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  • Articles  (119)
  • Crystal structure  (59)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (32)
  • Denitrification  (29)
  • Springer  (119)
  • 1995-1999  (119)
  • Geosciences  (119)
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  • Articles  (119)
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  • Springer  (119)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of tetrakisdiphenylammonium hexadecachlorotetrabismuthate(III) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 841-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bismuth chloride complexes ; diphenylammonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [(C6H5)2NH2]4 +[Bi4Cl16]4− crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ witha=11.835(2),b=12.393(2),c=12.625(3)Å, α=108.37(3), β=108.69(3), γ=96.00(3)° andD c=2.135 g cm−3 forZ=1. The [Bi4Cl16]4− anion is a centrosymmetric cluster of four distorted edge-sharing BiCl6 octahedra. The ranges of the Bi−Cl bonds are 2.484(4)–2.606(3)Å for Bi−Cl(terminal), 2.691(3)–2.956(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ2), and 2.960(3)–3.120(4)Å for Bi-Cl(µ3). The cations and anions are held in place by weak hydrogen bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01671080
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a bulky cyclic sulfite (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclic sulfite ; pentacycloundecane-8 ; 11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the cyclic sulfite derived from the reaction of thionyl chloride withendo-8-hydroxy-exo-8-(endo-8′-hydroxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undec-exo-8′-yl)pentacyclo-[5.4.0.0.2,6.03,10.05,9]undecane is reported. All bond lengths and angles are consistent with the strained cage geometry. A static disorder of the terminal oxygen was found to be present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665171
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the pinacol formed via sodium-promoted reductive dimerization of 12-methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecan-7-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 417-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of a methyleneheptacyclo-[6.6.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecanone possesses a conformation in which equivalent groups on the pinacol carbon are virtually perpendicular to each other. This rotation minimizes steric interactions, thus the geometries of all the fragments in the molecule are within expected values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665280
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure of 1-vinyl-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide, C6H9N2I (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 601-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; imidazolium ; vinyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes with two independent molecules in the unit cell. The two molecules arecis-trans isomers. Crystal data: orthorhombic, P212121,a=7.0417(6),b=9.5341(9),c=25.411(2) Å,Z=8. The crystal structure has been solved by automated Patterson methods and refined toR=0.024 for 1843 observed reflections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure of 3-(3-oxo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; epoxy ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an epoxy ester is described. The structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR 1=0.0372 [I〉2σ(I)]. The structure consists of two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. These molecules are chemically the same. Crystal data: C11H12O4, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=10.324(3),b=10.553(7),c=10.869(5)Å, α=61.77(4), β=88.64(4), γ=88.16(6)°,V=1042.7(9)Å3,Z=4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018702
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated phosphate ; layer-type structure ; strontium phosphate ; strontium phosphate hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of a highly hydrated tristrontium phosphate, nonastrontium hexakis(phosphate) hexadecahydrate, Sr9(PO4)6·16H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic,a=15.203(2),b=6.488(1),c=18.984(7) Å, β=98.42(2)o, space groupP2/c (No. 13),Z=2,V=1852.3 Å3,d c =2.951 Mg·m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.038,R w =0.051, for 2329 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described in terms of a layer-type arrangement parallel to (100). One layer consists of a compact assembly of columns of Sr and PO4 ions in a pseudohexagonal arrangement resembling an apatitic structure. A second layer containing all the water molecules and one PO4 ion that occupies the interstitial space may be referred to as the hydrated layer. The structure has an overall similarity to that of octacalcium phosphate and can be considered as a model for amorphous calcium phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01677098
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 563-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; amide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ-NHtBu)]2 has been determined. The unit cell contains two independent molecules with only slight variation in the orientation of thetert-butyl ligands. Crystal data: Triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.0138(6),b=10.2944(8),c=15.791(1) Å, α=91.262(6), β=89.822(6), γ=106.141(6)°,V=1407.2(2) Å3,Z=2,R=0.039,R w=0.041.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01668416
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystal structure of 5-(p-methoxyphenylamino)indane and AM1 calculations on N-arylamines derivatives, precursors of phenothiazine drugs (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 735-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diphenyl amines ; AM1 calculations ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural determination by X-ray crystallography of the titled N-arylamine 4a, as well as AM1 calculations on a series of derivatives (4b–c, 5a–c), are reported. The compound 4a is monoclinic P21/c with a = 7.656(3), b = 23.655(5), c = 7.686(9) Å, β = 112.59(6)°, V = 1285.2(2) Å3 and Z = 4. This structure has been used as a template for the building of some others derivatives used for AM1 calculations. The results show that the cyclization position on the aromatic rings, which can lead to two regioisomers, depends on the nature of the benzylic substituants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021860410863
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, characterization, and X-ray crystal structure of di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide, C10H14N4O4S2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 761-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; noncentrosymmetric ; disulfide ; imidazolidinedione ; homocystine hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide or homocystine hydantoin, C10H14N4O4S2 (I), crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group P21 (No. 4) with two molecules in the unit cell with a = 7.132(1), b = 9.282(2), c = 10.770(2) Å and β = 105.68(1)°. The two imidazolidinedione rings are planar with a dihedral angle of 46.9°. The rings are joined by a diethyl disulfide bridge at chiral centers on the rings. The C-S-S-C torsion angle is −80°(−sc). The absolute stereochemistry of the chiral centers was determined to be (5S, 5′S), η = + 0.92 (11). Important bond distances include: S-S = 2.022(4); S-C (mean) = 1.809(8); and C=O (mean) = 1.224(7) Å. The compound is stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyl-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021816628610
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystal structure of a macrocyclic tetraamine isocyanato zinc(II) complex (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 831-834 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic tetraamine ; isocyanato zinc(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex, [Zn(L)(NCO)]Cl · 3H2O (1) (L = 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,01.18,07.12]docosane), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 10.530(3), b = 9.315(2), c = 27.188(3) Å, β = 92.58(1)°, V = 2664.1(9)Å3, and Z = 4. The zinc atom is in a distorted squarepyramidal environment with the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and one nitrogen atom of the isocyanate ligand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021831921283
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  • 11
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of macrocyclic nickel(II) complex bridged by chromate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 867-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic nickel(II) complex ; chromate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound catena-(μ-CrO4-O,O′)[Ni(L1)Ni(L2)] 3H2O (1) (L1 = 3,5,10,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and L2 = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized for the first time and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 9.623(1), b = 10.084(1), c = 12.723 (3) Å, α = 66.74(2), β = 75.20(1), γ = 72.02(1)°, V = 1066.2(3) Å3, and Z = 2. The coordination environment around the Ni(II) ions is an axially elongated octahedron with the secondary amines of the isomeric ligands and two oxygen atoms of [CrO4]2−.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022890217250
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis, characterization, peripheral studies, and structural analysis of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one, C12H15NO (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 899-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ir/nmr ; β-amino-α ; β-unsaturaled ketone ; noncentrosemmtric ; enamino ketones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystallographic structural refinement of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one (I) has been carried out by means of three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The title compound crystallizes in space group C2 (No. 5,Z = 4). The lattice constants are a = 21.543(4), b = 6.433(1), c = 8.019(2) Å, and β = 97.82(3)°. Characterizations include physical property determinations and spectrometric identifications employing IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray powder analyses. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed as well as synthesis and peripheral studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022802619976
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  • 13
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    The structure of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 145-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; benzimidazole ; antimicrobial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine, C14H11N3Cl2, M r = 292.17, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with unit cell parameters a = 10.707(2), b = 9.615(2), c = 25.944(6) Å. The benzimidazole ring system is planar and makes a dihedral angle of 77.8(1)° with the phenyl ring. The structure is stabilized by an N–H···N hydrogen bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022497931783
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  • 14
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric praseodymium(III) complex with a new flexible double betaine (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; praseodymium(III) carboxylate complex ; double betaine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Pr(III) complex with a new double betaine, namely [{Pr(L1)1.5(H2O)2} n ][ClOli4]3 n ·nH2O (1) (L1 = 1,4-diazoniobicyclo[2,2,2]octane-1,4-dipropionate), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray analysis. In the title complex, the Pr(III) atom is nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms from five L1 ligands and two aqua ligands. Each pair of adjacent praseodymium(III) atoms is linked by a pair of μ3 chelating and bridging carboxylate groups, thus forming an infinite metal···metal chain running parallel to the a direction, and such chains are cross-linked by flexible backbones of L1 ligands into a three-dimensional network with the perchlorate anions and lattice water molecules accommodated in the interstitial space. The title complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.085(2), b = 14.316(3), c = 29.775(6) Å, β = 103.04(3)° and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022414109261
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  • 15
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    Crystal structures of three substituted pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formed via ultimate nucleophilic attack of unsaturated hydrocarbon fragments are reported. Geometries of the bis(vinyl)-, mono(vinyl), and bis(ethynyl)-substituted PCU species are unexceptional. The crystal structures are dictated by the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021893001351
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  • 16
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 497-499 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Based on the known absolute configuration (R) of the α-phenylethylamine moiety the X-ray analysis revealed the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0298 for 1950 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C18H19NO, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.7406(4), b = 9.959(2), c = 11.3123(8)Å, β = 102.969(5), V = 740.0(2)Å3, and Z = 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021733108852
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  • 17
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    Molecular structure and absolute configuration of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethylpyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 493-495 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; dynamic kinetic resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (−)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 2′S)-5-(2′-hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidin-1′-yl)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Knowing the absolute configuration of the prolinol moiety (S) the X-ray diffraction study established the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0322 for 1237 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C15H19NO2, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.0757(4), b = 11.3473(5), c = 9.5114(7)Å, β = 104.686(6)°, V = 634.32(7)Å3, and Z = 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021781024782
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  • 18
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    The crystal structure of 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ergosterol peroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol acetate, in pyridine, reacts with hydrogen peroxide and catalytic amounts of FeCl3 to afford the unusual product 5α,9α-peroxyergosta-7,22-dien-6-one-3β-ol acetate. The peroxide, in the title structure, is seen to bridge the C5 and C9 positions of the sterol backbone. Crystal data: C30H44O5, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.552(2), b = 11.048(8), c = 37.60(2), V = 2772(3)Å3, Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022486730643
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  • 19
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    The crystal structure of hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 593-596 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cage compound ; hexabenzoylhexaazaisowurtzitane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of an interesting cage compound is described. Crystal data: C48H36N6O6·(CH3)2CO; monoclinic; space group: P2 1 /n; a = 14.948(3) Å, b = 15.079(3) Å, c = 19.539(4)Å, β = 93.93(3)°, V = 4394(2)Å3; and Z = 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022452707772
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  • 20
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    Structural study of the molecular complex in crystals of brucine with pantolactone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; brucine ; pantolactone ; molecular complex ; chiral resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have determined an X-ray crystal structure, a = 12.482(1), b = 14.349(1), c = 14.342(1) Å, orthorhombic, P212121 for a molecular complex of brucine with pantolactone. The crystal structure is composed of corrugated sheets of brucine molecules containing the guest pantolactone molecules. The conformational twist of the pyrrolidine ring in brucine may probably be important in projecting the amine N2 to provide a strong and specific binding site for a chiral complexation. The pseudo-equatorial orientation of the hydroxyl group of the pantolactone anchors itself for binding via hydrogen bonding. In the crystal packing, the pantolactone molecules form helices and the brucine molecules are attached to these helices by O=H···N hydrogen bonds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009543903373
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  • 21
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    Highly stereoselective sodium borohydride promoted reduction ofendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 657-660 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; norbornene ; stereoselective reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Racemicendo-5-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-7,7-dimethoxynorborn-2-ene was stereoselectively reduced by sodium borohydride to give only theS,S orR,R diastereomers. The crystal structure of the product displays no unusual features.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665972
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  • 22
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    Structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 291-294 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of 2-acetoxy-1,2-di(1-adamantyl)ethanone is reported. The steric requirements of the two adamantyl groups affect the structure in three ways—a slight elongation of the central bond, a small expansion of the angles about the central bond, and a conformation in which the C(sp2)-connected adamantyl group virtually bisects the large substituents attached to the sp3 carbon.
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    Structure of a PCU-derived pinacol formed via sodiumpromoted reductive dimerization of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 517-520 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pinacol ; reductive dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The pinacol resulting from sodium promoted reductive coupling of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.-03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione monoethylene ketal possesses a conformation, dictated by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, that lies midway between eclipsed and staggered. The C−C and C−O distances in the pinacol unit are, respectively, longer and shorter than usual, and all parameters are as expected.
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    Crystal and molecular structure determination, TGA-DTA, and infrared and Raman spectra of rubidium nitroprusside, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 325-330 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; rubidium nitroprusside ; IR ; Raman ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO], crystallizes in the space group P212121, witha=5.687(1),b=15.956(2),c=12.645(3) Å, andZ=4. Anions are in equivalent C1 sites (one per asymmetric unit) and are slightly distorted octahedra (C4v ideal symmetry). TGA and DTA curves and vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectra of Rb2[Fe(CN)5NO] were obtained. Results are interpreted in view of the crystal structure of the compound and the behavior of related substances.
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  • 25
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    Thermodynamic vs. kinetic control in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclopentadiene ; 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone ; Diels-Alder reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene (1a) to 2,3-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (2a), when performed in methanol solvent at ambient temperature, proceeds with kinetic control to afford 1α,4α,4aβ,8aβ-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-4a,8a-dicarbonitrile (7, 77% yield). However, when this cycloaddition is performed by refluxing an equimolar solution of1a and2a in benzene for 3 h, the product of thermodynamic control, i.e., 1α,4α,4aα,8aα-tetrahydro-5,8-dioxo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-6,7-dicarbonitrile (3a) is obtained in 64% yield. The structure of3a was confirmed by an analysis of the reduced intramolecular photocyclization product,9.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of (2E,4S,10R)-4-hydroxy-2-undecen-10-olide (nor-patulolide C), C11H18O3 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; undecen-olid ; nor-patulolide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stereogeometry and absolute configuration of the title compound has been proved by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: monoclinic, P21,a=7.7976(2),b=7.8288(2),c=8.9791(4) Å, β=90.331(4)o, Z=2. The crystal structure has been solved by vector search methods and refined toR=0.042 for 1798 observed reflections.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of diphenylphosphinylacetic acid (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 361-364 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; carboxylic acid ; phosphine oxide ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Diphenylphosphinylacetic acid crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2l/n with unit cell dimensionsa=5.6875(7),b=17.049(4),c=13.471(2) Å, β=93.36(1)° and Z=4. The molecular packing consists of hydrogen bonded chains arising from intermolecular interactions between a carboxylic acid hydroxyl group and an oxygen of an adjacent phosphine oxide moiety.
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  • 28
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    Tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 425-428 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tetracyclo[6.3.0.04,11.05,9]undecane-2,7-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group, $$P\bar 1$$ , witha=6.7702(4),b=7.0180(4),c=9.1960(7) Å, α=92.457(6), β=96.150(6), γ=93.444(5)°, andZ=2. The structure contains a rather short intramolecular H...H contact of 2.26(4) Å.
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  • 29
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    Crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 741-746 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hydrated ions ; ionic hydration ; strontium arsenate ; struvites ; struvite-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of strontium potassium arsenate octahydrate, SrKAsO4·8H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are tetragonal, a = 7.144(1), c = 23.613(2) Å, space group I41md (No. 109), Z = 4, V = 1205.1(1) Å3, and d c = 2.258 g cm−3. All cations and anions in this compound are completely surrounded by water molecules. Sr2+ and K+ ions are each coordinated to eight water molecules arranged in an approximately square antiprism. The [Sr(H2O)8]2+ polyhedron shares one face of four water molecules with a [K(H2O)8]+ polyhedron forming O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 polyhedra. The O4-Sr-O4-K-O4 units are linked together through a pair of edge-sharing linkages of the outer water molecules, alternating along the a-axis and b-axis. The hydrated cation polyhedra appear to define the host lattice, which accommodates the AsO 4 3- ion in the interstitial space. The environment of the AsO 4 3- ion consists of 16 water molecules; each oxygen atom is the acceptor in hydrogen bonds from four water molecules. The pair distances associated with this environment may be used in investigations of the structure of hydrated 4 n- ions in solutions. Each water molecule is coordinated to one Sr and one K, and hydrogen bonded to two O atoms of two different AsO 4 3- ions. There is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,7-bis-(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 797-809 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicyclononane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; nitro substituent ; trifluoromethyl substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,7-bis(arylazo)-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1] nonanes (1a–d) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All four compounds have the same feature, that the tetraazabicyclononane unit assumes a cage-like structure with the aryltriazene moieties lying parallel to one another so that the aryl rings are held together by π – π stacking. Crystal data: 1a C17H18N10O4, triclinic, space group P − 1, a = 9.8899(10), b = 13.0845(13), c = 16.458(2) Å, α = 94.095(2)°, β = 107.004(2)°, γ = 111.027(2)°, V = 1863.5(3) Å3 and Z = 4; 1b, C19H18F6N8, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 15.3210(8), b = 10.9512(6), c = 24.5698(13) Å, V = 4122.4(4) Å3 and Z = 8; 1c C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/n a = 6.3742(6), b = 13.7343(13), c = 21.542(2)Å, β = 97.738(2)°, V = 1868.8(3) Å3, and Z = 4; 1d, C19H18N10, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 18.205(2), b = 17.398(2), c = 12.784(12) Å, β = 109.480(2)°, V = 3818.0(6) Å3, and Z = 8.
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    Characterization and structural analyses of trimethoxy and triethoxybenzo[b]thiophene (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo [b] thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo [b] thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(3′,4′,5′-triethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to as I and II, respectively) crystallize in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group $$P \bar 1$$ (No. 2, C1) with two formula units per cell with a = 6.842(1) Å, b = 12.602(2) Å, c = 13.815(2) Å, α = 94.80(1)°, β = 98.27(2)°, and γ = 100.59(2)° and a = 10.600(1), b = 11.415(2), c = 12.137(2) Å, α = 94.57(1)°, β = 101.18(1)°, and γ = 110.45(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged to R = 0.039 and 0.068. The structures differ in the orientation of the trimethoxy and triethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances, angles, and torsion angles are tabularized as well as reference to the synthesis of the title compounds and peripheral studies.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a polymeric erbium(III)–sodium(I) coordination complex of picolinic acid N-oxide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; erbium(III)–sodium(I) carboxylate complex ; picolinic acid N-oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new Er(III)–Na(I) coordination polymer of stoichiometry [NaEr2L5(H2O)6(NO3)](NO3)·3.5H2O (HL = picolinic acid N-oxide) has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystals are triclinic, PĪ with a = 9.823(2), b = 12.453(2), c = 20.643(4) Å; α = 98.49(3), (β = 101.40(3), γ = 108.69(3)°; V = 2284(1) Å3; Z = 2. Of the two independent eight-coordinate erbium(III) ions in this complex, one is surrounded by four bidentate chelating L ligands, and the other by one bidentate chelating L ligand, four aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two neighboring [ErL4] units. The sodium(I) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment, being coordinated by a unidentate nitrate anion, three aqua ligands and two anti-carboxylate oxygen atoms from two adjacent [ErL4] units. The complex is built from zigzag chains of syn-anti carboxylate-bridged erbium(III) moieties directed in the a direction, which are cross-linked pairwise by aqua-bridgeddimericsodium(I) units. The resulting composite polymeric chains are further connected by hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network.
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    Crystal structure and two-stage hydrolysis of dimethoxo (meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 481-486 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tin porphyrin ; two-stage hydrolysis ; methanolate ; trans equivalent axial ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work, we determine the crystal structure of dimethoxo(meso-tetra(4-methoxyphenylporphyrinato))tin(IV), Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 (1). Experimental results indicate that the tin atom has an octahedral geometry. The geometry around the tin center has Sn(1)–O(5) = 2.020(6), Sn(1)–O(6) = 2.003(7) Å and an average Sn(1)–N = 2.10(1) Å. The two methoxo groups are unidentately coordinated to the tin(IV) atom. Two-stage hydrolysis of Sn(tmpp)(OMe)2 in CDCl3 was observed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compound (1) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with a = 14.7492(1), b = 19.2022(3), c = 16.0806(2) Å, β = 94.104(1)°, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and structural characterization of a novel polymeric gadolinium(III)–copper(II) complex of iminodiacetic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 475-479 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; gadolinium(III)-copper(II) complex ; iminodiacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Gd2Cu3 complex of iminodiacetic acid (H2L1=NH{CH2COOH}2), namely, Gd2Cu3(L1)6, 1, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In the title complex, the Gd3+ ion is nine-coordinated by six O atoms from three bidentate chelating carboxylate groups and three O atoms from three anti-anti bridging carboxylic groups of six L1 ligands; the Cu2+ ion is six-coordinated by four O and two N atoms from two chelating L1 ligands. Each pair of Gd(III) atoms is bridged by three L1 ligands, each of which also chelates with one copper(II) ion, thus forming a Gd2Cu3 cluster unit. Such cluster units are cross-linked by flexible L1 ligands into a three-dimensional coordination framework. The title complex crystallizes in the trigonal space group P-3c1 (No. 165) with a = b = 13.433(4), c = 14.770(6) Å; V = 2308(1) Å3; Dcalca = 1.859 g cm−3; Z = 2.
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    Structure of a deaza dimer of 4-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5(4H)-dione (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dimer ; triazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n; a = 9.0024(5), b = 5.8135(3), c = 15.2232(8) Å, β = 91.153(4)° Z = 4; and R = 0.050 based on 853 observed, unique reflections. The structure consists of two fused five-membered triazole rings, oriented relative to each other at 152°.
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    Crystal structures of two substituted biphenyl derivatives: 5,5′-di t-butyl-2-2′-biphenyldiol and 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; biphenyl ; mutual orientation ; strong H-bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 5,5′-Di t-butyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (I), C20H26O2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 18.243(2), b = 9.947(2), c = 9.685(3) Å, and Z = 4; 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-biphenyldiol (II), C14H14O2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.959(2), b = 7.932(3), c = 15.392(2) Å, β = 105.43(2)°, and Z = 4. The aromatic rings are tilted by 52.7(1) and 43.8(1)° to each other in compounds (I) and (II), respectively. Strong intra- and inter-molecular H-bonds connect the molecules in the crystals.
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    Synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and crystal structure of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hexakisisothiocyanatoindate(III) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 317-321 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; indium complexes ; isothiocyanate complexes ; octahedral coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of a 1:10 molar ratio between indium chloride and tetra-n-butylammonium thiocyanate in ethanol affords the complex [(n-C4H9)4N]3[In(NCS)6] (1), the structure of which has been established by X-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the cubic space group Pa3¯ with eight formula units in the unit cell. The formula unit consists of three separate cationic tetra-n-butylammonium groups and an independent hexakisisothiocyanatoindium anionic group. The six near linear thiocyanate ligands coordinate octahedrally through the nitrogen atom to the indium metal center. The coordination of the n-butyl groups to the ammonium-nitrogen atom is tetrahedral. The complex has also been characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, physical properties, and X-ray powder analysis.
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    Crystal structures of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; bicycloundecane ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitro substituent ; carboalkoxy substituent ; π–π stacking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a series of 3,8-di[-2-aryl-1-azenyl]-1,3,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[4.4.1]undecanes (1–5) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In all five compounds, the tetraazabicycloundecane portion of the molecule assumes a cage-like, folded structure with the aryltriazene moieties aligned approximately parallel; the structure is held in the folded configuration by either intramolecular or intermolecular π–π stacking forces. Crystal data: 1 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.1846(7), b = 9.9556(7), c = 20.819(2) Å, β = 98.725(1)°, V = 2086.5 (3) Å3, Z = 4; 2 C23H28N8O4, triclinic, space group Pī, a = 6.7064(7), b = 12.9662(14), c = 14.054(2) Å, α = 94.796(2), β = 91.621(2), γ = 104.836(2)°, V = 1175.7(2) Å3, Z = 2; 3 C19H22N10O4, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.237(2), b = 13.520(2), c = 11.5805(12) Å, β = 113.514(2)°, V = 2044.0(4) Å3, Z = 4; 4 C21H22N10, monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 54.247(3), b = 11.5531(7), c = 12.9670(7) Å, β = 95.710(1)°, V = 8086.4(8) Å3, Z = 16; 5 C25H32N8 04, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 10.2908(7), b = 16.5687(12), c = 15.1662(10) Å, β = 94,188(1)°, V = 2579.0(3) Å3, Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 4,5-dibromo[2.1.1]triblattene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 351-354 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; dibromotriblattene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of 4-bromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (1) with Br2—CCl4 afforded 4,4,5-tribromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodecane (2) in 89–94% yield. Subsequent treatment of 2 with KOt-Bu-t-BuOH resulted in competitive elimination of the elements of HBr and of Br2 with concomitant formation of 4,5-dibromopentacyclo[7.3.0.02,7.03,11.06,10]dodec-11-ene (3, 76%) and 1 (17%), respectively. The structure of 3 was established unequivocally via application of X-ray crystallographic methods. Crystal data for 3: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 9.895(1), b = 9.0963(7), c = 12.471(1) Å, β = 106.875(8)°, z = 4.
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    Structure of a C2-symmetric bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 747-750 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; trishomocubanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of a bis(benzyloxy)trishomocubanone with molecular C2 symmetry reveals that substitution of benzyloxy groups has little effect on the trishomocubane cage.
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    Crystal structure of ethyl 4-methylthio-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazole-5-carboxylate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 237-240 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,3-oxazoline-2-thione ; resonance structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound C13H13NO3S2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ (Z=2) with lattice constantsa=8.382(2),b=10.042(2),c=10.134(2) Å, α=119.35(1)°, β=101.40(1)° and γ=90.54(1)°. The interplanar angle between the least squares planes of the 1,3-oxazoline ring and the phenyl ring amounts to 90.2°, thus hindering conjugation between the benzene and heterocyclic system. The observed bond parameters of the five-membered heterocycle suggest a significant contribution from a zwitterionic dipolar limiting structure [38.7(5)%] to the description of this ring system. The particular contributions of the resonance structures were estimated by calculations using the HOSE model on the base of the observed bond lengths.
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    Synthesis and structure ofexo-11-cyano-endo-11-(trimethylsilyloxy)pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8-one (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecan-8-one ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of an asymmetric pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-8,11-dione derivative is reported, in which Me3SiCN has been added across one of the keto groups. The cage structure demonstrates the expected effects of this addition.
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    Structure of the product formed via Cu(I)-promoted oxidative dimerization ofexo-8-ethynylpentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05.9]undecan-endo-8-ol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 543-547 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diyne ; oxidative dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure consists of two acetyl-substituted PCU cages linked by a diyne fragment. The conformation about the linker is midway between staggered and eclipsed, and the acetyl groups are somewhat distorted due to the proximity to the bulky cage units.
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    Crystal structure oftrans-tetrachlorobis[2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium]cadmium(II), [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 695-699 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole ; cadmium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between cadmium(II) chloride and 2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole (H2biim) in an acidic solution affords [Cd(H3biim)2Cl4] (H3biim=2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) in 63% yield. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP1, wherea=8.072(2),b=8.100(2),c=8.593(2) Å, α=75.89(2), β=62.94(2), γ=63.29(1)°,V=446.4(2) Å3, andZ=1. The central Cd atom exhibits an octahedral geometry composed of a Cl4N2 core. The Cd-N bond distance is 2.392(2) Å. Cd−Cl distances are 2.5919(9) and 2.671(1) Å.
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    X-ray structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 801-806 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; methoxybenzo[b]thiophene ; estrogen receptor ; tubulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two methoxybenzo[b]thiophenes have been determined by three-dimensional, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Both 3-(4′-hydroxy-3′, 5′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene and 3-(2′,6′-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene (hereafter referred to asI andII, respectively) crystallize in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space groupP21/n (No. 14, C 2h 5 ) with four formula units-per cell witha=6.866(1),b=28.638(2),c=11.830(2) Å, and β=105.52(1)° anda=9.328(1),b=7.977(1),c=29.650(4) Å, and β=97.87(1)°, respectively. The phase problems were solved by direct methods and the respective final full-matrix least-squares refinements converged toR=0.046 and 0.031. The structures differ in the positioning of the dimethoxy groups of the benzoyl ligands and the addition of a hydroxyl group inI. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces plus the addition of hydrogen bonding in compoundI. Selected bond distances and angles and torsion angles are tabularized.
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    Reaction of vinylmagnesium bromide with hexacyclo[10.2.1.02,11.04,9.04,14.09,13]pentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione: Transannular hemiketal formation (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 429-433 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; hexacyclopentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction between vinylmagnesium bromide and the cage dione leads to attack of only one equivalent of Grignard and intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the second ketone. The product compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/a, witha=9.509(1),b=11.071(2),c=12.492(4) Å, β=104.32(2)°, andZ=4.
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    The crystal and molecular structure of 6,8,15,16b,16c,17-hexahydro-16b,16c-diphenyl-7H,16H-6a,7a,15a,16a-tetraazanaphtho[5,6]azulano[2,1,8-ij]naptho[f]azulene-7,16-dione (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 365-368 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; receptor ; clip shaped molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a clip containing molecule is described. The structure was solved by vector search methods and refined by least squares methods toR l=0.0768 [I〉2σ(I)]. Crystal data: C40H30N4O2·HCCl3, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=9.302(2),b=12.981(2),c=15.765(2)Å, α=65.91(2)°, β=76.40(2)°, γ=80.15(1)°,V=1682.9(4)Å3, Z=2.
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    Synthesis and X-ray analysis of 1-((1S)-phenylethyl)-azetidine-(2R)-piperidinamide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 639-642 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; chiral auxiliaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a new azetidine-2-carboxylic amide derivative is described. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares methods toR1=0.0393 for 4264 reflections (withI〉2σ(I)) The structure consists of two independent molecules which are chemically the same with slight differences in geometry. Crystal data: C17H24N2O, monoclinic, space groupP21,a=8.3782(4),b=20.0342(13),c=9.7769(8) Å, β=109.687(6)°,V=1545.1(2)Å3,Z=4.
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    Crystal structures of two 1,2-bis-(1-aryl-3-methyltriazene-3-yl-)ethanes with aryl substituents of opposite polarity (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; triazene ; bis-triazene ; nitrile substituent ; methoxy substituent ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-bis-{1-(2-cyanophenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (1) and 1,2-bis-{1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyltriazen-3-yl-}ethane (2) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Bis-triazene (1) exists as the “staggered” conformation in the solid state, with an anti-anti configuration around the N2–N3 bond of the triazene units, whereas 2 assumes a “gauche” conformation with the syn-syn configuration in the triazene units. Crystal data: 1 C18H18N8, triclinic, space group P −1, a = 6.108(2), b = 8.118(3), c = 9.600(4)Å, α = 101.37(7)°, β = 96.47(7)°, γ = 102.71(5)°, V = 449.1(3)Å3, Z = 2; 2 C18H24N6O2, monoclinic, space group P 21/n, a = 13.119(5), b = 7.745(2), c = 19.201(2)Å, β = 96.47(7)°, V = 1910.3(9)Å3, Z = 4.
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    Crystal structures of the hydrated disodium and paraquat salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid ; 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate ; paraquat ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two hydrated salts of 1,8-disulfonato-3,4,5,6-acridinetetracarboxylic acid, H2L, have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 1, Na2L·9 $$ - \frac{1}{2}$$ H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 42.005(1), b = 6.838(1), c = 23.807 (1) Å, β = 122.71 (1)°, and Z = 8. Compound 2, (paraquat)L·2H2O, belongs to the triclinic space group $${P\bar 1}$$ with a = 9.940(1), b = 11.543(1), c = 14.033(1) Å, α = 105.45(1), β = 95.82(1), γ = 100.14(1)° and and Z = 2. All four carboxyl groups in the 3,4,5,6-tetracarboxyacridine-1,8-disulfonate dianion L2− are un-ionized. In 1 the distorted octahedrally coordinated sodium cations, the anions, and the lattice water molecules are joined together by hydrogen bonds to generate a three-dimensional network. In the crystal structure of 2, a host framework composed of L2− ions and water molecules accommodate the paraquat dications within two channel systems running parallel to the a and b axes.
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    Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized cage compounds (1998)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 259-266 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; heptacyclotetradecane ; hexacyclotetradecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystal structures of four dibromomethylene-functionalized hexa- and heptacyclotetradecane cages are reported. 7-(Dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane (3): orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 14.744(1), b = 11.237(1), c = 7.4625(7) Å Z = 4; R = 0.0531 for 504 observed reflections. 7,12-Bis(dibromomethylene)heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13-04,11 .05,9.010,14]tetradecane (4): monoclinic, I2/a, a = 11.257(1), b = 9.5844(8), c = 13.884(2) Å, β = 92.254(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0413 for 663 observed reflections. 10,14-bis(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecane (6): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.118(1), b = 15.273(4), c = 12.826(3) Å, β = 104.20(1)° Z = 4; R = 0.0384 for 1392 observed reflections. 14-(dibromomethylene)hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecan-10-one (7): monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.2879(7), b = 15.273(1), c = 10.0565(9) Å, β = 92.271(8)° Z = 4; R = 0.0320 for 1402 observed reflections. The functional groups lead to slight shortening of bond lengths.
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    A dinuclear cyano-bridged complex based on hexacyanoferrate(III) and samarium(III) nitrate: synthesis and crystal structure (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; samarium(III) complexes ; iron(III) complexes ; cyanide-bridges ; dinuclear complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new complex, [Sm(DMF)4(H2O)4Fe(CN)6]·H2O (DMF = N, N-dimethylformamide), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure and thermogravimetric analyses. The complex crystallizes in the P21/n space group, with lattice parameters a = 17.583(4) Å, b = 8.870(2) Å, c = 19.845(6) Å, β = 95.98(3)°, V = 3078(1) Å3, D x = 1.679 Mg m−3, D m = 1.65(1) Mg m−3, Z = 4. The molecular structure shows that a cyano-bridged bimetallic structure is obtained. The Sm atom is coordinated by eight oxygen atoms of four water molecules and four DMF molecules and one nitrogen atom of the bridging cyanide ligand. The iron atom assumes approximately an octahedral environment surrounded by six CN ligands. The hydrate water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to one of the O atoms bound to Sm. Each terminal CN ligand of the Fe(CN) 6 3− entity is hydrogen-bonded to some O atoms of water molecules. An infrared spectrum is also reported.
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    Gold(III)-pteridine compounds: synthesis, spectral, and X-ray diffraction studies on new adducts between sodium tetrabromoaurate(III) and lumazine derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 565-570 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; pteridine ; lumazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In aqueous hydrobromic medium, Na[AuCl4] reacts with 1,3-dimethyllumazine (1,3-dimethyl-pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, DLM) or 1,3,6,7-tetramethyllumazine (DLMD) to give three adducts with simplified formulas Na[AuBr4](DLMD), Na[AuBr4](DLM), and Na[AuBr4](DLM)2. These compounds have been characterized by means of analytical techniques, and IR and NMR spectroscopies. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies have been made on the Na[AuBr4](DLM)2 compound. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic Pbca space group, with a = 15.249(1), b = 15.238(2), c = 21.563(2) Å, Z = 8, and R = 0.053. The structure consists of planar [AuBr4]− anions and Na+ cations weakly linked to two crystallographically independent DLM molecules. The Na+ cation interacts weakly with four oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from four different pteridine molecules, its environment may be described as a very distorted square pyramid.
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    Molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; aluminum ; hydride ; complex ; quinuclidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH] with hexamethyltrisiloxane, (OSiMe2)3, gives rise to the bis-quinuclidine complex AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2, which has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of AlH3[N(CH2CH2)3CH]2 consists of a trigonal bipyramidal aluminum with axial coordination of the quinuclidine ligands. Crystal data: orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, a = 10.6895(9), b = 12.266(1), c = 12.3794(9) Å, V = 1623.2(2) Å3, and Z = 4.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of a new lithium cyclohexaphosphate hydrate: Li6P6O18·10H2O (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 323-327 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; cyclohexaphosphate ; hydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel hydrate of lithium cyclohexaphosphate are reported. Li6P6O18·10H2O crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a = 15.113(5), b = 12.006(2), c = 15.892(2) Å, β = 122.85(2)°, and Z = 4. The structure consists of P6O18 ring layers stacked along the c direction in between which are located the lithiumions and water molecules. Two LiO4 tetrahedra share common edges with LiO5 pseudosquare pyramids to form two independant Li3O9 units. About 50% of the water molecules have fractional occupancy rates and form fragments of molecules. A linear relationship is established between the relative cell volume V/Z and the hydration degree, n, for all the known hydrates: Li6P6O18·nH2O.
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    Synthesis and structure of a bis(ethynyl)-substituted oxahexacyclic cage ether (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 347-349 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane ; triple bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intramolecular dehydration of a cage-diol results in the title compound. This crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c; a = 8.6403(8), b = 9.5698(7), c = 14.062(1) Å β = 107.47(7)° and Z = 4.
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    A cobalt(II) complex with the N,N,O-tridentate ligand 6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato-benzoyl-hydrazone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; complexes ; cobalt ; benzoylhydrazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of bis-(6-amino-5-formyl-1,3-dimethyluracilato benzoylhydrazone)cobalt(II) dimethylformamide solvate is described. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1¯, Z = 2 with a = 9.7368(8), b = 12.346(1), c = 17.184(1) Å, α = 78.372(6), β = 74.585(6), γ = 71.113(5)°, and V = 1869.0(3) Å3. The coordination polyhedron around the metal ion displays a slightly flattened M(NNO)2 octahedral shape. Both ligands bind in a trident fashion through the benzoylic oxygen atom, the hydrazone nitrogen atom closer to the uracil ring, and the deprotonated nitrogen atom of the amino group. The two ligands exhibit quite different conformations: one of them is almost planar, whereas the other is severely twisted.
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 87-95 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha−1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha−1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha−1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha−1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha−1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    Evaluation of the acetylene inhibition method for measuring denitrification in soilless plant culture systems (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Acetylene inhibition method ; Nitrous oxide release ; Soilless plant culture ; Root growth ; Cucumis sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification measurements by means of the acetylene inhibition method require a continuous presence of acetylene to block the microbial reduction of N20 to N2. To examine the effect of such steady exposures on the growth of plants, roots of cucumber and tomato seedlings were treated with different acetylene concentrations. Acetylene concentrations of ≥1 vol% in the gas phase, which were necessary for complete inhibition of N2 formation, led to a significant retardation of root growth. This was partly due to trace amounts of ethylene contained in the acetylene gas which could not be removed with the usual prescrubbing through a sulfuric acid train. As a result of the growth impairment, oxygen consumption in the root zone decreased after 4 days of exposure. In order to avoid these side effects, the denitrification measurements in soilless cultures were performed on individual plants over a limited period of 2–3 days. The flow-through chamber method proved to be suitable for determining the gaseous N losses in a closed-loop system. It avoided greater air variations from the environmental conditions (substrate temperature, airflow and plant composition) and excluded errors in measurement caused by injury to roots and spatial variability of denitrification activity in the root medium. For exact estimation of the gaseous N losses, preceding 24-h acetylene fumigation was necessary. Subsequently at least three gas samples had to be taken throughout the day, because the N2O+N2 emissions were subject to a pronounced diurnal variability.
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    Effect of soil treatment with cereal straw and method of crop establishment on field pea (Pisum sativum L.) N2 fixation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop rotation ; Field pea ; Mineral N ; Nitrogen fixation ; immobilisation ; Pisum sativum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of soil incorporation with cereal straw (nil, 2.5, 5 and 10 t straw ha–1) and direct drilling on the proportion and amount of pea N derived from biological N fixation were investigated in three field experiments. Fixed N was determined by 15N dilution using barley as a reference plant. The three sites were on acidic, red clay-loams in the cropping zone of southeastern Australia. Seasonal plant available soil N, as determined by the N accumulated in barley, was 31, 56 and 158 kg N ha–1, for the three sites. Incorporated straw reduced soil nitrate at sowing by 10–50 kg N ha–1 (0–30 cm), and 5 or 10 t straw ha–1 reduced barley uptake of N by 10–38 kg N ha–1. However, reducing plant available soil N was generally ineffective for increasing the N fixed by pea. Fixed N increased only at the site with the least plant-available N, and only one-third of the increase could be attributed to lower soil N uptake by pea. There was no evidence that direct drilling pea increased fixed N by decreasing crop uptake of soil N. It is proposed that a lower requirement for soil N by pea as compared to barley, and availability of mineral N beneath the soil layer treated with straw, minimise the effectiveness of straw incorporation for increasing the N fixed by pea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420226
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    Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
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    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland and spring barley, following N fertiliser application with and without nitrification inhibitors (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Spring barley ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Nitrous oxide emission ; Denitrification ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June.
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    Influence of phosphorus or phosphorus-potassium fertilization on biomass and dinitrogen fixation of the stem-nodulating green-manure legume Sesbania rostrata in different marginally productive wetland rice soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wetland rice soils ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania rostrata ; PK fertilization ; Soil Mn ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA ; Green manure ; N dilution method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The performance of Sesbania rostrata varies widely from site to site. This makes it difficult to predict the N yield and biomass of this plant in marginally productive soils, and to arouse the interest of farmers in green manure technology. Three consecutive pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to evaluate growth, nodulation, N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction assay and 15N dilution method), and N yield of 6-week-old S. rostrata on 13 physicochemically different wetland rice soils of the Philippines and on three artificial substrates. The performance of S. rostrata on the unfertilized controls was compared with two fertilizer treatments containing either P (100 mg P kg-1 dry soil) or P+K (100 mg P kg-1 and 200 mg K kg-1 dry soil). In the control soils and substrates, the N yield of S. rostrata varied between 20 and 470 mg N per pot, with the N rate from N2 fixation ranging between 0 and 95%. In three of the nutritionally poor soils even Mn toxicity symptoms apparently occurred with S. rostrata. P application alleviated these symptoms and increased the overall N yield considerably, mainly through increased biological N2 fixation. An additional increase in N yield was obtained by the PK treatment. Multiple regression analysis between soil characteristics and the N yield of S. rostrata showed that the original level of P (Olsen-extracted) and Mn in the soil accounted for 73% of the variance in biomass production by S. rostrata among the unfertilized soils and substrates.
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    The role of potassium fertilizer in nodulation and nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under drought stress (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Faba bean ; Water stress ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Leghaemoglobin ; Invertase ; Protease ; K fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-week-old nodulated faba bean plants were subjected to different levels of drought stress (onehalf, one-quarter, or one-eighth field capacity) for 5 weeks. Half the stressed plants were treated with KCl at 10 mg kg-1 soil or 150 mg kg-1 soil at the beginning of the drought stress. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were significantly decreased by increasing drought stress. Leghaemoglobin and protein contents of nodule cytosol were also severely inhibited by drought sttess. This decline was attributed to the induction of protease activity. However, carbohydrate contents of the nodule cytosol increased significantly. This accumulation was attributed to a sharp decline in invertase activity and low use of sugar by the bacteroids We conclude that harmful effects of water deficits can be alleviated by increasing K+ supplementation.
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    Dynamics of nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen use and biomass yield over time in pot-grown Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen use ; 15N ; Time course
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of nodulation, N2-fixation and N use in Leucaena leucocephala cv. K28 over time was investigated in a screenhouse at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months after planting (MAP) using the 15N-labelling method. Leucaena had a consistently increasing pattern of nodulation, dry biomass and nitrogen yield. A sharp rise in nodulation was observed between 12 and 16 MAP, whereas for biomass, N accumulation and N2-fixation, and N2-fixation, an upward surge occurred between 4 and 12 months. Nodulation, N accumulation, N2-fixation and biomass yield all peaked at 16 MAP. Along with the steady increase in N2-fixation throughout the 16-month growth period, the % N derived from the atmosphere rose from 17.9% to 61.5%, 70.1% and 74%, equivalent to 191, 1623, 2395 and 3385 mg N2 fixed plant-1 at 4, 8, 12 and 16 MAP, respectively. Nitrogen assimilation from soil and fertilizer decreased inversely to the increase in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with time.
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    Comparison of symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with positive hydrogen-uptake activity compared with negative mutants in relation to nitrogen fixation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mungbean ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen uptake ; Mutation ; Nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H2 uptake activity was well distributed in Rhizobium sp. strains isolated from nodules of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.). Two effective strains, RMP1 und RMP2, exhibiting significantly higher H2 uptake activity were subjected to mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. The respective mutation frequencies were 0.18 and 0.19%. Three Hup- mutants each of RMP1 und RMP2 were compared with the wild-type parent strains under pot culture experiments to evaluate the significance of the H2 uptake system in biological N2 fixation. Nodulation capabilities, plant growth characteristics, and the chlorophyll content of the leaves were significantly reduced in the plants treated with Hup- mutants. Nitrogenase activity in Hup- nodules was reduced by 8–41%. Similarly, N accumulation was also reduced singificantly.
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    Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Herbaspirillum ; Endophytes of Gramineae ; Diazotrophs ; Survival in soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the first description of Herbaspirillum seropedicae in 1986, few data have been published on this diazotroph, possibly due to difficulties in isolating it from soil. In the present study we found that this bacterium seems to be an obligate endophyte which has been isolated from roots, stems, and leaves of a large number of samples of more than 10 different species of the Gramineae family, but only exceptionally from other plants. H. rubrisubalbicans, previously misnamed as “Pseudomonas” rubrisubalbicans, and known as a mild pathogen of sugarcane causing mottled stripe disease, confirms the endophytie habitat of this genus. This species occurs in roots, stems, and leaves of sugarcane and seems to be restricted to this crop. Inoculation of strains from both species into soil in high numbers resulted in a rapid decline in their numbers. In only 30 days the population of Herbaspirillum spp. in soil decreased below detection limits (〈100 cells g-1). When sorghum was planted in this soil, the bacteria reappeared and multiplied within the plant tissues.
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    Short- and long-term effects of ammonium on photodependent nitrogen fixation in wetland rice fields of Spain (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene reduction assay ; Anabaena sp. ; Ammonium ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wetland rice fields ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short- and long-term experiments were conducted in the rice fields of Valencia, Spain, to determine the ecological significance of ammonium on nitrogen fixation. A significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium, at concentrations higher than 0.5mM, was observed after 8h of incubation in short-term experiments done with a bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. In a second set of short-term experiments for in situ assays of nitrogenase activity in the field, a significant correlation between nitrogenase activity and the number of N2-fixing cyanobacteria in soil was found. No significant inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium at concentrations up to 2mM was observed in these assays after 24h of incubation. This lack of inhibition was probably due to the rapid decrease in ammonium content in the flood water. Only 5% of the ammonium initially added remained in the water 24h later. In the long-term experiments, nitrogenase activity was assayed in plots fertilized with 0, 70 and 140kgNha–1, over the cultivation cycle, for 5 years. A partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by deep-placed N fertilizers was observed. Differences were only significant in 2 years. Mean results from 5 years only showed significant differences between plots fertilized with 0 and 140kgNha–1. The partial inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonium increased over the cultivation cycle. Inhibition was only significant in September, at the end of the cultivation cycle.
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    Phenotypic grouping of Brazilian Bradyrhizobium strains which nodulate soybean (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Genetic variability ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several years of research have shown that there is a high genetic and physiological variability among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, culminating in a subdivision into two bacterial genotypes, and the description of the new species B. elkanii. In Brazil, large-scale soybean inoculation started in 1960 and today 15 million doses of inoculants are sold per year for an estimated area of 12 million ha. Efforts have been made to find strains able to fix high amounts of N2 under Brazilian soil conditions, but few laboratories cover basic studies on N2 fixation, such as strain classification into the two Bradyrhizobium species. In this study several characteristics of 40 soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, including 4 reference strains of B. japonicum (genotype I) species, 3 of B. elkanii (genotype II) and 1 of a mixed genotype were evaluated. The parameters analysed in vitro were: colony morphology, serological grouping, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, synthesis of indole acetic acid, expression of hydrogenase activity and growth in a medium enriched with asparagine. In vivo, analyses performed included the nodulation of Rj 4 soybean cultivar Hill and the detection of symptoms caused by rhizobitoxine. These evaluations allowed a phenotypic grouping which positioned most of the strains utilized in Brazilian inoculants and studies, as well as some new strains isolated from the Cerrado region, within the species B. elkanii. However, environmental stresses and adaptation of Bradyrhizobium strains to the soil caused a large physiological and genetic variability in some isolates from the Cerrado soils in relation to the putative parental strain introduced 15 years ago, placing these isolates in an intermediate position between the two Bradyrhizobium species.
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    Nodulation pattern and acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity of some highland and lowland Acacia species of Ethiopia (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 60-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acacia spp. ; Bradyrhizobium ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Endosymbionts from the Ethiopian highland acacia species Acacia abyssinica, A. negrii and A. etbaica, and the lowland species A. nilotica, A. prasinata, A.senegal, A. seyal, A. tortilis and Faidherbia (Acacia) albida were isolated and characterized. Seven tree species were found to be nodulated by species of both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. F. (Acacia) albida and A. senegal were nodulated by only Bradyrhizobium or Rhizobium, respectively. In A. abyssinica, both genera were isolated from the same nodule, whereas in A. nilotica and A. tortilis, both strains were isolated from different nodules of the same plant. The nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) activities varied considerably and showed no correlation with the nitrogen content of the plant. Highland species were as effective as lowland plants, thus demonstrating good potential for soil reclamation. The endosymbionts isolated proved rather promiscuous, efficiently nodulating other Acacia spp. and some tropical grain legumes, but did not nodulate temperate legumes.
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    Nitrogen fixation capacity and nodule occupancy by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Bradyrhizobium elkanii ; Competitiveness ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous study soybean Bradyrhizobium strains, used in Brazilian studies and inoculants over the last 30 years, and strains adapted to the Brazilian Cerrados, a region frequently submitted to environmental and nutritional stresses, were analyzed for 32 morphological and physiological parameters in vivo and in vitro. A cluster analysis allowed the subdivision of these strains into species Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii and a mixed genotype. In this study, the bacteria were analyzed for nodulation, N2 fixation capacity, nodule occupancy and the ability to increase yield. The goal was to find a relationship between the strain groups and the symbiotic performance. Two strains of Brazilian B. japonicum showed higher rates of N2 fixation and nodule efficiency (mg of N mg–1 of nodules) under axenic conditions. These strains also showed greater yield increases in field experiments when compared to B. elkanii strains. However, no differences were detected between B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains when comparing nodule occupancy capacity. The adapted strains belonging to the serogroup B. elkanii SEMIA 566, most clustered in a mixed genotype, were more competitive than the parental strain, and some showed a higher capacity of N2 fixation. Some of the adapted strains, such as S-370 and S-372, have shown similar N2 fixation rates and nodulation competitiveness to two Brazilian strains of B. japonicum. This similarity demonstrates the possibility of enhancing N2 fixing ability, after local adaptation, even within B. elkanii species. Differences in the DNA profiles were also detected between the parental SEMIA 566 and the adapted strains by analyses with the ERIC and REP-PCR techniques. Consequently, genetic, morphological and physiological changes can be a result of adaptation of rhizobia to the soil. This variability can be used to select strains capable of increasing the contribution of N2 fixation to soybean nutrition.
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    Increase in denitrification capacity of soils due to addition of alkylbenzene sulfonates (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 397-402 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Surfactants ; Alkylbenzene sulfonate ; Denitrification ; Soil microbial activity ; Wastewater irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In semi-arid regions wastewater irrigation is a valuable resource for agricultural production. The contamination of irrigated soils with surfactants is one of the ecological risks related to irrigating with untreated wastewater. In this study, the effects of branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS) on microbial biomass, respiratory activity, and denitrification capacity of soil samples (eutric vertisols) taken from an irrigation district in the Mexico City area were investigated in laboratory experiments. Increasing concentrations of ABS lead to a decrease in soil microbial biomass and an increase in soil respiratory activity as well as in the metabolic quotient (qCO2) of the soils. Denitrification capacity was lowest without the addition of ABS and highest at a medium ABS concentration of 50 μg g–1. Denitrification capacity seems to be highly sensitive to ABS addition at moderate concentrations. From the laboratory results, high rates of denitrification and N2O evolution from fields irrigated with wastewater containing ABS are expected.
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    Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrous oxide emitted from soil and produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 326-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetate ; Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Ethanoate ; 15N/14N ; Natural abundance ; Nitrification ; Nitrosolobus multiformis ; Nitrosomonas europaea ; 18O/16O ; Oxygen ; Pseudomonas putida ; Succinate ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition at natural abundance levels of nitrous oxide emitted from a sandy loam, neutral pH soil under a range of soil water contents (matric potentials of-0.1,-1.0 and-5.0 kPa), from soil amended with sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate, and produced by pure cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis, and by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas putida, has been determined in laboratory experiments. N2O from all sources was depleted in the 15N and 18O isotopes relative to the conventional references [atmospheric N2 and standard mean ocean water (SMOW), respectively]. N2O from soil was depleted in 15N and 18O to increasing extents with increasing soil water content. The isotopic composition of N2O produced by N. europaea and N. multiformis was similar to that emitted from drier soil (matric potential of-1.0 kPa) and the N2O produced by P. putida was similar to that emitted from wetter soil (matric potential of-0.1 kPa). N2O emitted from the wetter soil was enriched in 15N and 18O compared with that emitted from the drier soil. The differences in isotopic composition between N2O from the wetter and drier soil were attributed principally to isotopic fractionation during N2O reduction to N2 in the terminal step of denitrification. The effect of both sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate amendment was to increase the overall rate of N2O emission, much of which arose from denitrification, as revealed by incubation in 100 kPa O2. In addition, in the sodium ethanoate amended soil N2O reduction to N2 did not occur, as revealed by incubation in 10 kPa C2H2. The N2O from the sodium ethanoate amended soil was depleted in 15N to a greater extent than the sodium succinate amended soil, which is consistent with the observation that N2O reduction to N2 leaves residual N2O relatively enriched in 15N.
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    Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Inhibitors ; Nitrification ; Oxygen ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C2H2 (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O2 (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C2H2 (to inhibit N2O reduction to N2 in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N2O production, consumption and net N2O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N2O emission from different processes of N2O production were estimated. The rate of N2O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1), but because N2O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N2O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N2O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N2O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the wetter soil.
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    Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAstragalus cicer ; Nodulation ; DNA ; Milkvetch ; Nitrogen fixation ; Forage legume ; Rhizobium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, R. leguminosarum bv. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse.
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    Anaerobic reoxidation of Mn2+, Fe2+, S0 and S2– in submerged paddy soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobic reoxidation ; Denitrification ; Iron reduction ; Methane ; Successive reduction ; Sulfur oxidation ; Wetland soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic reoxidation of reduced products in paddy soils was investigated. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) and monosulfide ion (S2–) added to the soil chemically reduced MnO2 to Mn2+, and MnO2 and Fe(OH)3 to Mn2+ and Fe2+, respectively, where Fe2+ and S2– were considered to be oxidized to Fe3+ and S0. Elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate by anaerobic incubation with NO3 – MnO2 and Fe(OH)3. A new conceptual model for the reduction processes in submerged paddy soil including the reoxidation processes of reduced products, in which soil heterogeneity in paddy fields was taken into consideration, was proposed based on the results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050319
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    N dynamics and sources of N2O production following pig slurry application to a loamy soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 224-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words CO2 production ; N2O production ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; NH3 volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carbon (C) and Nitrogen dynamics and sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) production were investigated in a loamy soil amended with pig slurry. Pig slurry (40000kgha–1) or distilled H2O was applied to intact soil cores of the upper 5cm of a loamy soil which were incubated under aerobic conditions for 28 days at 25°C. Treatments were with or without acetylene (C2H2), which is assumed to inhibit the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2), and with or without dicyandiamide (DCD), which is thought to inhibit nitrification. Volatilization of ammonia (NH3), pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O production, and ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate NO3 –) concentrations were monitored. The pH of the pig slurry amended soil increased from an initial value of 7.1 to pH 8.3 within 3 days; it then decreased slowly but was still at a value of 7.4 after 28 days. Twenty percent of the NH4 + applied volatilized within 28 days. Sixty percent of the C applied in the pig slurry evolved as CO2, if no priming effect was assumed, but only 38% evolved when the soil was amended with DCD. Pig slurry significantly increased denitrification and the ratio between its gaseous products, N2O and N2, was 0.21. No significant increases in NO3 – concentration occurred, and N2O produced through nitrification was 0.07mg N2O-N kg–1 day–1 or 33% of the total N2O produced. C2H2 was used as a C substrate by microorganisms and increased the production of N2O.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050371
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    Denitrification in intact subsoil cores (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 12-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Subsoil ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrous oxide ; Natural carbon concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Intact, unamended subsoil cores taken from two contrasting field sites were incubated in the laboratory at 12  °C under aerobic (21% O2) and anaerobic (1.1–5.5% O2) conditions. Denitrification of 15N-NO3 – diffusing into the cores across a semi-permeable membrane was estimated by: (1) direct observation of 15N-labelled N2 and N2O, and (2) mass balance following sectioning at the end of the experiment. The in situ denitrification potential (rates where the supply of NO3 – is not limited by diffusion) was estimated using a finite-difference approximation to a diffusion reaction equation based on comparison of time and depth profiles of NO3 – and Br– in the incubated cores. Potentials between 0.2 and 2.5 mg N kg–1 day–1 were obtained under low O2 and natural C concentrations. These results indicate the potential for denitrification in glacial till subsoils to reduce NO3 – leaching to ground or surface waters to levels unlikely to result in a pollution hazard. The major product of NO3 – reduction in these subsoils was observed to be N2, rather than the greenhouse gas and catalyst of stratospheric O3 removal, N2O.
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    Field method to determine N2O emission from nitrification and denitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrous oxide ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil cores ; Acetylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions via the nitrification (I nit) and denitrification (I den) pathways were successfully measured with in-field incubation of soil cores in preserving jars at 0 Pa and 5–10 Pa acetylene. From the incubations, fractions of nitrification – N2O over total N2O (I nit / I tot) – and denitrification – N2O over total N2O (I den / I tot) – were obtained. Actual field emissions of N2O via nitrification (F nit) and denitrification (F den) were calculated by multiplying the fractions from the incubation technique with the daily N2O emission (F day) determined with a direct soil cover method. The approach presented here was successful for a whole range of soil moisture conditions in intensive grassland. F nit and F den followed the trends of soil ammonium and soil nitrate.
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    Effective nitrification inhibitors may improve fertilizer recovery in irrigated cotton (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrification inhibitors ; Cotton ; Denitrification ; Fertilizer recovery ; 2-Ethynylpyridine ; Etridiazole ; Nitrapyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N fertilizer is often poorly recovered in irrigated cotton production, due to N loss through denitrification. We researched the ability of inhibitors to delay nitri-fiction and reduce the availability of NO3 – to denitrifying microorganisms and thus improve N fertilizer recovery. 2-Ethynylpyridine, etridiazole, and nitrapyrin proved highly effective nitrification inhibitors, although nitrification was evident several weeks after their application. CaC2 was relatively ineffective, even when wax-coated to prolong the evolution of C2H2. Phenylacetylene and ethynylcyclohexanol were also ineffective, despite having a chemical structure similar to 2-ethynylpyridine. A strong association was identified between each compound‘s ability to inhibit nitrification and its capacity to improve N fertilizer recovery. In one experiment, N fertilizer recovery was increased by ∼50% with 2-ethynylpyridine, etridiazole, or nitrapyrin application, from 33% without inhibitors. The inhibitors had little effect on fertilizer recovery where N losses were relatively small. 3-Methyl pyrazole significantly increased N uptake and lint yield, but the nitrification inhibitors had no significant effect on N uptake or on yield in two of the three of the cotton crops. A laboratory study confirmed that nitrification inhibitor effectiveness declined in the order 2-ethynylpyridine〉etridiazole〉nitrapyrin〉3-methyl pyrazole〉phenylacetylene〉CaC2〉ethynylcyclohexanol
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    Saccharidic compounds as soil redox effectors and their influence on potential N2O production (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Saccharide sources ; Redox conditions ; CO2:N2O ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose, xylan, and glucose were compared in waterlogged soil as modifying factors of the redox potential (Eh), of the quantity of reducing equivalents, and of the soil capacity to produce N2O and CO2. During the study period (168 h) soils supplied with glucose and xylan showed a higher Eh decrease than the control soil and the soil treated with cellulose. In samples taken after 0, 24, 48, and 168 h, the soils supplied with C showed a higher number of reducing equivalents than the control soil did. These quantities were not correlated with Eh values, nor with N2O production. N2O production was increased compared with the control soil over the entire experimental period in the glucose-amended soils but only after 48 h in the xylan-amended soils and not until 168 h in the cellulose-treated soils. The CO2:N2O ratio was consistently higher than the theoretical value of 2, suggesting that denitrification and CO2 production via fermentation occurred simultaneously. Moreover, this ratio was highly correlated with the Eh values. We conclude that more research is needed to explain the role of soil redox intensity (Eh) and capacity (quantity of redox species undergoing reduction) in the expression of soil denitrification-fermentation pathways.
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    Denitrification, N2-fixation and fermentation during anaerobic incubation of soils amended with glucose and nitrate (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; N2-fixation ; Fermentation ; N2O/N2 ratio ; C-availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate and glucose additions were investigated for their role in the C and N dynamics during anaerobic incubation of soil. A gas-flow soil core method was used, in which the net production of N2, N2O, NO, CO2, and CH4 under a He atmosphere could be monitored both accurately and frequently. In all experiments clayey silt loam soil samples were incubated for 9 days at 25 °C. Addition of nitrate (50 mg KNO3-N kg-1 soil) had no effect on total denitrification and CO2 production rates, while the N2O/N2 ratio was affected considerably. The cumulative N2O production exceeded the cumulative N2 production for 6 days in the treatment with nitrate addition, compared to 1.2 days in the unamended treatment. Glucose addition stimulated the microbial activity considerably. The denitrification rates were limited by the growth rate of the denitrifying population. During denitrification no significant differences were observed between the treatments with 700 mg glucose-C kg-1 and 4200 mg glucose-C kg-1, both in combination with 50 mg KNO3-N kg-1. The N2 production rates were remarkably low, until NO inf3 sup- exhaustion caused rapid reduction of N2O to N2 at day 2. During the denitrification period 15–18 mg N kg-1 was immobilised in the growing biomass. After NO inf3 sup- shortage, a second microbial population, capable of N2-fixation, became increasingly important. This change was clearly reflected in the CO2 production rates. Net volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was monitored during the net N2-fixation period with acetate as the dominant product. N2-fixation faded out, probably due to N2 shortage, followed by increased VFA production. In the high C treatment butyrate became the most important VFA, while in the low C treatment acetate and butyrate were produced at equal rates. During denitrification no VFA accumulation occurred; this does not prove, however, that denitrification and fermentation appeared sequentially. The experiments illustrate clearly the interactions of C-availability, microbial population and nitrate availability as influencing factors on denitrification and fermentation.
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    Influence of iron pyrites and dicyandiamide on nitrification and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to loess brown earths (luvisols) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Dicyandiamide ; Iron pyrites ; Luvisols ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation study showed that iron pyrites retarded nitrification of urea-derived ammonium (NH4 +), the effect being greatest at the highest level (10000 mg kg–1 soil). Nitrification inhibition with 10000 mg pyrite kg–1 soil, at the end of 30 days, was 40.3% compared to 55.9% for dicyandiamide (DCD). The inhibitory effect with lower rates of pyrite (100–500 mg kg–1) lasted only up to 9 days. Urea+pyrite treatment was also found to have higher exchangeable NH4 +-N compared to urea alone. DCD-amended soils had the highest NH4 +-N content throughout. Pyrite-treated soils had about 7–86% lower ammonia volatilization losses than urea alone. Total NH3 loss was the most with urea+DCD (7.9% of applied N), about 9% more than with urea alone.
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    Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Isotope dilution ; Nitrogen fixation ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Soil sterilization ; 15N ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacterial inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N2 fixation using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N2 fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N2 fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution.
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    Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
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    Comparison of two different methods to measure nitric oxide turnover in soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 104-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Acetylene ; Soil moisture ; NO production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The NO turnover in soils was measured in two different experimental set-ups, a flow-through system, which is very time-consuming and needs rather sophisticated equipment, and a closed system using serum bottles. We compared the NO turnover parameters (NO consumption rate constant, NO production rate, NO compensation concentration) that were measured with both systems in different soils, under different conditions and in the presence of 10 Pa acetylene to inhibit nitrification. The values of the NO turnover parameters that were measured with the two systems under oxic conditions were usually comparable. The addition of acetylene did not affect the NO consumption rate constants of the soils with the exception of soil G1. However, the NO production rates and the NO compensation concentrations decreased significantly in the presence of acetylene, indicating that nitrification was the main source of NO in these soils. Only one soil (Bol) showed no nitrifying activity. Increasing soil moisture content resulted in decreasing NO consumption rate constants and NO production rates. Even at a high soil moisture content of 80% water holding capacity, nitrification was the main source of NO. The values of the NO turnover parameters that were measured with the two systems were not comparable under anoxic conditions. The NO consumption rate constants and the NO production rates were much lower in the closed than in the flow-through system, indicating that the NO consumption activity became saturated by the high NO concentrations accumulating in the closed system. Under oxic conditions, however, closed serum bottles were a cheap, easy and reliable tool with which to determine NO turnover parameters and to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of NO.
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    Fate of blue-green algae in the food web of flooded rice-field ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 141-145 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice ecosystem ; Zooplankton ; Benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  As part of an integrated pest management project to study the role blue-green algae (BGA) may play in the food web of rice-field ecosystems, 14C-labelled filamentous and monocellular BGA were used as food for fish, zooplankton and benthic fauna in artificial rice fields in the form of three aquaria. 14C present in the organisms was then traced by liquid scintillation to follow the manner in which the labelled BGA were consumed by different organisms. In this study the grazing rate of fish (mud carp) was compared to that of benthic organisms and zooplankton. It was found that fish consumed the BGA at the fastest rates and in the largest amounts, followed by the benthic species and zooplankton. It was also found that filamentous BGA were consumed in higher amounts than monocellular BGA. The importance of grazing in nutrient recycling is emphasized.
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    Concurrent measurements of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching from field incubated soil cores (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Net mineralization ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Leaching ; Field incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting 4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and 36% of the nitrate-N (NO3 –-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO3 –-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO3 –-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r 2=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r 2=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the impact this may have on other N transformation processes.
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    Biodegradation of benzoate with nitrate as electron acceptor at different redox potentials in sand column microcosms (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Benzoate biodegradation ; Comamonas terrigena ; Denitrification ; Interfacial environment ; Redox potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this work was to assess the influence of redox conditions on benzoate biodegradation coupled with oxygen and nitrate as electron acceptors. A benzoate-degrading, facultatively denitrifying bacterium was isolated from a sediment sample and was tentatively identified as Comamonas terrigena (strain J92-6). The experimental system was based on sand columns that were filled with liquid medium containing benzoate and nitrate. The columns were inoculated to provide a fixed biofilm on the sand. Conditions were created by aeration, dinitrogen-purging, and sodium sulfide amendment that comprised oxic, anoxic, and reduced (–375 mV) zones, respectively, at different depths of the columns. Anaerobic biodegradation of benzoate was nitrate-dependent and proceeded at all redox potential values ranging from +400 to –375 mV. Thus, benzoate degradation coupled with denitrification was not inhibited at low redox potentials characteristic of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The results demonstrate that the fixed biofilm column system can be successfully used to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the biodegradation of benzoate, a central decomposition product of anaerobic, aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation.
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    Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder in comparison with white clover in silvopastoral agroforestry systems (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Red alder ; White clover ; Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction assay ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Simultaneous measurements were made to assess the diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogenase activity of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growing together in a silvopastoral agroforestry system using the acetylene reduction assay. Diurnal measurements were made in the summer and autumn at 3-h intervals whereas seasonal nitrogenase activity was assessed based on observations made at midday in July, September and January to represent the summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. No obvious diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity were found in either red alder or white clover in summer and no significant variations in nitrogenase activity were observed between day and night. However, in autumn, pronounced diurnal patterns were observed in both species. Significantly higher rates of nitrogenase activity per unit dry weigh (dwt) of nodules were detected at 1500 hours in red alder, whereas, in white clover, significantly higher rates were obtained at 2100 hours. There was no significant correlation between diurnal nitrogenase activity and air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature at 10 cm depth in either red alder or white clover. Seasonal rates of nitrogenase activity showed significantly higher activity in summer, which subsequently decreased in autumn, to reach very low levels in the winter. The rates of nitrogenase activity of white clover were consistently higher than those of red alder both diurnally and seasonally. In the three seasons sampled, the average nitrogenase activity for white clover was 66.42 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1, which was 3.5 times higher than the 18.67 μmol C2H4 g dwt–1 h–1 obtained for red alder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050492
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  • 91
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    Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Collembola ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050504
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335908
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts: effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 362-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cryptobiotic ; Cryptogamic ; Microphytic ; Microbiotic ; Deserts ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nutrient ; cycling ; Lichens ; Microcoleus vaginatus ; Collema tenax ; Heterocysts ; Acetylene reduction assay ; ARA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts can be a dominant source of nitrogen for cold-desert ecosystems. Effects of surface disturbance from footprints, bike and vehicle tracks on the nitrogenase activity in these crusts was investigated. Surface disturbances reduced nitrogenase activity by 30–100%. Crusts dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus on sandy soils were the most susceptible to disruption; crusts on gypsiferous soils were the least susceptible. Crusts where the soil lichen Collema tenax was present showed less immediate effects; however, nitrogenase activity still declined over time. Levels of nitrogenase activity reduction were affected by the degree of soil disruption and whether sites were dominated by cyanobacteria with or without heterocysts. Consequently, anthropogenic surface disturbances may have serious implications for nitrogen budgets in these ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050184
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  • 95
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    Survival and symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of thiram: isolation of fungicide resistant strains (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsBradyrhizobium japonicum ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybean ; Thiram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fungicide thiram, widely used as a chemical seed protectant, induces a strong inhibition of primary nodulation in the crown zone of soybean roots. The present work reports on the isolation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains resistant to thiram, some of which (T3B, A86 and A2) maintained their capacity for nodulation and were still efficient symbionts, but some (A1, C1 and C6) lost the ability to stimulate nodulation. Characterization tests such as growth at different pH, denitrifying ability, salt tolerance, production of siderophores and phosphate solubilization were performed on the resistant strains. Inoculants produced from these strains could be appropriate for use with thiram-treated seeds, without causing a loss of bacteria viability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050357
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  • 96
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    Natural abundance of 15N in sweet potato, pumpkin, sorghum and castor bean: possible input of N2-derived nitrogen in sweet potato (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 152-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsCucurbita moschata ; Ipomoea batatas ; Nitrogen fixation ; δ15N method ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two combinations of plant species, sweet potato (three cultivars) and pumpkin, and sweet sorghum (three cultivars) and castor bean were grown separately in three plots of alluvial soil from June to September 1996. The shoots (leaves plus stems) of sweet potato and pumpkin, and the whole tops (leaves plus stems and grains) of sweet sorghum and castor bean were harvested twice, once in August and once in September in order to analyze their natural abundance of 15N (δ15N). The δ15N values of two of the varieties of sweet potato harvested in September were significantly lower than those of pumpkin, while δ15N values of sweet potato and pumpkin harvested in August, as well as those of sweet sorghum and castor bean harvested in August and September, did not significantly differ. The lower δ15N values observed in the September-harvested sweet potato may indicate that as much as 40% of the N intake of this species is derived from dinitrogen. This species is known to have a high ability to take up N from undefined sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050359
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  • 97
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    N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words N2O release ; Cropping systems ; Waste water treatment ; Activated sludge ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Carbon availability ; Available ; carbon-to-nitrate ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O2 demand (BOD5) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N2O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N2O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N2O m–2 h–1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N2O m–2 h–1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mgN2O m–2 h–1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N2O m–2 h–1). During the N2O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N2O-N ha–1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N2O-N m–2, respectively, during the sampling periods. The N2O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH4 +. Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N2O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha–1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N2O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N2O released. Increasing N2O emissions seem to occur at electron donor-to-acceptor ratios (CH2 O or BOD5-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N2O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N2O which may be reduced to N2 on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335953
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was obsersed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant-1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen use in maize-grain legume cropping systems in semi-arid Kenya (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen use ; Nitrogen fertilizer recovery ; Zea mays ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Locally suitable cultivars of maize, beans, and cowpeas were grown in field experiments for four seasons in semi-arid Kenya. For three seasons, the dry matter production and grain yield of maize and beans were not increased by N fertilizer additions up to 120 kg N ha-1. Fertilizer recoveries measured by 15N isotope dilution techniques were low, less than 20%. Inoculated and uninoculated beans failed to fix N2. By contrast the cowpea derived 50% of its N from fixation, equivalent to 197 kg N ha-1. The N content of the grain generally exceeded 40 kg N ha-1, and the N content of the seeds from the grain legumes were greater than those from the cereals. Large inputs of N fertilizer or N by fixation are required if maize-grain legume cropping system in semiarid Kenya are to be sustained in the long term.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307842
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification losses from an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrification ; Farmyard manure ; Irrigated wheat-maize ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted on denitrification in the plough layer of an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments. The treatments were: N-100 (urea-N at 100kgha–1year–1), N-200 (urea-N at 200kgha–1year–1), FYM-16 (farmyard manure at 16 tonnes ha–1year–1), FYM-32 (farmyard manure at 32 tonnesha–1year–1) and the control (unfertilized). Averaged across sampling dates during the wheat season, the denitrification rate as measured by the C2H2-inhibition/soil-core incubation method was highest in N-200 (83gNha–1day–1), followed by FYM-32 (60gNha–1day–1, N-100 (51gNha–1day–1), FYM-16 (47gNha–1day–1) and the control (33gNha–1 day–1). During the maize growing season, average denitrification rate was highest in FYM-32 (525gNha–1day–1), followed by FYM-16 (408gNha–1day–1), N-200 (372gNha–1day–1, N-100 (262gNha–1day–1) and the control (203gNha–1day–1). Denitrification loss integrated over the whole vegetation period was at a maximum under FYM-32 (13.9kgNha–1), followed by N-200 (11.8kgNha–1), FYM-16 (10.6kgNha–1) and N-100 (8.0kgNha–1), whereas the minimum was observed for the control (5.8kgNha–1). Under both crops, denitrification was significantly correlated with water-filled pore space and soil NO3 –-N. The best multiple regression models accounted for 52% and 70% of the variability in denitrification under wheat and maize, respectively. Results indicated that denitrification is not an important N loss mechanism in this well-drained, irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving fertilizer inputs in the range of 100–200kgNha–1year–1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050340
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