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  • American Institute of Physics  (61,937)
  • Emerald  (13,577)
  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
  • 1995-1999  (67,262)
  • 1950-1954  (8,416)
Collection
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training your staff (and the boss) to deal with drugs (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Drugs are hitting at the roots of our productivity and competitiveness, as their usage escalates amongst current employees and those entering full-time work for the first time. Main symptoms are rising absenteeism, injuries, damage and stealing. But employers are having difficulty in recognising their cause, mainly through ignorance, lack of trained knowledge and fear of what is still a relatively new phenomenon. The realistic answer is the development and implementation of effective substance misuse policies in full consultation with staff representatives. But this is a precise and skilled activity requiring proper training of personnel management and staff supervisors. The article exposes the breadth of the problem, discusses how to train British staff and examines how our training industry can gear up to learn this newest and most vital of training subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291388
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marketing meta-narrative and its tenets: at odds with marketing's realities? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines key general marketing texts to produce a consistent set of claims termed the nine tenets of marketing. States that these are core to conventional marketing teaching and thought. Argues that they have little epistomological basis. Shows that marketing professionals do not enjoy the same status as those in law and accountancy, concluding that to convince others of the profession's worth, the whole basis may need renovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764534
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategy selection to enhance exports of the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 16-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents the findings of 700 CEO/senior managers regarding general strategy and competitiveness in the Malaysian electrical and electronic industry. Outlines four major strategies, cost, differentiation, cost-price and marketing/focus. Addresses the question, "is the battle to the low-cost, low-price vendor?" Uses two case studies, IBM and Samsung as examples to emulate for long term survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764543
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival strategies of hightech corporations: applicable insights from executive narratives (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 1-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Gives an in depth view of the strategies pursued by the world's leading chief executive officers in an attempt to provide guidance to new chief executives of today. Considers the marketing strategies employed, together with the organizational structures used and looks at the universal concepts that can be applied to any product. Uses anecdotal evidence to formulate a number of theories which can be used to compare your company with the best in the world. Presents initial survival strategies and then looks at ways companies can broaden their boundaries through manipulation and choice. Covers a huge variety of case studies and examples together with a substantial question and answer section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764606
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for Japan's protected market: rice as a case in point (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Asia Pacific journal of marketing and logistics 11 (1999), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-5855
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Outlines the Japanese system of protectionism as a global barrier and focuses on the rice markets as one of the first markets to be opened up. Analyses the reasons for this and offers strategies for overseas companies to take advantage of this opportunity. Suggest that these examples can then be applied to other markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555859910764598
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion effects on the electrical performance of silver metal contacts (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Anti-corrosion 46 (1999), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-5599
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this work, commercial silver metal contacts welded on top of silver plated brass or brass substrates have been exposed to air rich in NaCl. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of the exposed contact surfaces were performed to identify the corrosion by-products on top of the silver contacts, suspending wafers, and welding materials. Surface corrosion products were mainly found to consist of small spherules of Cu-Zn or Ag-Cu compounds which cover the surface of the contact proper with low adhesion properties. They mainly originate from the underplating wafer or welding materials. Electrical characterization of the contacting materials was based on dc temperature overheat tests, current switching cycle tests, and energy storage during ac current excitation. The experimental results display that the operating environment is indeed a very significant parameter determining the overall performance of the electrical contacts. New design rules as well as material selection properties may have to be systematically considered to allow for electrochemical induced degradation in saline operating environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035599910263152
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model trainers (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: What a trainer does is at least as important as what a trainer says. The trainer brings a model of behaviour into live sessions, and this, as much as the content, can serve to improve participants' performance. This paper draws on the author's expertise to reveal the pros and cons of masterclasses and describe what trainers really need in order to add value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910253119
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hidden concepts in training (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article describes covert content in training courses, examines the role it can play in deciding content and methods, and addresses the issue of how important this influence may be. The specific concepts of differentiation, integration, a holistic approach and you get out what you put in, are described, together with the ways in which they have been identified as contributing fundamentally to the structure and content of a particular training programme, and to the methodology used in presenting it. The ways in which these concepts show in the training are described, showing how each concept links to one or more techniques used within the courses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910262218
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SMEs in an environment of change: computer-based tools to aid learning and change management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As global competitive forces begin to impact more and more on smaller enterprises, they may find themselves more limited in the approaches available to them to prepare for fundamental change. In-depth case studies were analysed for 11 firms in the south-west of England, of which eight were characterised as small/medium enterprises (SMEs). Each firm had recently undergone a major change, and their managers were found to face considerable practical difficulties in developing and updating their skills in comparison with their counterparts from larger organisations. The need for innovative new approaches to SME managerial skills development is argued, and the potential benefits of a generic "computer-aided visioning" system is highlighted as a low-cost option for the smaller enterprise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910262173
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning alliances: a customer-supplier focus for continuous improvement in manufacturing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly competitive. In order to remain competitive there is a need for improved inter-organizational relations between organizations so as to improve the performance. In an attempt to improve cost effectiveness and improve quality, as well as create a long-term competitive advantage, manufacturing organizations are beginning to initiate strategic alliances with their customers and suppliers as part of their supply chain management. This paper suggests that the key to gaining a competitive advantage and improving customer satisfaction lie with the ability of manufacturing organizations to form learning alliances. Essentially, learning alliances are strategic partnerships that are based on creating an environment that encourages mutual and reflective learning between supply chain partners. It is suggested that an alliance based on cooperation can encourage higher levels of trust and commitment. This paper presents a learning framework founded on total quality management for the formation of cooperative alliances between manufacturing organizations in a supply chain. The implications of forming a learning alliance in manufacturing are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910269167
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corporate communications in small- and medium-sized enterprises (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Institute of Personnel and Development has long recognized the impact that small- and medium-sized enterprises make in encouraging innovation in human resources management. It was, therefore, perfectly consistent that as part of their major initiative to assess the current status and future direction of personnel management, they would wish to research the SME sector. The researchers, part of the charity of the Professional Development Foundation, sampled over 300 companies, and this article reflects the findings relating to internal, corporate communications. Not unnaturally, SMEs favour more informal modes of communication, although breakdowns in this, plus other pressures, invoke the need to introduce some degree of formality. The research themes emerging are further explored in ten case studies which represent a representative cross-section of SME activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910269220
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training needs analysis for IT training (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Without appropriately educating staff about new technologies and what they can do for them, businesses will go on incurring the cost of software implementation without exploiting the benefits. Tailored training solutions are almost universally offered these days, but do companies really know what they are getting? What do we mean by "tailored training" anyway? How is the content of the training determined and will it suit each of those to be trained? Key Training have pioneered the creation and development of an automated Training Needs Analysis (TNA 2000) a tool used to establish the organisational, departmental and individual objectives of those to be trained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910275773
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management training and development at Aeroquip-Vickers, Inc.: a process model - part 2 (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The second part of the article aims to show how the principles established during the evolution of the management development program at Aeroquip-Vickers can be applied to other organizations. In particular, the design of each manager's individual development program is a responsibility shared between the organization and the manager themselves. It was also found that most managers remember and learnt most from real, challenging situations they had to deal with and development programs need to recognise this by incorporating challenging assignments and opportunities as well as training and education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291379
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leadership in the twenty-first century (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 236-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Innovation is the constant requirement for the twenty-first century. This comes first from individuals, but must permeate throughout the organisation. There is a new concept of the organisation itself being a learning, evolving organism. Knowledge must be shared freely to give it fuel for that growth. The status traditionally given to people who know a lot needs to be shifted to people who share a lot. This happens spontaneously in a crisis, when people are willing to try anything. We need to retain this willingness day to day. It takes emotional resilience, as change is difficult, and sometimes even seems threatening. The status quo has to be steadily challenged. Diversity is not something to be merely managed, but to be harvested as an essential ingredient for innovation. Leaders have to be behind the workforce, empowering them. Leading from the front is obsolete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910291414
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge is about people, not databases (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 262-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Knowledge and knowledge management are popular phrases these days. Despite the increased sophistication of knowledge management projects and of knowledge management theory development, the information technology-led perspective dominates. Knowledge transfer is about connection not collection, and that connection ultimately depends on choice made by individuals. There are many mechanisms that enable knowledge transfer, but these mechanisms, such as information technology, are only tools. Despite it presenting a seemingly more complex approach, the behavioural choice of people is the key to the success of knowledge transfer. Whether this can be successful as an additional "program" in our organisations, or whether a new strategic approach is required, is a matter of debate. However, the development of knowledge management as a discipline gives us the opportunity to model, by engaging in dialogue, the dynamic interpersonal process of knowledge transfer. Furthermore, such discussions can help increase the profile of "people-centred" strategic thinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301962
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
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    Lessons from a major cultural change workshop programme (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 31 (1999), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the response of a utilities company (UtilityCo) to the commercial pressures associated with privatisation and a requirement for it to genuinely change employee expectations about the future ways in which the company would need to operate. It describes a cultural change programme centred on a workshop methodology embracing all 2,000 of its employees. The components of the specially designed workshop are described along with the linked rationales for creating change readiness in the delegates. A review of key organisation challenges and the identification of probable solutions are described and also linked to broader organisational development activities (e.g. employee communications). The evaluation processes showed a positive impact had been achieved and five key lessons are emphasised as important: a true understanding of what is required at the level of the individual employee; management buy-in; sound evaluation; a plan for subsequent change management interventions; the need for knowledge management/embedded change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00197859910301971
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
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    UK industry guidelines on nutrition labelling to benefit the consumer (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 24-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-year consumer research programme, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques, was undertaken to assess whether additional voluntary nutrition information for calories and fat would aid consumers' ability to use the nutrition information that is given on food packs. A variety of label formats was investigated. The research established that providing information for calories and fat per serving, either separately from the nutrition panel or highlighted within the nutrition panel, and providing Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) for calories and fat helped to make the nutrition information more accessible to consumers. GDAs were felt by consumers to be new and useful information. The research findings were developed into voluntary industry guidelines by an IGD working group consisting of representatives of manufacturers, retailers, consumer organizations, nutrition scientists and government. The guidelines represent best practice for industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910247644
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
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    Body composition and energy balance assessment of élite female athletes in the USA and Greece (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 66-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine body composition, energy balance and tendencies towards eating disorders of female competitive athletes in two countries, USA and Greece. Data were collected using similar methodology in both countries during the non-competitive (training) and the competitive seasons. Forty-two athletes and 11 controls in the USA and 35 athletes and ten controls in Greece participated in the study. Comparison of the results between the countries showed that US athletes weighed more than Greek athletes but there was no significant difference in the percentage of body fat between the two groups. No significant differences were found in the energy intakes between athletes in either country. Athletes appeared to be in negative energy balance (-380 to -580 kcals daily) in both seasons, in both countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910254231
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is healthy eating only for the young? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 12-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of 12 residential homes assessed the nutritional balance of the meals selected and consumed by the elderly residents. With the increasing age of the population and the demand for professional care there is an increasing pressure on the professional caterer and carer to meet the nutritional needs of those in their care. However the ongoing concern over the safety of various foods and the requirement for residential homes to remain within budget can have an impact on the food offered to and consumed by the elderly person. The results show a general satisfaction by the consumer with the food supplied but the research indicates that the meals are not generally nutritionally balanced. The overall concern of the providers is to remain within budget and any nutritional balance of meals is obtained more by accident than as a planned policy. If this is an indication of the situation in Northern Ireland there is the possibility that throughout the United Kingdom there may be similar widespread imbalance in the nutritional provision to the older members of the population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910247626
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
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    Food safety enforcement and the hospitality industry (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A good relationship between the hospitality industry and environmental health officers is seen as essential if food poisoning statistics are to be improved in the future. A questionnaire issued to both parties indicates that there are still areas of disagreement which need to be bridged if progress in food safety is to be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910247662
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  • 121
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    Emerging issues for the next millennium (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 78-80 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With changes in the curriculum, science breakthroughs, consumer demands and the Government's recent Green Paper on Our Healthier Nation, the British Nutrition Foundation's National Nutrition Education Conference entitled "Emerging issues for the next millennium" informed delegates about emerging issues in nutrition and education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910254376
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  • 122
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    The soya bean: so small yet so mighty (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The role of diet in contributing to the incidence of coronary heart disease, cancer and other common Western diseases is attracting increasing attention. Foods which provide different biologically active compounds, such as phyto-oestrogens, have been extensively studied and epidemiological evidence suggests that populations consuming a diet high in phyto-oestrogens have a lower risk of these diseases. This paper reviews some of the key studies on soy isoflavones which suggest that the incorporation of soy protein into the British diet may offer important health benefits. Non-steroidal dietary oestrogens are found in high concentrations in the traditional diets of the Far East, and by vegans who consume large amounts of soy protein. Consumption of isoflavones across Asia varies considerably and it is estimated that between 25 to 45mg of isoflavones is consumed daily, compared to as little as 5mg daily in Western countries. It is well established that modification of dietary fat, especially saturated fat, soluble fibre and total calories have a role in coronary heart disease risk. In a meta-analysis of 38 controlled trials on soy proteins, it was concluded that significant reductions in serum and total LDL cholesterol could be achieved. A wide range of epidemiological data shows strong correlations between a diet high in soy protein and vegetables and a reduced risk of breast cancer. The incidence of osteoporosis in Japanese women is significantly lower than in Western women and dietary factors such as soy protein intake may be important in sustaining this protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910262197
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  • 123
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    Diet, bacteria and colonic cancer (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The links between diet, bacteria and colonic cancer are examined in this article. Studies suggest that high intakes of fat and protein are associated with elevated risk of colonic cancer whereas cereals, fruits and vegetables seem to be protective. A further aspect considered in relation to this type of cancer is metabolism by gut bacteria. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are presented as ways of stimulating the activities, certain gut flora and the use of "functional foods" is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270945
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  • 124
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    Nutrition in older people (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new National Diet and Nutrition Survey was published in October 1998, by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Department of Health, which reported on the dietary intake and nutritional status of people over 65 years of age in the UK. This survey provided data on 1,275 free-living people and 412 people in residential care. Along with the information on diet and nutritional status are data on anthropometric and biochemical parameters. A second related survey looked at dental health in this age group. The key findings of these surveys and the public health implications for older people are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910277641
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  • 125
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    Antibiotics and resistance in farm animals (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 178-184 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Antibiotics are used in animals to cure disease and prevent suffering. Bacterial populations in animals which are exposed to these antibiotics may be selected for resistance. There is a concern that spread of these bacteria in the food chain to humans may result in the establishment of antibiotic resistant bacteria in people which will prove difficult or impossible to treat with conventional drugs. It is clear that antibiotics must be used carefully to reduce the development of resistance and that steps should be taken to reduce the transfer of bacteria from animals to man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270918
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  • 126
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    Organisations providing diet sheets for people with Diabetes Mellitus (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 192-199 
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    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article focuses on the dietary requirements of people with Diabetes Mellitus, both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. It is one disorder where good dietary management can benefit control, well being and avoid complications. The guidelines for dietary intake for those with Diabetes Mellitus both past and present are given. The recommended intake of carbohydrate, fruit and vegetables, sugar, protein, fat, salt and alcohol are also discussed. The study itself focuses on the organisations involved in producing diet sheets for people with Diabetes Mellitus. The article also gives information on how to obtain such publications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910270963
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    Food choices of 9-17- year olds in Northern Ireland - influences and challenges (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Few studies have concentrated on the food choices of young people and the potential influences, yet the food choices established in these early years can determine the diet and quality of health in later life. This study investigates the diet and food choices of 9-17-year olds in Northern Ireland and considers the potential effects of age, gender and socio-economic grouping. A range of research methods was implemented including observations, questionnaires and diet based case studies. The observations, in five schools, indicated the types of foods being chosen whilst the questionnaires further investigated this initial information along with other factors, to obtain more detailed data. A total of 764 questionnaires were administered to young people and 516 to parents to facilitate comparison. In-depth diet based case studies also took place evaluating the diets of 14 young people. The research indicated that this group have a diet which continues to cause concern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910277669
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    Healthy eating or chips with everything? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 270-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Outlines the numerous messages sent to consumers regarding healthy eating practices and indicates the problems involved in determining whether or not the British consumer has adopted a nutritious and healthy diet. Research was undertaken which measured individuals' involvement in healthy eating issues and related this to several demographic characteristics. The research indicates some variation in involvement in healthy eating according to demographic variables but the results were not statistically significant. Group discussions were also conducted which confirmed that the healthy eating messages were widely received and understood; however, there was some confusion over their content, scepticism regarding the veracity and motivation of some sources and a growing resentment of boring and puritanical themes. In the future care must be taken to produce clear, simple and positive healthy eating messages to the public if trends towards a more nutritious diet are to continue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910290141
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    Producing non-GM soy protein through identity preservation (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 99 (1999), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Much of the debate surrounding genetic modification has centred on food product ingredients, in particular soya derivatives, and the supposed inability to segregate GM from non-GM soybeans. Protein Technologies International has, however, implemented a system, Identity Preservation, which ensures the delivery of non-GM soy protein to its customers. The system covers seeds, on-farm storage, planting, growing and harvesting, transportation, processing and distribution, with independent third-party verification. It is, believes the company, a way of ensuring that consumers can obtain the health benefits of soy protein consumption even if they are actively avoiding GM ingredients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346659910290277
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    How to succeed at reengineering (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 752-757 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Business process reengineering is the hottest trend in management. Done well, it delivers extraordinary gains in speed, productivity, and profitability. But process redesign is not always successful and almost always accompanied by pain or at least unpleasant side effects. Many companies have undertaken reengineering efforts only to abandon them with little or no positive results. How can you increase the odds for success? Here are a few lessons from the front.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910302845
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    The manager's guide to internal control: diary of a control freak (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 93-215 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using the backdrop of an (apparently) extended visit to the West Indies, analogies with key concerns of internal audit are drawn. An unusual and refreshing way of exploring the main themes - a discussion between Bill and Jack on tour in the islands - forms the debate. Explores the concepts of control, necessary procedures, fraud and corruption, supporting systems, creativity and chaos, and building a corporate control facility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910252076
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    When giants collide: strategic analysis and application (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 233-248 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: On June 4, 1942, a small US naval force defeated a much bigger Japanese fleet off Midway Island. This was the first defeat suffered by the heretofore invincible Japanese military, and changed the course of the Pacific war. The Battle of Midway provides an informative case study of strategic decision-making processes, because of its unexpected outcome and volatile environmental factors. Building from Daft and Weick's (1984) "interpretation system" model, this paper develops an analytical framework to study the formulation of strategic decisions at the Battle of Midway. The three interacting components of the framework - decision parameters, decision processes, and decisions and implementation - are examined, with emphasis on how bounded rationality, cognitive biases, leadership styles, management structures, and organizational cultures combine to impact strategy formulation. Research and strategic implications are highlighted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264479
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    Correlates of adjustment: a study of expatriate managers in an emerging country (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 267-279 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To minimize adverse consequences associated with expatriation, multinational companies need to identify the factors which facilitate (or impede) expatriate managers adjustment to a new environment. In this study, on the basis of their adjustment to four diverse aspects of life and work in Turkey, a sample of 78 expatriate managers were dichotomized into high and low adjustment groups. The two groups were then compared in terms of selected company and individual-related characteristics, previous international experience and the types of training received prior to and during the assignment. The article discusses these results and proffers strategies to facilitate expatriates adjustment to the Turkish environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264505
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    Excellence in client/server information system implementations: understanding the STS connection (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 295-304 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses the Socio-Technical Systems (STS) model as a conceptual framework to explore client/server information system implementations, and demonstrates the logical disconnect between traditionally developed mainframe systems and the flexibility required to meet rapidly changing environments. Such flexibility can be afforded by client/server and web enabled technologies; however, to exploit these technologies, managers must improve the interaction between the technical and social systems of the organization during the information systems development process. In this paper, conditions for successful implementations are presented along with a technology migration model based upon the characteristics of and flexibility afforded by these newer technologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264532
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    Evaluation of information technology investment (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Traditional accounting methods used for evaluating new information technology (IT) projects such as Net present value (NPV) and Internal rate of return (IRR) have been criticized in the academic and practitioners' literature as being grossly inadequate. This is because these methods do not quantify benefits that are considered to be intangible. Similarly, they do not incorporate many "hidden" costs associated with new IT projects. Thus, traditional methods have been stated to be only appropriate for simple "cost saving" projects and not for evaluating complicated IT investments. New methods suggested in the academic literature have been criticized as being too esoteric for practitioners. Presents the results of a case study and shows how many intangible benefits previously ignored can actually be quantified and incorporated in traditional NPV models by holding discussions with personnel of all departments affected by the new IT. Also demonstrates how many of the costs considered hidden (and thus ignored) can be quantified and incorporated in the decision-making model. Shows how uncertainty and risks associated with anticipated project cash flows can be quantified and included by the use of probability theory and sensitivity analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269375
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    Gendered organizational cultures in Canadian work organizations: implications for creating an equitable workplace (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 372-381 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Results of a survey of Canadian work organizations reveal a broad set of gendered values embedded in organizational cultures. The findings of this study show stereotypically masculine values in the culture of these organizations and a desired change toward a culture that is more friendly, less accepting of established authority and less dominant. In addition, current cultures are perceived to reward men and women differently in terms of the values shown in their behavior, contributing to a discriminatory climate that makes many women feel unwelcome and uncomfortable. This makes many organizational change efforts particularly difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269429
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    The peer learning community: a contextual design for learning? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 403-410 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The term "learning community" is in common usage but appears to mask significant variation in practice. This article begins with a description of the "peer learning community" model within the MSc in Change Agent Skills and Strategies at the University of Surrey, UK. Tosey and Gregory have proposed five criteria as distinguishing this specific, designed model from more general usage of the term "learning community". From this basis, it is argued that the effectiveness of learning programmes (such as action learning) will be greatly influenced by the framework and context within which they take place. The peer learning community is an example of a contextual design that could be applied within both business and higher education. As such it has relevance to the concept of the "learning organisation". The presence or absence of conditions such as the five proposed may crucially impact on the effectiveness of programmes of learning. The article concludes by raising critical questions about the peer learning community model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274171
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    Changing strategic postures of overseas Chinese firms in emerging Asian markets (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 445-457 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One of the most important cultural values in Chinese societies is family-oriented collectivism. This cultural value has had much impact on the structures and strategies of overseas Chinese firms. Influenced by this cultural value, traditional Chinese firms prefer family ownership and stress hierarchy and centralized decision making, which in turn influence the business strategies of these firms. In recent years, however, the majority of Chinese societies have been in transition, and traditional Chinese culture is also changing. These developments have brought about changes in strategies of the overseas Chinese firms. To study these changes, this paper focuses on the manufacturing industries in a major emerging market, China, and reports evidence of changes in both culture and business strategy of overseas Chinese firms. Concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings for both researchers and practitioners.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274225
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    Downsizing failures: an examination of convergence/reorientation and antecedents - processes - outcomes (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 473-490 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines varied empirical studies on downsizing which have revealed that, as a result of its aftermath, high percentages of companies have judged these efforts as unsuccessful. Corporate restructuring encompasses multiple forms of change, which are classified into three distinct categories: portfolio, financial and organizational. An analysis of the Freeman and Cameron theoretical framework on downsizing implementation processes is examined in terms of where the process occurs, during periods either of convergence and/or of reorientation, and the results associated with each approach. A case study of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment revealed that restructuring did not provide visible improvements in efficiency, economy and responsiveness. Cultural impact of this intervention revealed negative intergroup reactions, i.e. denial, dissatisfaction. An analysis of Richard Johnson's model of the antecedents, processes and outcomes of downsizing revealed the impact upon strategy, productivity, human resources and finance. Interrelationships suggested diminished performances of firms which downsized without a lucid blueprint, adversely impacting upon these businesses. Finally, 30 recommendations are given for the human resource executive for effective downsizing, focusing upon: approach, involvement, leadership, communication, preparation, support, cost cutting, measurement, and implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910277961
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    From marketing research to competitive intelligence: useful generalization or loss of focus? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The history of competitive intelligence (as an organizational function) and its evolution out of marketing research are discussed. Besides a straight historical overview, the transition from marketing research to competitive intelligence is analyzed in order to point to both the potential strengths and weaknesses of having intelligence form an independent "freestanding" discipline. While military analogies can be seductive, organizations should continue to embrace the marketing concept which centers on cooperation and service, not conflict.
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    Conspiring fruitfully with professionals: new management roles for professional organisations (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 29-44 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Professionalism still is on the way up. However, the working methods of managers and professionals do not develop at the same pace. Professionals often seek out their workplace within an organisation but then proceed to act as soloists, which makes fragmentation, mediocrity and non-commitment the rule rather than the exception. The manager's reflex dictates that he/she tackles problems with control and command, resulting in all sorts of conflicts. It is argued that this dysfunctional habit can be corrected by introducing a clear division of roles: professionals manage the primary process, managers the secondary processes. Peace then will be restored but fragmentation, mediocrity and non-commitment are still evident. We have found heuristically that these core problems only can disappear when professionals and managers tackle them in a concerted action by developing a collective ambition, investing in mutual learning and setting performance standards. Although professionals' loner genes hold them back in concerted action on these matters, they can overcome this resistance when managers are willing and able to orchestrate a dialogue on these matters. This is a tall order, but the core problems can thus be transformed into inspiration, growth and dedication.
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    Addressing the divergence between environmental strategy formulation and implementation (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 338-348 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Despite growing evidence that large UK organisations are increasingly incorporating the environment into corporate strategy, there continues to be considerable scepticism as to whether this is leading to any meaningful action to reduce industry's environmental impact. One possible explanation is the existence of a "gap" between policy formulation and implementation, and the authors suggest that this may be due to a failure on the part of business to ensure congruence between organisational context, values and capability. Utilising data drawn from a recent survey of corporate environmental policies and practices, the authors explore the interaction of external and internal factors with regard to policy development, and search for evidence of congruence. They conclude that very often policy formulation takes little consideration of the organisation's capability to implement environmental strategies, and suggest that until this question is taken seriously, a gulf will always exist between what companies aim to do, and what they actually achieve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910269384
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    Business strategy in new high-tech ventures: an empirical analysis (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 222-232 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to determine the existence of specific and unique features characterising markets, activities and customers in at least two of the most representative high technology sectors nowadays, the microelectronics/software industry and the biotechnology/biomedical industry. Cross-Tabs statistical method has been used to analyze the data collected from the sample made up by 18 high-tech American firms. One of the major findings of this study is that the business strategy will hold better prospects in those high-tech firms benefiting from a higher technological excellence, having spent longer time in developing and launching their products, being able to keep longer the novelty attached to their products, being positioned in intermediate to final stages of the production chain.
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    Factors for consulting engagement success (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 394-404 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Clients engage consultants for many reasons, not always successfully. Based on a literature review and client and consultant interviews, this paper suggests six universal factors -- stated as testable propositions -- to help explain consulting engagement success. The factors are consultant integrity -- in particular in putting the client's interests first, client involvement and readiness to change, a clear agreement concerning requirements and expectations, client control of the engagement -- partly via clear and limited assignments, consultant competence, and a good fit along a number of dimensions -- including models of consultancy, client expectations, consultant capabilities, and consultant type. The paper also addresses the distinction between organisation development consultation and other types of management consulting and concludes that the distinction need not be so sharp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274162
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    The confluence of gender and culture: sexual harassment in the international arena (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 417-423 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two trends in business currently receiving much practical and theoretical discussion are diversity and globalization. Issues related to these trends can create significant challenges for managers but may also represent potentially rich learning experiences. This paper explores the confluence of gender and globalization, particularly in the context of sexual harassment. Two hypothetical dilemmas are presented. Information on demographic and global trends is presented. The legal and economic status of women in a number of different countries is reviewed, as is the legal definition of sexual harassment in the United States. Finally, directions for future research focusing on diversity-related training and the issue of cultural relativism are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274199
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    Downsizing: an examination of some successes and more failures (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 424-437 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Focuses on downsizing and reviews selected research on organizational change and downsizing. Addresses the issues of "survivors", and also covers the strategic concerns in planning a downsizing operation and attempts to determine some specific reasons why some companies succeed at downsizing while others do not. Discusses an organization's context, composed of culture, level of trust and level of leadership, since it has a profound effect on a company's downsizing strategy. Examines case studies of Compaq Computer, the State of Oregon, and Patagonia and supports the need for the concerns of the surviving employees to be listened to. In the case of these downsizings, the surviving employees were successfully shown that they should not feel victimized by the downsizing process, but instead should see this process as an opportunity for personal growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274207
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    Governance structures, size and corporate performance in UK firms (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses the extent of Cadbury compliance and its impact on corporate performance in the UK. Comparing 1992 and 1995, we find that UK public companies have, in general, complied with the Cadbury Committee's Code of Best Practice and have adopted the recommended governance structures. However, compliance is more common among larger firms. Thus we find that duality is less common, firms tend to have more than three non-executive directors and that there has been an almost universal adoption of board subcommittees such as the remuneration and audit committees. However, little evidence is found to suggest either that the board characteristics recommended by Cadbury lead to improved performance or that moving towards them improves performance. The only governance mechanism which does positively affect performance is the presence of remuneration and audit committees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274234
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    Quality concepts and litigation: the role of record-keeping in products liability litigation in the USA (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 633-643 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the myriad ways record-keeping can affect the course and outcome of products liability litigation. The examination includes an overview of the civil jury system in the USA, as well as an analysis of the benefits gained from instituting quality concepts and principles regarding the creation, management, storage and protection of quality-related documents. Frequently the "star witness" in a products liability lawsuit is not a witness at all - it is a document. The written record a company generates plays a critical role in presenting a case to the jury in the event of litigation. With regard to retaining and storing company records, serious legal problems arise when documents are lost, damaged or destroyed without adequate explanation. Accordingly, embracing and implementing quality concepts and principles with regard to record-keeping provides numerous rewards in the event of litigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291604
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    Perception configurations in business relationships (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 686-696 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is a growing interest in relationships in the marketing literature, which has resulted in increasing attention to relational aspects of business. How the actors perceive the relationship thus emerges as a key issue. Traditionally, customer perceptions, for example, perceived service quality, satisfaction and value have played an important role in service management. However, in a business setting it is more appropriate to study both the seller's and the buyer's perceptions. This paper proposes a configuration map to depict both parties' perceptions. This map can be used to capture both the composition and the dynamics of perception configurations, and it is generically applicable to dyadic perception studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299020
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    Exploring the common ground of total relationship management (TRM) and total quality management (TQM) (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 719-730 
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    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is a continuation of our research effort to develop a new approach to total relationship management. It is a theoretical and conceptual one, providing marketing and management ideas on how to integrate total quality management (TQM) and total relationship management (TRM) in order to achieve better quality relationships, product/service and process. Aims to shed light on how TRM and TQM can be integrated, and to suggest how the work on TQM can add impetus to successful TRM. First, the role of quality in customer satisfaction and relationships, and the main philosophy behind TRM, are discussed. TRM, quality, loyalty and profitability are examined; some TQM tools are suggested for possible use with the TRM approach to improve its functions. Finally, the common grounds of TQM and TRM, and the common principles for TRM success, are identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299138
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    Encouraging creative thinking (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 374-383 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to develop more innovative products, process and services, organisations must encourage their employees to think more creatively. One method of achieving this is to encourage teams to utilise creative problem-solving (CPS) techniques. There are a variety of different CPS techniques. Perhaps the most common technique utilised is that of brainstorming. This, however, does not necessarily produce novel and innovative solutions. The purpose of this article is to explore creative problem solving and to present a model that can help facilitators and team members choose an appropriate technique for their situation. The model has divided creative problem solving into three categories, namely paradigm preserving techniques, paradigm stretching techniques and paradigm breaking techniques. The article discusses these three categories and presents some examples of their use.
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    Leading through communication, conversation and dialogue (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 231-242 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: South Africa has gone through a period of unprecedented change in moving from Apartheid to democracy. These sociological changes have also infiltrated organisational life and behaviour - and new approaches to leadership have become vital. In modern organisational life, dialogue and conversation are core processes for building the organisational intelligence and community which enable other business processes to adapt to change and create results. This paper discusses increasingly important leadership issues - such as diversity, teams, collaboration, trust formation, community, individual change, and relationships - in relation to dialogue and transformation. Where trust is high, change is managed more effectively and, where it is low, communication and co-operation suffer and there is an increasing tendency to resort to power. It is the author's concluding opinion that change is a phenomenon that occurs within conversation and dialogue! and is therefore a necessary social construct within twenty-first century organisations.
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    Ownership in environmental management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 354-359 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article the meaning of ownership is considered. Three categories of ownership are recognized and the efforts to influence environmental leadership and management are analysed based on the relevant important documents from the last 15 years. The article starts by categorising ownership. Next, the question of who owns the right to lead/manage, and therefore the right to control the use of global resources, leads to a discussion of the influences of environmental problems on the theory of leadership and management. Finally, a short analysis of the battle of ownership is documented.
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    Maintaining the status quo: federal government budget deficits and defensive rent-seeking (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of the present study is to test the hypothesis alluded to by Tullock, within the context of defensive rent-seeking efforts developed by others (e.g. McChesney). Here, we test the idea that defensive rent seeking efforts (or rent-defending) to maintain the status quo augment offensive rent-seeking (all proxied by real campaign contributions to US House/Senate candidates, 1976-1992) during federal budgetary climates of deficit-cutting (budget-balancing). When a panel estimator is properly used, our econometric evidence confirms our hypothesis. Evidence from a Parks regression technique suggests that total rent-seeking is positively related to the amount of federal spending, as others have shown, but that rent-seeking efforts increase when federal budget deficits are reduced, threatening existing spending patterns and rents. Perhaps an unintended consequence of deficit-reduction efforts, holding government spending constant, is an increase in the size of the rent-seeking industry.
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    The subsidy savings from reducing UK arms exports (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 15-37 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Following the Gulf War, international discussions took place about multilateral restraints on "destabilising arms transfers". Given that the UK is one of the leading exporters of arms, any reduction in such exports would affect the UK economy. The UK government spends considerable sums promoting such exports and it benefits from defence exports as they reduce the Ministry of Defence's procurement costs. This paper analyses the direct financial implications of arms exports to the UK government, both as a buyer of defence equipment and as a promoter of such exports. The results suggest that in the UK each job generated by arms exports is subsidised by just under £2,000 per annum and that a one-third reduction in UK defence exports would save the taxpayer some £76 million per annum (at 1995 prices).
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    Globalisation and labour immiserisation in Australia (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 82-105 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The dissolving trade barriers, financial deregulation, hyper-mobility of capital and the rapid diffusion of new information technologies have ushered the Australian economy into the borderless world. The orthodoxy that states that centralised wage-fixing in Australia has impeded wage flexibility and resulted in high unemployment is unconvincing. Partly, this is because in the 1980s Australian labour market institutions have been decentralised and decollectivised in response to pressures from the borderless world. The insights garnered from cross-sectional comparative statics that, first, skill-biased Schumpeterian technological change was the major cause of labour immiserisation and, second, adverse Stolper-Samuelson trade played an insignificant effect need to be reviewed. Parsimonious dynamic time-series models of trade and technology have been formulated using general-to-specific methods after taking account of stochastic trends through unit root and cointegration tests. Granger causality and non-nested tests applied to these models support the contention that both trade and technology contributed to increasing wage disparity during the borderless era. Moreover the supply side factors such as female participation, immigration and institutional factors such as deunionisation have also increased wage disparity. The deregulation of the Australian labour market by the Workplace Relations Act, whilst an inevitable response to achieve competitiveness in the borderless world market, would exacerbate wage inequality. Policies aimed at skill accumulation on the one hand, and social welfare policies involving negative income taxes on the other may have to be implemented to mitigate the deleterious social effects of rising wage inequality.
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    The role of structural change in labour productivity convergence among European Union countries: 1970-1990 (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 106-122 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New evidence is presented on the degree of aggregate and sectoral labour productivity convergence among 11 EU countries between 1970 and 1990. As with studies for other groups of countries, it is found that there is a greater degree of aggregate than sectoral convergence. Aggregate productivity converged at 0.9 percent per annum, with agriculture and manufacturing both diverging and only services converging (0.6 percent p.a.). We contend that structural change provides one explanation for this finding. When measured as changes in sectoral employment shares, structural change accounted for between 50 percent and 66 percent of the overall rate of aggregate productivity convergence among the EU countries over the period. Countries with relatively low levels of aggregate productivity benefited most from structural change.
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    The long-run relation between a black market exchange rate and the trade balance: Evidence from Iran (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the long-run relationship between Iranian trade balance and the black market value of Iranian rial by employing cointegration technique. It is shown that in a oil producing country like Iran due to rent-seeking opportunities, depreciation of the rial in the black market has an adverse effect on the Iranian trade balance.
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    Foreign direct investment and industry structure (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 38-57 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a differentiated oligopoly, this paper studies the effects of tax incentives on the structure of a domestic industry in terms of price, output, profit, and entry/exit, taking account of technology transfer through FDI. It is found that if the government of the host country provides more tax relief for foreign firms, it will raise total output and reduce the price index. More foreign firms will enter the industry while certain existing host firms will have to exit. Consumers are better off if income is unchanged; otherwise, the change in social welfare is ambiguous in general and several sufficient conditions ensuring definite outcomes have been identified. This suggests that the government should be cautious in reducing taxes to attract FDI and should differ their preferential tax treatments across industries.
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    Real business cycle: a critical review (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 159-172 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Provides an overview of the real business cycle research agenda, tackling the main theoretical and empirical issues. Concludes that although this methodological approach has been popular in terms of the number of papers published, it has not been completely convincing in providing a theory of the business cycle.
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    The impact of demographic deterioration on labour balances in Greece (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 130-158 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the impact of demographic deterioration on Greek labour supply, and the possible labour shortages that it may entail. Through a disaggregated approach by occupation and region, the paper predicts, for the year 2000, the new entry to and exit from the labour force, as well as labour requirements. Various methods are used, such as temporal shifts of youth and workers by age brackets for predicting net demographic additions to the labour force, shift and share analysis for decomposing employment changes, and the manpower requirements approach for predicting employment through output and productivity projections. The occupational and regional predictions are mostly done by top-down calculations. Finally, a formula is invented for measuring the occupational and regional intensity of demographic deficits. Despite the predicted demographic deficits in almost all regions of the country, immigrants and other additional workers to the job market will fill the demographic gap, but many of them will also remain unemployed.
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    Competitive money supply: the international monetary system in perspective (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 188-200 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper inquires into monetary standards, focusing on the characteristics of money instead of the exchange rate regime. The transition from commodity to fiat money, a major break in monetary evolution, has led to international arrangements that represent an application of the competitive money supply model (section 1), which is consistent with various optimality criteria and has far-reaching implications for the future development of the monetary system (section 2).
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    Tests of a competitive model of the size and growth of government (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 209-224 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we test a general equilibrium model of the size and growth of government developed by Dao and Esfahani (1995) using OECD cross-sectional and US time-series data. The model is based on the assumption that various socioeconomic groups try to redistribute income in their favor. Results of the tests are consistent with the theoretical explanations implied by the model. They show that the recent growth of government may be explained by the increase in the role of human capital as a factor of production, by the rise in the proportion of the elderly population, and by the reductions in the relative value of nonmarket uses of labor brought about by increased specialization and population pressure.
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    Transaction costs versus resource value? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 221-240 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two major advances in the theory of the firm and (micro)economics more generally are arguably transaction costs economics (TCE) and the theory of firm resources. TCE has originally been applied to the theory of the firm, but found applications in virtually all fields of economic inquiry. The theory of firm resources currently spans much of the industrial organisation (IO) and strategic management literature. In some fields, e.g. diversification, it has already acquired dominant status. Despite significant progress in TCE there still seem to remain significant unresolved issues. Indeed we claim that transaction cost economics fail to supply convincing answers to the issues of the nature of the firm (why do firms exist?), and their essence (running a business). It offers a partial explanation of the "nature" and little on the "essence". The resource value view complements the nature side and goes far beyond on the essence issue. It provides a fruitful starting point for an integrative framework. This, we suggest, should be based on the resource value perspective story and craft (dynamic) transaction costs in the ensuing evolutionary tale.
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    Is trade liberalization harmful to the environment? An alternative view (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The standard definition of ecological dumping, the marginal cost of abatement is less than the marginal damage from the pollution, does not catch well the concern of the environmentalists. Comparing environmental quality before and after trade liberalization, this paper uses a partial equilibrium strategic trade framework to show that trade liberalization can improve environmental quality. This result holds under both Cournot and Bertrand competition, and for both partial and complete trade liberalization.
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    India's economic policy reforms: a review (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 241-257 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: India embarked on economic reforms in July 1991, in the wake of a balance of payments crisis. In this article, an attempt is made to review two books and a set of World Bank reports concerning the progress of these reforms. Issues concerning economic policy, impact of the reforms on poverty, sectoral issues relating to agriculture, industry and infrastructure are briefly discussed. As reforms enter a more difficult phase, several challenges remain. Some of these fall under the "economic agenda" of measures needed to maintain economic growth; others can be termed the "development agenda" - of improving human development. Progress with regard to the former is not sufficient to produce results concerning the latter.
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    Nation, State and Economy: Mises' contribution (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 327-337 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This essay offers a review of von Mises' classic Nation, State and Economy(1919). It focuses specifically on the contexts of liberty, the issue of language and nation.
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    The role of the state in economic growth (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 268-326 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to trace and describe the role played by the government sector - the state - in promoting economic growth in Western societies since the Renaissance. One important conclusion is that the antagonism between state and market, which has characterised the twentieth century, is a relatively new phenomenon. Since the Renaissance one very important task of the state has been to create well-functioning markets by providing a legal framework, standards, credit, physical infrastructure and - if necessary - to function temporarily as an entrepreneur of last resort. Early economists were acutely aware that national markets did not occur spontaneously, and they used "modern" ideas like synergies, increasing returns, and innovation theory when arguing for the right kind of government policy. In fact, mercantilist economics saw it as a main task to extend the synergetic economic effects observed within cities to the territory of a nation-state. The paper argues that the classical Anglo-Saxon tradition in economics - fundamentally focused on barter and distribution, rather than on production and knowledge - systematically fails to grasp these wider issues in economic development, and it brings in and discusses the role played by the state in alternative traditions of non-equilibrium economics.
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    Laissez-faire and, therefore, jeopardized national priorities in the process of transition (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 404-412 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Former socialist economies, as they are trying to engage in a process of transition from state socialism towards forms of a market economy, and as they are trying to open themselves up to international trade, find that extreme social tensions accompany this process which go right to the heart of national identity. This is being discussed with the example of Hungary in mind.
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    Eastern Europe: the EU's frontier - incorporation or regime competition? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 383-403 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper looks at some aspects of trade and investment relations between the EU and the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEEC). The approach used is based on a model of trade with, and development of, a frontier by a metropolitan economy developed by Ronald Findlay. Findlay's model posits the existence of a monopolised supply of an input to the metropolitan economy. Development of the frontier enables the metropolitan economy to break the monopoly. The expansion of outward processing trade between the EU and the CEEC, a form of intra-industry trade, is a notable feature of economic relations in Europe since the fall of the Soviet empire. This is modelled in the paper as a device whereby a supply side constraint (labour market restrictions) within the EU is relaxed by vertical disintegration of production and relocation outside the EU. This in turn has implications for the incorporation of the CEEC in the EU. While they remain outside the EU they provide regime competition, particularly in the area of labour market policy. The income distribution implications of this competition provides a political basis for moves to extend membership of the EU on the basis of the CEEC's adopting the acquis communautaire.
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    Trade between asymmetrical democratic countries (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 412-426 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This essay sheds light on the problems arising from trade between asymmetric countries, particularly when associated with a different degree of power. At present, when the importance of external trade is clearly increasing and different countries of different size, wealth and stage of economic development establish even more extensive commercial links with one another, this raises fresh policy issues, but also theoretical challenges.
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    Monetary policy and the definition of money: Implications for the European Monetary Union (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 338-382 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The focus of this paper is the economic theory of the plans for the European Monetary Union. Part 1 demonstrates that economists, bankers and policy makers know very little about monetary policy. Part 2 explains the errors of the common practice of defining money by its functions. Because any monetary policy must rest on a definition of money it seems reasonable to conclude that a flawed definition might lead to problems with monetary policy. Part 3 applies this insight to the plans for a common currency in Europe. Because of uncertainties about the timing and details of the implementation, some important considerations are necessarily speculative. They are relegated to appendices. Appendix 1 comments on the timing and authorship and responsibility for the official reports with their unspecified authors. Appendix 2 supplies some grounds for doubting the ultimate durability of the European Monetary Union focusing on reasons that are historical, economic and pragmatic. Because the entire movement is driven by politics, not economics, Appendix 3 considers some of the relevant political issues. The conclusions summarize and speculate on possible reasons for successful outcomes.
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    Old lessons not learned: the clash of political and economic nationalism in Latvia (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 427-437 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Latvia, a small country on the Baltic Sea, became independent in 1918, but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. Like its neighbours, Estonia and Lithuania, Latvia has a skewed resource pattern, small domestic market, and an export concentration into commodities. Prior to the Soviet occupation, these three countries never managed to form an economic union to overcome the disadvantages of the small size of the domestic markets in the era of assembly line technology. They practiced "Alleingang" in economic and political matters. After gaining independence in 1991, the Baltic countries learned nothing from the past and have continued practicing "Alleingang" in the age of "high tech".
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    New evidence on Allyn Young's style and influence as a teacher (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 453-480 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reproduces the main texts of hitherto unpublished reminiscences of the style and influence, as a teacher, of Allyn Abbott Young (1876-1929) by 17 of his distinguished students. They include Bertil Ohlin, Nicholas Kaldor, James Angell, Lauchlin Currie, Colin Clark, Howard Ellis, Frank Fetter, Earl Hamilton, and Melvin Knight (brother of Frank Knight who, with Edward Chamberlin, was perhaps Young's most famous PhD student). There has recently been a revival of interest in Young's influence on US monetary thought and in his theory of economic growth based on endogenous increasing returns. These recollections of his students (addressed to Young's biographer, Charles Blitch) shed light on why Young has, at least until recently, been renowned more for his massive erudition than for his published writings.
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    The Kanitz Act Proposal: European agricultural policy in theoretical and historical perspective (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 438-448 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Understanding chances of reforming the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union, for instance, requires an appreciation of its intellectual roots. Seeking such an understanding is the purpose of this article, which has the following structure. Next to this introduction and the conclusions at the end, there are three parts. Part I details what an economist may want to know about Count von Kanitz and the context of his political and intellectual work. Part II explains the proposal first by staying close to its original verbiage, then, however, by translating this proposal into modern micro-economic and public finance analytical terms. Part III gives an account of the scholarly literature on the proposal. The only piece of theoretical and practical relevance is found to be Gustav (von) Schmoller's article of 1895: this article is briefly summarized and appreciated as being a classic piece in agricultural political economy.
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    Review article - Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 497-509 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Based on the proceedings of a conference organised by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago, 1999. The Editors demonstrate, through contributions from business historians and economists, that "advanced research" has superceded the neo-classical theory of the firm.
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    Adam Smith on growth and credit - Too weak a connection? (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 481-496 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Adam Smith's theory of economic growth, as presented in the Wealth of Nations, is based upon the potential for increasing returns in manufacturing generated by increased specialization and division of labour and upon the accumulation of real capital, which is necessary to support the greater division of labour. The increasing returns part of Smith's theory leaves open the possibility that bank credit, issued judiciously, might be used to extend the market and so increase an economy's growth rate. However, Smith's theory of bank credit and note extension is quite conservative. Henry Dunning Macleod, a century after Smith, made much of the potential of credit to extend the market. Notes Smith's apparent inconsistency and considers reasons why he might have chosen not to promote the use of credit to enhance economic growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443589910302092
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    Adhesion of tiles for external cladding (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 12-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper highlights the significance of environmental effects and movements on the performance of tile adhesive. Discusses the selection of the appropriate tile adhesive for outdoor applications where the adhesive is subjected to thermal and moisture movements. The study has shown that the effect of temperature during and after application on the development of bond strength is significant. It was shown that adhesive with approximately 50 per cent of the water replaced by a polymer latex has the most consistent performance in the achievement of bond strength. Adhesive with 100 per cent of the water replaced by a polymer latex was found to dry up too rapidly to allow sufficient time for the adhesive to interact with the substrate at the adhesive/substrate interface. The results reflect the importance of a proper mix design, especially when work has to be carried out in hot and dry weather.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910258674
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    The use of thermography for the detection of external finishes defects of buildings in Hong Kong (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 22-26 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Infrared thermography is said to be a technique that can detect external finishes defects. However, there exist numerous parameters that can affect the accuracy of this technique. Its use should be subject to strict control and the results cannot be considered as conclusive. This paper discusses the complications of the thermal signature and the possible procedures when carrying out the survey. It also indicates that such a technique may be useful to the building control authority for mass-screening of a large batch of buildings to justify the issuance of statutory orders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910258683
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    A guide to the Internet and World Wide Web (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes the historical development of the Internet and World Wide Web as an information resource. Provides a guide for browsing, searching and capturing data and identifies some of the potential problems in accessing sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910263614
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    Building defects in Singapore: aspects in tort (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the application of the law of negligence as it has been applied in building defect cases in England. The application of English law by Commonwealth countries is then considered. The particular situation of Singapore (where Commonwealth rather than English precedents have been followed) is then discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910302971
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    The conservation of historic buildings in Britain and The Netherlands: a comparative study (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Britain and The Netherlands both have a large stock of historic buildings dating from pre-Roman to modern. Both provide some degree of state funding and each has a series of national bodies that concern themselves with historic building preservation both by the allocation of grants and the awarding of special "listing" status. In both cases the creation of societies to protect historic buildings dates to the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite these similarities, there are substantive differences in the current approach to the preservation of historic buildings. In terms of government intervention The Netherlands employs a far more localised approach than is found in Britain. Tax deduction and government subsidies provide a substantial incentive to building maintenance in contrast to the British laissez faire approach. The private sector in The Netherlands also contrasts substantively with that of Britain. Most conservation work is undertaken by a relatively small number of large firms who belong to a close-knit federation, in contrast to the British approach of a large number of small firms operating in a free market.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910302999
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    Financial wealth and the distribution of income (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The gap between wealthy and poor is widening, in part due to the epochal rise in the value of financial assets. Middle-class savers channel their monthly contributions into mutual funds, which in turn invest the money in stocks and bonds. These accounts then accumulate, and the gains are largely tax-free until they are liquidated. Savers who began contributing early, or who set aside more each month before the stock market rally, are now massively ahead of those in their cohort who did not. The accumulated stock market holdings, and the hair-trigger switches from one mutual fund to another, make the stock market a mammoth and fickle force. Over the next 20 years the value of financial assets may exceed five times the value of world output. Its power to reward and punish corporate managers and governments is unprecedented. The financial wealth accumulation dynamic is now entrenched, and will continue. Managers can assess its implications, and adjust their plans accordingly.
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    A framework for a hybrid intelligent system in support of marketing strategy development (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 70-79 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A framework for a hybrid intelligent support system is proposed, on the basis of a discussion of the main problems of current computer-based support systems and the roles for computer-based systems in developing marketing strategy. The objectives of the framework are: to integrate the strengths of different support techniques and technologies; to assist strategic analysis; to couple strategic analysis with managers' judgement; to help managers deal with uncertainty; and to aid strategic thinking. Within this framework, the benefits of different strategic analysis models are combined to offer enhanced support for a logical sequence of strategic analysis, while the advantages of diverse support techniques and technologies are integrated and fitted to support different aspects of the marketing strategy development process. As well as the theoretical basis for the proposed framework, the paper also examines the associated technical issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910260922
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    Belief formation in ethical consumer groups: an exploratory study (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 109-120 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Belief formation is a neglected part of research in consumer behaviour and a potentially valuable area of study for helping to clarify the conditions under which they relate to actual patterns of behaviour. Outlines the results of qualitative research undertaken as part of a major study of readers of the UK Ethical Consumer magazine, which used focus groups to explore issues of major concern to ethical consumers - such as fair trade - and an elicitation questionnaire with a broader sample to ascertain the nature of factors influencing their beliefs on this subject.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910260968
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    Switching advertising agency - a cross-country analysis (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 140-148 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The specific objectives of this research were to gain an understanding of the causes of advertiser account switches in New Zealand and Singapore and compare these results with Michell's USA and UK studies. The main finding of this study is the reasons for broken agency-client relationships are complex and very varied. However, Michell's five general reasons for account switches: poor agency performance; changes in agency policies; changes in client policies; changes in agency management; and changes in client management, appear to explain most failed agency-client relationships (although few respondents had all of the above problems at once). This report has been useful in highlighting the differences in New Zealand and Singapore agency-client relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271597
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    Design and innovation strategies within "successful" high-tech firms (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 161-168 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports on an ongoing empirical study into the characteristics and strategies of "successful" technologically oriented UK firms. Using survey data from samples of winners of the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement and a comparative group of high-technology firms, the study establishes that few statistical differences exist between the two groups and between specific sizes of firms in each sample in relation to aspects of their design and innovation strategies. The issues raised in this paper include: the way in which technological success is conceptualised; the usefulness of awards such as the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement as a benchmark for innovative firms; and, the attitudes and activities of sample firms in relation to design and new product development strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271623
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    Behavioral biases in the service encounter: empowerment by default? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 192-201 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Discusses the findings of a study in which 309 service encounters between customers and customer-contact personnel in service businesses and retail stores were unobtrusively observed, to measure the occurrence of selected service behaviors (i.e. mostly interpersonal behaviors such as smiling, thanking customer, establishing eye contact, etc.), and to investigate possible behavioral biases. On average, only 72 percent of the measured behaviors were observed in each service encounter. Employees' behaviors were generally less likely to be observed when served customers were male, young, caucasian, or casually dressed. The propensity of frontline workers to systematically discriminate against some types of customers on bases that have little or nothing to do with customers' service requirements represents a downside of employee discretion dubbed as "empowerment by default".
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910275935
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    In pursuit of youth: what's wrong with the older market? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 222-231 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The media today remain focused on capturing the "youth market", despite the population changes which suggest that older rather than younger consumers are becoming demographically and economically more attractive. Advertisers in particular are guilty of portraying older consumers in stereotypical ways, or else ignore them, resulting in offence and alienation within the 50-plus market. This paper examines the reasons why the over-50s are such an important market; discusses why advertisers and marketers are so reluctant to target older consumers and concludes by recommending how advertisers and marketers might better serve this market, for both economic and ethical reasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910285637
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    Measuring the effect of political advertising and the case of the 1995 Irish Divorce Referendum (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 272-280 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reviews the political advertising literature at the start of the run-up to the 1997 UK general election and looks at the 1995 Irish Divorce Referendum result and assesses the consequent High Court Appeal case which cast doubt on the possibility that one can measure the effectiveness of political advertising. Outlines the literature on the measurement of political advertising, analyses data from the result and posits ways in which some of these doubts in measurement could be resolved. Suggests a number of methods of measurement of available data from the Irish Divorce Referendum which indicate the effectiveness of the political communication campaign. Finally proposes a number of critical areas of research which will need further exploration if we are to be able to prove our effectiveness in political markets, "beyond reasonable doubt".
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910293089
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    Managing market intelligence: an Asian marketing research perspective (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 298-306 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years, world growth has slowed and markets have matured or become more protective. It appears that the only way for many companies to grow is at the expense of their competitors. Many large companies in Asia are turning to market intelligence for input into their strategic management system and decision making. The marketing intelligence cycle typically consists of directing, collecting, compiling, cataloguing, analysing and communicating data. The processing stage of intelligence gathering is the critical stage where the raw material is recorded and analyzed. In this article we use the SWOT framework for the analysis of a manufacturing industry - the lawn mower. This case illustrates how market intelligence could be used as an important and effective instrument for management planning, implementation and control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910293124
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    Technology and the changing marketing world (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Technology will continue its pervasive global impact on marketing strategies and program components in the twenty-first century. Technology is changing markets and buyer preferences and the rate of change is likely to increase in the future. Highlights several of the more apparent impacts of technology on markets and the organizations competing in these markets. While change is challenging, it is also exciting. Organizations that are market-driven and learn how to leverage technologies and other competencies can anticipate promising opportunities for growth and performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910301142
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    "I don't know much about art, but I know what I like": resonance, relevance and illumination as assessment criteria for marketing research and scholarship (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 354-362 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Questions the processes and methodologies of marketing research. Challenges the "scientific" hypothetico-deductive approach and asserts that interpretative and qualitative methods provide a more worthwhile framework for research. Explores frames of reference for assessing qualitative marketing scholarship and research. Discusses the implications of adapting frameworks from the world of art. Concludes by stressing that marketing research needs to be accepted at different levels of focus; hard work is required to create resonance; and persuasiveness and illumination should be of supreme importance in the research design and data analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910301214
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    Meeting the information needs of marketing in the twenty-first century (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 6-12 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Addresses the question of whether - now that we exist in the much heralded "information era" - the information needs of those engaged in marketing are being satisfied. With interest in the Internet, as a burgeoning global communications medium, we now understand how things might be in the future concerning the sheer volume of information available to the marketing decision maker. However, a question remains as to whether this information is collected and presented in a form - at a level of specificity and depth - that makes for better marketing decision making. In this paper, the authors argue that there are 12 issues that need addressing in order to ensure that the information needs of marketers are being satisfied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910253731
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    Relationship marketing defined? An examination of current relationship marketing definitions (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Attempts to define "relationship marketing" have been varied and many, neatly reflecting the diverse academic and socio-political backgrounds of RM scholars. This paper lists 26 such definitions, collected as a by-product of a literature review. Presented alongside this resource are the results of applying a content-analysis-based methodology to these definitions. These results suggest that seven RM "constructs" enjoy general support. In a discussion of this, it is concluded that any integration of disparate RM theories implied by these findings is at best superficial and at worst misleading. It is further suggested that "true" and complete integration of RM theory must wait until a coherent understanding of these fundamental concepts has been developed. From the 26 definitions listed, one is judged as being more comprehensive and generally acceptable, and a new definition is presented as an inducement to further discussion.
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    Measuring service quality: current thinking and future requirements (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 21-32 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The publication of the first results of the SERVQUAL instrument provoked a debate on how best to measure service quality. With more than a decade since the publication of those results many researchers have attempted to demonstrate the efficacy, or not, of the SERVQUAL instrument, or to develop their own measurement methods. This paper reviews this debate in relation to six key aspects: the purpose of the measurement instrument; the definition of service quality; models for service quality measurement; the dimensionality of service quality; issues relating to expectations; and the format of the measurement instrument. The main areas of agreement and disagreement are identified. As a result the continued use of the SERVQUAL instrument is called into question, and areas for further research are identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910253777
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    Headteacher characteristics, management style and attitudes towards the acceptance of commercial sponsorship by state-funded schools (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 41-52 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Headteachers in Greater London's 401 state-funded secondary schools were sent a questionnaire designed to relate their personal characteristics to, inter alia, their attitudes towards educational sponsorship, the levels of their schools' marketing orientation, the demand for commercial sponsorship of school activities, and whether their schools possessed formal policies in connection with external sponsorship. In line with earlier research in the educational management area, the major personal characteristics examined (in addition to age, length of service, etc.) related to the individual headteacher's management style; specifically whether he or she was particularly autocratic, consultative, democratic or innovative. Responses to the questionnaire were factor analysed and tested for construct reliability. A stepwise regression procedure was then applied to assess the influences of various sets of variables on attitudes and behaviour. The results indicated that within Greater London the commercial sponsorship of schools is widespread and expanding. Extreme democrats were less likely to desire large amounts of additional sponsorship for their schools than were autocrats. Schools located in prosperous areas were far more proactive in their approaches to sponsorship and employed headteachers with more positive attitudes towards marketing and sponsorship than schools in poorer neighbourhoods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910253812
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    Relationships in business-to-business marketing - how is their value assessed? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An investigation which collected information within four countries sought to understand the views of marketing managers in industrial markets regarding their relationships with their organizational customers. The managers interviewed showed little awareness of the formal concept of relationship marketing. Their decisions as to which customers to approach and what costs to incur in building and maintaining contact with their customers appeared primarily to be based on subjective assessments of the situation, rather than accounting information. Evidence was also obtained that a lack of understanding typified the association between marketing and accounting staff.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910260940
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    Telecommunications issues: the marketing managers' viewpoint (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports the results of a survey of marketing managers with respect to the importance of telecommunications issues and the quality of their telecommunications training. The responses of the marketing managers identified three categories of issues: standard or clerical applications, such as e-mail or voice mail; advanced applications, such as conducting business on the Internet and EDI; and managerial and technical issues, such as the use of telecommunications to gain a competitive advantage. Surprisingly, marketing managers rated the standard applications as the most important. The explanation was found in the quality of their training. Marketing managers expressed major dissatisfaction with all areas of telecommunications training, but especially in the advanced applications and managerial issues. Rather than placing emphasis on the strategic, more training effort was spent on telecommunications training in the clerical functions. Without knowledge about the advanced or cutting-edge applications, marketing managers do not understand the potential of these applications and issues in the organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271579
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    The development of a Guanxi framework (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Relationship marketing is currently an important topic in the marketing literature. The use of relationships in marketing and business generally varies around the world. In the Chinese-based economies much is made of Guanxi which provides the relationship building for interpersonal relationships. In this paper the foundations of Guanxi are described in the form of a four-stage model. As Guanxi is a particular form of relationship in the Chinese culture and underpins much of the business carried out in China-based economies, it is compared to relationship building in Western cultures. The paper adds to the literature on relationships and how they are developed and is important to the literature on relationship marketing applied in the Chinese context. It also helps the practitioner, who wishes to develop relationships in Chinese-based economics, by providing guidelines on how the Chinese like to do business.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271605
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