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  • Articles  (183)
  • Emerald  (183)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1995-1999  (183)
  • Psychology  (183)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Top managers in local government: influences on development (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper describes a study of factors that have influenced the career development of senior managers in local government. It extends earlier work on business chief executives and chief officers of police carried out by Margerison and Kakabadse. It was found that the influences could be categorized into three main groups: two kinds of personal attributes - ability factors, motivational factors - and the third group comprising situational factors. Certain of the individual factors are consistent with the findings from competency research. While there are some differences from the earlier research the extent of the similarity is more striking, suggesting the enduring importance of many influencing factors across both time and employment sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910254792
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can leader direction and employee participation co-exist?: Investigating interaction effects between participation and favourable work-related attitudes among Maltese middle-managers (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Employee participation is an important construct in contemporary organisations. Recently, the argument has concentrated on whether leader direction and participation can co-exist. It is argued that leader direction is perceptually acceptable by employees at the strategic level of the decision process but is interpreted as intrusive at the tactical (task) level. This study examined the possibility of any interaction effects between leader direction at the task level and participation, and whether this exacerbated the relationship between participation and favourable work-related attitudes. A total of 108 middle managers were surveyed using measures for both dimensions of leader direction, participation, job satisfaction, commitment and intrinsic motivation. Separate two-step moderator regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. Results indicate that while participation predicts significantly all work-related attitudes, both leader direction variables exacerbated the relationship between participation and job satisfaction. Implications of the results and future research are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910254774
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    German unification: persistent differences between those from East and West (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: A large-scale survey was conducted to assess "attitudes towards risk and safety at work", and more general attitudes to work among vets four to five years after German unification. Clear differences were observed between the old (West) and new (East) Federal States of Germany. Stress levels were significantly higher in the new Federal States but, interestingly, the city of Berlin shared the low stress features of employees in the former West Germany. Social cohesion or working climate was generally perceived more favourably in the new Federal States. Satisfaction at work was not significantly related to job stress, and did not show such clear differences between new and old federal States. Individuals from the new federal States were more emotional in their driving styles, less risk-taking and more safety conscious than their colleagues in the older federal States. The implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910255188
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polychronicity and the Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV): The development of an instrument to measure a fundamental dimension of organizational culture (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 205-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The ten-item Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV), a psychometric measure of polychronicity (the extent to which people in a culture prefer to be engaged in two or more tasks or events simultaneously and believe their preference is the best way to do things), was developed using data from 11 samples (N = 2,190) collected from bank employees, undergraduate students, hospital personnel, dentists and their staffs, and state agency managers. Principal components, alpha, correlation, and confirmatory factor analyses supported the IPV in its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content adequacy, construct validity (both discriminant and convergent), and nomological validity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263747
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polychronicity and temporal dimensions of work in learning organizations (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 257-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: States that today, the corporate environment is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, contingency and evolution. In these conditions, the design of a learning organization should be based upon Einstein's conception of time, which represents a dramatic shift from our traditional organizations built upon Newton's time. In this research, the author defined nine temporal dimensions of organizational culture (for instance schedules and deadlines) which could be managed in order to facilitate change and learning and examined them in relation to individuals' polychronic behavior, a temporal orientation. Polychronic people do many things at once and experience time as a relatively intangible phenomenon that emerges from specific events. This empirical investigation shows that polychronic time use is related to several dimensions of temporal culture. These results can be used to make the development of learning organizations more effective, particularly when applied to human resource activities and programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263792
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Applying the theory of reasoned action to the analysis of an individual's polychronicity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 313-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The analysis of polychronicity at the cultural level is compared with the analysis of polychronicity at the level of the individual member of the culture. We suggest that a more detailed analysis of an individual's polychronicity is appropriate, including the individual's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. We identify the theory of reasoned action as a useful framework for studying an individual's polychronicity. Examples are provided in which the theory of reasoned action is used to address questions about an individual's polychronicity, along with the description of the relationships among the components of individual-level polychronicity suggested by the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263909
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overall job satisfaction: how good are single versus multiple-item measures? (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 388-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Managers interested in finding out the overall job satisfaction levels of their workers often face the problem of the appropriate measure of job satisfaction to adopt: single versus multiple-item? This study sets out to compare the results of a single versus a multiple-item measure employed to investigate the job satisfaction of university teachers. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the superiority or otherwise of the measures in ascertaining the overall job satisfaction of workers. The outcome of the study shows that the single-item measure overestimated the percentage of people satisfied with their jobs and grossly underestimated both the percentage of dissatisfied workers and those who show indifference in comparison with the figures of the multiple-item measure. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the results from the single-item measure tend to paint a rosier picture of job satisfaction than the impression conveyed from the multiple-item measure would justify.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277148
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Internal and external influences on women's and men's entry into management (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 421-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The study examined the influence of individual (internal) and situational (external) factors on the career advancement of women and men (N = 88) in a Swedish nation-wide organization. Using, among other methods, LISREL path analyses, the results revealed that the internal factor of instrumental qualities was the major predictor of managerial advancement regardless of gender. Thus, the findings imply that the norms for managers are still quite traditional, leading both women and men to adopt an instrumental managerial style. Contrary to expectations, the impact of the external factor was not indicative of managerial aspirations or managerial group membership (attending a managerial program provided by the organization). However, women in both groups suffered more from work/family pressure than men in both groups. The results are discussed in terms of the contemporary view that there might be a shift in the definition of the managerial role in favor of women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277175
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Creating a significant and sustainable executive education experience: A case study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 404-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This article reports on the development and assessment of a customized executive education experience, designed for the managers of a large financial services organization. It was designed to incorporate many of the desirable outcomes of "action learning" such as organizational impact and sustainability, while being more parsimonious in the involvement of senior executives and, in a single-period design, in the time intensity of participant involvement. A total of 542 managers who participated in the program, over a four year period, were surveyed concerning the effectiveness of the program. Hypotheses are developed and the results examined to determine whether participants believed that the value of their learning diminished over time, the effects of demographic characteristics, and the extent to which the sharing of the learning and support of organizational colleagues affected participants' perception of the program's effectiveness. Results reveal less degradation over time than anticipated, and more powerful influence by subordinates, in sustaining learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277157
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A change in the outlook for psychology in management - From skill-building to personal development (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 586-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Despite extensive research into psychologically-based issues in the workplace, in practice there remain a confusion and lack of knowledge about psychology and psychological issues in manager/organisation development. This article explores areas in which psychological processes affect the day-to-day lives of people in organisations, such as the use of psychological knowledge to understand and deal with people issues in the workplace, manager development as psychological development, creating a psychologically healthy work environment, and finally, exploration of a psychological process that is associated with personal/professional change and development. It is proposed that the psychodynamic process of mirroring as an essential component in children's personality development remains essential in the maintenance and development of an adult's identity. While this process occurs naturally, it can be acknowledged and used by organisations in a conscious way to provide developmental experiences and opportunities for their employees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292187
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  • 11
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    Dysfunctionality in "citizenship" behaviour in decentralized organizations: A research note (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 526-544 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Emerging in the literature on organizational design is the question of the efficacy of self-managed work groups. From task-forces and matrix prescriptions of the 1970s, imperatives towards de-centralization, networked capabilities and self-managed teams seem to be part of the IT-driven prescriptions emanating from contemporary re-structuring and social re-engineering of workplaces. This article explores some interesting dysfunctionality dynamics of corporate "citizenship" behaviour in de-centralized contexts and suggests the necessity to study, in some further depth, the unquestioned virtues of self-regulated and de-centralized teams. As the article implies, cultural engineering, leadership dynamics and complex motivation/citizenship behaviour within such organized settings also require critical re-examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292132
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Can we live with the changing nature of work? (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 569-572 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Work is increasingly changing into a short-term contract culture, with long hours, intrinsic job insecurity and declining sense of loyalty by employees to their employer. The costs of this to employee health, the family and ultimately the "bottom line" are great. A time for reflection is needed in the way we manage people's careers and futures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292169
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Reflections: Personal development for managers - getting the process right (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 502-511 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The success of contemporary structures relies on the personal competence of managers. This can imply a significant change in the attitudes and behaviour of individual managers. Personal development, a process that aims to help individuals learn about and change their style and approach, has consequently become an important feature of management development for many organisations. But personal development does not always achieve lasting and significant change. Development with ambitious objectives demands a particular process incorporating four essential prerequisites: a focus on the development of meta-abilities; a period of discomfort, where inappropriate behaviours can be examined and "unlearned"; a focused "transition" which moves the individual towards the most pertinent of objectives; an understanding of how these abilities are used in the context of an organisational agenda. A process used on programmes at a leading European business school based on these components is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910287921
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  • 14
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    Action-led strategy and managerial self-confidence (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 558-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Changing an organization requires a good deal of self-confidence. When strategic change takes place either this confidence derives from the situation confronting the executive, usually some form of crisis, or executives derive confidence from implementing a familiar recipe, drawn from their past experience. Only rarely does the confidence to change the status quo derive from some form of strategic analysis. This article proposes an action-led approach to strategy. Strategy is not constructed from "analysis", it emerges from action. It does not presume the existence of a shared vision - this is shaped through action; nor does it falsely separate formulation from implementation - these occur concurrently. Action, in the form of experiments and pilot tests, generates belief in a way ahead that builds from the existing competitive assets of the organisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292150
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  • 15
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    Multi-rater feedback methods: personal and organizational implications (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 455-476 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The conditions and implications for the use of multi-rater feedback or "360-degree" methods are studied from both a psychological and an organizational perspective. Psychological research indicates that multi-ratings cannot be put on the same footing as ratings obtained from more "objective" sources as for instance the assessment center. Multi-rater feedback can be interpreted either as standing in the tradition of assessment centers, or originating from "total quality management", but it seems more congenial to the TQM method of organizing "customer feedback". Since multi-rater feedback presupposes social interaction and consequently a work organization, the communicative conditions for such a feedback system are subsequently investigated from the perspective of organization science. It is investigated how various structural and cultural changes offer a fertile soil for the introduction of such kinds of feedback. However, the authors warn of the terror of "total feedback".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910287903
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Creative performance on anin-basket exercise: Effects of inoculation againstextrinsic reward (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 39-57 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Subjects provided creative responses to memoranda from an in-basket exercise. In a 262 design, contingent/noncontingent extrinsic reward conditions were crossed with intrinsic motivation/no intrinsic motivation conditions. Results indicated that intrinsic motivation was associated with improved creativity, while offering contingent, extrinsic rewards were not. Thus, the hypothesized inoculation effect associated with intrinsic motivation was not supported. Results are discussed in terms of specific work history and creativity outcomes, with particular attention focused on defining creativity in the business context (i.e. applied creativity) rather than in more artistic settings (i.e. pure creativity).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910254747
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Occupational stress among sex offender treatment managers (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 108-120 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Occupational stressors were identified through qualitative interviews with sex offender treatment managers (N = 21) serving within HM prisons in England and Wales. Multidimensional scaling techniques revealed three distinctive stressor foci: intrinsic job factors; other people; personal. The pattern of stressor experience was related to length of time serving as a treatment manager, moving from inner to outward emphasis. The least experienced managers were more concerned about aspects of personal safety, those moderately experienced expressed greatest concern about the quality and consequences of their supervision and the most experienced were exercised by policy related issues. Distress, as measured by GHQ(12) was not statistically significantly related to levels of subjectively reported stress. The paper concludes by discussing implications for intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910255151
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Barriers to the development of self-organizing teams (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 134-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: We studied the barriers to the development of self-organization in three teams by means of questionnaires and observations. We found that the level of self-organization pertaining to "routine work" is rather high. With respect to "machine-related tasks", the opportunities provided by the maintenance support group, and the complexity of some of these tasks are the main barriers to delegating more of these tasks. "Shift-related tasks" are delegated to the team, but actually are done by the group coordinator only. "Communication tasks" have not been delegated to the teams, although the need to do so is high. Barriers lay in the shift system and in the skills of the workers. With respect to "sophisticated tasks" and the "tasks directed to the environment", we conclude that the requisite of delegating them to the team is low. A moderate level of participation, however, seems appropriate here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910255205
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  • 19
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    Juggling and hopping: what does it mean to work polychronically? (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 184-205 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Presents a conceptual framework for understanding the meanings of polychronic behavior for individuals. A "created" meaning perspective, arguing that cultural, social, and personality differences influence how the meaning of polychronic behavior is interpreted at the individual level is presented. These meanings through a phenomenological study of polychronic behavior in the workplace for both traditional, "mainstream" Americans and recent Latin American immigrants are explored. Implications for managers and workgroups are also explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263738
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  • 20
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    Temporal elements of organizational culture and impact on firm performance (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 231-244 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Examines two temporal elements of organizational culture, polychronicity and speed values, and their effects on organizational performance. The study of these dimensions of culture and their effects on firm effectiveness is especially relevant for leaders who are responsible for the implementation of a firm's culture as one of the firm's strategic resources. The impacts of these temporal elements are examined individually and within the context of hypercompetitive industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263756
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  • 21
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    A construct-oriented analysis of individual-level polychronicity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 269-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper provided construct validity evidence for polychronicity in two related studies. Study 1 assessed the relationship between individuals' stated polychronicity preferences and peer ratings of polychronicity in a multitrait-multimethod design, which indicated that different raters were able to agree about an individual's polychronicity. Additional construct validity evidence was provided by linking polychronicity to several potentially related constructs such as achievement striving, impatience/irritability, stress, and performance. In study 2, hypothesized relationships between polychronicity and both time urgency and time management behavior dimensions were supported. In addition, similar relationships between polychronicity and time urgency dimensions were identified across French and US samples. Together, these two studies provide a clearer understanding of the correlates and potential outcomes of polychronicity. Directions for future research are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263837
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  • 22
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    Unpackaging the multiple aspects of time in polychronicity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 323-345 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Research on polychronicity generally treats time use preference, context, and time tangibility as isomorphic variables that can be represented on a single continuum. An alternative model of temporality that treats these variables as independent dimensions is presented. This model is tested in a sample of 258 middle and senior level executives representing more than 200 organizations and 25 countries. Correlations among the variables and confirmatory factor analyses provide support for the multidimensional view of polychronicity. Further classification provided evidence that all eight possible configurations of the three variables can and do exist. The most frequent "type" reflected a polyphasic time use preference, low context, and high time tangible profile. This profile fits the description of Type A behavior pattern adding support for the multidimensional view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263918
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  • 23
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    Managing in polychronic times: Exploring individual creativity and performance in intellectually intensive venues (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 358-373 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: As competitive pressures mount, firms are attempting to do more with less - and far more quickly. They are downsizing, using teams, and pushing the time to market. These trends promote polychronic behavior in that they require additional variety in the tasks, activities, and roles that individuals must handle simultaneously. Although evidence suggests that creativity and polychronic preferences are positively related, demands for polychronic behavior appear to be defeating - and resisted - in creative venues such as R&D. This paper addresses this apparent disjunction by focusing on the definition of polychronicity, emphasizing the critical role of agency and the need to count as activities the not particularly visible workings of the mind. The paper proposes, in part, that among creative workers, individual creativity is more related to polychronicity than to monochronicity. Further, volition will play a moderating role in that the relationship between creative performance and either chronicity will be stronger the higher personal agency is in choosing tasks and schedules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277111
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  • 24
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    "I think I can; I think I can": A self-leadership perspective toward enhancing entrepreneur thought patterns, self-efficacy, and performance (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 477-501 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The concept of "Thought Self-Leadership" involves individual self-influence through cognitive strategies that focus on self-dialogue, mental imagery, beliefs and assumptions, and thought patterns. A plethora of studies from various fields including management, counseling psychology, sports psychology, education, and communication, address the effect of these Thought Self-Leadership cognitive strategies on cognitions and behaviors. This research provides consistent support for the relationship between constructive self-leadership of these cognitive processes and enhanced performance. The application of these cognitive strategies to the entrepreneurship domain, however, is sparse. We propose that the application of these principles to the entrepreneurial process offers the potential to enhance individual performance and mental states for both practicing and aspiring entrepreneurs. Propositions derived from the proposed framework are developed to serve as catalysts for empirically testing the applicability of Thought Self-Leadership to the entrepreneurship context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910287912
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  • 25
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    Re-thinking organisational stress: the transition to the new employment age (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 545-557 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Stress has been largely addressed from an individual perspective yet a strategic initiative on stress can only be achieved by understanding stress as part of the fabric of organisation life. Organisation membership and work require psychological adaptations by individuals in order to accommodate the demands of the organisation. The organisation develops mechanisms for protecting individuals from psychological disturbance and the individual adapts to the organisation. Organisation change will raise some of the concerns that have been kept unconscious by the adaptation process. This requires that psychological adaptation be re-worked. However, in the new employment age, employees will need to be more mature and autonomous. This requires that different processes be adopted. A model is presented that provides insight into the adaptation process at three levels, including unconscious adaptation, an understanding of which will be necessary to address stress in the future.
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    The psychodynamics of organisation change: Identity and the "reading" of emotion and emotionality in a process of change (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 573-585 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Aspects of the psychodynamics of organisation change are explored and in particular how emotion and emotionality can be read. A case is made to go beyond the dichotomous world of "rational" versus "emotional" and develop a greater appreciation of how the rational and the emotional can be "fused" or act in a co-existent and co-dependent fashion where one cannot be understood in the absence of the other. Read through the optic of identity, acts of so-called rationality may simply be an expression of a deeper, albeit unconscious realm - psychodynamics, in which emotion and emotionality are significant. It is through the optic of identity that the individual's attachment to the organisation is described and the meaning of behaviour in the midst of change is canvassed. It is noted that, depending upon the degree of identification with the organisation, one encounters behaviours that reflect dislodgement of identity and those more commonly associated with the processes of grieving. Some tentative strategies are advanced in managing these behaviours.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292178
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    Managerial stress in Hong Kong and Taiwan: a comparative study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 6-25 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This study investigated occupational stress in managers in Hong Kong and Taiwan using the Occupational Stress Indicator-2 (OSI-2). The results showed the reliabilities and predictive validity of the OSI-2 subscales were reasonably high in both samples. The logical relationships between job satisfaction, mental and physical well-being found in the two samples have provided support to findings obtained in Western countries. Moreover, the direct impacts of coping strategies, Type A behaviour and locus of control on job strains also corroborated previous studies in Western societies. Further, there were gender differences in managerial stress in Hong Kong: female managers scored higher in sources of stress and quitting intention; but had lower job satisfaction, worse mental and physical well-being than male managers. These differences could not be found in Taiwanese managers, yet Taiwanese female managers did report more stress related to the "managerial role" than their male counterparts.
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    Intuition-analysis cognitive style and learning preferences of business and management students: A UK exploratory study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 26-39 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The study is an attempt to provide empirical elaboration, in the context of business and management education, for the "onion" and cognitive control models of cognitive style. Using a sample of 226 business and management undergraduates the research explored the relationship between cognitive style (measured using the cognitive style index and learning preference. Using principal components analysis, three categories of learning preference were discerned (active, reflective and individual). Correlational analysis and one way analysis of variance revealed statistically significant relationships between preferences for reflective and individual methods and cognitive style. The results provide some support for the "onion" and cognitive control models; the implications for business and management education, training and development are discussed.
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    Managerial risk interpretations: does industry make a difference? (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 92-108 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Decision-making studies incorporating risk have typically used risk measures that are generic across industries. Responding to calls for finer-grained approaches, a recent study used a qualitative approach to discover how managers interpret risk in different industry contexts. Managers from the oil and gas (61), commercial banking (66), and software development (28) sectors were asked an open-ended question about their conceptualizations of risk in the context of regularly encountered business situations. Resulting textual data were analyzed using QSR NUD*IST. Industry group membership and risk interpretations were found to be significantly related in that the different industry groups showed different distributions of attention to various aspects of risk. For researchers, these findings suggest the need to use differentiated risk measures. For practitioners, the findings suggest potential benefits from broadening cognitions relating to risk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910255142
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    A comparison of managerial skills of middle managers with MBAs, with other masters' and undergraduate degrees ten years after the Porter and McKibbin report (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 150-164 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Multiple initiatives have been taken to address the lack of managerial skills of MBA graduates since the Porter and McKibbin report. How effective or widespread these initiatives have been has been questioned. Before proceeding, 11 managerial skills were identified and tested for their relevance to performance. Support was found that nine of the 11 skills were associated with managerial performance. Why these two skills were not associated with performance was explored. To test for the effectiveness of the initiatives to teach managerial skills in MBA programs, multiple comparisons of the managerial skills of recent and past MBA graduates and other graduates were made. In general, the comparisons failed to find that MBAs have a significant advantage in managerial skills. Reasons for these findings are explored in the paper. In addition, the challenge this represents to MBA programs is also discussed.
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    The effects of individual time urgency on group polychronicity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 244-257 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Recent work concerning the effects of time on group behavior suggests that individuals' time-oriented behaviors may act as a catalyst or pacing mechanism for subsequent group behaviors. Other work suggests that group polychronic behavior (the group's performance of multiple tasks simultaneously) has significant effects on both individual and group outcomes. In this paper, we examine the relationship between individuals' time-oriented behavior and group-level polychronic behavior. Based on results from a laboratory simulation involving 26 small groups, we conclude that the presence of time-urgent group members increases group-level monochronic (versus polychronic) behavior and has a positive effect on groups' primary task activity.
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    Time management and polychronicity: Comparisons, contrasts, and insights for the workplace (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 288-312 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The goals of this investigation are to identify behaviors and attitudes that are predictive of an individual's polychronic or monochronic time use, relating these findings to individuals' time management approaches. A modified polychronic attitude indicator (PAI3) scale is used as the overall measure of monochronic/polychronic tendencies. A series of potential predictor variables from the "structure" portion of the FAST scale, items related to the time structure questionnaire, and other items based on literature synthesis and researcher judgment were used. A stepwise multiple regression analysis resulted in an eight-predictor variable solution. It was concluded that polychronicity is related to different aspects of time management; recommendations are given for future study and for application in the workplace.
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    The impact of monochronic and Type A behavior patterns on research productivity and stress (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 374-387 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: To examine the relationship between monochronic work behavior (behavior that minimizes interruptions on the job) and Type A behavior, 147 faculty members of a midsized private university responded to a set of questionnaires which measured monochronic work behaviors, Type A behavior, job-induced stress, research productivity, and number of working projects. Type A behavior was significantly and positively correlated with monochronic behaviors - in other words, Type As were more likely to use behavioral strategies that reduced polychronic thought. Type A and monochronic behaviors were also significantly correlated with job-induced stress and number of publications. Contrary to the hypothesis, Type A and monochronic behaviors were also positively and significantly correlated with number of working projects.
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    Managerial disturbance handling: a case-study approach (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 443-454 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The focus of this paper is on the recognition and resolution by managers of "disturbances", which have been defined as "involuntary situations that threaten the smooth running of the organisation but are partially beyond managerial control". We have employed a case-study methodology that involved semi-structured interviews, and both within- and cross-case analysis of interview data. Our primary finding is that disturbances are either people-oriented or systems-related, and that both recognition and resolution are contingent upon the nature of the disturbance.
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    About differences and blind spots: A systemic view on an international, interdisciplinary research team (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 259-270 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The paper reflects the team process of an international interdisciplinary research team from the perspective of recent developments in systemic approaches in the German speaking world. From this basis the reflection focuses on the differences that influenced the team process, the blind spot the team developed, and the functions of that blind spot. If team processes are to enable synergy of cultural and scientific differences, blind spots have to be reduced. Practical suggestions are provided as to how team processes could be supported by the individual competences of the team members and especially by structured reflections loops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810215066
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    Towards a model of international research teams (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 156-166 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Many, if not most, academic researchers interested in international business have worked on teams made up of individuals from many different countries. Ironically, there has been little research attempting to explain the unique dynamic of such teams and their advantages and disadvantages. The goal of this paper is to develop a model of international academic research teams with an aim towards understanding how they can be managed more effectively. We highlight some of the important variables that affect team functioning and discuss their relationships with both antecedents and outcomes. Specific propositions are developed and their implications are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810214887
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    Unbundling the intellectual joint venture process: The case of multinational, multifunctional interdisciplinary research consortia (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 178-187 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Intellectual joint ventures can be very useful vehicles for conducting cross-cultural, international human resource management research as witnessed by the proliferation of these alliances. Challenges to the successful development, operation and goal attainment of intellectual joint ventures inhibit the ability to reap all of the benefits promised from these collaborative efforts. This article identifies and elaborates on challenges or inhibitors to intellectual joint venture success. By focusing on challenges driven by career stage and career anchor asymmetry this article extends earlier research on intellectual joint ventures. In conclusion, recommendations for overcoming or attenuating the effects of these success inhibitors are offered. The dramatic increase in use of intellectual joint ventures in applied social science research is noteworthy. Previous research has identified an intellectual joint venture as a team of researchers from several countries and/or disciplines who jointly conduct research. Current examples of intellectual joint ventures in the field of human resource management include the best international human resource management project, the Cranfield Network on European Human Resource Management Project, the Lund Project on Learning and Training in Organisations (LATIO), the European Managerial Decision-making Project, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) project, and the European Union Copernicus/Oxford project
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810214986
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    Effects of role conflicts and role satisfactions on stress of three professions in Hong Kong: a path analysis approach (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 318-333 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Numerous studies have been conducted to test the causal relationship among role conflict, role satisfaction and stress. However, they are mostly done in the USA. Given that Chinese culture is different from American culture, models developed in the West may not apply to the Chinese population. This study, therefore, examined the causal relationship among work conflict, family conflict, job satisfaction, marital satisfaction, life satisfaction and stress. Subjects of this study included nurses, social workers, and managers in Hong Kong. Path analysis was conducted and its result showed a good fit of the model. The findings indicate that job satisfaction and marital satisfaction experienced by the subjects were affected by work conflict and family conflict as well as inter-role conflict. Likewise, their stress level was also influenced by life satisfaction which in turn was affected by job satisfaction and marital satisfaction.
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    Absenteeism and phantasy (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 485-497 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: From a psychoanalytic point of view, presents a set of propositions concerning aspects of the relationship between psychoanalysis and firms. Considers, in particular, the domestication of speech, the nature of communication in the environment of the firm, and the relationship between the subject and the socius. Seeks to explain the possible role of phantasy in the context of the firm and employs this approach to examine the issue of employee absenteeism.
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    A preliminary study of behaviour - is it unique to Singapore? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 359-370 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Kiasuism (from the adjective, kiasu; meaning "the fear of losing out") is a much talked-about topic in Singapore. This study seeks to assess the situation in Singapore and in a major city in Australia, define this cultural concept and explore the possible repercussions on society. Data collected from undergraduates in Singapore and Australia by using a questionnaire survey were analysed using statistical techniques such as multiple regression analysis and t-tests of sample means. Qualitative methods such as content analyses and critical incident technique for instrument development were also employed. The study consisted of two phases: a phase one pilot study and a phase two questionnaire designed to determine the degree of kiasuism in the two samples and its effect on general wellbeing, academic performance and satisfaction with performance. Results indicated that kiasuism is not unique to Singapore, and may well be a behaviour exhibited by people around the world.
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    Psychoanalysis and management: the strange meeting of two concepts (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 459-468 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Psychoanalysis and management are "strangers" to one another for epistemological reasons mainly related to their different spiritual fathers, scientific goals, validation criteria and dominant methodologies. However, some of these spiritual fathers did, in the early twentieth century, have the intuition of interesting partial convergence. Today, there is some good research, even if marginal, in both the managerial and psychoanalytic fields, being conducted at the intersection of psychoanalysis and management. This research focuses more on a psychoanalytical attentiveness to management acts than on a managerial use of psychoanalysis, which would, in fact, contradict basic psychoanalytic hypotheses and methodologies.
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    Workplace drug testing: avoiding the testing addiction (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 534-543 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the use of drugs in the workplace with particular enphasis on the practice of drug testing, outlining arguments, both for and against. We conclude that drug testing tends to destroy the employee-employer relationship, recommending strongly not to engage in the practice. Finally, alternatives to drug testing are outlined, culminating in a call to place greater emphasis on performance testing.
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    Projective identification in management education (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 558-566 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Projective identification occurs when an individual or group, unable to bear certain features of their own reality, unconsciously splits these features off and projects them into another individual or group. As these features do not reside in the conscious minds of those who do the projecting, they are not available in their minds for scrutiny, understanding or learning. These projections also endow the recipients with unmanageable feelings and characteristics which are not of their own making, and may thereby have a detrimental effect on them and their relationship with those who do the projecting. This paper examines two case examples attempting to throw light on the implications of this concept for management education. The first emerges from a supervisory relationship with a mature student, while the second looks at an experiential group in a "working conference".
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    Effects of individual characteristics on police officers' work-related attitudes (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 334-342 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This study examined the effects of police officers' individual characteristics, namely, ethnicity, gender, locus of control and job tenure on their work-related attitudes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intention to quit and career plateau. Data were collected via a combination of questionnaire survey and focus-group interviews. Results of this study suggest that ethnicity, job tenure and locus of control have significant effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intention to quit and career plateau. Implications of findings are discussed.
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    Career management strategies: the role of personality (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 371-386 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Using instrumentation grounded in the "Big Five" theoretical framework, this paper empirically examines personality as a predictor of career strategy behavior. Results support expectations that some aspects of personality (e.g. being extroverted or sociable) are associated with greater use of strategies involving relationships with others (e.g. seeking mentoring relationships). Other results indicate an association between personality dimensions (e.g. "openness to experience" or "intellectance") and more self-directed career strategies (e.g. developing skill/career flexibility). Implications of these results and directions for future study are discussed.
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    The effects of some attitudinal and organizational factors on transfer outcome (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 309-317 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Two attitudinal (training value and training motivation) and two organizational (opportunity to transfer and transfer reward) factors were proposed to affect the transfer of MBA knowledge to the job and were tested using multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that only training value was significantly related to transfer outcome. In other words, the greater the perception of training value, the more would be the training applications. Other factors were shown to have little impact. It might be due to the fact that testing of the transfer of MBA knowledge required a longitudinal approach that should incorporate the identification of what MBA knowledge was to be transferred. Future studies were also suggested to include other individual, attitudinal, and environmental factors to study their effects on training transfer.
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    Strategic determinants: the context of managerial decision making (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 7-21 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Previous studies point to a range of factors as influencing managerial decision-making processes. There are four major trends with regard to the studies. They are environmental antecedents, organisational antecedents, decision-specific antecedents and individual managerial characteristics. While the majority of literature has chosen to focus in a specialised way on the influence of unidimensional variables there are a number of studies advocating the study of multiple dimensions simultaneously. This paper examines the findings from a qualitative research methodology, convergent interviewing, focussing on the impact of environmental, organisational, decision-specific and individual characteristics, in combination with environmental and organisational characteristics on managerial decisions. Information from managers suggested decision-specific and individual characteristics in combination with environmental and organisational characteristics, were highly relevant to the process of decision making. For all managers, managerial years of experience and the complexity and politicality of decision content were indicated as an important preconditions for determining the nature of managerial decision making. Furthermore, environmental and organisational factors such as environmentally determined time constraints (e.g. government policy) and staff conflict were important issues influencing managers' decisions. A number of multidimensional interactions were posited from the findings. Implications for future research are discussed.
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    Top team processes: does 6 + 2 = 10? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 47-62 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports on the development of a questionnaire designed to measure the process aspects of the board as a working group. This initial study has been conducted among senior management teams due to the difficulty in gaining access to a sufficiently large sample of board teams at this development stage. The questionnaire was designed as one part of an investigation into standards of competence of boards of directors (Dulewicz et al. 1995; Institute of Directors, 1995). The questionnaire was distributed to the members of 54 "top teams". A factor analysis of the response identified 12 main dimensions of group process. Reliability measures of these dimensions, which proved to be acceptable, are also reported. Finally, results of correlations between these 12 measures and three measures of group performance, derived from the team performance questionnaire, showed that the 12 process measures are significantly related to performance, and so have some validity.
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    Contrasting styles in international management research (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 214-224 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with methodology in cross-cultural studies of management. It raises issues about sampling, and then moves on to deal with two problems that threaten to undermine the value of cross-cultural research. One is the popularity of models which reduce culture to a handful of dimensions, and the other is the persistent use of single methods, rather than multi-method approaches. These two points are illustrated with recent findings on power distance and time management. The research on power distance shows how a decomposition of the measure provides a more informative picture of power relations than the simple index, while the research on time management shows that different measures of time often tell quite different stories. The paper concludes by suggesting that what is needed in international research is not a simple picture of culture, but one that does justice to the inherent complexity of culture.
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    A brief history of GLOBE (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 230-240 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the issues relating to the origin, development, and management of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program (GLOBE) project. GLOBE is a cross-cultural research program involving 160 scholars in research teams in 60 nations. The discussion includes designing the research program; recruiting participating scholars; obtaining commitment to the program objectives; replacing country teams which fail to meet their objectives; establishing electronic and Web links; designing the documentation for data collection and coding; establishing rights to data sharing and authorship; and dividing responsibility for data analysis and writing. Special attention is given to lessons learned from managing the project.
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    Research and publishing issues in large scale cross-national studies (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Recently there has been a significant increase in the number of academic international research teams (AIRTs) which are conducting large scale cross-national research studies. These efforts hold much potential to advance international comparative research. However, there are a number of issues associated with these studies that rarely occur in other research efforts. The purpose of this manuscript is to articulate a number of these issues which can be categorized into two main groups, research methodology and publishing. Research methodology issues include the comparability and matching of samples, the timing of data collection, and the comparability of research instruments. Publishing issues include manuscript length, the timing of publications, and cross-cultural authorship issues. It is essential that these issues are addressed if the field is to reap the full benefits of these large cross-national studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810214850
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    An integrating perspective on interdisciplinary, cross-cultural research (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Interest in methods, processes and problems associated with conducting interdisciplinary, cross-cultural research in team-based settings has increased dramatically in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of six different viewpoints regarding identifying and managing problems inherent to the successful creation of intellectual, internationally based joint ventures. Following a detailed description of each article, integrative conclusions are presented.
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    Reflections: Improved time management through human development: achieving most with least expenditure of time (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 406-428 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Time is the most precious resource in business and society. Unlike other resources, like people and capital, time is often considered fixed. However, the way people subjectively experience and utilize time varies substantially between people. Human development provides the basis for breakthrough improvements in time management. In particular, in higher states of consciousness it may be possible to transcend the limitations of time so that time ceases to be a factor limiting our accomplishments in life. In order to realize in practice a transformation to improved time management, we introduce an effective technique for personal evolution - the Maharishi Transcendental Meditation program.
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    Tactics to influence subordinates among Thai managers (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 343-358 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: A typology for assessing managerial roles was used to explore Thai managers' self-reported use of influence tactics with subordinates. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 Thai managers in the Siam Cement Group. Managers who viewed themselves as vision setters tended to use rational persuasion, consultation, and pressure most. Motivator managers used rationality and ingratiation. Analyzer managers used pressure. Task masters used rationality and pressure. However, all types of manager sometimes used other tactics besides the most common ones. Much of this behavior is similar to how managers in studies from the USA behaved. However, Thai managers showed some orientation toward "softer" methods, whether or not the managerial role is typically associated with "soft" or "hard" methods.
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    Organizational therapy: Relating a psychotherapeutic model of planned personal change to planned organizational change (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 394-405 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The paper depicts an exercise in which a transtheoretical model of planned personal change serves as a metaphor for planned organizational change. Implications from the metaphorical exercise revealed thought provoking findings regarding the limited nature of OD change processes and their ordering in an organizational intervention. Weaknesses and suggestions for future research are provided.
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    Drives and their vicissitudes in the management of human resources (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 498-514 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Human drives are well and truly present in organizations and undergo different vicissitudes. In the management of human resources, these vicissitudes emblematically take the form of modes of primary defence against the drives solicited by an increasingly restrictive labour market. Neither the fact that cases of abuse (guilt) do occur, nor the connivance that can exist amongst employees, diminishes the responsibility of directors of human resources (DHR) and researchers in this domain. Information, decision, arbitration and implementation can be seen here to define the fourfold process of inversion by which drives are transformed into their opposite. In the shift from activity to passivity, the repressed is never far away. Indeed, the return of the repressed implies a certain detour of the unconscious: namely an acting out that takes the form of a reversal onto the person's own self. A good DHR is one that must disappear! Which furnishes us with a fine example of sadism turned upon the self, as in the self-punishing of the obsessional neurotic.
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    Machiavellianism and retail banking executives in Hong Kong (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 28-37 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Banks in Pacific-rim countries have widely and aggressively used retail banking and branch networking to provide services. However, it is widely believed that Machiavellianism is counter to conservative banking practices. This paper reports the research findings of the Machiavellian orientation of retail banking executives in Hong Kong and the relationship between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction in the banking sector. The results indicate that a relation between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction, but not career satisfaction, exists in retail banking executives.
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    A study of the impact of training in a management development program based on 360 feedback (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 77-89 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Training programs are infrequently evaluated and when they are evaluated they often rely on pre-experimental designs and feedback of the participants. This statement is also true of management development programs based on 360 feedback. In this study the effects of a training program administered with 360 feedback are evaluated using pre- and post-observations of the participants' managerial skills in control and experimental groups. The results indicate that changes in individual skills could not be contributed to the training program, but that changes in the overall profiles of skills could. Why this could occur is discussed as well as suggestions for improving training evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810369147
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    Doing research with foreign colleagues: a project-life cycle approach (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 206-213 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Managing international research projects in the academic field is far from being easy. Apart from the problems of language and semantics, it requires awareness not only of cultural differences but also of the different phases of such projects. The authors analyse and elaborate on each of these phases. According to their own experiences, they conclude that what is difficult in such projects is not so much to monitor the cultural variables as to manage peers who usually behave independently in their academic circles.
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    Between market, bureaucracy and clan: Coordination and control mechanisms in the Cranfield Network on European Human Resource Management (Cranet-E) (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 241-258 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The co-ordination and control of international research networks require the use of various mechanisms in order to preserve the viability and research output of the networks. Like private and public organisations, research networks can utilize three basic modes, often termed market, bureaucracy and clan. This paper will use this framework and discuss the advantages and limits of each mechanism, using the practical experience of the Cranfield Network on European Human Resource Management (Cranet-E), an international research network of 21 European and five non-European countries. Special attention will be paid to the need of switching between the co-ordination mechanisms and making parallel use of them in different areas and tasks of the network. Finally, practical recommendations will be developed that facilitate survival and high quality output in international research teams.
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    The academic international research team: Small world after all (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 150-155 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The number of academic international research teams (AIRTs) is rapidly increasing. While AIRTs are essential to addressing complex international research issues they can also often involve a large number of challenging issues. Like corporate international teams, AIRTs must face the challenge of cross-national differences including large distances, multiple languages, and numerous cultural values. In addition, they must deal with a number of unique issues involving the abstract nature of an intellectual endeavor, differences in academic career motivations and discipline fields, and the necessity of often completing projects on scarce resources. This manuscript reviews five articles which tackle the complexity of AIRTs. In doing so we seek to bring out the most interesting observations as well as the most important recommendations for how to tackle these challenges in future AIRTs.
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    Antecedents of co-ordination in academic international project research (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 188-198 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Suggests that the intellectual distance among scholars is a cause of difficult co-ordination during the project. The intellectual distance among scholars is the distance among their cognitive systems, a wide concept including a multi-level belonging: institutional, disciplinary, paradigmatic, and cultural belonging, as well as social networking, etc. The higher the cumulative intellectual distance within the academic international research projects (AIRP), the higher the co-ordination needs during the process. Nevertheless, this paper suggests a better acknowledgement of intellectual distance might foster AIRP effectiveness. Assumes that cognitive systems are assessable only indirectly through scholars' intellectual artefacts, thus introducing a methodology in order to study them. Adopts scholars' citations as a proxy of their cognitive system, thus testing methodology on two major management journals. Suggests a few actions project champions may adopt in order to abridge intellectual distance within AIRP.
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    The impact of behaviors and structure on corporate entrepreneurial success (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 38-46 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: By more closely examining the structural "support" necessary to enhance corporate entrepreneurship - that is, to enhance the entrepreneurial behaviors of a firm's employees - firms may increase their success with innovation. We specifically suggest that enabling employees to detect, facilitate and pursue opportunities while fostering an organic, organizational structure with shared vision and values increases a firm's breadth and depth of commercialized innovations. Our rationale for these proposed relationships, as well as suggestions for implementing an entrepreneurial corporate structure, are presented.
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    The demographics of occupational stress among police superintendents (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 90-101 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The relationship between diverse demographic variables and the occupational stress indicator subscales (Cooper et al., 1988) were examined among several hundred UK senior police officers. Officers who prior to their promotion to superintendent had spent most of their time within the criminal detective branch displayed the highest Type A behaviour (aggressive, dominant and assertive), and traffic officers the worst subjective reports of psychological and physical health. Superintendents whose present role is in the CID displayed the highest level of job satisfaction. There was some indication that women senior police officers used stress-coping techniques - particularly task strategies and home-work - more frequently than did men; otherwise no gender differences were found in terms of the other scales of job stress and satisfaction. Marital status was related to Type A behaviour and coping techniques, and parenthood with job-related pressure and job satisfaction. More specifically, parents reported less stress in the home-work interface than non-parents, and were more likely to report more satisfaction in the organisational structure of the police service. The impact of tenure on "controllability" and Type A was moderated by police rank, that is, ambitiousness was significantly negatively correlated with tenure for superintendents but not so for chief-superintendents. Finally, educational qualifications/ level was related to job satisfaction. Overall job satisfaction (especially satisfaction with personal relationships at work as well as satisfaction with the organisational structure) was lowest for the most highly educated personnel (recipients of a higher degree).
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    Factors for the success or failure of international teams: The special case of international research projects (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: There appears to be a growing interest in developing large-scale international research projects on managerial subjects. Because of the relative novelty of these projects some practical advice may be useful for those who would like to create or participate in an international research project. This paper offers such advice based on its author's own experience and on his perspective as organiser of a symposium held at the 1997 Academy of Management Meetings entitled "Creating, managing, and benefiting from international research teams".
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    Promising themes, designs and critical success factors for international research in HRM (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 143-149 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the critical factors for the success of an international research project, some personal experiences of the author with his participation in two international projects, and some potential human resources management research themes which could be carried out using an international team.
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    Can we learn from Herodotus? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 167-177 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Assembling a group of researchers having different theoretical backgrounds, academic fields and cultural origins or nationalities is a complex matrix. This paper discusses the conditions and strategies that can make complex research groups work together in a productive way. The authors refer to the distinction between explaining and understanding as a useful illustration of the kinds of differences found within similar groups. Different basic purposes of international research projects are also taken into account. The authors also argue that developing a research instrument that produces data useful to the different theoretical frameworks might be a better procedure than coming to terms with complex issues such as whether paradigms are compatible or not. Finally, the authors discuss the kind of learning which can be extracted from the experience of working in an international research team.
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    Short-termism, control, quick-fix and bottom line: Toward explaining the Western approach to management (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 291-308 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Western managers have been criticized for their obsession with profit maximization, concentration on short-term benefits, control of the work process and hastiness in adopting and abandoning new ideas. Why Western managers manage the way they do has not been addressed adequately in our view. This paper seeks to address this issue by presenting theoretical analysis that attempts to improve our understanding of why managers are preoccupied with pecuniary considerations, myopic decisions, work process control, hasty adoption and quick abandonment of novel ideas. This exploratory paper argues that without considering factors such as the managers' national culture, the pressure from shareholders and the stock-market, the objectives of the organization, and the organization as a rational institution, the behaviour of Western managers may not be fully explained and the criticisms may therefore be unjustifiable.
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    The scoop on Ben & Jerry's Inc.: an examination of corporate social responsibility (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 387-393 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: We attempt to go beyond media representations as we explore the following question: Is Ben & Jerry's Inc. a socially responsible organization? This exploration includes a description of the concept of corporate social responsibility, and an investigation of some specific actions by Ben & Jerry's to ascertain whether or not these actions are indeed socially responsible in nature.
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    The obscure object of demand in consultancy: a psychoanalytic perspective (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 469-484 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Questions the circumstances under which consultants should consider the interpretation of unconscious material as part of their mission, and the forms that these interpretations should take. Following the approach taken by Abraham Zaleznik, suggests that it may be necessary to reflect upon the analysis of requests from clients for consultancy or for auditing. Seeks to review the issue of client-request analysis from a psychoanalytic perspective and, in particular, from the angle of the tripartition of Lacanian analysis: that of need, demand and desire.
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    Cognitive style and team role preference (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 544-557 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Team role preference, as formulated by Meredith Belbin, and cognitive style are both rooted in personality. As a consequence, it should be possible to successfully hypothesise certain relationships between team role preferences and cognitive style, or one or more of its components. To test this idea, data was collected by administering the Kirton Adaption Innovation inventory and Cattell's 16PF personality questionnaire to a group of undergraduate students (n = 183) who were reading a mixed engineering and business degree. This paper reports correlations which substantiate some of the postulated relationships. The findings, which suggest that the ideal Belbin team contains a balanced mix of adaptors, innovators and bridgers, give a new perspective to the Belbin team role model, and should provide some guidance to those who seek to build and operate "Belbinesque" teams.
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    Stress indicators among medical personnel in Germany: A comparison of the "old" and "new" Länder (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 22-27 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: In a large-scale survey of medical practitioners and consultant practices throughout Germany, job-related pressure was found to be significantly higher among the eastern German Federal States (former GDR) compared to the older Federal States (former West Germany). More specifically, those practising in East Germany reported significantly more stress regarding the "work-leisure interface" (problems associated with clearly demarcating work and private time). In addition, medical staff in the new Federal States displayed slightly lower levels of job satisfaction, and less risk taking and were more cautious in their attitudes than their West German counterparts. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Sensitive questions and response effects: an evaluation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 63-76 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The literature relating to asking sensitive questions in surveys is reviewed and evaluated. It is argued that work relating to the nature of associated response effects and the development of strategies designed to cope with these embodies a number of largely unexamined assumptions. These are identified in three main areas. First, clarification is necessary in relation to the way in which sensitivity is defined and operationalised. Second, the relationship between sensitivity and context is explored with particular reference to identity. Finally, some of the implications of the link between assurances of anonymity and responses to sensitive questions are explored. In conclusion it is suggested that the benefits of methodology sophistication will be most apparent in the context of the theoretical development of these issues.
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    The effect of managerial forecasted financial statements on security analysts' judgment (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 102-112 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This emprical study surveyed 450 members of the New York Society of Security Analysts to determine the effect of management forecasted financial statements on their confidence in analyzing the financial condition of the film. A multivariate analysis of variance model was designed and hypothesis testing was conducted. The results demonstrated that the use of management forecasted financial statements increased the level of self-confidence that analysts reported concerning their financial analysis. This may indicate that the current historical-based model does not meet the needs of investors or creditors as well as would a new format including both historical and forecasted information.
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    International team effectiveness (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 225-229 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Reports on the author's experiences as facilitator of an international, academic research team which consisted of members with different cultural backgrounds. Reviews the communication processes and group-dynamics that occurred within this team, in particular those which seemed to hinder progress. Advises how other teams might approach these same issues and achieve effective team working.
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    Psychoanalysis and coaching (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 515-517 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Psychoanalysis has nothing to say about firms or management as such; inversely, psychoanalytic coaching can aid managers to develop a better understanding of the role they exercise within the firm and to better position themselves in decision making and communication with other people. While it is a practice that takes place outside the classical psychoanalytic framework, psychoanalytic coaching must meet certain criteria in order to justify a psychoanalytic filiation: amongst others, the recognition of the unconscious and of the mechanisms of transference and counter-transference. Crucially, the analyst is at the service of the subject (the manager) - even if it is the firm that pays for the treatment. While there are risks involved for all parties concerned (the manager, the firm and the analyst), psychoanalytic coaching offers a way of rendering meaningful a management that encompasses the respect of oneself and of others.
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    The circles of time: An exploratory study in measuring temporal perceptions within organizations (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 580-602 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The temporal aspects of strategy and decision making have not, until recently, been accorded the importance they deserve. This paper describes a study undertaken to measure the temporal perception of people in an organization. An instrument was devised which the authors have called "the circle test" which measures subjects' temporal relatedness and temporal dominance - how people perceive the relationship between their past, present and future. Since the size of the organization studied is small, the research took the form of an exploratory study only, but the results of the research indicate that the use of the circle test can demonstrate differences in temporal perception between the sexes and between different age groups. Differences in temporal perception between people at different responsibility levels in the organisation is also suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810245009
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    Personality profiles of managers in former Soviet countries: Problem and remedy (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 567-579 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The research investigates the possibility that people in managerial positions in organisations in the former Soviet Union may not match western models of management, and may not be well suited to the new environment. The research finds many differences in psychological profile between FSU managers and western managers, and finds a common Soviet manager profile, which is a poor match to western models of management. The implications of this difference are discussed, and suggestions for coping with the difference, by management development, and by improved selection, are made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810244947
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  • 79
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    The information audit (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 312-318 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Identifies the role of information in a business environment and highlights the problems which may arise from failures in the management of corporate information resources. Introduces the concept of the information audit as a fundamental management tool to identify what information resources exist and the problems arising from gaps, bottlenecks and the duplication in its provision. Discusses the problems such a survey may encounter and the potential benefits arising from a successful implementation. Emphasizes the critical issues of senior management support for the project and the need to align the investigation and the results to strategic objectives. Concludes that the primary purpose of the information audit is to act as a catalyst for organizational change and improvements in the use of information as a corporate asset.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710183504
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  • 80
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    Patents - a problem for information management (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 343-351 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses the basic concepts of intellectual property, particularly as applied to patents; explains the monopoly granted to inventors in return for disclosing details of their inventions in applications for patent specifications. Expands on the problems such a system presents to the inventor, with comments on decisions the inventor must take on whether to patent his invention, and if so, where, and how the procedures should be approached. Presents a brief history of patents, with an explanation of what can and what cannot be patented under the Patents Act 1977. Notes arrangements for protection outside the UK - through the European Patent Office, and other countries of the world. Discusses the main factors which affect the information value of patents, and comments on the major patent information tools - printed, CD-ROM and databases. Concludes with a brief discussion on the growing impact of the Internet and the World Wide Web, suggesting that such developments might increase the use of the valuable information contained in patent documentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710183540
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    The utilization of influence tactics for the implementation of quality improvement policies (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 21-26 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The results of company-wide quality-improvement programmes are usually new company policies. Implementation of these quality-improvement policies can be extremely difficult, because employees may not comply with them. A survey among 41 middle managers and 143 front-line workers was conducted in Hong Kong to investigate how far influence tactics affect employees' compliance with quality-improvement policies. The results indicate that the companies' commitment to quality-improvement policies is very high. Front-line workers responded best to exchange and upward appeals tactics, assertive tactics receiving the lowest score. Managers were more responsive to rational persuasion and consultation tactics and less to assertive and exchange tactics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164226
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  • 82
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    Managing diversity in transnational project teams: A tentative model and case study (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 95-117 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses the value, workings and effectiveness of international project teams. Proposes a model to enable the creation of an effective team and process. Points out the need to manage diversity, intercultural differences and different nationalities. Uses a case study from Raleigh International to illustrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164190
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  • 83
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    The socialization of high-potential graduates into the organization: Initial expectations, experiences and outcomes (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 118-137 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Examines the expectations of those graduates recruited by organizations for their "high-flyer" programmes. Looks at the socialization process that such graduates are exposed to once recruited and evaluates the adjustment and change processes that graduates experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164208
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  • 84
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    Decision making on the London incident ground: an exploratory study (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 40-47 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The critical decision method (CDM) is a technique for obtaining data on real decision making in natural settings. It has been applied in a number of civilian and military settings, and generates data that are rich in content (what happened?), context (when and where did it happen?) and process (why did it happen?). The application described is part of a larger research and development project concerned with developing and maintaining the competence of London Fire Brigade officers. Uses a case study of one recent incident to provide an example of the data generated by CDM, and discusses further steps in exploiting this data for the purpose of simulation-based assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164244
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    Unbinding rationality: a single-union agreement for contractors at a UK oil refinery (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 155-176 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Aims to determine why, in this "critical case", a single-union agreement was implemented in a top-down manner, affected only contractors and was unique. Reports on in-depth interviews of a representative sample of 20 managers, contractors, trade union officials and industry body representatives to triangulate archival data supplied by the refinery. Environmental changes were similar for all UK refineries. The implementation of a single-union agreement is the result of a number of these but, crucially, new appointments in the case study refinery served to break with tradition. Suggests, however, that management does not always perceive itself to be a powerful agency; rather, it seems to need to proceed carefully and rationally in order to establish its own legitimacy to its peer group and within its own executive group to maintain its credibility as professional. States that this was an uncertain and risky venture, especially for a bureaucratic major oil company sensitive to public opinion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174793
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  • 86
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    Team or group? Managers' perceptions of the differences (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 232-242 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: States that organizations are using teams and groups to an increasing extent yet current researchers often use the terms interchangeably, despite literature indicating both that their processes and outputs may be very different, and that these differences may have important consequences. Examines how, in order to differentiate between management teams and groups based on the descriptions of managers' experience in the workplace, 319 part-time MBA students completed a checklist comprising 149 adjectives. Analyses showed that both teams and groups were best described by separate one factor solutions. Discusses how teams and groups were described equally as "affective", "effective", "energetic" and "flexible"; teams were described as "creative", "innovative", and "well rounded", groups were described as "negotiating", "networking", "persuasive", and "the sum of individual goals". Posits that such characterizations were taken as suggesting that teams create resources and add to their environments while groups manage and redistribute their resources, and further, that teams have stable, valued interpersonal relations but groups do not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174838
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    The use of multi-dimensional scaling: a cognitive mapping technique in occupational settings (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 204-214 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: How do individuals structure their knowledge? How does this structure vary as a function of training? What are individuals' implicit theories of personality? How do individuals perceive their organizational culture? These are all important questions facing occupational/organizational psychologists. Describes the technique of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and shows how it might be applied to these questions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174829
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    Job satisfaction profiles of university teachers (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 27-39 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Workers, managers and academics had previously been classified on the basis of characteristics of their jobs, especially how they spend their time. Enquires whether university teachers can be meaningfully grouped on the basis of the satisfaction levels which they enjoy on various aspects of their jobs. Using a cluster analytical procedure, groups university teachers in the UK into three: happy workers, satisfied workers and unhappy workers. While the happy workers (67 per cent) and the satisfied workers (14 per cent) form a majority of the workforce, offers suggestions on how to reduce the percentage of unhappy workers (19 per cent) in higher education. In particular, focuses attention on this newer, and possibly very useful, approach of classifying workers, instead of the traditional method based on the criterion of rank alone. Discusses the implications of this new approach for grouping workers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164235
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    Team role behaviour and task environment: An exploratory study of five organizations and their managers (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 85-94 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Based on Belbin's model of management team role behaviour and the theories on organizational environment, proposes that managers' team role preferences are influenced by the immediate social context, that is, the organizational task environment. Analysing the task environments of five organizations and the team role preferences of 100 managers, finds significant support for the hypotheses that the task environmental dimensions differentiate the clusters of the preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164181
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    Thought self-leadership: a self-regulatory approach to diversity management (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 190-203 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses the nature of diversity in the work environment and its impact on performance. Examines how organizations have attempted to create an atmosphere in which diverse groups can flourish. Proposes an alternative form of training to help all employees cope with the challenges of a diverse workplace. Suggests that thought self-leadership is a process which can assist employees in accomplishing goals of wellbeing and high performance. This self-regulatory form of leadership is built on the premiss that one's mind has a powerful influence over not just thoughts, but feelings and actions as well. Concludes that thought self-leadership can be used as a tool to help all employees cope with an ever-changing work environment and to focus on the positive aspects of a diverse workforce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174810
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    Construct and concurrent validity of three Protestant work ethic measures in an Arabian Gulf society (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses the data analysed in the present study which was collected from 284 Qatari men and women college students. Examines the internal reliability estimates, construct and concurrent validity of the Protestant ethic scale. Internal consistency estimates of reliability and the pattern of relationships among the scales yielded similar results to those reported in the Western culture. Shows that, the factor analysis yielded four interpretable factors for the Protestant ethic scale, two factors for the work ethic scale, two factors for the Protestant ethic attitudes and five factors for the total items of the three Protestant work ethic scales and the leisure ethic scale. Posits that, these results are generally consistent with previous research findings, and, similar to previous research findings, the mean scores of the three Protestant ethic scales were relatively higher than those generally reported in developed countries. Suggests that, the results show that the three Protestant work ethic scales are moderately valid and reliable instruments to use for studying Arabian Gulf students.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174856
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    Cognitive style as a factor influencing performance of business students across various assessment techniques: A preliminary study (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 243-250 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Using a sample of 103 first year business students at the Waikato Polytechnic in New Zealand, examines hypotheses that students' performance is related to personality style; and that scores achieved in multiple choice assessments are a useful predictor of the likely outcomes for other types of assessments. Cognitive style of students in this research was assessed according to their field dependence-independence personality construct. Shows how two psychological tests, namely, ambiguity tolerance test, and group embedded figures test, were used to determine the personality construct of students. Regression analyses revealed that both psychological tests appeared to be good indicators of students across various assessment techniques. States that, in addition, there was a high correlation between the performance of students among various assessment techniques. These results raise several important questions to business educators, including the fairness of traditional assessment methods, when students with a particular psychological predisposition tend to outperform their peers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174847
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    Crisis management - public relations (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 325-332 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Considers management of information and effective communication at times of crisis. Examines recent crises to illustrate how and why poor management of information and communication has had disastrous effects. Discusses basic rules together with preparation and training for crisis management, including a crisis checklist, phone lines, spokespersons, conveying the message and training support staff. Comments on the need for the establishment of house rules to avoid problems. Discusses interpretations of "off the record" and how problems can arise from differing interpretations. Establishes the value of simultaneous communication to all audiences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710183522
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    Blue on blue: depression in the workplace (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 359-364 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Analyses and gives an in-depth study of depression and its effect in particular on the workforce. Points out the responsibility in management recognizing when the problem arises and taking appropriate steps to alleviate it. Depression at work takes many guises, for example, decreased productivity, accidents, low morale, etc., creating problems for both management and workers in lost time and financial loss. Concludes that with correct diagnosis and treatment, 80-90 per cent of sufferers can be helped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710176106
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    Motivation to manage in Hong Kong: modification and test of Miner Sentence Completion Scale-H (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 401-414 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Examines the construct validity of the Miner Sentence Completion Scale form-H (MSCS-H for hierarchic) as a measure of managerial role motivation theory in Hong Kong. Managerial motivation or motivation to manage has been shown to be a major cause of managerial effectiveness and success in large bureaucratic organizations in the USA and elsewhere. Data were collected from a sample of Hong Kong business students. A three-part questionnaire containing the MSCS-H, demographic and educational background information, and objective measures relating to the MSCS-H and its subscales was used as the research instrument. No significant influence of demographics and educational variables on levels of managerial motivation were detected. As hypothesized, the objective measures including the preference for managerial jobs and employment with a large company positively correlated with levels of motivation to manage. In addition, relevant questionnaire measures positively correlated with the underlying constructs of MSCS-H. Overall, analyses provide further support for the construct validity of the theory's main construct (MSCS-H) in Hong Kong.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710176151
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    Reconciling predictions of decision making under risk: Insights from a reconceptualized model of risk behaviour (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 4-20 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Reports on a study that examines a model of risk behaviour in which the effects of risk propensity and problem framing are jointly evaluated. Managers from 58 oil industry organizations were presented with hypothetical business decisions involving significant gains and losses, and asked to choose between action alternatives resulting in certain outcomes or probabilistic outcomes. Also evaluates the notion that tendencies towards risk taking are complex, reflecting personality traits, habits and experience. There was support for a historical basis for risk propensity, but risk preferences were not found to be influential. Further, although both risk propensity and problem framing were found to be significant predictors of risk behaviour, there was no support for prospect theory predictions. For researchers, suggests the need to incorporate individual differences into models of risk behaviour. For organizations, suggests the need for management attention to members' risk experiences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164217
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    Relationships between dispositional traits and self-reported job satisfaction and distress: An investigation of nurses and teachers in Hong Kong (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Numerous studies have been conducted in the West to examine relationships between personality and stress, while other studies have focused on the relationship between dispositional traits and job satisfaction. However, few empirical studies have investigated how these three variables interact among one another in a Chinese context. The focus of this study was to investigate how personality traits relate to self-reported distress and job satisfaction of employees in the public sector in Hong Kong, nurses and teachers. The results expanded the knowledge on the interactions observed between personality traits and distress and job satisfaction perceived by employees in a Chinese context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164172
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    Do high-flyer programmes facilitate organizational learning? (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 48-59 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Gives an overview and a critical analysis of the concept of high-flyer programmes in management development. Based on a discussion of the need for management development in modern knowledge- and service-based organizations, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of traditional management development programmes. In particular, presents the so-called fast-track programmes for high-potential employees. Shows that although management development is supposed to be a vital contributor to organizational competence, learning and change, high-flyer programmes are still mainly an instrument for individual and personal career development. Presents an alternative interpretation of management development, which emphasizes the match between personal growth and organizational learning, and which links career, organizational development and the competitive advantage of the organization. In conclusion, discusses the implications for practice and research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710164253
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    Corporate wellness programmes in Singapore: effect on stress, satisfaction and absenteeism (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 177-189 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The importance of corporate wellness programmes has been recognized by many countries. It is only in recent years that organizations in Singapore have begun to implement wellness programmes on an organization-wide scale. This is also in line with the Singapore Government's recent emphasis on healthy lifestyle and health campaigns for the public. Thus, there is a growing trend for organizations in Singapore to offer wellness programmes. Attempts to establish the benefits which may be reaped from such investment. Describes how findings from the study indicate that employees in organizations with wellness programmes generally have a more positive attitude towards their organizations, express higher job satisfaction and satisfaction with the fringe benefits provided for them. However, no significant differences were found between employees in organizations with and without wellness programmes in terms of level of work stress, self-reported absenteeism rates, satisfaction with working conditions, co-worker relations and accomplishment. As employees are becoming more health conscious, given the benefits of the wellness programmes, recommends that management should not hesitate to adopt health promotion activities in the workplace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174801
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  • 100
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    Competence in command: recent R&D in the London Fire Brigade (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 12 (1997), S. 261-279 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Provides snapshots of several research and development actions aimed at addressing the question of what characterizes competent command of a fire ground incident. Looks at two aspects of this question: how to describe fire ground command (what is it that fire ground commanders do?) and what qualities should be looked for in prospective fire ground commanders (what are the underlying aptitudes or competences required for effective fire ground command?). Brings together data drawn from cognitive task analysis, teamwork analysis, a recent model of incident command developed for the London Fire Brigade (LFB), job analysis focusing on aptitude requirements for fire ground commanders, and assessment centres designed for selecting fire crew commanders and senior LFB officers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949710174865
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