fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 509-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: Louis Agassiz ; Spencer Baird ; Charles Girard ; reputation ; taxonomy ; ichthyology ; Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Smithsonian Institution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract The reputations of scientists among their contemporaries depend not only on accomplishment, but also on interactions affected by influence and personality. The historical lore of most fields of scientific endeavor preserve these reputations, often through the identification of founders, innovators, and prolific workers whose contributions are considered fundamental to progress in the field. Historians frequently rely on the historical lore of scientists to guide their studies of the development of ideas, exhibiting justifiable caution in reassessing reputations in the light of current knowledge. However, the transmission of historical lore can obscure the relative importance of accomplishment, influence and personality in shaping contemporary reputations, leaving the historian to either accept reputations at face value or attempt to reconstruct the context in which they were created. The science of taxonomy, because of its rules of priority, leaves a relatively accurate record of historical accomplishment through the persistence of taxa in catalogues and faunal guides. These records allow the modern historian an unbiased means to assess the relative accomplishments of historical figures and therefore a means to critically reassess reputations independent of personality and influence. In the historical lore of North American ichthyology, Louis Agassiz at Harvard and Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian emerge as central figures in the early development of the field during the mid-1800s, contributing not only through the quality and quantity of their science, but also through their roles as institutional leaders and mentors to workers who followed. Charles Girard, originally a student of Agassiz's and later a coworker with Baird, receives little notice in the history of ichthyology, and his reputation is that of a minor player in the initial description of the North American fish fauna, and one whose work appears to have been flawed or even careless when compared to his contemporaries. However, a review of both contemporary and modern taxonomic works reveals that Girard's productivity far exceeded that of either Agassiz or Baird. Furthermore, an examination of the tendency of Girard and his contemporaries to introduce synonymous names into the literature, which might reflect careless or uncritical work, suggests that Girard was among the more accomplished workers of hisera, including Agassiz and Baird. Girard's low ranking in the folklore of North American ichthyology, therefore, can not be attributed to discernible shortcomings in his scientific work, but rather to a public and private campaign of criticism waged by Agassiz after Girard's departure from Harvard. While Agassiz's dispute with Girard stemmed from their personal interactions, he expressed them as criticisms of Girard's work, and thus helped shape Girard's scientific reputation as it has been transmitted through the lore of ichthyology. This case study reveals how scientific reputation may not always rest on accomplishment, but can be influenced by personal interactions obscured by time but nonetheless important to history.
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    Plant growth, leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity and nodule anatomy in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by water stress and nitrogen availability (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Drought stress ; Fertilization ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of water stress and nitrogen availability on leaf water potential, nitrogenase activity, and growth was studied in a pot experiment with Leucaena leucocephala seedlings. Water stress was imposed on fertilized and unfertilized plants after inoculation with Rhizobium. Non-inoculated seedlings were used as control plants. Water stress lowered leaf water potential in all seedlings after 14 days of treatment. In inoculated seedlings, fertilized plants were more sensitive to water stress than unfertilized plants, as shown by a higher leaf water potential in plants of the latter treatment. Uninoculated and fertilized seedlings were most affected by water stress. This indicates that Rhizobium might increase stress tolerance in unfertilized seedlings at moderate water stress levels. The combined effects of water stress and applied fertilizers resulted in cessation of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation came to a complete stop after 22 days of water stress in fertilized seedlings. The different treatments were accompanied by anatomical changes of nodule structure. It is hypothesised that the leaf water potential may be used as an indicator to predict changes in nitrogen fixation in legume tree/shrub species during periods of water stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009695
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    Microclimatic parameters influencing nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere in a Costa Rican premontane rain forest (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Costa Rica ; Cyanobacteria ; Microclimate ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phyllosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetylene reduction method was used to measure nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere of attached leaves of different phorophytes under natural conditions in a premontane rain forest in Costa Rica. Maximum rates of nitrogen fixation (26 ng N · cm−2 leaf area · h−1) – mainly due to the activity of two species of Scytonema (Cyanobacteria) – were measured in the rainy season in bright sunlight. Rates of nitrogen fixation were correlated with the leaf area covered by Scytonema. In periods without precipitation the fixation activity decreased to zero within 2–3 days. As long as the epiphylls were sufficiently supplied with water, other microclimatic factors like temperature and light intensity also influenced nitrogen fixation rates, but to a lesser extent. Relative humidity and species of phorophyte showed no direct influence. It was concluded that the most important factor for nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere was the availability of liquid water. Linking these results to meteorological data, the input of nitrogen by biological nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere in the investigation area was estimated to be as much as 1.6 ± 0.8 kg N · ha−1 · year−1 per unit of leaf area index (LAI). For an LAI of 2 for the understory the nitrogen input would vary between 2 and 5 kg N · ha−1 · year−1. This work also demonstrates the importance of detailed knowledge of variation in microclimate throughout the year as a basis for extrapolation of the annual nitrogen input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050625
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    The unique root-nodule symbiosis between Rhizobium and the aquatic legume, Neptunia natans (L. f.) Druce (1995)
    Springer
    Planta 196 (1995), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Infection ; Neptunia (root nodules) ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the development of the aquatic N2-fixing symbiosis between Rhizobium sp. (itNeptunia) and roots of Neptunia natans L. f. (Druce) (previously N. oleracea Lour.) under natural and laboratory conditions. When grown in its native marsh habitat, this unusual aquatic legume does not develop root hairs, the primary sites of rhizobial infection for most temperate legumes. Under natural conditions, the aquatic plant floats and develops nitrogen-fixing nodules at emergence of lateral roots on the primary root and on adventitious roots at stem nodes, but not from the stem itself. Cytological studies using various microscopies revealed that the mode of root infection involved an intercellular route of entry followed by an intracellular route of dissemination within nodule cells. After colonizing the root surface, the bacteria entered the primary root cortex through natural wounds caused by splitting of the epidermis and emergence of young lateral roots, and then stimulated early development of nodules at the base of such roots. The bacteria entered the nodule through pockets between separated host cells, then spread deeper in the nodule through a narrower intercellular route, and eventually evoked the formation of infection threads that penetrated host cells and spread throughout the nodule tissue. Bacteria were released from infection droplets at unwalled ends of infection threads, became enveloped by peribacteroid membranes, and transformed into enlarged bacteroids within symbiosomes. In older nodules, the bacteria within symbiosomes were embedded in an unusual, extensive fibrillar matrix. Cross-inoculation tests of 18 isolates of rhizobia from nodules of N. natans revealed a host specificity enabling effective nodulation of this aquatic legume, with lesser affinity for Medicago sativa and Ornithopus sp., and an inability to nodulate several other crop legume species. Acetylene reduction (N2 fixation) activity was detected in nodules of N. natans growing in aquatic habitats under natural conditions in Southern India. These studies indicate that a specific group of Rhizobium sp. (Neptunia) occupies a unique ecological niche in aquatic environments by entering into a N2-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with Neptunia natans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201390
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    Enhanced denitrification in plots of N2-fixing faba beans compared to plots of a non-fixing legume and non-legumes (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Field experiment ; Acetylene inhibition technique ; Nitrate ; Soil moisture ; Vicia faba ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification rates were studied using the C2H2 inhibition technique in a 2-year field experiment within plots of nodulated and non-nodulated faba beans, ryegrass, and cabbage. Denitrification rates ranged from 14.40 to 0.02 ng N2O−N g−1 soil dry weight h−1. Mean denitrification increased fourfold in plots of N2−fixing Vicia faba compared to non-nodulated V. faba mutant F48, Lolium perenne, and Brassica oleracea. The results with and without C2H2 treatment indicate that in the field the major part of this enhanced denitrification led to the endproduct N2 rather than to the ozone-degrading N2O. Higher denitrification rates of plots with N2−fixing plants in September seemed to be caused by an increase in soil NO inf3 sup- of about 20 kg ha−1 found between July and August. Soil NO inf3 sup- and soil moisture explained 67% of the variation in denitrification rates of the different soil samples over the growing seasons in the 2 years. Soil moisture explained 44% of the variation for soil planted with N2−fixing plants and 62% for soil planted with non-fixing plants. Positive exponential relationships were obtained between denitrification rates and soil nitrate (r=0.71) and soil moisture (r=0.82).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335996
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    Endophytic establishment of Azorhizobium caulinodans through auxin-induced root tumors of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ammonium excretion ; Azorhizobium caulinodans ; Auxine ; 2 ; 4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Rice ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings developed nodule-like tumors (para-nodules) along primary and secondary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Histologically, these tumors appeared as cancerous out-grown lateral-root primordes and were thus comparable with stem nodules of the legume Sesbania rostrata. Azorhizobium caulinodans (a diazotroph known as a specific endophyte of Sesbania rostrata) was introduced and became established inside rice para-nodules and in root tissues around tumor bases. The infection with A. caulinodans followed a typical “crack-entry” invasion at places where para-nodule tumors had emerged through the root cortex and epidermis. The bacteria settled with high cell densities in intercellular spaces of the induced tumors and betwen root cortical cells. Infection of plant cells took place both in the epidermis and in cortical tissue. Intracellularly established A. caulinodans was found inside the cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane-like structures. N2 fixation by tumor-inhabiting Azorhizobium sp. was increased at low O2 tensions (1.5–3 kPa) compared with an untreated control. Only a little activity remained at O2 tensions of 5 kPa and above. The present results confirm that root-tumor induction offers a suitable method of establishing diazotrophs endophytically in the roots of gramineous crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334906
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    Tree fallows: A comparison between five tropical tree species (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Agroforestry ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phenolics ; 13C ; Tree fallows
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The natural abundance of 15N and 13C, conventional soil analyses, and biomass production by maize were used to study the influence of five tropical tree species on soils and their fertility. The experiment was conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania, to compare Cassia (Senna) siamea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis (all non-N2-fixing), Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis chilensis (both N2-fixing), and a grass fallow. Maize biomass production, which was correlated with N uptake (P=0.001), was higher on soils from plots with 5-year-old Leucaena and Prosopis spp. compared to the grass fallow, while other tree species had less favourable effects on maize growth. The per cent N was higher in soil and δ15N of soil total N was lower under Prosopis sp. compared to soil under other tree species, which suggests an input from N2 fixation by Prosopis sp. A transfer of fixed N to maize or to understorey grass species was, however, not indicated by the 15N natural abundance. Prosopis sp. contributed more C to the soil than the other four tree species; the difference in δ13C between soils from Prosopis sp. plots and from grass fallow plots showed that the tree contributed 11% to the total C of the soil over a period of 8 years. The leaves of the N2-fixing species had a low ratio of lignin+phenols to N, and maize growth was negatively correlated with this parameter. The Eucalyptus spp. had leaves with a high lignin+phenols to N ratio, contributed very little C to the soil, and lowered the soil pH.
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    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytic habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g–1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
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    Endophytic establishment of Azorhizobium caulinodans through auxin-induced root tumors of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azorhizobium caulinodans ; Auxine 2.4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Rice ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings developed nodule-like tumors (para-nodules) along primary and secondary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Histologically, these tumors appeared as cancerous out-grown lateral-root primordes and were thus comparable with stem nodules of the legume Sesbania rostrata. Azorhizobium caulinodans (a diazotroph known as a specific endophyte of Sesbania rostrata) was introduced and became established inside rice para-nodules and in root tissues around tumor bases. The infection with A. caulinodans followed a typical “crack-entry” invasion at places where paranodule tumors had emerged through the root cortex and epidermis. The bacteria settled with high cell densities in intercellular spaces of the induced tumors and between root cortical cells. Infection of plant cells took place both in the epidermis and in cortical tissue. Intracellularly established A. caulinodans was found inside the cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane-like structures. N2 fixation by tumor-inhabiting Azorhizobium sp. was increased at low O2 tensions (1.5–3 kPa) compared with an untreated control. Only a little activity remained at O2 tensions of 5 kPa and above. The present results confirm that root-tumor induction offers a suitable method of establishing diazotrophs endophytically in the roots of gramineous crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334906
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    Tree fallows: A comparison between five tropical tree species (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Agroforestry ; 15N ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phenolics ; 13C ; Tree fallows
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The natural abundance of 15N and 13C, conventional soil analyses, and biomass production by maize were used to study the influence of five tropical tree species on soils and their fertility. The experiment was conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania, to compare Cassia (Senna) siamea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis (all non-N2-fixing), Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis chilensis (both N2-fixing), and a grass fallow. Maize biomass production, which was correlated with N uptake (P=0.001), was higher on soils from plots with 5-year-old Leucaena and Prosopis spp. compared to the grass fallow, while other tree species had less favourable effects on maize growth. The per cent N was higher in soil and δ15N of soil total N was lower under Prosopis sp. compared to soil under other tree species, which suggests an input from N2 fixation by Prosopis sp. A transfer of fixed N to maize or to understorey grass species was, however, not indicated by the 15N natural abundance. Prosopis sp. contributed more C to the soil than the other four tree species; the difference in δ13C between soils from Prosopis sp. plots and from grass fallow plots showed that the tree contributed 11% to the total C of the soil over a period of 8 years. The leaves of the N2-fixing species had a low ratio of lignin+phenols to N, and maize growth was negatively correlated with this parameter. The Eucalyptus spp. had leaves with a high lignin+phenols to N ratio, contributed very little C to the soil, and lowered the soil pH.
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    The potential for diazotrophy in iron- and sulfur-oxidizing acidophilic bacteria (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 164 (1995), S. 294-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Leptospirillum ferrooxidans ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetylene reduction was observed with ferrous-iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, as expected from previous studies with this bacterium. Acetylene reduction was also found during the growth of T. ferrooxidans on tetrathionate. Only Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, one of several other phylogenetically diverse, ferrous-iron- and/or sulfur-oxidizing acidophilic microorganisms, also reduced acetylene. A reduction of the oxygen concentration in the culture atmosphere was necessary to alleviate inhibition of nitrogenase activity. DNA sequences homologous to nif structural genes were found in both organisms. Diazotrophic growth of L. ferrooxidans was inferred from an increase in iron oxidation in ammonium-free medium when the oxygen concentration was limited and from apparent inhibition by acetylene under these conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050267
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    GroEL chaperonins are required for the formation of a functional nitrogenase in Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 171 (1999), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Cpn60 ; groESL ; Heat shock protein ; Hsp60 ; NifA ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract At least five highly conserved, but disparately regulated groESL operons are present in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Expression of groESL 3 is coregulated with symbiotic nitrogen fixation genes, implying a role of GroESL chaperonins in the nitrogen fixation process. Null mutants of individual groEL genes, however, were not impaired in symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity. By contrast, the groEL 3-plus-groEL 4 double mutant strain D4, which is mutated in those groEL genes that contribute most to the GroEL pool under symbiotic conditions, exhibited less than 5% Fix activity as compared to the wild-type. Expression of lacZ fusions made to several representative nif and fix genes was not, or only marginally, reduced in mutant D4, indicating that the requirement of chaperonins for nitrogen fixation does not occur at the level of RegSR-NifA-σ54- or FixLJ-FixK2-dependent gene regulation. Instead, immunoblot analyses revealed that the level of NifH and NifDK nitrogenase proteins was drastically decreased in extracts prepared from D4 bacteroids and from free-living cells grown anaerobically. Transcriptional fusions of the anaerobically induced groESL 3 promoter (P3) to all five B. japonicum groESL operons and also to groESL from Escherichia coli were integrated into the chromosome of mutant D4. Strains harboring P3 fused to groESL 1, groESL 2, groESL 5, or E. coli groESL partially complemented the symbiotic defect of mutant D4, whereas the wild-type phenotype was completely restored in strains complemented with P3 fused to groESL 3 (control) or groESL 4. Likewise, the growth defect of an E. coli groEL mutant could be corrected at least partially by individual B. japonicum groESL operons. In conclusion, both series of complementation analyses were not indicative of a strict substrate specificity of any of the B. japonicum groESL gene products, which is in good agreement with their high degree of sequence conservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050711
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    Bradyrhizobium japonicum possesses two discrete sets of electron transfer flavoprotein genes:fixA, fixB andetfS, etfL (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 165 (1996), S. 169-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Electron transfer flavoprotein ; etf Genes ; fix Genes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phylogenetic tree ; Protein family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A group of four co-regulated genes (fixA, fixB, fixC, fixX) essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation has been described in several rhizobial species, includingBradyrhizobium japonicum. The complete nucleotide sequence of theB. japonicum fixA, fixB andfixC, genes is reported here. The derived amino acid sequences confirmed the previously noted sequence similarity between FixA and the β-subunit and between FixB and the α-subunit of mammalian andParacoccus denitrificans electron transfer flavoproteins (ETF). Since the classical role of ETF is in β-oxidation of fatty acids, a process unrelated to nitrogen fixation, we rationalized thatB. japonicum ought to contain bona fideetf genes in addition to theetf-like genesfixA andfixB. Therefore, we identified, cloned, sequenced, and transcriptionally analyzed theB. japonicum etfSL genes encoding the β-and α-subunits of ETF. TheetfSL genes, but not thefix genes, are transcribed in aerobically grown cells. An amino acid sequence comparison between all available ETFs and ETF-like proteins revealed the existence of two distinguishable subfamilies. Group I comprises housekeeping ETFs that link acyl-CoA dehydrogenase reactions with the respiratory chain, such as in the fatty acid degradation pathway.B. japonicum EtfS and EtfL clearly belong to this group. Group II contains ETF-like proteins that are synthesized only under certain specific growth conditions and receive electrons from the oxidation of specific substrates. The products of the anaerobically inducedfixA andfixB genes ofB. japonicum are members of that group.B. japonicum is the first example of an organism in which genes for proteins of both groups I and II of the ETF family have been identified.
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    Control of nitrogen fixation by oxygen in purple nonsulfur bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 165 (1996), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Phototrophic bacteria ; Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Control of nif gene transcription ; Control of nitrogenase activity ; Control of nitrogenase formation ; Oxygen control ; Continuous culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some members of the facultatively phototrophic bacteria are able to grow diazotrophically in the presence of oxygen. As in other diazotrophs, the nitrogenase of the phototrophic bacteria is highly sensitive to oxygen; therefore, both the function and the expression of nitrogenase are strictly controlled by oxygen. This review focuses on the different levels of oxygen control in the two most extensively studied facultatively phototrophic bacteria, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodobacter capsulatus. Current data show that oxygen controls nitrogen fixation at least at the levels of (1) transcription of nif genes, (2) the accumulation of the three different nitrogenase polypeptides, (3) the cellular activity of nitrogen fixation. In Rba. capsulatus, activation of the nifH promoter is the least oxygen-sensitive step, and nitrogen fixation is the most oxygen-sensitive step. ADP-Ribosylation of nitrogenase, occurring under conditions of ammonium-dependent inactivation of the enzyme, is not observed when Rba. capsulatus is exposed either suddenly or at a steady state to increased oxygen concentrations. Future research is required to understand the mechanisms of protection of nitrogenase against oxygen damage, and also the mechanisms by which oxygen controls the formation and activity of nitrogenase; this will add significantly to the biologically important question of how cells deal with the presence of toxic oxygen.
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    The [2Fe-2S] protein I (Shetna protein I) from Azotobacter vinelandii is homologous to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (1999)
    Springer
    JBIC 4 (1999), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Iron-sulfur ; Nitrogen fixation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The [2Fe-2S] protein from Azotobacter vinelandii that was previously known as iron-sulfur protein I, or Shethna protein I, has been shown to be encoded by a gene belonging to the major nif gene cluster. Overexpression of this gene in Escherichia coli yielded a dimeric protein of which each subunit comprises 106 residues and contains one [2Fe-2S] cluster. The sequence of this protein is very similar to that of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (2FeCpFd), and the four cysteine ligands of the [2Fe-2S] cluster occur in the same positions. The A. vinelandii protein differs from the C. pasteurianum one by the absence of the N-terminal methionine, the presence of a five-residue C-terminal extension, and a lesser number of acidic and polar residues. The UV-visible absorption and EPR spectra, as well as the redox potentials of the two proteins, are nearly identical. These data show that the A. vinelandii FeS protein I, which is therefore proposed to be designated 2FeAvFdI, is the counterpart of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum. The occurrence of the 2FeAvFdI-encoding gene in the nif gene cluster, together with the previous demonstration of a specific interaction between the 2FeCpFd and the nitrogenase MoFe protein, suggest that both proteins might be involved in nitrogen fixation, with possibly similar roles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050317
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    On the reduced and oxidized forms of the FeMo- cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 96 (1997), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Key words: Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; FeMo enzymes ; Oxidation reduction of FeMo cofactor ; INDO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract. Reduced and oxidized forms of the FeMo- cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase are examined theoretically within the intermediate neglect of differential overlap model. The results obtained favor one of the experimentally suggested modes of contraction of the metal system which results in an expansion of the central cavity of the cofactor. The bond index analysis indicates marked changes in the Mo coordination upon electron addition which may contribute to an opening of the Mo atom as a possible binding site at the advanced stages of the reduction process. In this work we also compare the 39- and 41-electron [MoFe7] core as possible native resting states, both compatible with known spin and Mössbauer spectroscopies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002140050215
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    Long-term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, microorganisms and plants (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 94-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Metal toxicity ; Rhizobia ; Soil microbial biomass ; Mycorrhiza ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews the evidence for impacts of metals on the growth of selected plants and on the effects of metals on soil microbial activity and soil fertility in the long-term. Less is known about adverse long-term effects of metals on soil microorganisms than on crop yields and metal uptake. This is not surprising, since the effects of metals added to soils in sewage sludge are difficult to assess, and few long-term experiments exist. Controlled field experiments with sewage sludges exist in the UK, Sweden, Germany and the USA and the data presented here are from these long-term field experiments only. Microbial activity and populations of cyanobacteria,Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.trifolii, mycorrhizae and the total microbial biomass have been adversely affected by metal concentrations which, in some cases, are below the European Community's maximum allowable concentration limits for metals in sludge-treated soils. For example, N2-fixation by free living heterotrophic bacteria was found to be inhibited at soil metal concentrations of (mg kg−1): 127 Zn, 37 Cu, 21 Ni, 3.4 Cd, 52 Cr and 71 Pb. N2-fixation by free-living cyanobacteria was reduced by 50% at metal concentrations of (mg kg−1): 114 Zn, 33 Cu, 17 Ni, 2.9 Cd, 80 Cr and 40 Pb.Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.trifolii numbers decreased by several orders of magnitude at soil metal concentrations of (mg kg−1): 130–200 Zn, 27–48 Cu, 11–15 Ni, and 0.8–1.0 Cd. Soil texture and pH were found to influence the concentrations at which toxicity occurred to both microorganisms and plants. Higher pH, and increased contents of clay and organic carbon reduced metal toxicity considerably. The evidence suggests that adverse effects on soil microbial parameters were generally found at surpringly modest concentrations of metals in soils. It is concluded that prevention of adverse effects on soil microbial processes and ultimately soil fertility, should be a factor which influences soil protection legislation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569890
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    Biodiversity of freshwater fungi (1996)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 328-345 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; ascomycetes ; taxonomy ; ecology ; stream biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be well adapted for this lifestyle either in their ascospore types or their competitive-degradative characters. The most common genera of wood-inhabiting deuteromycetes includeCancellidium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium andHelicomyces. They are categorized into four groups depending on their form and life style: the ingoldian hyphomycetes; the aero-aquatic hyphomycetes; the terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes; and the submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. The adaptations of aquatic fungi for their dispersal and subsequent attachment to new substrates are discussed.
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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    Possible role of a short extra loop of the long-chain flavodoxin from Azotobacter chroococcum in electron transfer to nitrogenase: Complete 1H, 15N and 13C backbone assignments and secondary solution structure of the flavodoxin (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 7 (1996), S. 315-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: Triple-resonance 3D NMR ; Resonance assignments ; Chemical shifts ; Protein secondary structure ; Electron transfer ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The 1H, 15N and 13C backbone and 1H and 13C beta resonance assignments of the long-chain flavodoxin from Azotobacter chroococcum (the 20-kDa nifF product, flavodoxin-2) in its oxidized form were made at pH 6.5 and 30°C using heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the NOE connectivities, together with amide exchange rates, 3JHnHα coupling constants and secondary chemical shifts, provided extensive solution secondary structure information. The secondary structure consists of a five-stranded parallel β-sheet and five α-helices. One of the outer regions of the β-sheet shows no regular extended conformation, whereas the outer strand β4/6 is interrupted by a loop, which is typically observed in long-chain flavodoxins. Two of the five α-helices are nonregular at the N-terminus of the helix. Loop regions close to the FMN are identified. Negatively charged amino acid residues are found to be mainly clustered around the FMN, whereas a cluster of positively charged residues is located in one of the α-helices. Titration of the flavodoxin with the Fe protein of the A. chroococcum nitrogenase enzyme complex revealed that residues Asn11, Ser68 and Asn72 are involved in complex formation between the flavodoxin and Fe protein. The interaction between the flavodoxin and the Fe protein is influenced by MgADP and is of electrostatic nature.
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    Localization of H+-ATPases in soybean root nodules (1999)
    Springer
    Planta 209 (1999), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: ATPase ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The localization of H+-ATPases in soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Stevens) nodules was investigated using antibodies against both P-type and V-type enzymes. Immunoblots of peribacteroid membrane (PBM) proteins using antibodies against tobacco and Arabidopsis H+-ATPases detected a single immunoreactive band at approximately 100 kDa. These antibodies recognized a protein of similar relative molecular mass in the crude microsomal fraction from soybean nodules and uninoculated roots. The amount of this protein was greater in PBM from mature nodules than in younger nodules. Immunolocalization of P-type ATPases using silver enhancement of colloidal-gold labelling at the light-microscopy level showed signal distributed around the periphery of non-infected cells in both the nodule cortex and nodule parenchyma. In the central nitrogen-fixing zone of the nodule, staining was present in both the infected and uninfected cells. Examination of nodule sections using confocal microscopy and fluorescence staining showed an immunofluorescent signal clearly visible around the periphery of individual symbiosomes which appeared as vesicles distributed throughout the infected cells of the central zone. Electron-microscopic examination of immunogold-labelled sections shows that P-type ATPase antigens were present on the PBM of both newly formed, single-bacteroid symbiosomes just released from infection threads, and on the PBM of mature symbiosomes containing two to four bacteroids. Immunogold labelling using antibody against the B-subunit of V-type ATPase from oat failed to detect this protein on symbiosome membranes. Only a very faint signal with this antibody was detected on Western blots of purified PBM. During nodule development, fusion of small symbiosomes to form larger ones containing multiple bacteroids was observed. Fusion was preceded by the formation of cone-like extensions of the PBM, allowing the membrane to make contact with the adjoining membrane of another symbiosome. We conclude that the major H+-ATPase on the PBM of soybean is a P-type enzyme with homology to other such enzymes in plants. In vivo, this enzyme is likely to play a critical role in the regulation of nutrient exchange between legume and bacteroids.
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    Ferrous iron is transported across the peribacteroid membrane of soybean nodules (1998)
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    Planta 207 (1998), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Ferrous iron uptake ; Glycine (iron uptake) ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peribacteroid membrane ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Symbiosomes and bacteroids isolated from soybean (Glycine max Merr.) nodules are able to take up ferrous iron. This uptake activity was completely abolished in the presence of ferrous-iron chelators. The kinetics of uptake were characterized by initially high rates of iron internalization, but no saturation was observed with increasing iron concentration. This process does not appear to involve the ferric reductase of the peribacteroid membrane. The transport of ferrous iron was inhibited by other transition metals, particularly copper. Ferrous iron was taken up by symbiosomes more efficiently than the ferric form. This indicates that the iron transport from the plant host cell to the microsymbiont in vivo may occur mainly as the ferrous form.
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    Wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1993, with special reference toSolanum bulbocastanum Dunal andS. cardiophyllum Lindley (1995)
    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: subspecies ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.
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    Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov., a new amphisphaeriaceous ascomycete inhabiting senescent and fallen leaves of mangrove (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; ecology ; Lanceispora amphibia ; mangrove ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves ofBruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed thatL. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition. In culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
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    Taxonomical studies on ovariicolous ustomycetes on caryophyllaceae I.Ustilago jehudana andUstilago moenchiae-manticae (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bauhinus ; Microbotryum ; taxonomy ; Ustilago ; ustomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.
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    Morphology and molecular phylogeny ofTretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Aphyllophorales ; ribosomalDNA ; synnematous hyphomycete ; taxonomy ; Tretopileus sphaerophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method.
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    The order phyllachorales: Taxonomic review (1998)
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    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Loculoascomycetes ; phyllachoraceae ; phyllachorales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Phyllachorales contains ascomycetous fungi of considerable economic importance. The group is represented mostly by foliar parasites which produce perithecia under a clypeus, inside a stroma, or do not produce any stromatic tissue. A major taxonomic problem with this order is the lack of reliable morphological characters that clearly delimit the entire group. The main purpose of this review is to provide a clear picture of the taxonomic relationships of the order Phyllachorales, along with a key to the most important genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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    Mycena auricoma, a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan, andMycena spinosissima, a new record in Japan (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycena auricoma ; Mycena sect.Radiatae ; Mycena spinosissima ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.
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    Macrocyst formation in three dictyostelid species,Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cellular slime molds ; dictyostelids ; macrocyst ; mating system ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrocyst formation in the sexual cycle was found in three dictyostelid species:Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum. Mating tests suggested thatD. monochasioides andP. pseudocandidum were heterothallic andP. candidum was homothallic. The primary walls of macrocysts had partially or fully degenerated, while the inner walls, believed to be tertiary walls, showed an undulate structure.
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    Regulation of nif gene expression in Enterobacter agglomerans: nucleotide sequence of the nifLA operon and influence of temperature and ammonium on its transcription (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 249 (1995), S. 629-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nifM ; nifL ; nifA ; nifB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a plasmid-borne 3.9 kb XhoI-SmaI fragment comprising the 3′-region of the nifM gene, the nifL and nifA genes and the 5′-region of nifB gene of Enterobacter agglomerans was determined. The genes were identified by their homology to the corresponding nif genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae. A typical σ54-dependent promoter and a consensus NtrC-binding motif were identified upstream of nifL. The predicted amino acid sequence of NifL showed close similarities to NifL of K. pneumoniae and Azotobacter vinelandii. However, no histidine residue was found to correspond to histidine-304 of A. vinelandii NifL, which had been proposed to be required for the repressor activity of NifL. The NifA sequence with a putative DNA binding motif (Q(X3) A (X3) G (X5)I) and an ATP binding site in the C-terminal and central domains, respectively, resembles that of other known NifA proteins. The function of the nifL and nifA genes was demonstrated in vivo using a binary plasmid system by their ability to activate a nifH promoter-lacZ fusion at different temperatures and concentrations of NH 4 + . Maximal promoter activity occurred at 25°C, and it appears that the sensitivity of NifA to elevated temperatures is independent of NifL. The expression of nifL inhibited promoter activity in the presence of NifA when the initial NH 4 + concentration in the medium exceeded 4 mM.
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    Map order and linkage distances of molecular markers close to the supernodulation (nts-1) locus of soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 254 (1997), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Symbiosis ; RFLP mapping ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular characteristics of markers in the chromosome region surrounding the supernodulation gene (nts-1) of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were investigated in 187 F2 plants from a cross of G. max cv. Bragg (nts) and G. soja PI468.397 (wild-type nodulation). RFLP marker pUTG-132a, linked tightly (0.7±0.5 cM) to nts-1, was converted to a PCR marker. The polymorphism resides within a 1.72 kb PstI fragment and consists of an 832 bp insertion in G. max relative to the wild progenitor G. soja. The insertion is flanked by a 35 bp direct duplication that was found only once in G. soja. Data suggest that the pUTG-132a sequence exists only once in the genome, which is compatible with the recessive nature of nts-1. Accordingly, pUTG-132a is a valuable marker for map-based cloning. Another RFLP marker, pA-381, was mapped 4.8 cM distal to nts-1. Marker order, established by Maximum Likelihood Analysis, placed nts-1 between pUTG-132a and pA-381. To generate additional molecular markers, a segregating F2 population was analysed using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and single oligonucleotide primer-based PCR (DNA amplification fingerprinting; DAF). PCR marker pcr5-4L was mapped to soybean linkage group H and sequenced. The data revealed (i) recombination events and marker order in the nts-1 region; (ii) the molecular nature and cause of polymorphisms in linked molecular markers; (iii) a low density of polymorphisms around nts-1, and (iv) diploidy of the distal region of linkage group H of soybean.
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    The Rhizobium etli FixL protein differs in structure from other known FixL proteins (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 257 (1998), S. 576-580 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsRhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Two-component systems ; FixL ; Heme protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The central heme-binding domain in the FixL proteins of Sinorhizobium meliloti, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae and Azorhizobium caulinodans, is highly conserved. The similarity with the corresponding domain in the Rhizobium etli FixL protein is considerably less. This observation prompted us to analyze the heme-binding capacities of the R. etli FixL protein. The R. etlifixL gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. In the presence of S. meliloti FixJ, the overexpressed R. etli FixL protein was able to enhance FixJ-mediated activation of an S. meliloti pnifA-lacZ fusion, indicating that the R.␣etli FixL protein possesses an active conformation in E. coli. Subsequently, using a non-denaturing gel assay for heme, we analyzed the heme-binding capacity of the R.␣etli FixL protein expressed in E. coli, taking the S.␣meliloti FixL protein as a positive control. The R. etli FixL protein expressed in E. coli does not contain a heme group, in contrast to the S. meliloti FixL protein. Therefore we conclude that the R. etli FixL is a non-heme protein in the nif regulatory cascade.
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    Structural and functional analysis of the fixLJ genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CNPAF512 (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 249 (1995), S. 117-126 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli ; fixLJ genes ; Two-component systems ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fixLJ genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CNPAF512 were identified by DNA hybridization of a genomic library with an internal fragment of the Rhizobium meliloti fixJ gene. The nucleotide sequence was determined and the corresponding amino acid sequence was aligned with the amino acid sequences of the FixL proteins of R. meliloti, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azorhizobium caulinodans. While the FixJ protein and the carboxy-terminal part of the FixL protein are highly homologous to the other FixL and FixJ proteins, the homology in the central heme-binding, oxygen-sensing domain and in the amino-terminal domain of FixL is very low. The R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli FixL protein does not contain the heme-binding motif defined for the previously described FixL proteins. R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli fixLJ and fixJ mutants were constructed. These mutants can still fix nitrogen, albeit at a reduced level. Expression analysis of nifA-gusA and nifH-gusA fusions in the constructed mutants revealed that the R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli fixLJ genes are involved in microaerobic nifH expression but not in nifA expression.
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    Atkinsiella dubia and its related species (1995)
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    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Atkinsiella dubia ; Halocrusticida ; Japan ; marine fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atkinsiella dubia, isolated from the mantle of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii), is described and illustrated as a new record from Japan. The fungus was also obtained from the gills of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six other species of the genusAtkinsiella have hitherto been reported from various aquatic animals. The fungus is distinguished from the other six species by the morphology of its mycelia and the process of zoospore production. The most distinctive feature is that zoospores in the first motile stage ofA. dubia encyst in zoosporangia, unlike the other species. We therefore proposeHalocrusticida gen. nov. (Lagenidiales, Haliphthoraceae) for the other six species ofAtkinsiella. A key to species of the genusHalocrusticida is provided.
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    Mycosyrinx and other pair-spored Ustilaginales (1996)
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 173-185 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Geminago ; Geminago nonveilleri ; Mycosyrinx ; taxonomy ; Ustilaginales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The revision of the genusMycosyrinx resulted in the recognition of three species, all on Vitaceae:M. cissi (type onCissus sicyoides), M. arabica (type onCissus quadrangularis), andM. microspora (type onCissus afzelii), and in the description of a new genus. After a short historical review, the genusMycosyrinx is characterized and descriptions, synonyms, ilustrations, and a key are given for the three recognizedMycosyrinx species.Mycosyrinx globosa (nomen nudum, onCissus sp.) is considered to be immatureM. microspora. Lectotype is selected forSchizonella colemani (=M. arabica). A short characterization is given for the generaSchizonella andUstacystis and they are compared withMycosyrinx andSchroeteria. ForM. nonveilleri (type onTriplochiton scleroxylon, Sterculiaceae) a new genus,Geminago, is proposed. A key to the pair-spored genera of Ustilaginales is given.Mycosyrinx osmundae (type onOsmunda regalis, Pteridophyta, Osmundaceae) and its var.cinnamomae are excluded fromMycosyrinx.
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    A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil (1996)
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 255-259 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cleistothecial ascomycete ; Lasiobolidium gracile ; soil fungus ; taxonomy ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.
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    Chaetomidium heterotrichum from Venezuela, with a key to species and cladistic analysis of the genusChaetomidium (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Chaetomidium ; Chaetomidium heterotrichum ; cladistic analysis ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A species of the genusChaetomidium was isolated from fallen leaves of an unknown tree during a mycofloral survey of materials from the ‘Gran Sabana’ region in Southeastern Venezuela. The species was identified asC. heterotrichum. Identification was based on the perithecium lacking a neck and ostiole, the peridium being composed of textura angularis cells, the perithecium being covered with hairs and setae at the apex, and by 4-spored asci containing uniporate ascospores. The anamorph was intermediate betweenChalara andAcremonium sect.Chaetomioides. This is the first report of this species in Venezuela and only the second timeC. heterotrichum has been found. An illustrated description ofC. heterotrichum and a key to eight recognized species ofChaetomidium, based on morphological characters in the literature, are provided. The results of a cladistic analysis of 12 available morphological characters of the genus revealed two main groups, each based on the two characters ‘ascospore shape’ and ‘peridial wall type’. The ascomatal hairs had little influence on the species grouping. With the exception ofC. heterotrichum, the remaining species ofChaetomidium were monophyletically supported in 73% of the bootstrap replicates.Chaetomidium heterotrichum was the basal ingroup taxon and formed a sister group to the other species in the genus.
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    A synopsis of the genusScleromitrula (=Verpatinia) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 55-69 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: discomycetes ; ITS rDNA phylogeny ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematics ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia of the family Sclerotiniaceae is reevaluated on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular criteria.Scleromitrula shiraiana, Verpatinia species andCiborinia candolleana share gross morphological, microanatomical and cultural features which clearly distinguish them from the closely relatedCiborinia andRutstroemia species. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene) of nuclear ribosomal DNA demonstrate that the stipitate-capitate specimens ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia species plus the stipitate-cupulateCiborinia candolleana constitute a monophyletic clade separate from a clade including the type species ofCiborinia. Scleromitrula is emended to includeS. shiraiana, the new speciesS. rubicola, C. candolleana, and specimens formerly assigned toVerpatinia. A key to the accepted species ofScleromitrula is provided.
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    Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. (Ceratobasidiales) from Iriomote Island, Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 71-73 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ceratobasidiaceae ; Japan ; taxonomy ; Ypsilonidium bananisporum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. belonging to Ceratobasidiales is described and illustrated. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genusYpsilonidium including reticulate-hypochnoid basidiomes, broad hyphae branching at right angles, broadly clavate basidia with two sterigmata, and basidiospores germinating by repetition. It differs from all hitherto known species in the genus by producing suballantoid to banana-shaped basidiospores, measuring 19.5–22×5.5–6 μm.
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    Myxomycetes from Israel IV (1997)
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 87-89 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Israel ; Mycomycetes ; Physarales ; Stemonitales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten taxa of myxomycetes growing mainly withEucalyptus, oak and pine are described. They were found in Upper Galilee, Mt. Carmel and Central parts of the country and all are new to Israel.
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    Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic (1997)
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; identification ; taxonomy ; Tuberculariaceae ; Tuberculariales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic is described together with some notes and photomicrographs.
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    Microsphaeropsis rugospora, a new species from Japanese soil (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 429-431 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: coelomycete ; Japan ; Microsphaeropsis rugospora ; soil fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In an exploratory survey of soil-borne mitosporic fungi as producers of secondary metabolites useful to the pharmaceutical industry, a pale yellow pycnidial coelomycete was encountered and isolated on potato-dextrose agar. The fungus was characterized as follows: rapid growth on common media, conidiomata which are non-pulvinate, semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, glabrous, with a slightly papillate ostiole; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; discrete, ampulliform, monophialidic conidiogenous cells; and onecelled, dark brown, globose, thick-walled, rugose conidia which germinate very easily. In accordance with this profile, our isolate is included in the genusMicrosphaeropsis Höhnel. (Morgan-Jones, 1974a, b; Sutton, 1977, 1980; Morgan-Jones and White, 1987; Heiny et al., 1992; Katumoto, 1992). However, it proved to be sufficiently different from all described species ofMicrosphaeropsis to warrant its description as a new species.
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofMicrosphaeropsis (Sphaeropsidales, Coelomycetes),M. rugospora, is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by its rapid growth on common media such as oatmeal and potato-carrot agars; semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, papillate pycnidias; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; monophialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and one-celled, dark brown, globose conidia ornamented with distinct tubercles. The holotype was isolated from the cultivated soil in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan.
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    On some species ofMycogloea (1998)
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    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycogloea ; Platygloea ; Platygloeaceae ; Platygloeales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species ofMycogloea are described and illustrated; they are:M. amethystina from Canada,M. nipponica, from Japan, andM. bullata from Thailand.Mycogloea tahitiensis is reported from Japan and additional undescribed taxa in the genus are briefly noted. Some characteristics of the genus are discussed, and a key is provided for six species recognized at this time.
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    Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. occurring onJanetia synnematosa (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 189-191 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: bamboo fungus ; hyperparasitism ; hyphomycetes ; mycoparasites ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single collection attached to a synnematous fungus,Janetia synnematosa, from a dead bamboo culm. It differs from other species ofCryptophiala in having spherical to subspherical conidia and a cerebroid layer of phialides. The overall morohology of this species is smaller than that of previously described species.
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    Delivery of N2 to bacteroids in simulated soybean nodule cells: consideration of gradients of concentration of dissolved N2 in cell walls, cytoplasm, and symbiosomes (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Intercellular spaces ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen ; Symbiosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The previously published simulation of physiological functions occurring in infected cells of soybean nodules has been extended to include consideration of the diffusion of N2 from the outside of a nodule to the nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, in relation to published values for the apparentK m(N2) for nitrogen fixation in the soybean nodule system. Nitrogen fixation is driven by bacteroid respiration, so increases in the average relative oxygenation (Y) of cytoplasmic leghaemoglobin lead to increased bacteroid respiration, increased nitrogen fixation, and greater differences in concentration of dissolved N2 between the cell surface and the innermost bacteroids (d[N2]). Over the range ofY considered, values for d[N2] were from 5.2- to 6.2-fold greater than the corresponding values for d[O2], because of facilitation of O2 flux by cytoplasmic leghaemoglobin. Gradients of [N2] within symbiosomes are small relative to cytoplasmic values and at the symbiosome surface [N2] was greater than 0.4 mol/m3 at the greatest rates of nitrogen fixation calculated. Therefore, it is unlikely that values for [N2] anywhere in the infected cell are low enough to affect rates of nitrogen fixation significantly, unless low external atmospheric N2 pressures are used experimentally.
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    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns and species relationships inVicia sect.Faba (Fabaceae) (1995)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 179-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia sect.Faba ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins (PAGE) covered 173 accessions representing nine species ofVicia sect.Faba. The number of albumin bands recorded in particular species varied from three inV. eristaloides to 23 inV. faba; in total, 38 bands were distinguished in the investigated material. The examined species, exceptV. eristalioides, showed intraspecific variation with respect to the number and relative staining intensity of albumin bands; individual variation was especially marked inV. faba and inV. narbonensis. Hierarchical clustering of the investigated taxa was based onBhattacharyya distances calculated from the electrophoretic data. The taxa grouped in three main clusters.Vicia faba and the rather remotely relatedV. kalakhensis formed one cluster. The second cluster was composed ofV. narbonensis distantly related toV. hyaeniscyamus. The third cluster comprised three subgroups: 1.V. johannis, V. galilaea andV. serratifolia, 2.V. eristalioides, and 3.V. bithynica. The obtained results are discussed with reference to taxonomic relationships inVicia sect.Faba.
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    Nutlet sculpturing inScutellaria sect.Resinosa (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic utility (1996)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 109-120 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Scutellaria sect.Resinosa ; SEM ; nutlet sculpturing ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutlet sculpturing of 22 taxa ofScutellaria sect.Resinosa, representing 18 of its 19 species, and the monotypic genusSalazaria was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nutlets of sect.Resinosa, while remarkably variable among themselves, differed from hypothetically closely related sections in lacking circumferential banding and sessile glands. Species could be grouped by surface sculpturing into seemingly meaningful phenetic clusters.Scutellaria potosina var.platyphylla was sufficiently distinct micromorphically so as to be elevated to specific status asScutellaria platyphylla comb. and stat. nov. The significance of nutlet microcharacters within sect.Resinosa is discussed, especially as compared to closely related sections. The genusSalazaria had nutlet sculpturing quite different from all taxa belonging to sect.Resinosa.
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    The taxonomy and morphological and anatomical differentiation of populations ofLeiothrix crassifolia (Eriocaulaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 243-258 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Eriocaulaceae ; Leiothrix crassifolia (L. nubigena, L. obtusifolia) ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of ‘campos rupestres’ ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and anatomical leaf and scape differentiation ofLeiothrix crassifolia is analysed and classified into seven types (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campo rupestre of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Variation in the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.L. nubigena andL. obtusifolia are included inL. crassifolia.
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    Different levels of morphometric variation in three heterogamous dogrose species (Rosa sect.Caninae, Rosaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 207-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rosaceae ; Rosa sect.Caninae ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; genetic variation ; hemisexual ; apomixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Difficulties in delimiting well-defined entities in the dogroses (Rosa sect.Caninae) has resulted in very variable taxonomic treatments. The present study was undertaken to provide a background for taxonomy as well as plant breeding. Morphometric diversity was analysed on seedlings obtained from field collections in South Sweden of three species,Rosa dumalis, R. rubiginosa andR. villosa. A canonical variates analysis showed that the three species are relatively distinct whereas two subspecies ofR. dumalis were less well discriminated. Analyses of variance demonstrated that intraspecific variation is pronounced inR. dumalis and, to a lesser extent, inR. villosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989206
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    Anchusella, a new genus ofBoraginaceae from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 241-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Boraginaceae ; Boragineae ; Anchusella ; A. variegata ; A. cretica ; Lycopsis ; Anchusa ; Mediterranean flora ; macromorphology ; micromorphology ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two closely related speciesLycopsis variegata andAnchusa cretica, formerly placed inAnchusa subg.Rivinia, were compared with the type species ofLycopsis andAnchusa, on the basis of a set of macro and microcharacters. The presence of only two fertile stamens as well as other peculiar characters in flower structure, androecium, gynoecium, pollen and fruit, supports the institution of the new genusAnchusella, consisting ofA. variegata andA. cretica. Karyological and eco-chorological aspects are consistent with morphological data in pointing to the autonomy of this genus, which appears characterized by autapomorphic, advanced traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464408
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    Comparative HPLC analysis of seed albumins fromVicia faba andV. kalakhensis (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; V. kalakhensis ; Seed albumins ; HPLC ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously reported electrophoretic seed albumin data have shown an unexpected association ofVicia faba withV. kalakhensis. In the present work, seed albumins ofV. faba (subsp.paucijuga and subsp.faba) were compared with those ofV. kalakhensis using ionexchange (IE) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two subspecies ofV. faba displayed similar seed albumin profiles. On the other hand, seed albumin profiles ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis showed no major protein peak in common either in IE-HPLC or RP-HPLC chromatograms. The reported differences in seed albumin composition ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis are consistent with other taxonomical data showingV. faba to be genetically distant from the wild relatives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986078
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    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns inVicia species of sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Hypechusa ; sect.Peregrinae ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This work is a continuation of electrophoretic investigations aimed at revealing a wild relative ofVicia faba. Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE) of seed albumins covered 52 accessions representing eightVicia species of sect.Hypechusa and two species of sect.Peregrinae. Most of the examined species showed an intraspecific variation due to differences between accessions and/or individual variation within accessions. In spite of the intraspecific variation, marked interspecific differences were recorded. However, none of the investigated species displayed electrophoretic seed albumin patterns similar to those reported earlier forV. faba. Contribution of the obtained results to characterization of the examined taxa is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985444
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  • 90
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    Phylogenetic relationships betweenVicia faba (Fabaceae) and related species inferred from chloroplasttrnL sequences (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 247-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; trnL intron ; PCR-sequencing ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplasttrnL intron from 46 differentVicia accessions, representing five of the nine sections of the genusVicia subg.Vicia sensuMaxted (1991a) were amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers homologous to conserved regions intrnL. The products fell into two distinct groups; those of approximately 250 nt and those of around 450 nt in length. Of these, products from 17 differentVicia species were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. Multiple alignments were assembled and phylogenetic trees constructed by the weighted least-squares distance method. ALathyrus latifolius trnL intron sequence was used as an outgroup. The resulting trees clearly group and separate the sectt.Narbonensis, Bithynica andFaba species but were less able to distinguish species from sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. Based on these sequence data,V. faba appears to be more distant from sect.Narbonensis than sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. The results are in general agreement with a recent treatment ofVicia subg.Vicia (Maxted 1993) and lend further support to placingV. faba in the monospecific sect.Faba.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089741
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    Isoenzyme variation in the wild relatives ofVicia faba (Fabaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 213 (1998), S. 173-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Bithynicae ; sect.Narbonensis ; Allozymes ; genetic diversity ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of five enzyme systems, LAP, PGI, SKDH, SOD and 6-PGDH, among 102Vicia accessions representingV. bithynica and seven species of theV. narbonensis complex, namelyV. eristalioides, V. kalakhensis, V. johannis, V. galilaea, V. serratifolia, V. narbonensis andV. hyaeniscyamus, has been performed. The recorded variation was tentatively assigned to 41 allelic genes at eight loci; intraspecific variation was observed in all species except forV. eristalioides. The results obtained were compared with the corresponding data reported earlier forV. faba. Hierarchical grouping of the investigated taxa, includingV. faba, was based onNei's genetic identities calculated from the allozyme frequency data.Vicia faba andV. bithynica were shown to be most distantly related to one another and to the remaining species investigated.Vicia serratifolia appeared to be a peripheral member of theV. narbonensis complex. The results are discussed with reference to genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships of the species under study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985198
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    A molecular phylogeny of bryophytes based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrialnad5 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 179-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Mitochondria ; nad5 gene ; group I intron ; molecular phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to animals, the slowly evolving mitochondrial nucleotide sequences of plants appear well suited to investigate phylogenetic relations between old taxonomic groups. Analysis ofnad5 gene sequences in 47 bryophytes, the living representatives of very early land plants, confirm this assessment. Statistically reliable phylogenetic trees are obtained with different mathematical approaches. A group I intron sequence conserved in thenad5 gene of all 30 mosses and 15 liverworts investigated supports a sister group relationship of the two classes. The intron sequence adds phylogenetic information for fine resolution on top of the conserved exon sequences down to the level of classically defined orders or families, respectively. This intron is not present in the hornwortsAnthoceros husnotii andA. punctatus. The results allow statements on diverging taxonomic interpretations and support the monophyly of the liverworts, mosses, Jungermanniidae, Marchantiidae and Bryidae, and allow recognition of subclasses like Hypnanae and Dicrananae. Among the mosses, the derived orders (subclass Bryidae) are confidently set apart from the Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Polytrichales and Tetraphidales with Buxbaumiales occupying a mediating position. Among the liverworts, full support is found for the classic separation of simple (jungermanniid) and complex thalloid (marchantiid) species with a strikingly low mitochondrial sequence divergence among the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089226
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    Delivery of O2 to bacteroids in soybean nodule cells: Consideration of gradients of concentration of free, dissolved O2 in and near symbiosomes and beneath intercellular spaces (1996)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 191 (1996), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Intercellular spaces ; Mitochondria ; Symbiosomes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Based on a simulation model of the structure of and distribution of O2 within infected cells of soybean nodules, gradients of concentration of dissolved O2 ([O2]) have been calculated within and between symbiosomes embedded in host cytoplasm, through which the flux of O2 to the symbiosomes is facilitated by leghaemoglobin. As a consequence of facilitation, gradients of [O2] in cytoplasm between symbiosomes are very small. Within symbiosomes, from which leghaemoglobin is considered to be absent, respiration by bacteroids generates steeper gradients of [O2], thus restricting respiration and N2 fixation. However, if bacteroid mass is considered to be randomly distributed within a symbiosome, about 80% of this mass lies within about 0.6 μm of the surface (the peribacteroid membrane). Consequently, respiration within a symbiosome was calculated to be between 65% and 92% of that attained if bacteroids were directly in contact with the cytoplasm. For N2 fixation, the corresponding values were 44% to 91%. In cytoplasm, near the surface of a symbiosome, there is a boundary layer in which equilibrium between O2, leghaemoglobin and oxyleghaemoglobin is perturbed by O2 consumption within. Calculations of the thickness of the boundary layers gave values of only 3.65 to 3.75×10−9 m, thus they had little effect on calculated gradients of [O2] in cytoplasm. In contrast, perturbations of the leghaemoglobin oxygenation equilibrium affected layers of cytoplasm beneath intercellular spaces to a depth of 0.15 to 0.3×10−6 m in the physiological range of volume average [O2]. This affected gradients of [O2] in the cytoplasm near intercellular spaces. Revisions have been made to the model cell, incorporating these new calculations. Results suggest that infected nodule cells may be able to withstand 1–2 μM O2 in the outermost layers of cytoplasm without inhibition of N2 fixation caused by excessive O2 within the symbiosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280821
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    Subcellular localization of glycoprotein epitopes during the development of lupin root nodules (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 201 (1998), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lupinus albus ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen diffusion ; Glycoprotein ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The monoclonal antibodies MAC236 and MAC265, raised against a soluble component of pea nodules, were used to elucidate the presence and subcellular localization of glycoprotein epitopes during the development of lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Multolupa) nodules, by means of immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. These antibodies recognize a single band of 95 kDa in pea, soybean and bean nodules, whilst two different bands of 240 and 135 kDa cross-react with MAC236 and MAC265 respectively in lupin nodules. This fact may indicate that the recognized epitopes can be present in different subcellular compartments and/or play different roles through the development of functional nodules. The results show that MAC265 is mainly associated with Bradyrhizobium infection and with the development of nodule primordium, in the first stages of nodulation. MAC265 is also detected when glycoprotein transport takes place across the cytoplasm and the cell wall, and also in the intercellular spaces of the middle cortex, attached to cell walls. The amount of MAC265 remains constant through nodule development. In contrast the amount of MAC236 increases with nodule age, parallel to the establishment of nitrogenase activity. This antibody is localized in cytoplasmic globules attached to the inner side of cell walls in the middle cortex, and mainly in the matrix filling the intercellular spaces of the middle and inner cortex. This main site of localization of MAC236 may indicate a role in the functioning of the oxygen diffusion barrier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280713
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    An evaluation of characters obtained from life history studies for distinguishing New Zealand Porphyra species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 411-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Bangiales ; Porphyra life history ; culture ; conchocelis ; conchosporangia ; spores ; neutral conchospores morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since 1992, as part of a study to circumscribe the genus Porphyra in New Zealand, an extensive culture programme has been developed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. This collection currently houses more than 800 cultures and 150strains. We currently recognise at least 20 species in New Zealand, most of which are undescribed. Close observation of reproduction and the development of conchocelis-phase filaments grown in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod, has enabled the recognition of characters that can assist in species separation. The comparative taxonomic value of a range of such characters is discussed, including reporting a novel reproductive mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008175226816
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    Distribution and population dynamics of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in the southern Western Cape, South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: distribution ; harvesting ; Porphyra ; recruitment ; seasonality ; South Africa ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although Porphyra is commercially farmed in many countries, in South Africa only small harvests of wild populations for sale as nori have been carried out. The discovery that Porphyra improves growth of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) farmed inland-based tanks has led to increased pressure to harvest wild populations. This paper reports on a survey of the distribution and seasonality of Porphyra in the southern Western Cape. Porphyrawas present at all sites surveyed, and showed considerable temporal variation. A significant amount of the Porphyra present is in reserves and therefore protected from harvesting. Close rexamination of one site revealed seasonal populations of Porphyra that occupied different niches dependent on season. Recruitment peaked in spring and autumn, leading to dense summer and winter populations. Summer populations generally grew lower in the eulittoral than winter populations. No pattern in the mortality of larger thalli wasde tected, though sporeling mortality was high following recruitment peaks. Although it seems that most sites in the southern Western Cape are suitable for harvesting, the taxonomy of the genus in the region urgently needs revision if populations are to be appropriately managed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008173321969
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    Comparison of PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS region with morphological criteria of various strains of Dunaliella (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 573-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella ; ITS ; PCR ; RFLP ; strains ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Dunaliella comprises 28 species defined primarily by morphological and physiological criteria, which vary considerably depending on growth conditions. Concomitantly, the taxonomic status of various species is uncertain. To confirm the taxonomic identity and to better understand the relationship within Dunaliella, seven taxa ( D. salina, D. bardawil, D. tertiolecta, D. parva, D. viridis, D. lateralis, D. peircei) were compared using RFLP analysis of the nuclear rDNA repeats, specifically the internal transcribed spacer regions, including the 5.8S rRNA gene. Volvox aureus was used as an outgroup. A single ITS PCR amplification product was obtained for each taxon. An ITS fragment of ca. 640 bp was present in all the taxa within the subgenus Dunaliella, except for D. salina CCMP 1303 (ca. 540 bp) and D. lateralis (subgenus Pascheria) (ca. 600 bp). A cluster analysis based on the presence or absence of bands generated by digestion of the PCR product with 8 restriction endonucleases (DpnI, HhaI, EcoRI, PvuII, TaqI, HaeIII, MspI, StyI) revealed no correlation between the genetic relationship inferred from the ITS-RFLP data and the morpho-physiological attributes used for taxonomy. In addition, differences in morphology, physiology and in the length and restriction fragment patterns of the ITS region of D. salina CCMP 1303 suggest that this strain does not belong to Dunaliella.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008035422784
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    Systematics, biological knowledge and environmental conservation (1995)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 183-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biological collections ; conservation ; biodiversity information ; phylogenetic systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Systematics and taxonomy are essential: they respectively elucidate life's history, and organize and verify biological knowledge. This knowledge is built of interrelated concepts which are ultimately accounted for by biological specimens. Such knowledge is essential to decide how much and what biodiversity survives human onslaughts. The preservation of specimens in natural history collections is the essential part of the process which builds and maintains biological knowledge. These collections and the human expertise essential to interpret specimens are the taxonomic resources which maintain accurate and verifiable concepts of biological entities. Present and future knowledge of the complexities and diversity of the biosphere depends on the integrity of taxonomic resources, vet widespread ignorance and disregard for their fundamental value has created a global crisis. Preservation of specimens in natural history collections is chronically neglected and support to study and manage collections is very insufficient. The knowledge held by experienced taxonomists is not being passed on to younger recruits. Neglect of collections has destroyed countless specimens and threatens millions more. These threats to taxonomic resources not only impinge on systematics but all biology: this tragedy jeopardizes the integrity of biological knowledge. The consequences for environmental conservation and therefore humanity are also of dire severity and the biodiversity crisis adds unprecedented weight to the barely recognized crisis in taxonomy and systematics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137784
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    Sporidesmium filiferum from Tsukuba, Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 367-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Dematiaceae ; Deuteromycotina ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporidesmium filiferum isolated from a leaflet ofPhellodendron amurense lying on the soil surface at Tsukuba, Japan is described together with photomicrographs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461310
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    A new species ofCortinarius sect.Sericeocybe from Japan (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 333-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius prunicola ; Cortinarius Sect.Sericeocybe ; new species ; Rosaceae ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cortinarius prunicola sp. nov., found in orchards and plantations ofPrunus mume, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its dry and violet-white carpophores, unpleasant odor, and its close association withP. mume in spring and early summer. The differences betweenC. prunicola and similar species are briefly discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464017
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