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  • Articles  (215)
  • Crystal structure  (59)
  • Nitrification  (42)
  • nitrogen  (42)
  • Holocene  (40)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (32)
  • Springer  (215)
  • 1995-1999  (215)
  • Geosciences  (215)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of tetrakisdiphenylammonium hexadecachlorotetrabismuthate(III) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 841-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bismuth chloride complexes ; diphenylammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [(C6H5)2NH2]4 +[Bi4Cl16]4− crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ witha=11.835(2),b=12.393(2),c=12.625(3)Å, α=108.37(3), β=108.69(3), γ=96.00(3)° andD c=2.135 g cm−3 forZ=1. The [Bi4Cl16]4− anion is a centrosymmetric cluster of four distorted edge-sharing BiCl6 octahedra. The ranges of the Bi−Cl bonds are 2.484(4)–2.606(3)Å for Bi−Cl(terminal), 2.691(3)–2.956(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ2), and 2.960(3)–3.120(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ3). The cations and anions are held in place by weak hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01671080
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a bulky cyclic sulfite (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclic sulfite ; pentacycloundecane-8 ; 11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the cyclic sulfite derived from the reaction of thionyl chloride withendo-8-hydroxy-exo-8-(endo-8′-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undec-exo-8′-yl)pentacyclo-[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undecane is reported. All bond lengths and angles are consistent with the strained cage geometry. A static disorder of the terminal oxygen was found to be present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665171
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  • 3
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    Structure of the pinacol formed via sodium-promoted reductive dimerization of 12-methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecan-7-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 417-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of a methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecanone possesses a conformation in which equivalent groups on the pinacol carbon are virtually perpendicular to each other. This rotation minimizes steric interactions, thus the geometries of all the fragments in the molecule are within expected values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665280
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  • 4
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 1-vinyl-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide, C6H9N2I (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 601-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; imidazolium ; vinyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes with two independent molecules in the unit cell. The two molecules arecis-trans isomers. Crystal data: orthorhombic, P212121,a=7.0417(6),b=9.5341(9),c=25.411(2) Å,Z=8. The crystal structure has been solved by automated Patterson methods and refined toR=0.024 for 1843 observed reflections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667031
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  • 5
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    Molecular structure of 3-(3-oxo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; epoxy ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an epoxy ester is described. The structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR 1=0.0372 [I〉2σ(I)]. The structure consists of two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. These molecules are chemically the same. Crystal data: C11H12O4, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=10.324(3),b=10.553(7),c=10.869(5)Å, α=61.77(4), β=88.64(4), γ=88.16(6)°,V=1042.7(9)Å3,Z=4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018702
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  • 6
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    Crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated phosphate ; layer-type structure ; strontium phosphate ; strontium phosphate hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, nonastrontium hexakis(phosphate) hexadecahydrate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic,a=15.203(2),b=6.488(1),c=18.984(7) Å, β=98.42(2)o, space groupP2/c (No. 13),Z=2,V=1852.3 Å3,d c =2.951 Mg·m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.038,R w =0.051, for 2329 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described in terms of a layer-type arrangement parallel to (100). One layer consists of a compact assembly of columns of Sr and PO4 ions in a pseudohexagonal arrangement resembling an apatitic structure. A second layer containing all the water molecules and one PO4 ion that occupies the interstitial space may be referred to as the hydrated layer. The structure has an overall similarity to that of octacalcium phosphate and can be considered as a model for amorphous calcium phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01677098
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  • 7
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    Molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 563-567 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; amide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 has been determined. The unit cell contains two independent molecules with only slight variation in the orientation of thetert-butyl ligands. Crystal data: Triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.0138(6),b=10.2944(8),c=15.791(1) Å, α=91.262(6), β=89.822(6), γ=106.141(6)°,V=1407.2(2) Å3,Z=2,R=0.039,R w=0.041.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01668416
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  • 8
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    Crystal structure of 5-(p-methoxyphenylamino)indane and AM1 calculations on N-arylamines derivatives, precursors of phenothiazine drugs (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 735-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diphenyl amines ; AM1 calculations ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural determination by X-ray crystallography of the titled N-arylamine 4a, as well as AM1 calculations on a series of derivatives (4b–c, 5a–c), are reported. The compound 4a is monoclinic P21/c with a = 7.656(3), b = 23.655(5), c = 7.686(9) Å, β = 112.59(6)°, V = 1285.2(2) Å3 and Z = 4. This structure has been used as a template for the building of some others derivatives used for AM1 calculations. The results show that the cyclization position on the aromatic rings, which can lead to two regioisomers, depends on the nature of the benzylic substituants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021860410863
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  • 9
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    Synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystal structure of di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide, C10H14N4O4S2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 761-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; noncentrosymmetric ; disulfide ; imidazolidinedione ; homocystine hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide or homocystine hydantoin, C10H14N4O4S2 (I), crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group P21 (No. 4) with two molecules in the unit cell with a = 7.132(1), b = 9.282(2), c = 10.770(2) Å and β = 105.68(1)°. The two imidazolidinedione rings are planar with a dihedral angle of 46.9°. The rings are joined by a diethyl disulfide bridge at chiral centers on the rings. The C-S-S-C torsion angle is −80°(−sc). The absolute stereochemistry of the chiral centers was determined to be (5S, 5′S), η = + 0.92 (11). Important bond distances include: S-S = 2.022(4); S-C (mean) = 1.809(8); and C=O (mean) = 1.224(7) Å. The compound is stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyl-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021816628610
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  • 10
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    Crystal structure of a macrocyclic tetraamine isocyanato zinc(II) complex (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 831-834 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic tetraamine ; isocyanato zinc(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex, [Zn(L)(NCO)]Cl · 3H2O (1) (L = 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,01.18,07.12]docosane), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 10.530(3), b = 9.315(2), c = 27.188(3) Å, β = 92.58(1)°, V = 2664.1(9)Å3, and Z = 4. The zinc atom is in a distorted squarepyramidal environment with the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and one nitrogen atom of the isocyanate ligand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021831921283
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  • 11
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of macrocyclic nickel(II) complex bridged by chromate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 867-870 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic nickel(II) complex ; chromate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound catena-(μ-CrO4-O,O′)[Ni(L1)Ni(L2)] 3H2O (1) (L1 = 3,5,10,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and L2 = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized for the first time and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 9.623(1), b = 10.084(1), c = 12.723 (3) Å, α = 66.74(2), β = 75.20(1), γ = 72.02(1)°, V = 1066.2(3) Å3, and Z = 2. The coordination environment around the Ni(II) ions is an axially elongated octahedron with the secondary amines of the isomeric ligands and two oxygen atoms of [CrO4]2−.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022890217250
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  • 12
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    Synthesis, characterization, peripheral studies, and structural analysis of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one, C12H15NO (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 899-903 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ir/nmr ; β-amino-α ; β-unsaturaled ketone ; noncentrosemmtric ; enamino ketones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystallographic structural refinement of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one (I) has been carried out by means of three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The title compound crystallizes in space group C2 (No. 5,Z = 4). The lattice constants are a = 21.543(4), b = 6.433(1), c = 8.019(2) Å, and β = 97.82(3)°. Characterizations include physical property determinations and spectrometric identifications employing IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray powder analyses. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed as well as synthesis and peripheral studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022802619976
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  • 13
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    The structure of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 145-147 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; benzimidazole ; antimicrobial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine, C14H11N3Cl2, M r = 292.17, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with unit cell parameters a = 10.707(2), b = 9.615(2), c = 25.944(6) Å. The benzimidazole ring system is planar and makes a dihedral angle of 77.8(1)° with the phenyl ring. The structure is stabilized by an N–H···N hydrogen bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022497931783
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  • 14
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric praseodymium(III) complex with a new flexible double betaine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; praseodymium(III) carboxylate complex ; double betaine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Pr(III) complex with a new double betaine, namely [{Pr(L1)1.5(H2O)2} n ][ClOli4]3 n ·nH2O (1) (L1 = 1,4-diazoniobicyclo[2,2,2]octane-1,4-dipropionate), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray analysis. In the title complex, the Pr(III) atom is nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms from five L1 ligands and two aqua ligands. Each pair of adjacent praseodymium(III) atoms is linked by a pair of μ3 chelating and bridging carboxylate groups, thus forming an infinite metal···metal chain running parallel to the a direction, and such chains are cross-linked by flexible backbones of L1 ligands into a three-dimensional network with the perchlorate anions and lattice water molecules accommodated in the interstitial space. The title complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.085(2), b = 14.316(3), c = 29.775(6) Å, β = 103.04(3)° and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022414109261
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  • 15
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    Crystal structures of three substituted pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formed via ultimate nucleophilic attack of unsaturated hydrocarbon fragments are reported. Geometries of the bis(vinyl)-, mono(vinyl), and bis(ethynyl)-substituted PCU species are unexceptional. The crystal structures are dictated by the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021893001351
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  • 16
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 497-499 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Based on the known absolute configuration (R) of the α-phenylethylamine moiety the X-ray analysis revealed the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0298 for 1950 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C18H19NO, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.7406(4), b = 9.959(2), c = 11.3123(8)Å, β = 102.969(5), V = 740.0(2)Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021733108852
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  • 17
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethylpyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 493-495 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; dynamic kinetic resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Knowing the absolute configuration of the prolinol moiety (S) the X-ray diffraction study established the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0322 for 1237 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C15H19NO2, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.0757(4), b = 11.3473(5), c = 9.5114(7)Å, β = 104.686(6)°, V = 634.32(7)Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021781024782
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  • 18
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    The crystal structure of 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ergosterol peroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol acetate, in pyridine, reacts with hydrogen peroxide and catalytic amounts of FeCl3 to afford the unusual product 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate. The peroxide, in the title structure, is seen to bridge the C5 and C9 positions of the sterol backbone. Crystal data: C30H44O5, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.552(2), b = 11.048(8), c = 37.60(2), V = 2772(3)Å3, Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022486730643
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  • 19
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    The crystal structure of hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 593-596 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cage compound ; hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an interesting cage compound is described. Crystal data: C48H36N6O6·(CH3)2CO; monoclinic; space group: P2 1 /n; a = 14.948(3) Å, b = 15.079(3) Å, c = 19.539(4)Å, β = 93.93(3)°, V = 4394(2)Å3; and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022452707772
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  • 20
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    Structural study of the molecular complex in crystals of brucine with pantolactone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; brucine ; pantolactone ; molecular complex ; chiral resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have determined an X-ray crystal structure, a = 12.482(1), b = 14.349(1), c = 14.342(1) Å, orthorhombic, P212121 for a molecular complex of brucine with pantolactone. The crystal structure is composed of corrugated sheets of brucine molecules containing the guest pantolactone molecules. The conformational twist of the pyrrolidine ring in brucine may probably be important in projecting the amine N2 to provide a strong and specific binding site for a chiral complexation. The pseudo-equatorial orientation of the hydroxyl group of the pantolactone anchors itself for binding via hydrogen bonding. In the crystal packing, the pantolactone molecules form helices and the brucine molecules are attached to these helices by O=H···N hydrogen bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009543903373
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  • 21
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    Highly stereoselective sodium borohydride promoted reduction ofendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 657-660 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; norbornene ; stereoselective reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Racemicendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene was stereoselectively reduced by sodium borohydride to give only theS,S orR,R diastereomers. The crystal structure of the product displays no unusual features.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665972
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  • 22
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    Structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 291-294 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone is reported. The steric requirements of the two adamantyl groups affect the structure in three ways—a slight elongation of the central bond, a small expansion of the angles about the central bond, and a conformation in which the C(sp2)-connected adamantyl group virtually bisects the large substituents attached to the sp3 carbon.
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    Structure of a PCU-derived pinacol formed via sodiumpromoted reductive dimerization of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 517-520 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.-03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal possesses a conformation, dictated by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, that lies midway between eclipsed and staggered. The C−C and C−O distances in the pinacol unit are, respectively, longer and shorter than usual, and all parameters are as expected.
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    Crystal and molecular structure determination, TGA-DTA, and infrared and Raman spectra of rubidium nitroprusside, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; rubidium nitroprusside ; IR ; Raman ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO], crystallizes in the space group P212121, witha=5.687(1),b=15.956(2),c=12.645(3) Å, andZ=4. Anions are in equivalent C1 sites (one per asymmetric unit) and are slightly distorted octahedra (C4v ideal symmetry). TGA and DTA curves and vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectra of Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] were obtained. Results are interpreted in view of the crystal structure of the compound and the behavior of related substances.
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  • 25
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    Thermodynamic vs. kinetic control in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclopentadiene ; 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone ; Diels-Alder reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene (1a) to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (2a), when performed in methanol solvent at ambient temperature, proceeds with kinetic control to afford 1α,4α,4aβ,8aβ-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-4a,8a-dicarbonitrile (7, 77% yield). However, when this cycloaddition is performed by refluxing an equimolar solution of1a and2a in benzene for 3 h, the product of thermodynamic control, i.e., 1α,4α,4aα,8aα-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-6,7-dicarbonitrile (3a) is obtained in 64% yield. The structure of3a was confirmed by an analysis of the reduced intramolecular photocyclization product,9.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of (2E,4S,10R)-4-hydroxy-2-undecen-10-olide (nor-patulolide C), C11H18O3 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; undecen-olid ; nor-patulolide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stereogeometry and absolute configuration of the title compound has been proved by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: monoclinic, P21,a=7.7976(2),b=7.8288(2),c=8.9791(4) Å, β=90.331(4)o, Z=2. The crystal structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined toR=0.042 for 1798 observed reflections.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of diphenylphosphinylacetic acid (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 361-364 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; carboxylic acid ; phosphine oxide ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diphenylphosphinylacetic acid crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2l/n with unit cell dimensionsa=5.6875(7),b=17.049(4),c=13.471(2) Å, β=93.36(1)° and Z=4. The molecular packing consists of hydrogen bonded chains arising from intermolecular interactions between a carboxylic acid hydroxyl group and an oxygen of an adjacent phosphine oxide moiety.
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  • 28
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    Tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 425-428 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group, $$P\bar 1$$ , witha=6.7702(4),b=7.0180(4),c=9.1960(7) Å, α=92.457(6), β=96.150(6), γ=93.444(5)°, andZ=2. The structure contains a rather short intramolecular H...H contact of 2.26(4) Å.
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  • 29
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    Crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 741-746 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated ions ; ionic hydration ; strontium arsenate ; struvites ; struvite-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate, SrKAsO4·8H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are tetragonal, a = 7.144(1), c = 23.613(2) Å, space group I41md (No. 109), Z = 4, V = 1205.1(1) Å3, and d c = 2.258 g cm−3. All cations and anions in this compound are completely surrounded by water molecules. Sr2+ and K+ ions are each coordinated to eight water molecules arranged in an approximately square antiprism. The [Sr(H2O)8]2+ polyhedron shares one face of four water molecules with a [K(H2O)8]+ polyhedron forming O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 polyhedra. The O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 units are linked together through a pair of edge-sharing linkages of the outer water molecules, alternating along the a-axis and b-axis. The hydrated cation polyhedra appear to define the host lattice, which accommodates the AsO 4 3- ion in the interstitial space. The environment of the AsO 4 3- ion consists of 16 water molecules; each oxygen atom is the acceptor in hydrogen bonds from four water molecules. The pair distances associated with this environment may be used in investigations of the structure of hydrated 4 n- ions in solutions. Each water molecule is coordinated to one Sr and one K, and hydrogen bonded to two O atoms of two different AsO 4 3- ions. There is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,7-bis-(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 797-809 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicyclononane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; nitro substituent ; trifluoromethyl substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,7-bis(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanes (1a–d) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All four compounds have the same feature, that the tetraazabicyclononane unit assumes a cage-like structure with the aryltriazene moieties lying parallel to one another so that the aryl rings are held together by π – π stacking. Crystal data: 1a C17H18N10O4, triclinic, space group P − 1, a = 9.8899(10), b = 13.0845(13), c = 16.458(2) Å, α = 94.095(2)°, β = 107.004(2)°, γ = 111.027(2)°, V = 1863.5(3) Å3 and Z = 4; 1b, C19H18F6N8, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 15.3210(8), b = 10.9512(6), c = 24.5698(13) Å, V = 4122.4(4) Å3 and Z = 8; 1c C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/n a = 6.3742(6), b = 13.7343(13), c = 21.542(2)Å, β = 97.738(2)°, V = 1868.8(3) Å3, and Z = 4; 1d, C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 18.205(2), b = 17.398(2), c = 12.784(12) Å, β = 109.480(2)°, V = 3818.0(6) Å3, and Z = 8.
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    Characterization and structural analyses of trimethoxy and triethoxybenzo[b]thiophene (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo [b] thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo [b] thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(3′,4′,5′-triethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to as I and II, respectively) crystallize in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group $$P \bar 1$$ (No. 2, C1) with two formula units per cell with a = 6.842(1) Å, b = 12.602(2) Å, c = 13.815(2) Å, α = 94.80(1)°, β = 98.27(2)°, and γ = 100.59(2)° and a = 10.600(1), b = 11.415(2), c = 12.137(2) Å, α = 94.57(1)°, β = 101.18(1)°, and γ = 110.45(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged to R = 0.039 and 0.068. The structures differ in the orientation of the trimethoxy and triethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances, angles, and torsion angles are tabularized as well as reference to the synthesis of the title compounds and peripheral studies.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a polymeric erbium(III)–sodium(I) coordination complex of picolinic acid N-oxide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; erbium(III)–sodium(I) carboxylate complex ; picolinic acid N-oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new Er(III)–Na(I) coordination polymer of stoichiometry [NaEr2L5(H2O)6(NO3)](NO3)·3.5H2O (HL = picolinic acid N-oxide) has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystals are triclinic, PĪ with a = 9.823(2), b = 12.453(2), c = 20.643(4) Å; α = 98.49(3), (β = 101.40(3), γ = 108.69(3)°; V = 2284(1) Å3; Z = 2. Of the two independent eight-coordinate erbium(III) ions in this complex, one is surrounded by four bidentate chelating L ligands, and the other by one bidentate chelating L ligand, four aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two neighboring [ErL4] units. The sodium(I) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment, being coordinated by a unidentate nitrate anion, three aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two adjacent [ErL4] units. The complex is built from zigzag chains of syn-anti carboxylate-bridged erbium(III) moieties directed in the a direction, which are cross-linked pairwise by aqua-bridgeddimericsodium(I) units. The resulting composite polymeric chains are further connected by hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network.
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    Crystal structure and two-stage hydrolysis of dimethoxo (meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 481-486 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tin porphyrin ; two-stage hydrolysis ; methanolate ; trans equivalent axial ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work, we determine the crystal structure of dimethoxo(meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1). Experimental results indicate that the tin atom has an octahedral geometry. The geometry around the tin center has Sn(1)–O(5) = 2.020(6), Sn(1)–O(6) = 2.003(7) Å and an average Sn(1)–N = 2.10(1) Å. The two methoxo groups are unidentately coordinated to the tin(IV) atom. Two-stage hydrolysis of Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 in CDCl3 was observed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound (1) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with a = 14.7492(1), b = 19.2022(3), c = 16.0806(2) Å, β = 94.104(1)°, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric gadolinium(III)–copper(II) complex of iminodiacetic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 475-479 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; gadolinium(III)-copper(II) complex ; iminodiacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Gd2Cu3 complex of iminodiacetic acid (H2L1=NH{CH2COOH}2), namely, Gd2Cu3(L1)6, 1, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In the title complex, the Gd3+ ion is nine-coordinated by six O atoms from three bidentate chelating carboxylate groups and three O atoms from three anti-anti bridging carboxylic groups of six L1 ligands; the Cu2+ ion is six-coordinated by four O and two N atoms from two chelating L1 ligands. Each pair of Gd(III) atoms is bridged by three L1 ligands, each of which also chelates with one copper(II) ion, thus forming a Gd2Cu3 cluster unit. Such cluster units are cross-linked by flexible L1 ligands into a three-dimensional coordination framework. The title complex crystallizes in the trigonal space group P-3c1 (No. 165) with a = b = 13.433(4), c = 14.770(6) Å; V = 2308(1) Å3; Dcalca = 1.859 g cm−3; Z = 2.
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    Structure of a deaza dimer of 4-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4H)-dione (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dimer ; triazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n; a = 9.0024(5), b = 5.8135(3), c = 15.2232(8) Å, β = 91.153(4)° Z = 4; and R = 0.050 based on 853 observed, unique reflections. The structure consists of two fused five-membered triazole rings, oriented relative to each other at 152°.
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    Crystal structures of two substituted biphenyl derivatives: 5,5′-di t-butyl-2-2′-biphenyldiol and 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; biphenyl ; mutual orientation ; strong H-bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 5,5′-Di t-butyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (I), C20H26O2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 18.243(2), b = 9.947(2), c = 9.685(3) Å, and Z = 4; 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (II), C14H14O2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.959(2), b = 7.932(3), c = 15.392(2) Å, β = 105.43(2)°, and Z = 4. The aromatic rings are tilted by 52.7(1) and 43.8(1)° to each other in compounds (I) and (II), respectively. Strong intra- and inter-molecular H-bonds connect the molecules in the crystals.
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    Synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and crystal structure of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hexakisisothiocyanatoindate(III) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 317-321 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; indium complexes ; isothiocyanate complexes ; octahedral coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of a 1:10 molar ratio between indium chloride and tetra-n-butylammonium thiocyanate in ethanol affords the complex [(n-C4H9)4N]3[In(NCS)6] (1), the structure of which has been established by X-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the cubic space group Pa3¯ with eight formula units in the unit cell. The formula unit consists of three separate cationic tetra-n-butylammonium groups and an independent hexakisisothiocyanatoindium anionic group. The six near linear thiocyanate ligands coordinate octahedrally through the nitrogen atom to the indium metal center. The coordination of the n-butyl groups to the ammonium-nitrogen atom is tetrahedral. The complex has also been characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, physical properties, and X-ray powder analysis.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicycloundecane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitro substituent ; carboalkoxy substituent ; π–π stacking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1–5) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In all five compounds, the tetraazabicycloundecane portion of the molecule assumes a cage-like, folded structure with the aryltriazene moieties aligned approximately parallel; the structure is held in the folded configuration by either intramolecular or intermolecular π–π stacking forces. Crystal data: 1 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.1846(7), b = 9.9556(7), c = 20.819(2) Å, β = 98.725(1)°, V = 2086.5 (3) Å3, Z = 4; 2 C23H28N8O4, triclinic, space group Pī, a = 6.7064(7), b = 12.9662(14), c = 14.054(2) Å, α = 94.796(2), β = 91.621(2), γ = 104.836(2)°, V = 1175.7(2) Å3, Z = 2; 3 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.237(2), b = 13.520(2), c = 11.5805(12) Å, β = 113.514(2)°, V = 2044.0(4) Å3, Z = 4; 4 C21H22N10, monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 54.247(3), b = 11.5531(7), c = 12.9670(7) Å, β = 95.710(1)°, V = 8086.4(8) Å3, Z = 16; 5 C25H32N8 04, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 10.2908(7), b = 16.5687(12), c = 15.1662(10) Å, β = 94,188(1)°, V = 2579.0(3) Å3, Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4,5-dibromo[2.1.1]triblattene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 351-354 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dibromotriblattene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of 4-bromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (1) with Br2—CCl4 afforded 4,4,5-tribromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodecane (2) in 89–94% yield. Subsequent treatment of 2 with KOt-Bu-t-BuOH resulted in competitive elimination of the elements of HBr and of Br2 with concomitant formation of 4,5-dibromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (3, 76%) and 1 (17%), respectively. The structure of 3 was established unequivocally via application of X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystal data for 3: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 9.895(1), b = 9.0963(7), c = 12.471(1) Å, β = 106.875(8)°, z = 4.
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    Structure of a C2-symmetric bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 747-750 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; trishomocubanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of a bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone with molecular C2 symmetry reveals that substitution of benzyloxy groups has little effect on the trishomocubane cage.
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    Crystal structure of ethyl 4-methylthio-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazole-5-carboxylate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,3-oxazoline-2-thione ; resonance structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound C13H13NO3S2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ (Z=2) with lattice constantsa=8.382(2),b=10.042(2),c=10.134(2) Å, α=119.35(1)°, β=101.40(1)° and γ=90.54(1)°. The interplanar angle between the least squares planes of the 1,3-oxazoline ring and the phenyl ring amounts to 90.2°, thus hindering conjugation between the benzene and heterocyclic system. The observed bond parameters of the five-membered heterocycle suggest a significant contribution from a zwitterionic dipolar limiting structure [38.7(5)%] to the description of this ring system. The particular contributions of the resonance structures were estimated by calculations using the HOSE model on the base of the observed bond lengths.
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    Synthesis and structure ofexo-11-cyano-endo-11-(trimethylsilyloxy)pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecan-8-one ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of an asymmetric pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8,11-dione derivative is reported, in which Me3SiCN has been added across one of the keto groups. The cage structure demonstrates the expected effects of this addition.
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    Structure of the product formed via Cu(I)-promoted oxidative dimerization ofexo-8-ethynylpentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05.9]undecan-endo-8-ol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 543-547 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diyne ; oxidative dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure consists of two acetyl-substituted PCU cages linked by a diyne fragment. The conformation about the linker is midway between staggered and eclipsed, and the acetyl groups are somewhat distorted due to the proximity to the bulky cage units.
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    Crystal structure oftrans-tetrachlorobis[2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium]cadmium(II), [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 695-699 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole ; cadmium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between cadmium(II) chloride and 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole (H2biim) in an acidic solution affords [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (H3biim=2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) in 63% yield. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP1, wherea=8.072(2),b=8.100(2),c=8.593(2) Å, α=75.89(2), β=62.94(2), γ=63.29(1)°,V=446.4(2) Å3, andZ=1. The central Cd atom exhibits an octahedral geometry composed of a Cl4N2 core. The Cd-N bond distance is 2.392(2) Å. Cd−Cl distances are 2.5919(9) and 2.671(1) Å.
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    X-ray structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 801-806 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo[b]thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(4′-hydroxy-3′, 5′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(2′,6′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to asI andII, respectively) crystallize in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space groupP21/n (No. 14, C 2h 5 ) with four formula units-per cell witha=6.866(1),b=28.638(2),c=11.830(2) Å, and β=105.52(1)° anda=9.328(1),b=7.977(1),c=29.650(4) Å, and β=97.87(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged toR=0.046 and 0.031. The structures differ in the positioning of the dimethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands and the addition of a hydroxyl group inI. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces plus the addition of hydrogen bonding in compoundI. Selected bond distances and angles and torsion angles are tabularized.
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    Reaction of vinylmagnesium bromide with hexacyclo[10.2.1.02,11.04,9.04,14.09,13]pentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione: Transannular hemiketal formation (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 429-433 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hexacyclopentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction between vinylmagnesium bromide and the cage dione leads to attack of only one equivalent of Grignard and intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the second ketone. The product compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/a, witha=9.509(1),b=11.071(2),c=12.492(4) Å, β=104.32(2)°, andZ=4.
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    The crystal and molecular structure of 6,8,15,16b,16c,17-hexahydro-16b,16c-diphenyl-7H,16H-6a,7a,15a,16a-tetraazanaphtho[5,6]azulano[2,1,8-ij]naptho[f]azulene-7,16-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 365-368 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; receptor ; clip shaped molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a clip containing molecule is described. The structure was solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR l=0.0768 [I〉2σ(I)]. Crystal data: C40H30N4O2·HCCl3, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.302(2),b=12.981(2),c=15.765(2)Å, α=65.91(2)°, β=76.40(2)°, γ=80.15(1)°,V=1682.9(4)Å3, Z=2.
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    Synthesis and X-ray analysis of 1-((1S)-phenylethyl)-azetidine-(2R)-piperidinamide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 639-642 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; chiral auxiliaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a new azetidine-2-carboxylic amide derivative is described. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares methods toR1=0.0393 for 4264 reflections (withI〉2σ(I)) The structure consists of two independent molecules which are chemically the same with slight differences in geometry. Crystal data: C17H24N2O, monoclinic, space groupP21,a=8.3782(4),b=20.0342(13),c=9.7769(8) Å, β=109.687(6)°,V=1545.1(2)Å3,Z=4.
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    Crystal structures of two 1,2-bis-(1-aryl-3-methyltriazene-3-yl-)ethanes with aryl substituents of opposite polarity (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; methoxy substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-bis-{1-(2-cyanophenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (1) and 1,2-bis-{1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (2) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bis-triazene (1) exists as the “staggered” conformation in the solid state, with an anti-anti configuration around the N2–N3 bond of the triazene units, whereas 2 assumes a “gauche” conformation with the syn-syn configuration in the triazene units. Crystal data: 1 C18H18N8, triclinic, space group P −1, a = 6.108(2), b = 8.118(3), c = 9.600(4)Å, α = 101.37(7)°, β = 96.47(7)°, γ = 102.71(5)°, V = 449.1(3)Å3, Z = 2; 2 C18H24N6O2, monoclinic, space group P 21/n, a = 13.119(5), b = 7.745(2), c = 19.201(2)Å, β = 96.47(7)°, V = 1910.3(9)Å3, Z = 4.
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    Crystal structures of the hydrated disodium and paraquat salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid ; 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate ; paraquat ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two hydrated salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid, H2L, have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 1, Na2L·9 $$ - \frac{1}{2}$$ H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 42.005(1), b = 6.838(1), c = 23.807 (1) Å, β = 122.71 (1)°, and Z = 8. Compound 2, (paraquat)L·2H2O, belongs to the triclinic space group $${P\bar 1}$$ with a = 9.940(1), b = 11.543(1), c = 14.033(1) Å, α = 105.45(1), β = 95.82(1), γ = 100.14(1)° and and Z = 2. All four carboxyl groups in the 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate dianion L2− are un-ionized. In 1 the distorted octahedrally coordinated sodium cations, the anions, and the lattice water molecules are joined together by hydrogen bonds to generate a three-dimensional network. In the crystal structure of 2, a host framework composed of L2− ions and water molecules accommodate the paraquat dications within two channel systems running parallel to the a and b axes.
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    Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized cage compounds (1998)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 259-266 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; heptacyclotetradecane ; hexacyclotetradecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized hexa- and heptacyclotetradecane cages are reported. 7-(Dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane (3): orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 14.744(1), b = 11.237(1), c = 7.4625(7) Å Z = 4; R = 0.0531 for 504 observed reflections. 7,12-Bis(dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13-04,11 .05,9.010,14]tetradecane (4): monoclinic, I2/a, a = 11.257(1), b = 9.5844(8), c = 13.884(2) Å, β = 92.254(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0413 for 663 observed reflections. 10,14-bis(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecane (6): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.118(1), b = 15.273(4), c = 12.826(3) Å, β = 104.20(1)° Z = 4; R = 0.0384 for 1392 observed reflections. 14-(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecan-10-one (7): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.2879(7), b = 15.273(1), c = 10.0565(9) Å, β = 92.271(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0320 for 1402 observed reflections. The functional groups lead to slight shortening of bond lengths.
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    A dinuclear cyano-bridged complex based on hexacyanoferrate(III) and samarium(III) nitrate: synthesis and crystal structure (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; samarium(III) complexes ; iron(III) complexes ; cyanide-bridges ; dinuclear complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new complex, [Sm(DMF)4(H2O)4Fe(CN)6]·H2O (DMF = N, N-dimethylformamide), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure and thermogravimetric analyses. The complex crystallizes in the P21/n space group, with lattice parameters a = 17.583(4) Å, b = 8.870(2) Å, c = 19.845(6) Å, β = 95.98(3)°, V = 3078(1) Å3, D x = 1.679 Mg m−3, D m = 1.65(1) Mg m−3, Z = 4. The molecular structure shows that a cyano-bridged bimetallic structure is obtained. The Sm atom is coordinated by eight oxygen atoms of four water molecules and four DMF molecules and one nitrogen atom of the bridging cyanide ligand. The iron atom assumes approximately an octahedral environment surrounded by six CN ligands. The hydrate water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to one of the O atoms bound to Sm. Each terminal CN ligand of the Fe(CN) 6 3− entity is hydrogen-bonded to some O atoms of water molecules. An infrared spectrum is also reported.
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    Gold(III)-pteridine compounds: synthesis, spectral, and X-ray diffraction studies on new adducts between sodium tetrabromoaurate(III) and lumazine derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 565-570 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; pteridine ; lumazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In aqueous hydrobromic medium, Na[AuCl4] reacts with 1,3-dimethyllumazine (1,3-dimethyl-pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, DLM) or 1,3,6,7-tetramethyllumazine (DLMD) to give three adducts with simplified formulas Na[AuBr4](DLMD), Na[AuBr4](DLM), and Na[AuBr4](DLM)2. These compounds have been characterized by means of analytical techniques, and IR and NMR spectroscopies. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies have been made on the Na[AuBr4](DLM)2 compound. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic Pbca space group, with a = 15.249(1), b = 15.238(2), c = 21.563(2) Å, Z = 8, and R = 0.053. The structure consists of planar [AuBr4]− anions and Na+ cations weakly linked to two crystallographically independent DLM molecules. The Na+ cation interacts weakly with four oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from four different pteridine molecules, its environment may be described as a very distorted square pyramid.
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    Molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; hydride ; complex ; quinuclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH] with hexamethyltrisiloxane, (OSiMe2)3, gives rise to the bis-quinuclidine complex AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2, which has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 consists of a trigonal bipyramidal aluminum with axial coordination of the quinuclidine ligands. Crystal data: orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, a = 10.6895(9), b = 12.266(1), c = 12.3794(9) Å, V = 1623.2(2) Å3, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a new lithium cyclohexaphosphate hydrate: Li6P6O18·10H2O (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 323-327 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclohexaphosphate ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel hydrate of lithium cyclohexaphosphate are reported. Li6P6O18·10H2O crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 15.113(5), b = 12.006(2), c = 15.892(2) Å, β = 122.85(2)°, and Z = 4. The structure consists of P6O18 ring layers stacked along the c direction in between which are located the lithiumions and water molecules. Two LiO4 tetrahedra share common edges with LiO5 pseudosquare pyramids to form two independant Li3O9 units. About 50% of the water molecules have fractional occupancy rates and form fragments of molecules. A linear relationship is established between the relative cell volume V/Z and the hydration degree, n, for all the known hydrates: Li6P6O18·nH2O.
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    Synthesis and structure of a bis(ethynyl)-substituted oxahexacyclic cage ether (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 347-349 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane ; triple bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intramolecular dehydration of a cage-diol results in the title compound. This crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c; a = 8.6403(8), b = 9.5698(7), c = 14.062(1) Å β = 107.47(7)° and Z = 4.
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    A cobalt(II) complex with the N,N,O-tridentate ligand 6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato-benzoyl-hydrazone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; cobalt ; benzoylhydrazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of bis-(6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato benzoylhydrazone)cobalt(II) dimethylformamide solvate is described. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1¯, Z = 2 with a = 9.7368(8), b = 12.346(1), c = 17.184(1) Å, α = 78.372(6), β = 74.585(6), γ = 71.113(5)°, and V = 1869.0(3) Å3. The coordination polyhedron around the metal ion displays a slightly flattened M(NNO)2 octahedral shape. Both ligands bind in a trident fashion through the benzoylic oxygen atom, the hydrazone nitrogen atom closer to the uracil ring, and the deprotonated nitrogen atom of the amino group. The two ligands exhibit quite different conformations: one of them is almost planar, whereas the other is severely twisted.
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    Dynamics of mineral nitrogen in soils supporting potato crops (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 36-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil nitrogen ; Immobilisation ; Mineralisation ; Nitrification ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Plant effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following application of fertiliser-N to the seedbed of potato crops, concentrations of extracted mineral-N were up to 3 times greater than would be anticipated by calculation. The rates at which both NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N apparently appeared and disappeared in the soil solution were, at various times, also much greater than could be attributable to any transformations resulting from microbial activity. This suggests that the involvement of other factors in this phenomenon must be considered. The effect of certain physical parameters such as water movement, resulting from capillary action and evaporation from the soil surface, may be implicated. We suggest that soil microbes are not directly involved in the early fate of fertiliser-N, primarily due to C-limitation in arable soils. N dynamics in fertilised potato systems require further studies targeting the relationships between nutrient concentrations in soil solution and mass flow of soil water.
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    Nitrification of ammonium in different components of a flooded rice soil system (1996)
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    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 321-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Flooded rice soils ; Rhizosphere ; Rice variety ; Crop growth stage ; Organic amendment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification associated with the various components [subsurface soil from unplanted and planted (rhizosphere) fields, standing water and surface soil from planted and unplanted fields and leaf sheath suspensions] of submerged rice paddies was examined in incubation experiments with solutions inoculated with soil or water samples. Substantial nitrification occurred in all samples, standing water and surface soil samples in particular, during their 40-day incubation with NH 4 + −N. Almost all the NH 4 + −N, disappeared during incubation with standing water, was recovered as NO inf3 sup- −N. This, compared to 70–80% from all soil samples and only 29% from leaf sheath suspensions. Significant loss of nitrogen, especially from leaf sheath suspensions, is probably due to nitrification-denitrification as evidenced by its complete recovery in the presence of N-Serve. Nitrification potential of the soil and water samples varied with the crop growth stage and was more pronounced at tillering and panicle inititation stages than at other stages. Nitrification potential of samples from green-manure-amended plots was distinctly less than that of samples from control and urea-amended plots. Most probable number (MPN) estimates of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria were always higher in surface soil in both planted and unplanted plots at all stages of crop growth.
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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    Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter under Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Forest soil ; Tree species ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; Picea abies L. ; Betula pendula L. ; Field afforestation ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass N ; Microbial ; respiration ; Ammonification ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pHCaCl2 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, net nitrification and N2-fixing activity (acetylene reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pHCaCl2 (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420219
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha–1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by 15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha–1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha–1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha–1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha–1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen, and nitrification in Scots pine forest soil treated with fast- and slow-release nitrogen fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 214-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Dicyandiamide ; Forest soil ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Urea ; Urea-formaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of fast- and slow-release organic N fertilizers (urea and urea-formaldehyde, Nitroform) on mineralization, nitrification, and N leaching in an acid, poor forest soil. We also studied the effects of a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide) applied together with urea. Net nitrification, mineralization of N and C were determined by aerobic laboratory incubation of soil samples taken one and three growing seasons after N application. Numbers of autotrophic nitrifiers were estimated by a most probable number method three growing seasons after the treatment. Urea increased the CO2 production immediately after application, but after three growing seasons, CO2 production was the lowest in the urea-treated soils. In the nitroform-treated soils, the concentration of exchangeable NH4 + after the first and third growing seasons was of the same magnitude, in contrast to the urea-treated soils, where hydrolysis took place immediately. Three growing seasons after application, the highest amount of NH4 + accumulated during the laboratory incubation was in the nitroform-treated soils. Unlike urea, nitroform did not increase the production of NO3 – or the number of NH4 + oxidizers. In the urea+dicyandiamide-treated soils there was less NO3 – and a lower number of nitrifiers than in the urea-treated soils. The results showed that a slow-release N fertilizer, such as nitroform, increases the availability of mineral N in acid forest soils without increasing nitrification and hence the risk of NO3 – leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382515
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    Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050311
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    Influence of phosphorus or phosphorus-potassium fertilization on biomass and dinitrogen fixation of the stem-nodulating green-manure legume Sesbania rostrata in different marginally productive wetland rice soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wetland rice soils ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania rostrata ; PK fertilization ; Soil Mn ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; Green manure ; N dilution method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The performance of Sesbania rostrata varies widely from site to site. This makes it difficult to predict the N yield and biomass of this plant in marginally productive soils, and to arouse the interest of farmers in green manure technology. Three consecutive pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to evaluate growth, nodulation, N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction assay and 15N dilution method), and N yield of 6-week-old S. rostrata on 13 physicochemically different wetland rice soils of the Philippines and on three artificial substrates. The performance of S. rostrata on the unfertilized controls was compared with two fertilizer treatments containing either P (100 mg P kg-1 dry soil) or P+K (100 mg P kg-1 and 200 mg K kg-1 dry soil). In the control soils and substrates, the N yield of S. rostrata varied between 20 and 470 mg N per pot, with the N rate from N2 fixation ranging between 0 and 95%. In three of the nutritionally poor soils even Mn toxicity symptoms apparently occurred with S. rostrata. P application alleviated these symptoms and increased the overall N yield considerably, mainly through increased biological N2 fixation. An additional increase in N yield was obtained by the PK treatment. Multiple regression analysis between soil characteristics and the N yield of S. rostrata showed that the original level of P (Olsen-extracted) and Mn in the soil accounted for 73% of the variance in biomass production by S. rostrata among the unfertilized soils and substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336588
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    The role of potassium fertilizer in nodulation and nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under drought stress (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Faba bean ; Water stress ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Leghaemoglobin ; Invertase ; Protease ; K fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-week-old nodulated faba bean plants were subjected to different levels of drought stress (onehalf, one-quarter, or one-eighth field capacity) for 5 weeks. Half the stressed plants were treated with KCl at 10 mg kg-1 soil or 150 mg kg-1 soil at the beginning of the drought stress. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were significantly decreased by increasing drought stress. Leghaemoglobin and protein contents of nodule cytosol were also severely inhibited by drought sttess. This decline was attributed to the induction of protease activity. However, carbohydrate contents of the nodule cytosol increased significantly. This accumulation was attributed to a sharp decline in invertase activity and low use of sugar by the bacteroids We conclude that harmful effects of water deficits can be alleviated by increasing K+ supplementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336594
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    Dynamics of nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen use and biomass yield over time in pot-grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen use ; 15N ; Time course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of nodulation, N2-fixation and N use in Leucaena leucocephala cv. K28 over time was investigated in a screenhouse at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months after planting (MAP) using the 15N-labelling method. Leucaena had a consistently increasing pattern of nodulation, dry biomass and nitrogen yield. A sharp rise in nodulation was observed between 12 and 16 MAP, whereas for biomass, N accumulation and N2-fixation, and N2-fixation, an upward surge occurred between 4 and 12 months. Nodulation, N accumulation, N2-fixation and biomass yield all peaked at 16 MAP. Along with the steady increase in N2-fixation throughout the 16-month growth period, the % N derived from the atmosphere rose from 17.9% to 61.5%, 70.1% and 74%, equivalent to 191, 1623, 2395 and 3385 mg N2 fixed plant-1 at 4, 8, 12 and 16 MAP, respectively. Nitrogen assimilation from soil and fertilizer decreased inversely to the increase in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336553
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    Preservation of nitrifying capacity and nitrate availability in waterlogged soils by radial oxygen loss from roots of wetland plants (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Radial O2 loss ; Nitrification ; Waterlogging ; Rumex thyrsiflorus ; Rumex palustris ; Nitrate reductase ; Redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of radial O2 loss from roots on nitrification and NO inf3 sup- availability were studied. Plants of the flooding-resistant species Rumex palustris and the flooding-sensitive species Rumex thyrsiflorus were grown on drained and waterlogged soils with an initially high nitrifying capacity. Nitrate reductase activity in the plant leaves was used as an indicator of NO inf3 sup- availability to the plants. In a separate experiment these species were shown to have higher levels of nitrate reductase activity when NO inf3 sup- was added to the soils compared to when only NH inf4 sup+ was provided. In drained soils nitrification was maintained and both plant species showed relatively high nitrate reductase activities in their leaves. In the water-logged series planted with R. thyrsiflorus, nitrification was inhibited, NH inf4 sup+ accumulated, and the plants grew less well compared to those on drained soils. In contrast, waterlogged soils planted with R. palustris had a redox potential high enough for O2 to be continuously replenished. Furthermore, the nitrifying capacity of these latter soils was maintained at a high level. R. palustris grew well and NO inf3 sup- must have been available to the plant, since a high level of nitrate reductase activity was observed in the leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336084
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    Comparison of symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with positive hydrogen-uptake activity compared with negative mutants in relation to nitrogen fixation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mungbean ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen uptake ; Mutation ; Nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H2 uptake activity was well distributed in Rhizobium sp. strains isolated from nodules of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.). Two effective strains, RMP1 und RMP2, exhibiting significantly higher H2 uptake activity were subjected to mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. The respective mutation frequencies were 0.18 and 0.19%. Three Hup- mutants each of RMP1 und RMP2 were compared with the wild-type parent strains under pot culture experiments to evaluate the significance of the H2 uptake system in biological N2 fixation. Nodulation capabilities, plant growth characteristics, and the chlorophyll content of the leaves were significantly reduced in the plants treated with Hup- mutants. Nitrogenase activity in Hup- nodules was reduced by 8–41%. Similarly, N accumulation was also reduced singificantly.
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    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytie habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g-1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335935
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    Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
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    Phenotypic grouping of Brazilian Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
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    Nodulation pattern and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity of some highland and lowland Acacia species of Ethiopia (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 60-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acacia spp. ; Bradyrhizobium ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Endosymbionts from the Ethiopian highland acacia species Acacia abyssinica, A. negrii and A. etbaica, and the lowland species A. nilotica, A. prasinata, A.senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis and Faidherbia (Acacia) albida were isolated and characterized. Seven tree species were found to be nodulated by species of both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. F. (Acacia) albida and A. senegal were nodulated by only Bradyrhizobium or Rhizobium, respectively. In A. abyssinica, both genera were isolated from the same nodule, whereas in A. nilotica and A. tortilis, both strains were isolated from different nodules of the same plant. The nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) activities varied considerably and showed no correlation with the nitrogen content of the plant. Highland species were as effective as lowland plants, thus demonstrating good potential for soil reclamation. The endosymbionts isolated proved rather promiscuous, efficiently nodulating other Acacia spp. and some tropical grain legumes, but did not nodulate temperate legumes.
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    Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Competitiveness ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N2 fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N2 fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N2 fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N2 fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N2 fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N2 fixation to soybean nutrition.
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    Effects of salts and moisture content on N2O emission and nitrogen dynamics in Yellow soil and Andosol in model experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 401-407 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Andosols ; N2O ; Nitrification ; N mineralization ; Yellow soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of salt type and its concentration on nitrification, N mineralization and N2O emission were examined under two levels of moisture content in Yellow soil and Andosol samples as simulated to agriculture under arid/semi-arid conditions and under heavy application of fertilizer in a glass-house, respectively. The salt mixtures were composed of chlorides (NaCl and NH4Cl) or sulphates [Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4] and were added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M as in the soil solution). These salts were added to non-saline Yellow soil at different moisture contents (45 or 40 and 65% of maximum water-holding capacity; WHC) and their effects on the changes in mineral N (NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N) concentration as well as N2O emission were examined periodically during laboratory incubation. We also measured urease activities to know the effect of salts on N mineralization. Furthermore, Ca(NO3)2 solution was added at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 M as in the soil solution) to a non-saline Andosol taken from the subsurface layer in a glass-house and incubated at different moisture contents (50% and 70% of WHC) to examine their effects on changes in mineral N. Nitrification was inhibited by high, but remained unaffected by low, salt concentrations. These phenomena were shown in both the model experiments. It was considered that the salinity level for inhibition of nitrification was an electric conductivity (1 : 5) of 1 dS m–1. This level was independent of the type of salts or soil, and was not affected by soil moisture content. The critical level of salts for urease activities was about 2 dS m–1. The emission rate of N2O was maximum at the beginning of the incubation period and stabilized at a low level after an initial peak. There was no significant difference in N2O emission among the treatments at different salt concentrations, while higher moisture level enhanced N2O emission remarkably.
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    Nitrogen monoxide production and consumption in an organic soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Denitrification ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen Monoxide ; Nitrous Oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Factors controlling NO production, consumption, and emission rates were examined in an organic soil. Emission rates were measured in the enclosed headspaces of intact soil cores under three fertilisation treatments (unfertilised or 100 kg N ha–1 as NH4Cl or as NaNO3), with and without the nitrification inhibitor C2H2 (20–70 μl l–1). Nitrification was always the main source of NO emitted across the soil surface, even when the soil was nearly saturated. Fertilisation of soil with NH4Cl increased NO emission both by stimulating NO production from nitrification, and by decreasing the NO consumption rate constant. Addition of NaNO3 also stimulated the production of NO and N2O during nitrification in aerobic soil slurry experiments. This effect was eliminated by adding C2H2 and was therefore not related to denitrification. In loose soil samples, the increase in NO-N production after NH4Cl addition represented as much as 26% of the added N. However, in intact cores, 95% of the NO produced through nitrification was oxidised within the soil column rather than emitted to the atmosphere. We concluded that nitrification is the primary NO source from this organic soil, that surface NO emissions are much lower than gross NO production rates, and that gaseous N oxide (NO and N2O) losses during nitrification can be affected by both soil NH4 + and NO3 –.
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    Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrous oxide emitted from soil and produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 326-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetate ; Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Ethanoate ; 15N/14N ; Natural abundance ; Nitrification ; Nitrosolobus multiformis ; Nitrosomonas europaea ; 18O/16O ; Oxygen ; Pseudomonas putida ; Succinate ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition at natural abundance levels of nitrous oxide emitted from a sandy loam, neutral pH soil under a range of soil water contents (matric potentials of-0.1,-1.0 and-5.0 kPa), from soil amended with sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate, and produced by pure cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis, and by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas putida, has been determined in laboratory experiments. N2O from all sources was depleted in the 15N and 18O isotopes relative to the conventional references [atmospheric N2 and standard mean ocean water (SMOW), respectively]. N2O from soil was depleted in 15N and 18O to increasing extents with increasing soil water content. The isotopic composition of N2O produced by N. europaea and N. multiformis was similar to that emitted from drier soil (matric potential of-1.0 kPa) and the N2O produced by P. putida was similar to that emitted from wetter soil (matric potential of-0.1 kPa). N2O emitted from the wetter soil was enriched in 15N and 18O compared with that emitted from the drier soil. The differences in isotopic composition between N2O from the wetter and drier soil were attributed principally to isotopic fractionation during N2O reduction to N2 in the terminal step of denitrification. The effect of both sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate amendment was to increase the overall rate of N2O emission, much of which arose from denitrification, as revealed by incubation in 100 kPa O2. In addition, in the sodium ethanoate amended soil N2O reduction to N2 did not occur, as revealed by incubation in 10 kPa C2H2. The N2O from the sodium ethanoate amended soil was depleted in 15N to a greater extent than the sodium succinate amended soil, which is consistent with the observation that N2O reduction to N2 leaves residual N2O relatively enriched in 15N.
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    Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Inhibitors ; Nitrification ; Oxygen ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C2H2 (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O2 (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C2H2 (to inhibit N2O reduction to N2 in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N2O production, consumption and net N2O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N2O emission from different processes of N2O production were estimated. The rate of N2O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1), but because N2O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N2O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N2O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N2O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the wetter soil.
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    Effect of the inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate on nitrification and N2O formation in an acid forest soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 318-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Autotrophs ; Liming ; Nitrapyrin ; N-serve ; Nitrification ; N2O ; Sodium chlorate ; Acid beech forest soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An acid forest soil from beech forest gaps, which were either limed or unlimed, and the undisturbed forest was investigated for the type of nitrifying populations and the process of N2O evolution. To see whether nitrifiers were of heterotrophic or autotrophic origin, the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate were applied to disturbed soil samples which underwent laboratory incubations. Nitrapyrin inhibits autotrophic nitrification. In different studies, sodium chlorate has been identified as an inhibitor either of autotrophic or of heterotrophic nitrification. In the samples investigated only nitrapyrin inhibited the autotrophic nitrification occurring in the limed soil. Sodium chlorate effectively inhibited heterotrophic nitrification. In the limed forest floor samples, where most autotrophic nitrification occured, sodium chlorate showed no inhibitory effect. In another laboratory incubation experiment, N2O evolution from undisturbed soil columns, to which the above inhibitors were applied, was investigated. In those samples, in which nitrification had been reduced, neither inhibitor significantly reduced N2O evolution. Thus it was concluded that the contribution of nitrification to N2O losses is negligible, and that N2O evolution arises from the activity of denitrifying organisms. Microbial biomass and respiration measurements showed that the inhibitors did not affect microflora negatively.
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    Soil pH changes during legume growth and application of plant material (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 236-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil pH ; Legume ; Alkalinity ; Decarboxylation ; Ammonification ; Vicia faba L. ; Nitrification ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During cultivation of legumes soil is acidified due to proton release from roots. As a consequence of proton release, plants accumulate organic anions which may, if returned and decomposed in the soil, neutralize the soil acids. Until now the detailed processes responsible for the change in soil pH after incorporation of plant material have not been completely understood. Using a pot experiment we studied the changes in acid and base in soil during growth of field beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) and after incorporation of the plant material into the soil. Soil pH was significantly decreased by field beans from 6.00 to 5.64 in a cultivation period of 45 days. Proton release amounted to 32.7 mmol H+ pot–1, which was approximately equivalent to the accumulated alkalinity in the plant shoots (34.4 mmol). Return of field bean shoots caused a significant soil pH increase from 5.64 to 6.29. Within 7 days more than 90% of the added alkalinity was released. After 307 days incubation, soil pH decreased to 5.86 due to nitrification. In a second experiment, maize leaves (Zea mays L.), containing various concentrations of nitrogen and at various alkalinities, were incorporated into the soil. Soil pH change was positively correlated to alkalinity and malate concentration and negatively correlated to total nitrogen and water-soluble organic nitrogen of incorporated leaves. It is concluded that the soil acidification caused by legume cultivation can be partly compensated for if crop residues are returned to the soil. Addition of plant material may initially cause an increase in soil pH due to decomposition of organic anions and organic nitrogen. Soil pH may decrease if nitrification is involved. The concentrations of nitrogen and alkalinity of added plant material are decisive factors controlling soil pH change after incorporation of plant material.
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    Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Forest soil ; Tree species ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; Picea abies L. ; Betula pendula L. ; Field afforestation ; Microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass N ; Microbial respiration ; Ammonification ; Nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pHCaCl 2 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pHCaCl 2 (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420219
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    Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAstragalus cicer ; Nodulation ; DNA ; Milkvetch ; Nitrogen fixation ; Forage legume ; Rhizobium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse.
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    N dynamics and sources of N2O production following pig slurry application to a loamy soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 224-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words CO2 production ; N2O production ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; NH3 volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carbon (C) and Nitrogen dynamics and sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) production were investigated in a loamy soil amended with pig slurry. Pig slurry (40000kgha–1) or distilled H2O was applied to intact soil cores of the upper 5cm of a loamy soil which were incubated under aerobic conditions for 28 days at 25°C. Treatments were with or without acetylene (C2H2), which is assumed to inhibit the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2), and with or without dicyandiamide (DCD), which is thought to inhibit nitrification. Volatilization of ammonia (NH3), pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O production, and ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate NO3 –) concentrations were monitored. The pH of the pig slurry amended soil increased from an initial value of 7.1 to pH 8.3 within 3 days; it then decreased slowly but was still at a value of 7.4 after 28 days. Twenty percent of the NH4 + applied volatilized within 28 days. Sixty percent of the C applied in the pig slurry evolved as CO2, if no priming effect was assumed, but only 38% evolved when the soil was amended with DCD. Pig slurry significantly increased denitrification and the ratio between its gaseous products, N2O and N2, was 0.21. No significant increases in NO3 – concentration occurred, and N2O produced through nitrification was 0.07mg N2O-N kg–1 day–1 or 33% of the total N2O produced. C2H2 was used as a C substrate by microorganisms and increased the production of N2O.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050371
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    Long-term large N and immediate small N addition effects on trace gas fluxes in the Colorado shortgrass steppe (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 44-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Methane consumption ; Nitrification ; Oxides of nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Land use changes in semiarid grasslands have long-lasting effects. Reversion to near-original conditions with respect to plant populations and productivity requires more than 50 years following plowing. The impact of more subtle management changes like small, annual applications of N fertilizer or changing cattle stocking rates, which alters N redistribution caused by grazing and cattle urine deposition, is not known. To investigate the long-term effects of N addition to the Colorado shortgrass steppe we made weekly, year-round measurements of N2O and CH4 from the spring of 1990 through June 1996. Fluxes of NOx (NO plus NO2) were measured from October 1995 through June 1996. These measurements illustrated that large N applications, either in a single dose (45 g N m–2), simulating cattle urine deposition, or in small annual applications over a 15-year period (30 g N m–2) continued to stimulate N2O emissions from both sandy loam and clay loam soils 6–15 years after N application. In sandy loam soils last fertilized 6 years earlier, average NOx emissions were 60% greater than those from a comparable, unfertilized site. The long-term impact of these N additions on CH4 uptake was soil-dependent, with CH4 uptake decreased by N addition only in the coarser textured soils. The short-term impact of small N additions (0.5–2 g N m–2) on N2O, NOx emissions and CH4 uptake was observed in field studies made during the summer of 1996. There was little short-term effect of N addition on CH4 uptake in either sandy loam or clay loam soils. Small N additions did not result in an immediate increase in N2O emissions from the sandy loam soil, but did significantly increase N2O flux from the clay loam soil. The reverse soil type, N addition interaction occurred for NOx emissions where N addition increased NOx emissions in the coarser textured soil 10–20 times those of N2O.
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    Field method to determine N2O emission from nitrification and denitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil cores ; Acetylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions via the nitrification (I nit) and denitrification (I den) pathways were successfully measured with in-field incubation of soil cores in preserving jars at 0 Pa and 5–10 Pa acetylene. From the incubations, fractions of nitrification – N2O over total N2O (I nit / I tot) – and denitrification – N2O over total N2O (I den / I tot) – were obtained. Actual field emissions of N2O via nitrification (F nit) and denitrification (F den) were calculated by multiplying the fractions from the incubation technique with the daily N2O emission (F day) determined with a direct soil cover method. The approach presented here was successful for a whole range of soil moisture conditions in intensive grassland. F nit and F den followed the trends of soil ammonium and soil nitrate.
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    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) in soil treated with the nitrification-inhibiting insecticide Baythroid (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words ANI ; Baythroid ; Cyfluthrin ; Insecticide ; 15N ; Nitrification ; N uptake ; Synthetic pyrethroid ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the uptake and dry matter production potential of NH+ 4 and NO– 3 and to study the effect of Baythroid, a contact poison for several insect pests of agricultural crops, on growth and N uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen was applied as (15NH4)2SO4, K15NO3, or 15NH4NO3 and in one treatment Baythroid was combined with 15NH4NO3. Source of N had, in general, a nonsignificant effect on dry matter and N yield, but uptake of NO– 3 was significantly higher than that of NH+ 4 when both N sources were applied together. Substantial loss of N occurred from both the sources, with NH+ 4 showing greater losses. Baythroid was found to have a significant positive effect on dry matter yield of both root and shoot; N yield also increased significantly. Uptake of N from both the applied and native sources increased significantly in the presence of Baythroid and a substantial added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was determined. The positive effect of Baythroid was attributed to: (1) a prolonged availability of NH+ 4 due to inhibition of nitrification, (2) an increased availability of native soil N through enhanced mineralization, and (3) an enhanced root proliferation.
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    Soil pH changes during legume growth and application of plant material (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 236-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil pH ; Legume ; Alkalinity ; Decarboxylation ; Ammonification ; Vicia faba L. ; Nitrification ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During cultivation of legumes soil is acidified due to proton release from roots. As a consequence of proton release, plants accumulate organic anions which may, if returned and decomposed in the soil, neutralize the soil acids. Until now the detailed processes responsible for the change in soil pH after incorporation of plant material have not been completely understood. Using a pot experiment we studied the changes in acid and base in soil during growth of field beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) and after incorporation of the plant material into the soil. Soil pH was significantly decreased by field beans from 6.00 to 5.64 in a cultivation period of 45 days. Proton release amounted to 32.7 mmol H+ pot-1, which was approximately equivalent to the accumulated alkalinity in the plant shoots (34.4 mmol). Return of field bean shoots caused a significant soil pH increase from 5.64 to 6.29. Within 7 days more than 90% of the added alkalinity was released. After 307 days incubation, soil pH decreased to 5.86 due to nitrification. In a second experiment, maize leaves (Zea mays L.), containing various concentrations of nitrogen and at various alkalinities, were incorporated into the soil. Soil pH change was positively correlated to alkalinity and malate concentration and negatively correlated to total nitrogen and water-soluble organic nitrogen of incorporated leaves. It is concluded that the soil acidification caused by legume cultivation can be partly compensated for if crop residues are returned to the soil. Addition of plant material may initially cause an increase in soil pH due to decomposition of organic anions and organic nitrogen. Soil pH may decrease if nitrification is involved. The concentrations of nitrogen and alkalinity of added plant material are decisive factors controlling soil pH change after incorporation of plant material.
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    N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2O release ; Cropping systems ; Waste water treatment ; Activated sludge ; Nitrification ; Demitrification ; Carbon availability ; Available carbon-to-nitrate ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O2 demand (BOD5) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N2O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N2O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N2O m-2 h-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N2O m-2 h-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N2O m-2, h-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N2O m-2 h-1). During the N2O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N2O−N ha-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N2O−N m-2, respectively, during the sampling periods. The N2O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH 4 + . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N2O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N2O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N2O released. Increasing N2O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (CH2O or BOD5-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N2O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N2O which may be reduced to N2 on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335953
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  • 89
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    Influence of iron pyrites and dicyandiamide on nitrification and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to loess brown earths (luvisols) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Dicyandiamide ; Iron pyrites ; Luvisols ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation study showed that iron pyrites retarded nitrification of urea-derived ammonium (NH4 +), the effect being greatest at the highest level (10000 mg kg–1 soil). Nitrification inhibition with 10000 mg pyrite kg–1 soil, at the end of 30 days, was 40.3% compared to 55.9% for dicyandiamide (DCD). The inhibitory effect with lower rates of pyrite (100–500 mg kg–1) lasted only up to 9 days. Urea+pyrite treatment was also found to have higher exchangeable NH4 +-N compared to urea alone. DCD-amended soils had the highest NH4 +-N content throughout. Pyrite-treated soils had about 7–86% lower ammonia volatilization losses than urea alone. Total NH3 loss was the most with urea+DCD (7.9% of applied N), about 9% more than with urea alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050228
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  • 90
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    Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Soil sterilization ; 15N ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacterial inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N2 fixation using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N2 fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N2 fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050250
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  • 91
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    Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050528
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  • 92
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    Fate of blue-green algae in the food web of flooded rice-field ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 141-145 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ecosystem ; Zooplankton ; Benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As part of an integrated pest management project to study the role blue-green algae (BGA) may play in the food web of rice-field ecosystems, 14C-labelled filamentous and monocellular BGA were used as food for fish, zooplankton and benthic fauna in artificial rice fields in the form of three aquaria. 14C present in the organisms was then traced by liquid scintillation to follow the manner in which the labelled BGA were consumed by different organisms. In this study the grazing rate of fish (mud carp) was compared to that of benthic organisms and zooplankton. It was found that fish consumed the BGA at the fastest rates and in the largest amounts, followed by the benthic species and zooplankton. It was also found that filamentous BGA were consumed in higher amounts than monocellular BGA. The importance of grazing in nutrient recycling is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050536
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  • 93
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    Kinetics of nitric oxide consumption in tropical soils under oxic and anoxic conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Denitrification ; Nitrification ; NO reduction ; NO oxidation ; KM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of nitric oxide consumption in four tropical soils were studied under oxic and anoxic conditions in a flow-through system in the laboratory. Under anoxic conditions the soils had a very high affinity for NO, resulting in K M values of 0.02–0.27 ppmv NO (equivalent to 0.04–0.50 nM NO in the aqueous phase). These K M values were lower than literature values for NO consumption by denitrifying bacteria. Under oxic conditions the kinetics of NO consumption in the tropical soils were completely different, exhibiting K M values higher than 1.7 ppmv. These higher K M values were similar to literature values for NO consumption by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. Thus, the tropical soils studied seem to contain two different NO consumption activities which can be distinguished by their kinetics and which predominate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. However, it was not possible to quantify the contribution of each process to total NO consumption under natural conditions. Under aerobic conditions NO turnover kinetics were positively correlated with soil respiration, N mineralisation and soil organic carbon, whereas under anaerobic conditions they were positively correlated with potential and actual denitrification rates and pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050285
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  • 94
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    Stimulation of microbial activity following spring applications of nitrogen (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 28-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil microbial biomass ; Specific respiration ; Ammonification ; Nitrification ; Priming effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil microbial biomass (SMB) activity was investigated in a long-term experiment in which grazed swards received annual inputs of 200 N kg ha–1. SMB total C and total N, specific respiration, ammonification and nitrification were examined over a 10 week period, following the first and the second seasonal applications of N. Whilst there was no effect on biomass C and N, additions of N appeared to increase biomass activity. Nitrification was weakly correlated with ammonification (r 2=0.413) and the latter was stimulated by the addition of N (P〈0.05), suggesting a ‘priming’ effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050338
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  • 95
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    Management-induced change in labile soil organic matter under continuous corn in eastern Canadian soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass C ; Water-soluble organic carbon ; Light fraction organic carbon ; Fertilizer ; nitrogen ; 13C nuclear magnetic resonance ; Infrared spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples taken from four experimental sites that had been cropped to continuous corn for 3–11 years in Ontario and Quebec were analyzed to evaluate changes in quantity and quality of labile soil organic carbon under different nitrogen (N) fertility and tillage treatments. Addition of fertilizer N above soil test recommendations tended to decrease amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The quality of the WSOC was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry and the results indicated that carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatics and proteins were the major components of all extracts. Similar types of C were present in all of the soils, but an influence of management was evident. The quantity of soil MBC was positively related to the quantities of WSOC, carbohydrate C, and organic C, and negatively related to quantities of long-chain aliphatic C in the soil. The quantity of WSOC was positively related to the quantities of protein C, carbohydrate C, and negatively related to the quantity of carboxylic C. The quantity of soil MBC was not only related to quantities of soil WSOC but also to the quality of soil WSOC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050348
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  • 96
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    Concurrent measurements of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching from field incubated soil cores (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Net mineralization ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Leaching ; Field incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting 4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and 36% of the nitrate-N (NO3 –-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO3 –-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO3 –-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r 2=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r 2=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the impact this may have on other N transformation processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050383
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  • 97
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    Mechanisms of N2O and NO production in the soil profile of a drained and forested peatland, as studied with acetylene, nitrapyrin and dimethyl ether (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Nitric oxide ; Organic soil ; Nitrification ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Acetylene, dimethyl ether (DME) and 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine (nitrapyrin) were used as inhibitors to study the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the production of N2O and nitric oxide (NO) in samples taken from the soil profile of a peatland drained for forestry. Acetylene and DME inhibited 60–100% of the nitrification activity in field-moist samples from the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm peat layers, whereas nitrapyrin had no inhibitory effect. In the 0–5 cm peat layer the N2O production could be reduced by up to 90% with inhibitors of nitrification, but in the 5–10 cm peat layer this proportion was 20–30%. All the inhibitors removed 96–100% of the nitrification potential in peat-water slurries from the 0–5 cm peat layer, but the 5–10 cm layer had a much lower nitrification activity, and here the efficiency of the inhibitors was more variable. Litter was the main net source of NO in the peat profile. NO3 – production was lower in the litter layer than in the peat, whereas N2O production was much higher in the litter than in the peat. Denitrification was the most probable source of N2O and NO in the litter, which had a high availability of organic substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050421
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    Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Red alder ; White clover ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1 obtained for red alder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050492
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    Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Collembola ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050504
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  • 100
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    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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