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  • Articles  (472)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (472)
  • 1995-1999  (472)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1915-1919
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (472)
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  • Articles  (472)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Simulations of Diffraction Effects due to Stacking Faults in β-SiC: I, Simulation Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from nominally β-SiC specimens often differ from those expected for the cubic crystal structure. These differences include the presence of additional peaks, enhanced background intensities, peak broadening, changes in relative peak heights, and shifts in peak positions. It has long been recognized that they are due to the presence of stacking faults, and models relating the experimental observations to stacking fault population have continued to evolve. The presence and relative magnitude of these features vary among different β-SiC specimens. In this work, computer simulations were used to show that the variations are closely related to differences in the type and spatial distribution of stacking faults in each specimen. In these simulations, stacking sequences were generated using a selectively activated 1-D Ising model with a Boltzmann-type probability function for specifying errors, which allows a wide variety of fault configurations to be generated. Direct correlations between different features in the XRD data to the underlying fault population are demonstrated, which are discussed in this paper. It is also shown that this computer model is general, in the sense that many of the models presented in prior work can be interpreted as limiting cases of it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03034.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BOUSSINESQ WEDGE AND THE Jk, L AND M INTEGRALS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex-variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path-dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path-dependent whereas L and M are path-independent.The property that the L and M integrals are path-independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner-loaded edge crack in a half-plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half-plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01534.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STUDY ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER OUT-OF-PHASE COMBINED LOADINGS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue tests were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of S45C steel under tension-compression, pure torsion, in-phase and out-of-phase axial-torsional loadings. The relationship between cracking behaviour and stress components on the crack plane was investigated. Measurement of microcrack density showed that microcracking was governed predominantly by the shear stress amplitude acting on the crack plane for all loading conditions. The failure crack was formed by coalescence of many cracks initiated near the maximum shear planes. The cracks grew turning their orientation to the direction perpendicular to the maximum normal stress. The transition of crack orientation occurred at relatively longer crack lengths at a higher stress ratio. The crack growth behaviour for all loading modes can be correlated using an equivalent strain intensity parameter based on shear and normal strains on the crack plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01536.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS AND MODELISATION OF SHORT CRACK GROWTH BY DUCTILE FRACTURE MICROMECHANISMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A ductile medium strength steel has been modelled by means of the Gurson model, and been used to investigate the effect of crack tip constraint in several fracture mechanics specimens. Both numerical and experimental results have been obtained, in the course of the crack extension process, for single edge notch bending specimens with different crack length-to-width ratios. The geometries with the shorter cracks always exhibited higher J values at initiation and steeper J crack growth resistance curves, and these results have been explained in terms of the stress and strain fields and damage development in the region ahead of the crack tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00297.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOW-TEMPERATURE AUTOFRETTAGE: AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF THICK-WALLED TUBES AGAINST PULSATING INTERNAL PRESSURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is shown that autofrettage at low temperatures is superior to autofrettage at room temperature in enhancing the fatigue resistance of thick-walled tubes against pulsating internal pressure. The physical reason is based on the well-known temperature dependence of the mechanical behaviour of metals and alloys which generally exhibit an enhancement of both the yield stress and strain hardening behaviour at lower temperatures. As a consequence, significantly larger compressive residual hoop stresses can be introduced during pressurization at low temperatures than at room temperature. Experimental data obtained on thick-walled tubes of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 L which were subjected to pulsating internal pressure at room temperature after autofrettage at temperatures between-110°C and room temperature are presented. These data demonstrate convincingly the advantages offered by low-temperature autofrettage in enhancing both the fatigue life in the finite-life region and the fatigue endurance limit in comparison with autofrettage at room temperature. In conclusion, some specific materials requirements for optimum low-temperature autofrettage performance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00291.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    APPLICATION OF A NORMALIZATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING J-R CURVES IN GLASSY POLYMER PVC AT DIFFERENT CROSSHEAD SPEEDS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new single-specimen testing method, the normalization method with the so-called LMN calibration function, based on the load separation principle and function calibrations from an individual test record, was used to construct J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement records without any additional on-line crack-length monitoring equipment. The research was done on CT-specimens of a glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds ranging from 0.01 to 50 mm/min. The J-R curves evaluated from the normalization method are in good agreement with those from the conventional multiple-specimen testing method in the whole range of the tested crosshead speeds. The results demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method for developing J-R curves at different crosshead speeds in PVC. The crack initiation J-integral values, J0.2, showed a two-regime dependence on the crosshead speeds in the tested crosshead speed range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00272.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF BIAXIAL MEAN STRESS ON CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Biaxial fatigue tests were conducted on a high strength spring steel using hour-glass shaped smooth specimens. Four types of loading system were employed, i.e. (a) fully reversed cyclic torsion, (b) uniaxial push—pull, (c) fully reversed torsion with a superimposed axial static tension or compression stress, and (d) uniaxial push—pull with a superimposed static torque, to evaluate the effects of mean stress on the cyclic stress—strain response and short fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experimental results indicate that a biaxial mean stress has no apparent influence on the stress—strain response in torsion, however a superimposed tensile mean stress was detrimental to torsional fatigue strength. Similarly a superimposed static shear stress reduced the push—pull fatigue lifetime. A compressive mean stress was seen to be beneficial to torsion fatigue life. The role of mean stress on fatigue lifetime, under mixed mode loading, was investigated through experimental observations and theoretical analyses of short crack initiation and propagation. Using a plastic replication technique the effects of biaxial mean stress on both Stage I (mode II) and Stage II (mode I) short cracks were evaluated and analysed in detail. A two stage biaxial short fatigue crack growth model incorporating the influence of mean stress was subsequently developed and applied to correlate data of crack growth rate and fatigue life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00276.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRACK INITIATION MECHANISMS IN TORSIONAL FATIGUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in Co45Ni specimens during push—pull and reversed torsion tests, performed inside a scanning electron microscope, was observed and the different stress states compared. It appeared that transgranular crack initiation and development is delayed and intergranular crack initiation promoted under torsional loading. This was explained in terms of reduced surface distortion at the emergence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and smaller compatibility stresses at the PSB-matrix interfaces. The influence of the mechanical strength of grain boundaries on the difference between tensile and torsional fatigue lives is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00280.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS AND WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACKS IN FINITE-THICKNESS PLATES UNDER TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A Fourier series approach is proposed to calculate stress intensity factors using weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates subjected to two-dimensional stress distributions. The weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factors obtained by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The close form weight functions derived are suitable for the calculation of stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates under two-dimensional stress distributions with the crack aspect ratio in the range of 0.1 ≤a/c≤ 1 and relative depth in the range of 0 ≤a/t≤ 0.8. Solutions were verified using several two-dimensional non-linear stress distributions; the maximum difference being 6%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01517.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HOT SPOT STRESSES IN TUBULAR JOINTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A conventional finite element method may show a weakness when determining the hot spot stress distributions in the brace/chord intersection region of offshore tubular joints. This is because the chosen element displacement functions do not implicitly satisfy the conditions which prevail on the free surfaces. A procedure has been proposed to modify the conventional finite element method so as to allow the hot spot stresses, which occur at the free boundary of the weld toe of tubular joints, to be determined with improved accuracy. The results obtained by this modified method are compared with both an experimental and a traditional finite element solution. The comparison shows that the modified solution is in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the traditional solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01523.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01504.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SIMPLE TEST METHOD FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE, CTOA AND THE STUDY OF SIZE AND TRANSFERABILITY EFFECTS FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF DUCTILE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Simple extensions to the standard deep notch bend test procedure are suggested to allow the collection of data relevant to the energy dissipation rate, D, crack opening angle, COA, and J, all for arbitrarily large amounts of growth in extensive plasticity. The methods of analysis are detailed for real elastic-plastic behaviour of a high strength low-hardening type metal with a view to encouraging use on a wider range of materials. A proposal is made, and equations given, that the particular version of J used for an R-curve derived from the area under the loading diagram, should correspond to the value of the far-field integral, Jff.The relationship between the global measure of COA that emerges from D and the local crack tip opening angle, CTOA, as used in computational studies, is established. Transferability of CTOA data is examined in the light of effects of size and configuration. An explicit rule of the form CTOA √G =f (material and configuration) is proposed for the modelling of ductile growth in finite element studies. It is applied to a set of data in the literature, for the variation of CTOA with size in the deep notch bend test and for the configurations, bending, double edge and centre cracked tension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01507.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ELECTRON CHANNELLING CONTRAST TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERISATION OF DISLOCATION STRUCTURES IN THE VICINITY OF A FATIGUE CRACK (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this investigation the Electron Channelling Contrast (ECC) technique in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to reveal the dislocation structures in the vicinity of surface fatigue cracks in comparison to those of cyclically-deformed recrystallized polycrystalline copper. The plastic zone around a fatigue crack was found to consist of an innermost region containing cells, followed by a region containing dense veins and PSBs, surrounded by a structure of loose veins, bundles and loop patches typical of the cyclically deformed matrix. A relation between plastic strain amplitude values deduced from cyclic stress-strain investigations and the dislocation structures near fatigue cracks are given. Typical regions of damage accumulation were identified and plastic strain contours for surface fatigue cracks established. The essentially non-destructive ECC technique is particularly suited to identify the changes in mesoscopic dislocation structures from surface layers to the interior of specimens over large specimen areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01510.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01494.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT OF CRACKED SPECIMENS BASED ON THE CYCLIC R-CURVE METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R-curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R-curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01497.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACK-SHAPE EFFECTS DURING THE GROWTH OF SMALL SURFACE FATIGUE CRACKS IN A TITANIUM-BASE ALLOY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A basic study was performed on the evolution of three-dimensional shapes of small surface fatigue cracks during fatigue, and the effect of this evolution on small-crack growth behavior of a titanium-base alloy. Specifically, the nature and the magnitude of variations in crack aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface crack length), during cyclic crack growth and its impact on growth rates have been studied. Experiments were performed on naturally initiated micro-cracks in a microstructure consisting of equiaxed primary-α2 phase in a Widmanstätten (transformed β) matrix. Several cracks under stress ratio (R) levels of 0.1 and −1, were studied. A specialized experimental system, consisting of a laser interferometer (to measure precisely the small-crack surface displacements), and a photo microscope (to automatically and continuously photograph the fatigue micro-cracks) was employed in the study. Apparent aspect ratios of surface cracks were calculated from the compliance response and the surface crack length data as a function of fatigue cycles. These data enabled accurate calculations of growth rates at the surface crack tip as well as the tip at depth in the bulk over the entire crack growth period, thus giving an insight into the crack growth process. Measurements of closure levels of small cracks were also performed and were used to partly account for the differences in growth rates. In the comparisons of small-crack growth data with the large-crack data, surface growth rates correlated relatively well with the large-crack data. Growth rates at depth exhibited large variations due to the irregularity of crack fronts at this location, and these rates deviated significantly from the large-crack behavior. Additionally, these growth rates varied between different cracks. An attempt was made to rationalize these observations in terms of the effects of inhomogeneities present in the microstructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01500.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTION OF FATIGUE FAILURE IN A CRANKSHAFT USING THE TECHNIQUE OF CRACK MODELLING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new technique, known as crack modelling, is used here to predict fatigue failure in a crankshaft component. The technique uses a linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis to derive a stress intensity factor (K) for the component under load. The novel feature of the technique is that K is calculated without introducing a crack into a component; the stress field around the maximum stress point is examined and compared to that for a standard centre-cracked plate. The fatigue limit for a crankshaft was successfully predicted, when compared to experimental data. The only material parameter required for this prediction was the threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00397.x
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF DRAWING STRAIN AND BLUING ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF EUTECTOID STEEL WIRES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effects of bluing, associated with drawing strain, on the fatigue strength of eutectoid steel wires have been investigated. The fatigue limit increases by bluing and the increase is more significant with higher drawing strain. The peak in the fatigue limit with regard to the drawing strain in the wires, at a strain of 2.5, disappears after bluing. On the other hand, in the ferritic steel wires investigated for comparison, the fatigue limit gradually increases with the drawing strain up to 7.7. Furthermore, no appreciable change in the fatigue limit due to bluing is found. Based on the results of hardness tests on fatigue specimens with- and without-bluing, it is deduced that the decrease of the fatigue limit beyond the peak drawing strain in the eutectoid steel wire can partly be attributed to insufficient locking of the high-density dislocations by solute atoms. The effect of relaxation of residual stress during bluing is also briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01520.x
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  • 19
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    LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, K, AS A FRACTURE PARAMETER IN THE FATIGUE PROPAGATION OF SHORT CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is well known that for very short cracks the stress intensity factor K is not a suitable parameter to estimate the stress level over the small but finite Stage II process zone activation region of size rs near the crack tip, within which crack growth events take place. A critical appreciation of the reasons for the limitations on the applicability of ΔK as a fatigue crack propagation (FCP) parameter, when the crack length a is of the same order of magnitude or smaller than the size of the ‘fatigue-fracture activation region’, rs is presented. As an alternative to ΔK the range Δσs of the cyclic normal stress at a point situated at the fixed distance s=rs/2, ahead of the crack tip, inside the fatigue-fracture activation region, is proposed. It is observed that the limitation on the use of ΔK when the crack is short, is mathematical (and not physical) but this inconvenience is easily circumvented if the stress Δσs at the prescribed distance is used instead of ΔK since nowadays Δσs can be obtained numerically by using finite element methods (FEM). It follows that the parameter Δσs is not restricted by the mathematical limitations on ΔK and so it would seem that there is, a priori, no reason why the validity of the parameter Δσs cannot be extended to short cracks. It is shown that if the Paris law is expressed in terms of Δσs (πrrs)½ instead of ΔK the validity of the modified Paris law can be extended to short cracks.A coherent estimate of the value of the fatigue-fracture activation region rs is derived in terms of the fatigue limit ΔσFL obtained from S-N tests and of the threshold value ΔKth obtained from tests on long cracks where both relate to Stage II crack growth that ends in failure, namely, rs= (ΔKth/ΔσFL)2/π. An overall, threshold diagram is presented based on the simple criterion that, for sustained Stage II FCP, Δσs must be greater than ΔσFL. The study is based on a simple continuum mechanics approach and its purpose is the investigation of the suitability of both ΔK and Δσs to characterise the crack driving force that activates complex fracture processes at the microstructure's scale. The investigation pertains to conditions that lead to the ultimate failure of the component at values of Δσs 〉 ΔσFL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01521.x
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  • 20
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART II REGULAR INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The boundary value problem for an arbitrarily shaped plane crack embedded in a 3D linear elastic solid can be reduced to a governing hyper-singular integral equation. A discretizing procedure based on a triangulation of the crack area has been offered in Part I of this work. The main goal of Part I is to introduce the analytical results for the 18 resulting finite-part integrals defined over a triangular mesh area. The finite-part integrals occur in those triangles where the source point coincides with one of the element nodes. Mostly the source point lies outside of the considered triangle. In these cases the occurring area integrals are regular.The aim of Part II is, therefore, the derivation of the closed form expressions for the relevant 18 regular area integrals. The resulting relations are of algebraic form which can easily be coded in compact form. Their numerical proof by two different methods shows the highest accuracy and, therefore, the correctness of the final solutions. The relevant numerical results are offered in Appendix I.With the formulae provided in Part I and Part II of the paper the determination of the coefficient matrix, necessary for the calculation of COD values from a linear equation system, is precise and needs only minimum computer time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01506.x
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    SUBINTERFACIAL FRACTURE IN FERRITE-AUSTENITE JOINTS UNDER MODE—III LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens are tested in torsion to obtain critical J values from crack resistance curves. The specimens are explosion cladded, half ferrite, half austenite, with the interface perpendicular to the cylinder axis and the circumferential notch at, or parallel to, the interface. Critical J values for crack extension in mode III were found to be a factor 1.1 to 2.1 higher than under comparable mode I loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01511.x
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    THE MINIATURISATION OF THE 4-POINT-BEND TEST (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strength measurements are becoming increasingly important for electroceramics. Bending of specimens small enough to be cut out of small electroceramic components may be one possibility. Therefore the miniaturisation of the 4-point bend-test for ceramic specimens is now being attempted. In this paper the errors in determining the flexural strength arising from the test principle itself, plus the geometry and measuring inaccuracies are calculated and expressed as a function of the outer span length. Contact pressure and a tolerable total measuring inaccuracy determines the dimensions of miniature specimens and fixtures. The possibilities of appropriate specimen preparation are also investigated.Ceramic materials show a volume (i.e. a specimen size) dependence of strength which is described by Weibull's statistical theory. The applicability of the miniature bend-fixtures is demonstrated by measuring this volume effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01514.x
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    AN IMPROVED NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULATING THE GROWTH OF PLANAR FATIGUE CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes a versatile technique for simulating the fatigue growth of a wide range of planar cracks of practical significance. Crack growth is predicted on a step-by-step basis from the Paris law using stress intensity factors calculated by the finite element method. The crack front is defined by a cubic spline curve from a set of nodes. Both the 1/4-node crack opening displacement and the three-dimensional J-integral (energy release rate) methods are used to calculate the stress intensity factors. Automatic remeshing of the finite element model to a new position which defines the new crack front enables the crack propagation to be followed. The accuracy and capability of this finite element simulation technique are demonstrated in this paper by the investigation of various problems of both theoretical and practical interest. These include the shape growth trend of an embedded initially penny-shaped defect and an embedded initially elliptical defect in an infinite body, the growth of a semi-elliptical surface crack in a finite thickness plate under tension and bending, the propagation of an internal crack in a round bar and the shape change of an external surface crack in a pressure vessel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01495.x
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    RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AT COLD-WORKED FASTENER HOLES DUE TO FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Cold-expansion of fastener holes is now commonly used within the aerospace industry to increase the fatigue endurance of airframes. Although a number of methods of cold expansion are possible, the split-sleeve cold-expansion process is the most widely accepted and is frequently used in the repair and manufacture stages of both military and civil aircraft. In the present work, the redistribution of residual hoop stresses due to the application of constant amplitude fatigue loading at 4% cold-expanded holes has been studied. A modified Sachs method was adopted to evaluate the residual stress profiles and a replication technique was used to quantify crack growth. It was found that the decay of the residual hoop stress profile near the bore of the hole was due to the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks. Cracks were found to initiate both near and below the fatigue limit, but subsequently arrested so stabilising the overall residual stress profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01501.x
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    FACTORS CONTROLLING THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF NITRIDED TITANIUM (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The factors affecting the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium were clarified. The fatigue strength depended strongly on the fracture strength of the compound layer formed on the surface by nitriding. We found a Hall-Petch relationship between the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium and the grain size. The findings indicated that the reduction in the fatigue strength by nitriding results from both the formation of the compound layer possessing low fracture strength and grain growth occurring from ordinary nitriding. Furthermore, low-temperature nitriding (620°C, 24 h) was proposed to suppress grain growth. This treatment method improved not only the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance but also the fatigue strength of titanium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00404.x
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    REINFORCEMENT FRACTURE AND TENSILE DUCTILITY IN SPHERE-REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Sphere-reinforced metal-matrix composites are modelled as a three dimensional array of hexagonal cylinders, each one with a broken or intact spherical reinforcement at its centre. Using this model, the stress-strain response of the composite in uniaxial tension was obtained. A parametrical analysis of the influence of matrix and reinforcement properties as well as volume fraction on the ductility of these composites was performed. It was found that the decrease in ductility with respect to the unreinforced matrix depended mainly on the reinforcement/matrix strength ratio and on the defect distribution in the particulates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00301.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE ON HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF MICRO ALLOYED STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Since the degradation effect due to environment on the cracking of materials depends on time, the loading rate has an important influence on the parameters that characterise its behaviour. This work analyses the effect of loading rate on the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of two microailoyed steels, E690 and E500. Monotonic loading tests were performed on precracked CT samples using a slow strain rate machine. Tests were done under constant displacement rate varying from 4.1 × 10–7 m/s to 8.2 × 10–10m/s on the two steels that were cathodically charged with hydrogen at different current densities (1, 5 and 10 mA/cm2) to obtain different hydrogen concentration levels inside the material.Based on an analytical study, the initiation conditions for cracking as well as the crack propagation rates were determined in each case, and analysed as a function of K1. An extensive fractographic SEM study has been performed to help in the analysis of the different zones of behaviour obtained as an effect of loading rate, for each material and environmental condition used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00303.x
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    CYCLIC FATIGUE OF Al2O3 AND Al2O3-Al2TiO5 COMPOSITES IN DIRECT PUSH-PULL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A reaction sintering route is developed to produce, “in situ”, composites of alumina-aluminium titanate using alumina and titania as starting powders. Aluminium titanate, can be formed by a solid state reaction between Al2O3 and TiO2 at temperatures above the eutectoid temperature of 1280°C. These composites have different grain sizes of alumina matrix and a different quantity and distribution of aluminium titanate according to the heating cycle used.In the present work direct push-pull tests under cyclic loads have been carried out with both monolithic alumina and alumina-aluminium titanate composites. It has been found that all the samples show a decrease in tensile strength with the number of applied cycles of loading when plotted in graphical form but the slopes of these graphs for both Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites are lower than for the alumina specimens. The role of aluminium titanate and the alumina matrix grain size in fatigue crack growth resistance has been studied during push-pull tests, where failure occurs by catastrophic propagation of small surface cracks after a very short regime of subcritical crack growth. These results have been compared with measurements of slow stable fatigue crack growth rates in Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites carried out elsewhere with pre-notched specimens of the compact tension type. These latter tests provide information about the behaviour of significantly long cracks, i.e. cracks that are several millimetres long.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00308.x
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  • 29
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    ESIS TC 6 ROUND ROBIN ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The Technical Committee “Ceramics” (TC 6) of the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) organized a round robin relating to the fracture toughness of ceramic materials at room temperature. Five materials were tested with five testing methods by eighteen laboratories. The five testing methods were: chevron notched beam in four point bending, direct measurement of the cracks emanating from a Vickers indentation, indentation strength by four-point bending, single edge precracked beam in four-point bending, and single edge notched beam in four-point bending. The results of the round robin performed in the period 1993 to 1994 are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00284.x
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    THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF A CENTRE CRACKED TENSILE SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper reviews the stress intensity factor, limit load, compliance and J-integral functions for a centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimen available in the literature. Compliance and J-integral functions are derived from the optimum stress intensity factor and limit load solutions. The functions are compared with the results obtained from two-dimensional finite element analyses of the specimen.The finite element results have confirmed the accuracy of the compliance and limit load functions available in the literature and suggest that the unloading compliance technique, based on crack mouth opening displacement, could be developed for a CCT specimen. Non-linear finite element analyses have shown that J can be estimated from the measured load versus load-point displacement behaviour providing a/W≥ 0.5
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00278.x
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    COMPRESSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALUMINIUM ALLOY: EFFECT OF OVERLOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The behaviour of fatigue cracks in an Al-alloy under cyclic compression, either with or without overloads, was studied. For constant-amplitude compressive cycling, a non-catastrophic (saturation) character of the fatigue crack behaviour was confirmed, with the final depth of a crack depending on the applied load level. Single (tensile or compressive) intermittent overloads were shown to re-activate a previously arrested crack while reversed (tensile—compressive or compressive—tensile) ones were also shown to maintain continual fatigue crack extension under otherwise fully compressive cycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00282.x
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    AN ACCELERATED TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING NEAR-THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY VALUES IN HSLA STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new method for accelerating the collection of near-threshold corrosion fatigue crack propagation data, using local hydrogen embrittlement in the crack tip region, has been investigated for ASTM A710 HSLA steel. Fatigue tests were conducted at 10 and 0.2 Hz (stress ratio, R= 0.1) on “constant K” contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens, to establish near-threshold crack growth rates in a locally hydrogen charged region at the crack tip. Hydrogen charging was then discontinued and crack growth rates were monitored in the uncharged material. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates were found to be 100 times faster in the locally hydrogen charged specimens than in the uncharged material. Fatigue thresholds, ΔKth, were defined in less than one fifth the time required for load shedding tests in air at 0.2 Hz. Although demonstrated for HSLA steels, the technique is applicable to any material which can be embrittled by hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01518.x
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF DELAMINATION GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID BONDED LAMINATES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The objective of this work is to study the delamination growth behaviour of hybrid composite-aluminium bonded laminates. A modified Double Crack Lap Shear (DCLS) specimen was chosen for this study. An expression relating the delamination size and the compliance of a DCLS specimen was derived, and a test method for the delamination growth rate in DCLS specimens developed. The delamination sizes and the delamination growth rates of DCLS specimens were determined by monitoring the compliances of specimens during fatigue. Delamination growth rates at different stress ratios (R= 0.1, 0.3,0.5) were measured. A Walker-type equation for the delamination growth rate was obtained by a multiple linear regression analysis.It was shown that the compliance method for determining the delamination growth rate of DCLS specimens is not only convenient and practical, but also accurate. The delamination size in DCLS specimens increases linearly with cycles during fatigue, i.e. delamination growth rate is constant, independent of delamination size. The energy release rate was adopted to characterize delamination growth behaviour. Good agreement between the Walker equation and test results of the delamination growth rate was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01522.x
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART I FINITE-PART INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The aim of the paper is to compute the local crack face displacements of a linear elastic body containing an arbitrarily shaped plane crack. From the crack face displacements the local stress intensity factors can be derived.The boundary value problem for a plane crack of arbitrary shape, embedded in a linear elastic medium, has been treated by several authors by the singular integral equation (SIE) approach. Their computations lead to a set of hyper-singular integral equations for the Cartesian components of the unknown crack face displacements. To solve these equations the authors present a discretization procedure based on six-node triangular finite elements. A total set of 24 finite-part integrals defined over a triangular area can be developed. These 2D-finite-part integrals can be split into both a 1D-regular and a 1D-finite-part-integral by means of the polar coordinates so that they can be solved in closed form. Finally, the investigation of the SIEs is reduced to a discrete set of linear algebraic equations for the unknown nodal point values. The necessary steps will be demonstrated in detail. The derived closed-form solutions will be offered in the text and in the appendices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01505.x
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    A NEW POWERFUL TOOL FOR SURVEYING CLEAVAGE FRACTURE SURFACES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new tool is presented to investigate cleavage fracture surfaces. It is based on the combined techniques of crystal orientation measurements using the Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD)-technique and 3-dimensional surfaces reconstruction by an Automatic Surface Reconstruction System (ASRS).With this tool we can perform crystallographic fractometry of cleavage fracture facets of polycrystals within the limits of the resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), e.g. we can determine the crystallographic indices of cleavage planes and of directions on such planes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01509.x
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    A FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS WITH REDUCED BRITTLENESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Ordinary ceramic refractories are used as lining material for industrial pyro-processes. A high resistance to mechanical failure from an imposed strain or thermal shock is usually termed “flexibility”. A scientific approach to enhance this property is hindered by the fact that there is a lack of understanding, definition and measurement of this parameter in relation to its physical basis.Wedge splitting tests were performed on a variety of typically shaped refractories together with standard procedures. This type of test enables stable crack propagation even for relatively large specimen dimensions that are necessary due to the size effect. High “flexibility” proved to be achievable in low brittleness materials and can be characterised by a brittleness number, the characteristic length or the thermal shock fracture resistance parameter according to Hasselman. A sufficient decrease of brittleness can be successfully achieved by the formation of precracks during the burning process which enhance the development of a fracture process zone. For a magnesia refractory (with additions of magnesia-alumina spinel) a friction bridging mechanism plays an important role in reducing brittleness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01513.x
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    DISLOCATION STRUCTURE AND NON-PROPORTIONAL HARDENING OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes the microstructure of Type 304 stainless steel after cyclic loading at room temperature under tension-torsion non-proportional strain paths. The degree of cyclic non-proportional hardening is correlated with changes in the dislocation substructure. Dislocation cells, dislocation bundles, twins and stacking faults are all observed. The type of microstructure formed and resultant stress response is dependent on the degree of non-proportional loading and strain range. Cyclic stress range was uniquely correlated with mean cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01496.x
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    THE EFFECT OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SHEAR LIPS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN Al 2024 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Multiple underloads and overloads with constant ΔK were carried out on centre-cracked tension specimens. It was found that when shear lips develop, underloads or overloads affect the crack growth rate da/dN and the subsequent retardation. The appearance of the shear lip fracture surfaces depends on the frequency. At higher frequencies a greater number of rough shear lip fracture surfaces will develop, while at lower frequencies there is a tendency towards smooth shear lips. The amount of crack closure differs in each case. It was found that the type of shear lip, rough or smooth, can be related to the effect on da/dN during and after underloads. The effect of rough and smooth shear lip growth was investigated in constant ΔK tests, performing these tests with and without crack closure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01499.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER ULTRASONIC FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper, a stress and modal analysis of an ultrasonic vibration system consisting of a notched specimen and one or two amplifying horns have been performed by using 3D finite element calculations. The stress intensity factors in ultrasonic fatigue crack propagation are evaluated by means of displacement and energy approaches. The particular advantages as well as limitations of the two approaches are briefly discussed. Two types of ultrasonic fatigue loading, with a different stress ratio, are exerted on the specimen. From a comparison of the results a conclusion is formed that the energy approach is more accurate; it also has a wide range of practicality in engineering industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00398.x
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    A THERMAL ACTIVATION APPROACH TO THE CRACK RESISTANCE OF STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this study, the relation between fracture toughness and mechanical properties, grain structure, temperature and strain rate is analysed on the basis of a thermo-activation analysis of the plastic deformation of metals.As a result of the study, the relationships obtained are of sufficient accuracy in relation to standard cracked samples of many steels.These relations can be used as a tool when designing new alloys which have a strong resistance to crack growth.This study is limited to temperatures in the range 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.2Tm and BCC metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00400.x
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    A NEW MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF PITTING RESISTANCE OF GEAR TEETH FLANKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A numerical model for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks is presented in this paper. The model considers the material fatigue process leading to pitting, i.e. the conditions required for crack initiation and then simulation of fatigue crack propagation. The theory of dislocation motion on persistent slip bands is used to describe the process of crack initiation, where the microstructure of a material plays a crucial role. The simulation of crack growth takes into account both short crack growth, where the modified Bilby, Cottrell and Swinden model is used for simulation of dislocation motion, and long crack growth, where the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics is applied. The stress field in the contact area of meshing spur gear teeth and the functional relationship between the stress intensity factor and crack length are determined by the finite element method. For numerical simulations of crack initiation and crack propagation in the contact area of spur gear teeth, an equivalent model of two cylinders is used. On the basis of numerical results, and with consideration of some particular material parameters, the service life of gear teeth flanks is estimated. The developed model is applied to a real spur gear pair, which is also experimentally tested. The comparison of numerical and experimental results shows good agreement and it can be concluded that the developed model is appropriate for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00403.x
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    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF COLD EXPANSION OF FASTENER HOLES (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of experimental investigations concerning the residual stress fields at cold-expanded fastener holes and of the behavior of fatigue cracks at such holes has been conducted. These studies have included measurement of the initial, cold-work-induced residual stress fields at both uncracked and cracked holes and the performance of both constant amplitude and spectrum fatigue crack growth tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.1998.00430.x
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  • 43
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    THE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSIVE LOADS ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN METALS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental study on Al alloy 7475-T7351 was conducted to determine the influence of compressive loads on fatigue crack propagation. The investigation was based on the determination of the crack propagation stress intensity factor, KPR , under three different basic loading sequences involving compressive loads. The data of the entire experimental program collapse onto a single ‘master curve’ which describes KPR as a function of Kmax and the unloading ratio UR. Load interaction effects are mainly due to the changes of the residual compressive stress state in front of the crack tip, while crack closure plays a minor part. The results give an improved understanding of fatigue crack propagation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.1998.00481.x
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  • 44
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    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CORNER CRACKS AT A HOLE BY A 3-D WEIGHT FUNCTION METHOD WITH STRESSES FROM THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress intensity factors for quarter-elliptical corner cracks emanating from a circular hole are determined using a 3-D weight function method combined with a 3-D finite element method. The 3-D finite element method is used to analyze uncracked configurations and provide stress distributions in the region where a crack is likely to occur. Using this stress distribution as input, the 3-D weight function method is used to determine stress intensity factors. Three different loading conditions, i.e. remote tension, remote bending and wedge loading, are considered for a wide range of geometrical parameters. The significance of using 3-D uncracked stress distributions is studied. Comparisons are made with solutions available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01485.x
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  • 45
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    FATIGUE, CREEP AND CREEP/FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY AT 700°C (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper presents the results of an experimental testing programme to examine the uniaxial creep, low cycle fatigue and creep/fatigue interaction behaviour of a Ni-base superalloy at 700°C. The material is used in the manufacture of aeroengine turbine discs. A creep continuum damage mechanics model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the creep and creep rupture behaviour of the material. A healing term has been incorporated into the damage mechanics model to allow the behaviour under creep/fatigue conditions to be described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01488.x
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  • 46
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    EFFECT OF MIXED-MODE OVERLOADS ON ENVIRONMENTAL-HYDROGEN-INDUCED FRACTURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of short periods of mixed-mode overloading on the environmental hydrogen induced fracture life of 0.42%C, 0.87%Cr, 0.21%Mo steel has been studied. Tests were performed in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution under continuous hydrogen charging conditions using a weight loading system. Experimental results show that the application of mixed-mode overloads can cause more severe crack growth retardation than those of mode I. Possible mechanisms responsible for the retardation of subsequent crack growth, such as crack deflection, plasticity-induced residual compression stresses, dislocation shielding and overload damage, are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01491.x
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    EDITORIAL: AN ITALIAN SPECIAL ISSUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00312.x
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    THE DAMAGE PROCESS IN A FINITE-SIZED BRITTLE SPECIMEN WITH INTERACTING MICROCRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The whole damage process in a finite sized specimen with interacting microcracks is simulated by a method combining the closed form crack solutions with boundary elements. Interactions among microcracks and boundary elements are taken into account with an explicit interaction matrix. A coalescence criterion is assumed to rule the intersection behaviour and propagation arrest. The fatal coalescence cluster resulting in the failure of the specimen, out of many intersections of propagating microcracks, is identified with a particular coalescence matrix. The numerical model proposed in this paper can be used to simulate the damage process in a brittle specimen of any shape, under arbitrary plane stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00316.x
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  • 49
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    CREEP CRACK GROWTH MICROMECHANISMS AT 405°C IN COLD BENT TUBES OF A C-Mn-Mo STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Creep Crack Growth (CCG) tests were performed at 405°C on specimens cut out of the cold bent extrados of five tubes of a C-Mn-Mo steel. Intergranular fracture and grain boundary cavitation was less in the C-Mn-Mo than in the C-Mn steels, in accordance with better CCG resistance of the former material. The dimensions and hardness variation across the crack tip process zone were measured by microhardness profiles performed on metallographic sections of the broken samples. TEM analysis of the dislocation patterns close to the fracture surface confirmed the presence of temperature- and stress-induced plasticity phenomena. A significant enrichment of N at grain boundaries (GB) inside the process zone was detected by Auger spectroscopy; N not only inhibits dislocation motion and stress field relaxation at the crack tip but also causes a decrease in GB cohesion ahead of the crack tip. These results help in understanding the micromechanisms which reduce the creep ductility of C-Mn-Mo and C-Mn cold bent tubes and the role of chemical composition in improving CCG resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00320.x
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  • 50
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    SIZE EFFECTS IN THE FRACTURE OF A PIPE-GRADE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of specimen size on fracture toughness of a pipe-grade high density polyethylene has been examined using the J integral approach. It was found that the size requirements set up by common standards appear inadequate for this material. Measurements at low temperatures, at which a plane strain fracture toughness value could be obtained, turned out to be very effective in establishing a more appropriate size requirement for this material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00325.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN D16T A1-ALLOY SHEET SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL OUT-OF-PHASE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fractographic peculiarities of fatigue crack development are studied in cruciform specimens of D16T aluminium alloy under out-of-phase biaxial tension and tension-compression. In the range of the biaxial load ratios λ from −0.5 to +0.5 and an R-ratio of 0.3, fatigue striation formation took place beyond a crack growth rate near to 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The striation spacing and the crack growth rate increase as the φ-angle of the out-of-phase biaxial loads increases in the range of φ-angles from 0° to 180°. The ratio between the increment of crack growth, da/dN, and the striation spacing, δ, is approximately 1 to 1 when da/dN is greater than 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The relationship between the number of cycles from the beginning of a test up to the growth rate of 10−6 m/cycle (Nd), and the crack growth period, NP, from when the crack initiates up to the instant when that growth rate is reached, was determined for different λ ratios and φ angles. The value of Nd decreases as the φ angle is increased in the range from 0° to 1807deg;.Cycle loading parameters must be taken into account in order to describe the crack growth period when using a unified method that involves an equivalent stress intensity factor Ke=KIF1(λ, R)F2(φ). The values of F2(φ) were determined.The calculated fatigue crack growth period, Nc, applicable up to and including the stage of fatigue striation formation (predicted by using both of the F1(λ, R) and F2(φ) functions) is correlated with the experimental data and the error is of the order of 15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01541.x
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    THE CRACK INITIATION TOUGHNESS FOR BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SUPER DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The occurrence of brittle stable crack growth before unstable fracture was demonstrated with the aid of heat-tinting, for a ferritic matrix super duplex stainless steel which had been age-hardened at 475°C. The critical crack tip opening displacement for stable crack growth, i.e. the crack initiation toughness, was measured using the direct-current-potential drop crack monitoring technique. A quantitative model for the effect of temperature and age-hardening on the brittle crack initiation toughness is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01543.x
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  • 53
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    HIGH RESOLUTION CRACK GROWTH MEASUREMENTS IN VIBRATING BEAMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation characteristics are measured by continuously determining the resonant frequency in vibrating systems, which is stabilized through a feedback control loop. The precisely controlled resonant frequency is related to the crack length by a nonlinear model based on fracture mechanics, hence crack growth can be monitored with respect to time with very high accuracy. The nonlinearity due to the opening and closing of the crack needs to be taken into account. In contrast to conventional fatigue tests, which require a long duration of time due to the high numbers of load cycles at low frequencies, the proposed technique operates at much higher frequencies, i.e. in the range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. Thus the required time for measurements in the high cycle fatigue range is considerably reduced. The experimental setup is simple and inexpensive and does not require high energy inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01547.x
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    MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE FRACTURE STRESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF SILICON NITRIDE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Microstructure and mechanical properties of HP (Hot Pressed), HP/GP (Gas Pressed), and HP/HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressed)—Si3N4 are studied using scanning electron microscopy, bending tests and the indentation fracture method. The grain diameter distribution is analyzed to clarify the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties; and also the bending strength and fracture toughness. It is shown that bending strength increases with decreasing grain diameter. The results also show that a Hall—Petch type of relationship is obtained between grain diameter and fracture strength. The fracture toughness shows a linear relationship with 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:8756758X:FFE829:FFE_829_fu1" location="image_n/FFE_829_fu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉, where σF= bending strength, β= a proportionality factor and da= average grain diameter, and is closely related to the aspect ratio of Si3N4 grains. It is concluded, from the morphological analysis, that a microstructure composed of Si3N4 grains, with both a small grain diameter and a large aspect ratio, is effective in improving both the fracture strength and fracture toughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01527.x
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    THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL OF THERMAL STRIPING FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The random temperature fluctuation produced by the incomplete mixing of hot and cold fluid streams passing over the surface of a component or structure is known as thermal striping. This phenomenon may cause thermal fatigue to occur. It is of particular concern in various types of nuclear reactors, for rapid shut-downs of hot plant and in thermal stratification. A computer code, “TBL”, is a design tool which has been developed to assess thermal striping damage in plates. This model is further developed in this paper to assess such damage in cylindrical components. A recent, universal weight function method is examined and incorporated into TBL. Good comparisons are found between TBL and finite element results for a sinusoidally varying temperature-time-striping history. Potential thermal striping damage is assessed for a cylindrical component of material typically found in the above-core region of a fast reactor under a random temperature-time-striping history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01531.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF AGEING AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL: Part II. FATIGUE LIFE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The mechanical behaviour of AISI 329 steel has been investigated for ageing times up to 20,000 h at temperatures of 475, 425, 375, 325 and 275°C. The study has concentrated on the changes in the response to cyclic strains, in the low-and the high-cycle fatigue regimes, and in the resistance to fatigue crack propagation as a function of temperature and time of ageing.It is shown that ageing increases the fatigue resistance in the high-cycle fatigue regime, but the opposite occurs in the low-cycle fatigue regime. Ageing increases the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for fatigue crack propagation which reaches high values in these alloys, and is influenced by the fatigue load ratio. Crack closure contributes to the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation only in the annealed condition of the AISI 329 steel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01535.x
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    MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECT ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR IN Ti-ALLOYS UNDER BIAXIAL LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Low cycle fatigue tests under axial, torsional and combined axial-torsional loading were conducted using thin-wall tubular specimens of Ti-6A1–4V titanium alloys. Two kinds of alloys with different microstructures, the (α+β) and β alloys, were investigated in fatigue tests at room temperature. When the failure life was correlated with the equivalent plastic strain, the life in axial loading shifted toward the lower life region compared with those in other loading modes in both alloys. Dominant surface cracks propagated in mode I under axial and combined loading in the two alloys. Although growth by the mode II type was predominant under torsional loading, the growth direction of the main crack coincided with the specimen axis in the (α+β) alloy, but the circumferential direction in the β alloy. The cracking morphology depended on the microstructure, especially under the torsional mode of loading, and was simulated successfully by using the proposed model for crack initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01537.x
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    FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF UNTREATED AND SILANE-TREATED TALC-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fracture behaviour of injection-moulded polypropylene filled with silane-treated talc was studied as a function of filler volume fraction (0–20%) and compared to that of polypropylene filled with untreated talc. High-rate tests (0.57 m/s) on SENB specimens were carried out using an instrumented Charpy impact pendulum, and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was applied to calculate the fracture parameters, KC and GC. It was found that moderate fractions of talc which were added to the polypropylene matrix increased the fracture toughness of the composite independent of the talc surface treatment. This general improvement seems to be due to the peculiar orientation of the talc platelets in the injection-moulded specimens. The fracture behaviour of the composites was also studied at low strain rate (1 mm/min) by tests on J-integral type specimens with the same SENB geometry. In this case, the composites with silane-treated talc presented poor J-integral values compared to those of the samples with untreated talc. This was attributed to a reduction of the plastic zone at the crack tip, since the improved coupling between the talc platelets and matrix increased the yield strength of the composite. All the results are explained on a basis of morphological and microstructural details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00299.x
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    MODELLING THE TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF THE REINFORCING FIBRE YARNS IN CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Using experimentally determined data on fibre radius distributions, yarn geometry, matrix and fibre elastic moduli and frictional shear stress at the matrix/fibre interface (obtained by nano-indentation experiments), the failure probability of the composite fibre yarns (after matrix cracking) is estimated. Each fibre is divided into a fixed number of segments above and below the matrix crack. The failure probability on every segment of each fibre is computed using Weibull fibre strength statistics. A fibre is assumed to be broken when the cumulative failure probability for the complete yarn reaches a value of 0.5. The segment and fibre are then selected at “random”, according to their individual failure probabilities. After fibre failure, the broken fibre can only carry the frictional load and the load drop is transferred to its neighbours according to their distances to the broken fibre. The remote stress is then modified to match again the cumulative failure probability of 0.5 and a new fibre is broken. This procedure is repeated until all the fibres are broken. In this way, it is possible to obtain the “characteristic” load carried by the yarn and its corresponding elongation. Fibre extraction and pull-out behaviour are also considered. The roles of different load-transfer laws (from global to highly localised) are examined. The model is applied to simulate the fracture tensile behaviour of individual yarns of SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites. The results are compared with those obtained from tensile experiments on SiC/SiC individual yarns. The computed fracture morphology, in terms of individual pull-out lengths, is also compared to the actual SEM fractography of a woven SiC/SiC composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00302.x
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    SOLVING TRANSIENT DYNAMIC CRACK PROBLEMS BY THE HYPERSINGULAR BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The subject of hypersingular boundary integral equations is a rapidly developing topic due to the advantages which this kind of formulation offers compared to the standard boundary integral method. The hypersingular formulation is particularly well suited for fracture mechanics problems, where there are important gradients of the stress field and singularities. This formulation for time domain antiplane problems has been recently addressed by the authors and in the present paper, the formulation for time domain plane problems is presented and applied for the first time. A mixed Boundary Element approach based on the standard integral equation and the hypersingular integral equation is developed. The mixed formulation allows for a very simple discretization of the problem, where no subregion is needed. Conforming quadratic elements are used for the crack and the external boundaries. The hypersingular integral equation is used for collocation points within the crack elements, while the standard integral representation is used for the external boundaries. Several examples with different crack geometries are studied to illustrate the possibilities of the method. The Stress Intensity Factor (S.I.F.) is very accurately computed from the crack tip opening displacements along the crack tip element. The results show that the proposed approach for S.I.F. evaluation is simple and produces accurate solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00309.x
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    DETERMINATION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE MESH SIZE FOR A 2-D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE BEHAVIOUR (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed for plane stress conditions with 4-node isoparametric elements to examine closure behaviour of fatigue cracks, giving special attention to the determination of the most appropriate mesh sizes. It is found that a smaller mesh size does not always give more accurate simulation results in the fatigue crack closure analysis, unlike a conventional structural analysis. A unique, most-appropriate mesh size exists for a given loading condition that will provide numerical results which agree well with experimental data. The most appropriate mesh size can be determined approximately in terms of the theoretical reversed plastic zone size. In particular, the ratio of the most appropriate mesh size to the theoretical reversed plastic zone size is nearly constant for a given stress ratio in the so-called crack-length-fixed method proposed in this study. By using the concept of the most appropriate mesh size, the finite element analysis can predict fatigue crack closure behaviour very well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00285.x
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    THE HIGH STRAIN-RATE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTILE METALS AT ELEVATED AND SUB-AMBIENT TEMPERATURES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain-rate tensile tests have been carried out on pre-notched specimens of OFHC copper and Remko iron at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures. When properly expressed as a function of stress triaxiality at the centre of the notch (as predicted by numerical simulations of the experiment), the ductility of copper was found to be independent of temperature over a range from —190°C to 300°C. The specially-processed Remko iron was found to undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition at a temperature dependent on the stress triaxiality and the particular batch of the material. Otherwise the fully ductile strains-to-failure (when expressed as a function of stress triaxiality) for iron were found to decrease with increasing temperature up to 400°C; this being the maximum temperature tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00289.x
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    A TECHNICAL NOTE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR THE EXTENDED COMPACT TENSION SPECIMEN OBTAINED BY SUPERPOSITION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00293.x
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  • 64
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    FRACTURE SURFACE DEVELOPMENT IN AN OVERLOADED D16T Al-ALLOY SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL LOADING. A FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on cruciform specimens of D16T Al-alloy, loaded under uniaxial and biaxial loads, including a sequence of various overloads. It is shown that, for biaxial cyclic loads at stress ratios λ and various R-ratios, fracture surface development during overloads and the crack length dependences on the cyclic loads following overloads are similar to those for uniaxial loading.The aim of this investigation was to study interaction effects by analyzing the crack retardation length and associated parameters together with their relationships. These parameters’depend on the biaxial ratio (λ) and the stress ratio (R) and their uses in crack growth modelling are briefly considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00275.x
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    THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF 475°C EMBRITTLED CAST DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The fracture behaviour of cast duplex stainless steels, heat treated to different ferrite contents and hardness was investigated using tensile and notched bend tests. The purpose was to identify the microstructural features which controlled the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition of 475°C embrittled duplex stainless steel. The results indicate that twin nucleated cleavage has a tensile stress fracture criteria and the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature depends on ferrite microhardness, ferrite grain size and constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00288.x
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    ANALYSIS OF CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN FRETTING FATIGUE: THE EFFECTIVE INITIAL FLAW SIZE METHODOLOGY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A number of fretting fatigue tests were carried out on CMV steel and INCO 718 alloys under closely controlled experimental conditions. A fracture mechanics-based lifing model was developed and the Paris Law employed to predict fatigue lives under a range of experimental conditions. An effective initial flaw size was used to describe initiation and early propagation of cracks. This approach was found to give good predictions of fatigue life of specimens for different values of bulk stress under the same fretting load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00402.x
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    SOME USEFUL FORMULAE FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS RELATING TO THE WEIBULL AND TO THE EXPONENTIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper develops some useful formulae relating the estimated and the actual values of the parameters of the Weibull and of the Exponential Probability Distribution functions. These formulae simplify the calculations for Monte Carlo simulations executed for the estimation of some reference statistics, for instance, the reliability function. The reduction of the calculation is possible because of the reduction of the possible values that the parameters of the random numbers generating function should assume. In some cases of the reliability function, only one Monte Carlo simulation is necessary for a given data sample amplitude. An explanation is made of the use of these formulae when estimating the reliability function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00406.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00395.x
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  • 69
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    CTODi MEASURED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED CHARPY-V-SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Measurements of CTODi on Charpy-V-specitnens of mild steel St 37 and pressure-vessel steel 22NiMoCr37 have been carried out. Slotted and precracked specimens have been used besides the original V-notched ones. A definition of CTOD = 2(R – Ro) has been proposed which corresponds to δ45, defining the CTOD of fatigue cracks. The symbols Ro and R represent the original and the actual crack tip radii respectively. Additionally, this definition presents the opportunity to measure CTOD and CTODi by a direct metallographic method. It is demonstrated that COD testing, based on the hinge model, can also be applied to slotted bars, delivering CTOD and CTODi values which are equal to those evaluated by direct metallographic measurements.The results obtained on four different tip radii, Ro, show a linear increase of CTODi as a function of Ro, which is steeper for the softer material St 37. The extrapolation to the tip radius Ro=0 gives a CTODi, which is equal to those determined from precracked specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00399.x
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    INFLUENCE OF SHOT-PEENING ON SHORT CRACK BEHAVIOUR IN A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of research into short fatigue crack behaviour in shot peened, medium carbon steel specimens under reversed torsion are presented. Characteristic features of short crack growth were established on the basis of optical and electron-optical observations of the replicas and micro-sections of the samples. Surface crack growth analysis, supported by plots of crack development, crack growth rate and crack length distributions against cycle ratio show that significantly slower crack growth and lower crack densities occur in shot peened specimens than in non-treated samples. That results can be linked to the effect of grain distortion, the packing of laminar grains, a high dislocation density in the plastically deformed surface layer and the introduction of compressive residual stresses. A fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces has assisted an understanding of the mechanisms of fracture in shot peened specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01026.x
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  • 71
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    EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE CRACKING AT MANUAL FILLET WELDS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— An experimental study within the Canadian Offshore Corrosion Fatigue Research Programme was performed on the early development of fatigue cracking along the wavy toe of manual fillet welds between structural steel plates. Stress relieved and as-welded cruciform joints were tested under R =−1 and R= 0 loading at different stress amplitudes. The depth and the opening level of cracks as small as 10–20 μm were monitored using miniature strain gauges installed along the toe apex, in combination with beach marking. Most of the “initiation life” (25% to 50% of total life), conventionally defined by a crack depth of 0.5 mm, is consumed in short crack propagation. Three types of short crack development for different combinations of local mean stress and stress range are identified and analyzed. Growth rates in as-welded specimens are faster than in stress relieved specimens, which results in shorter “initiation lives”. This is associated with a higher effective stress range, particularly under R = - 1 loading where cracks are open over nearly the full stress range. The V-notch stress intensity factor is a promising parameter to rationalize the crack “initiation life”. It takes into account the thickness effect experimentally observed. Under R = - 1 loading of as-welded joints, using R = 0 data and taking the whole stress range gives a reasonably conservative approximation of the crack “initiation life”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01312.x
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    FATIGUE DESIGN CRITERION FOR WELDED STRUCTURES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— For continuously welded structures subjected to cyclic loading, the highly stressed zones where cracks initiate and lead to failure are usually located at weld toes. At these critical points, called hot-spots, the very local stress states are difficult to determine so that standard fatigue criteria are very difficult to apply for fatigue life prediction.This work presents a fatigue design criterion for continuously welded thin sheet structures, based on a unique S-N curve. The approach, which refers to the hot-spot stress concept, defines the design stress S as the geometrical stress amplitude at the hot-spot.In practice, the geometrical stress state is calculated by means of the finite element method (FEM) using thin shell theory. Meshing rules for the welded connection, which can be applied methodically to any welding situation, allow the hot-spot location, and therefore the design stress of any structure, to be determined.Experimental data and FEM calculations show that a unique S-N curve can be obtained whatever the geometry of the welded structure and the loading mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01317.x
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    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TEST DATA ON WELDED ALUMINIUM TUBULAR JOINTS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The paper summarises existing fatigue data for welded aluminium tubular joints and attempts a first classification and formulation of design values on the basis of statistical-regressional analysis to be utilised in new design code drafts. A comparison with results in steel is performed and the need for further investigations outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01318.x
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    THE EFFECT OF MISALIGNMENT ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED CRUCIFORM JOINTS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of axial misalignment on the fatigue strength of load-carrying transverse cruciform welded joints was investigated using experimental and fracture mechanics methods. Where failure occurred by cracking from the weld toe, misalignment significantly reduced the fatigue strength. The reduction could be predicted using a nominal stress concentration factor (SCF). Misalignment had less effect where failure was due to cracking through the weld metal; an expression was deduced for the SCF in this case. For fracture mechanics assessments, an expression for an effective stress intensity factor using the SCF and stress intensity factors for aligned welds was shown to agree with the finite element (FE) results. Predictions of the effect of misalignment using the FE results agreed with experimental data. Misaligned transverse load-carrying cruciform joints should be assessed for fatigue failure from the toe using the same SCF as for a butt weld with the same misalignment. For failure through the throat, an alternative expression for the SCF is recommended. Fracture mechanics assessments of misaligned joints should be carried out using an effective stress intensity factor derived from the SCF and stress intensity factors for aligned joints. These recommendations are now incorporated in British Standard PD 6493:1991.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01320.x
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    MECHANISMS AND FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POSTWELD INTERGRANULAR UNDERCLAD CRACKING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Forged components of ferritic steel can be protected by a welded austenitic stainless steel clad. Intergranular cracking can take place in the ferritic phase close to the ferritic austenitic interface. After developing a technique for fabrication of these cracks, the formation conditions are studied. Auger electron spectroscopy investigations of specimens containing a real crack opened inside the vacuum chamber are used for interpretation. Sulphur segregations embrittle the grain boundaries which are cracked by residual and thermal stresses during the postweld heat treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb01324.x
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    A STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF Si3N4 COIL SPRINGS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Coil springs made of silicon nitride (Si3N4), which has higher strength and heat resistance than other ceramics, have recently been developed. By examining the range of strengths and the heat resistance of the coil springs, it is shown that the coil springs can be used at temperatures up to 1000°C. We derive an equation to calculate the effective volumes of coil springs and examine the influence of size on the strength of coil springs. In addition, using a process zone size failure criterion, proof tests were conducted and analysed. The results show that the mean strength of coil springs decreases with increasing effective volume. Therefore the strength of coil springs can be estimated from the value of the effective volume, and this relationship can be applied in design calculations. Furthermore, by conducting proof tests, coil springs that have relatively large defects can be eliminated and so only highly reliable coil springs can be placed in service.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00989.x
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    VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING OF SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS IN 6261-T6 ALUMINIUM ALLOY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Constant and variable amplitude (VA) loading fatigue studies were carried out on a 6261 aluminium alloy using cylindrical plain hour-glass specimens. Crack growth was monitored via surface replication using cellulose acetate.Crack growth results at constant amplitude loading show the typical intermittent high and low periods of growth rate associated with crack-microstructure interactions. Acceleration in growth rate during an overload block depends on crack length and stress amplitude ratio. It appears to pass through a maximum at a crack length corresponding to the first microstructural barrier. Microstructural-based modelling is therefore required for small fatigue cracks, rather than solely closure-based modelling. The Navarro-de los Rios model of short fatigue crack growth appears able to provide good indications of crack growth rates under VA block loading, and gives reasonable life predictions.For short cracks (surface length 〈 80 μm) and a small overload ratio (6.7%), crack growth may show severe retardation during the overload block. This is ascribed to crack tip blunting being more important than the increase in stresses when closure is low. It appears from a Miner's rule type exercise, that VA block loading has its major effect on growth at a surface crack length of 20 μm. This means that the crack initiation period cannot be ignored in life prediction models for small fatigue cracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00978.x
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    THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CRACK TIP DEFORMATION FOR SHORT AND LONG FATIGUE CRACKS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The behaviour of physical short mode I cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was investigated both numerically and experimentally. A dynamic two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element technique was utilised to simulate cyclic crack tip plastic deformation. Different idealisations were investigated. Both stationary and artificially advanced long and short cracks were analysed. A parameter which characterises the plastically deformed crack tip zone, the strain field generated within that zone and the opening and closure of the crack tip were considered. The growth of physically short mode I cracks under constant amplitude fully reversed fatigue loading was investigated experimentally using conventional cast steel EN-9 specimens. Based on a numerical analysis, a crack tip deformation parameter was devised to correlate fatigue crack propagation rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00983.x
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    INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE WARM PRESTRESS (WPS) EFFECT. PART II—ANALYSIS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Curry's model of the WPS effect has been applied to the results of a previous paper, and is extended to treat warm prestressing in blunt notched test-pieces. The effect of more complex prestress cycles is also predicted by an extrapolation of the model. The effects of the load-cool-fracture, LCF, cycle can be reasonably predicted for both sharply precracked and blunt notched specimens. For the sharply precracked specimens the effects of the load-unload-cool-fracture, LUCF, cycle at — 196°C are consistently overpredicted and this may be due to a decrease in the cleavage fracture stress at — 196°C of the material at the crack tip which has been subjected to repeated plastic straining by the combination of loading cycles. Modifications to the model are suggested which reduce the overproduction but a wide degree of scatter is observed in the experimental observations. Blunt notched specimens show a reasonable correlation between prediction and theory for the tensile LUCF cycle. Problems have been found in predicting the effect of various prestress cycles in different specimens due to the inherent variability in baseline fracture behaviour of the weld metal. It is concluded that the general trend of results is adequately explained by superposition models but that a greater understanding of local flow properties at a crack tip is required to achieve reasonable predictive success for weld metals such as A533BW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00985.x
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    HARDENING INTERACTION IN CYCLIC CREEP OF A TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL AT 20°C AND 500°C (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The development of anisotropic material properties due to torsional cyclic plastic straining of tubes with sustained axial loads was examined for a type 316 stainless steel at room temperature and at 500°C. The effect of the cyclic strains and the cumulative ratchetting strains on the axial tensile properties was determined and the results show a significant increase in the tensile strength at both 20°C and 500°C, with more pronounced hardening at the higher temperature. The cyclic shear stress-strain response of the material is shown to be extremely temperature dependent and the hardening ratio is much greater at 500°C, which is consistent with the dynamic strain ageing observed previously for this material. The ratchetting strains are controlled by the cyclic shear strain hardening, by the axial hardening resulting from the cyclic shear and the cumulative axial strains, and by the ratio of the secondary shear stress to the primary axial stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00986.x
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    FATIGUE DAMAGE IN TWO STEP LOADING OF 316L STEEL I. EVOLUTION OF PERSISTENT SLIP BANDS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— An experimental study of the surface evolution during controlled plastic strain amplitude single-step and two-step loading tests reveals the important damage mechanisms for 316L stainless steel. In the first stage, the cyclic plastic strain is concentrated into persistent slip bands (PSBs) and a surface relief is formed consisting of extrusions and intrusions. The frequency of occurrence and the total density of PSBs has been assessed using systematic observations in a scanning electron microscope. The relative volume occupied by PSBs determines the fatigue damage in this stage. Two-step loading has only a small effect on the PSB damage evolution and nearly equal saturated values (corresponding to the applied plastic strain amplitude) were achieved in the single-step and the two-step loading investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00954.x
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  • 82
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    SOME ASPECTS OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RETARDATION BEHAVIOUR FOLLOWING TENSILE OVERLOADS IN A STRUCTURAL STEEL (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effects of specimen thickness, stress intensity levels and R ratio following single tensile overloads, multiple overloads and overload/underload events have been investigated in a BS4360 Grade 50D steel. The amount of fatigue crack growth retardation increased with both decreasing applied baseline ΔK and increasing overload block size. Smaller increases in retardation were obtained for overload/underload block events compared with block overloads. The data suggests that crack flank plasticity resulting in crack closure adequately accounts for much of the observed behaviour. Near crack tip plasticity was thought to play a more important role in generating crack closure than that remote from the crack tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00958.x
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  • 83
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER THE CONJOINT ACTION OF MAJOR AND MINOR STRESS CYCLES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth rates in corner notched specimens of forged Ti-6A1-4V, used in the manufacture of rotating aero-engine components, have been measured for fatigue loadings that combine major and minor stress cycles. The loadings are simple representations of the flight cycle and the potential in-flight vibrations, each loading block consisting of high-frequency minor cycles superimposed on the major cycle dwell at maximum load. The crack growth rates are dependent on the number and stress ratio of the minor cycles, but only when they individually contribute to the growth of the crack. Estimates of the fatigue threshold values and near-threshold growth rates associated with the minor cycles have been made, all potential load history effects having been ascribed to the minor cycle component of the loading. Using this data, satisfactory crack propagation life predictions have been demonstrated for a wide range of test conditions involving the conjoint action of major and minor stress cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00961.x
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  • 84
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    CRACK EXTENSION UNDER VARIABLE LOADING IN THE SHORT AND THE LONG CRACK REGIME, USING A GENERAL FATIGUE DIAGRAM (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new fatigue domain diagram, recently introduced by one of the authors, makes it possible to demonstrate the fatigue behavior of specimens under varying stress amplitude loading both qualitatively and quantitatively. The diagram is briefly reviewed and crack propagation and damage summation of steel specimens under two level and multi level tension-compression loading are simulated and discussed. Typical patterns of low-high and high-low sequence levels are explained, predicted and, with careful classification, shown to follow certain cumulative damage trends. Correlation with experimental results is shown and discussed. The main conclusion is that one can show repeatable trends in H-L and L-H two-step and multi-step loading sequences, only for cases where the local material properties are not drastically changed, and the failure pattern is similar (critical crack propagation or gross yielding) in all stages of the tests. Damage accumulation, expressed as additional crack length, is clearly shown on the general fatigue diagram.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00963.x
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  • 85
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    SHORT CRACKS AND LIFETIME OF A NORMALIZED CARBON STEEL UNDER CYCLIC BLOCK LOADING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The behaviour of short cracks and the lifetime of unnotched specimens of a normalized medium carbon steel is observed under constant cyclic loading and under cyclic block loading with changing mean stresses. The greatest part of the life is covered by the growth of short fatigue cracks. During cyclic block loading, the length of the loading blocks has a marked influence on the crack density and the lifetime of the specimens. Short blocks lead to high crack densities and low lifetimes. This effect can be explained by a short crack growth model which takes into account the crack arrest before microstructural barriers and crack linking in the case of high crack densities. The lifetimes for cyclic block loading are calculated on the base of the constant level data and found to be in good agreement with the measured lifetimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00968.x
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  • 86
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    AN ANALYSIS OF MEAN STRESS IN MULTIAXIAL RANDOM FATIGUE (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Generally engineering components are subjected to multiaxial variable amplitude loading, which may be non-proportional. One of the best known low cycle fatigue design codes that addresses non-proportional loading problems is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, but this does not include a cycle counting method and it does not allow for the presence of a mean stress. Traditional rainflow methods, incorporating a strain range and a mean stress, are applicable only where there is a single load varying with respect to time, or possibly where multiaxial loads are proportional. So a multiaxial non-proportional cycle counting method and a fatigue damage calculation procedure are proposed here, based on plastic deformation response and a critical plane hypothesis that incorporates the effect of mean stress. A cyclic deformation model, based on the Ramberg-Osgood equation and a multiaxial memory rule, is used to calculate the mean stress response under variable amplitude loading.The proposed procedure is assessed with combined tension/torsion tests on En15R steel under variable amplitude loading. Fatigue life predictions are compared for analysis with and without mean stress corrections, to assess the sensitivity to mean stresses of non-proportional fatigue endurance in the low cycle regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00970.x
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  • 87
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    CURVILINEAR RANDOM FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH: EFFECTS OF OVERLOADS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In the paper a previously proposed stochastic description for curvilinear fatigue crack growth is extended and adopted to the characterization of crack retardation due to overloads. The model has the form of a cumulative process with random elementary crack increments and random angles of the crack deflection. The basic statistical characteristics of the model-process are related to fracture mechanics and to the parameters known from traditional experimental predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00973.x
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  • 88
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00176.x
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  • 89
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    APPLICATION OF THE VILLARI EFFECT IN A FATIGUE EXAMINATION OF NICKEL (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents the possibility of using the reverse magnetostriction (Villari) effect in fatigue testing of ferromagnetic materials. The tests were conducted on cyclically loaded nickel with no auxiliary external magnetic field. The following properties were determined: magnetic induction B, magnetic field strength H, energy of the magnetic hysteresis loop ΔM (in the B–H coordinate system), plus such mechanical quantities as stress σ, strain ɛ, plastic strain ɛp and energy of the mechanical hysteresis loop ΔW (in the σ–ɛ coordinate system). A variety of magneto-mechanical characteristics are presented and their susceptibility to loading parameters of the fatigue process are discussed. A relationship between ΔW and ΔM is demonstrated. The Villari effect is shown to be especially useful in determining the cyclic yield limit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00179.x
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  • 90
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    UNIFIED CORRELATIONS IN TRANSITION TEMPERATURES OF LOW ALLOY STEELS AND WELD METALS OF VARIOUS TOUGHNESSES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four types of toughness were measured over a range of temperatures using CVN, COD, 4PB and PCI specimens made of low alloy steels and weld metals. It was found that there were unified correlations in transition temperatures among the various toughness parameters which could be realized by the dependence of the yield strengths of the test materials on both temperature and strain rate.The intrinsic reason for the correlations could be attributed to local cleavage conditions, which control the ductile-to-brittle transition during ductile fracture processes, whether the specimens were notched or precracked, under static or dynamic loading conditions. It is suggested that the ductile fracture process itself was independent of test temperature, but the local cleavage condition remains to be more fully understood in future work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00181.x
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  • 91
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    FATIGUE PROPAGATION OF SURFACE FLAWS IN ROUND BARS: A THREE-PARAMETER THEORETICAL MODEL (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A three-parameter fracture mechanics model is proposed to theoretically analyse the propagation of an elliptical-arc part-through flaw in a round bar subjected to constant cyclic amplitude axial or bending loads. The edge flaw presents an aspect ratio α=ael/bel (ael, bel= ellipse semi-axes) and a relative crack depth ζ=a/D, where a and D are the depth of the deepest point on the crack front and the bar diameter, respectively. Additionally a parameter s=ael/a (ellipse shifting) defines the distance of the ellipse centre from the bar circumference. The surface flaw growth occurs according to preferred patterns which tend to converge to an inclined asymptotic plane in the diagram of α against s and ζ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00182.x
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  • 92
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    ESIS TC7D-1-96 GUIDELINES FOR TERMINOLOGY AND NOMENCLATURE IN THE FIELD OF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00186.x
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  • 93
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    DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS AND LOCAL APPROACH MODELLING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two titanium alloys TA6V and TD5AC were tested. Tensile tests were performed, under static and dynamic loadings, on cylindrical notched and fatigue precracked specimens. The visco-plastic constitutive equations of the alloy were found by fitting finite element computations with the experimental results. The dynamic fracture toughness was obtained by applying the convolution method of Bui and Maigre. Results for the TA6V alloy did not display significant variations of fracture toughness with loading rate, whereas for the TD5AC alloy an increase was measured. The critical void growth was found to be independent of the strain rate. Fair predictions of the fracture toughness under static as well as under dynamic conditions could be achieved by finite element computations using these experimental critical void growth values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00169.x
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  • 94
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    DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION AND CRACK ARREST INVESTIGATED WITH A NEW SPECIMEN GEOMETRY: PART I: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new test specimen geometry was advised to investigate unstable crack propagation and crack arrest. This geometry is a cracked ring which is subjected to a compressive load applied to its poles while the crack is located on the equatorial plane at the outer surface of the specimen. The main interest of this geometry lies in the variation of the stress intensity factor, K, with crack length which follows a bell-shaped curve numerically determined. The increasing part of the curve enables us to study unstable propagation and the decreasing one ensures crack arrest. This experiment has two major advantages in comparison with other specimen geometries; the boundary conditions are well controlled during the propagation, and the loading conditions of the crack are therefore precisely known. The round shape of the ring reduces wave reflection effects from free boundary surfaces. It is therefore shown that a static analysis can then be used to investigate crack arrest behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00172.x
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  • 95
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    A MICRO-MECHANICS MODEL OF CORROSION-FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN STEELS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Principles of Microstructural Fracture Mechanics (MFM) are used to develop a model for the characterization of environment-assisted short fatigue crack growth.Fatigue cracks are invariably initiated at corrosion pits formed at inclusions, hence the analysis includes stress concentration effects at pits that lead to the propagation of fatigue cracks the rates of which are considered to be proportional to the crack tip plastic displacement. This plasticity is constrained by microstructural barriers which are overcome in a non-aggressive environment at critical crack lengths only when the applied stress is higher than the fatigue limit. However, the superposition of an aggressive environment assists fatigue damage via crack tip dissolution, enhancement of crack tip plastic deformation, the introduction of stress concentrations at pits and a reduction of the strength of the microstructural barrier. These environment effects are manifested in a drastic reduction of the fatigue limit and higher crack propagation rates.The model is compared with fatigue crack propagation data of a BS251A58 steel tested in reversed torsion when submerged in a 0.6M NaCl solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00174.x
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  • 96
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    USEFUL SCALAR PARAMETERS FOR MULTIAXIAL FATIGUE DEFORMATION STUDIES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Two scalar parameters relating to stored energies are defined along an arbitrary cyclic loading path for an isotropic elastic-plastic continuum. The definitions of the parameters are introduced in the one-dimensional case. The tensorial generalization is developed firstly under the mechanical point of view and secondly focusing attention on the thermodynamical rates. The case of the usual cyclic traction test is studied in order to suggest an interest in the proposed parameters in the quasi-reversible range and in the subsequent transition range between reversibility and quasi-perfect plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00942.x
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  • 97
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    ON A POSSIBLE MECHANICAL QUANTIFICATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Criteria exist in the field of multiaxial fatigue for predicting the cyclic lifetime for a high number of cycles. They can predict the fracture of a part, but they are not able to calculate the damage level introduced. Since such theories are often used in Research and Development departments, we have based this present study on these criteria. Experiments were made on more than 1000 specimens that now allow us to propose a general procedure for the use of multiaxial criteria after pre-cycling, i.e. for non-virgin materials. We also suggest the introduction of a threshold, which depends on the damage level, to filter out small cycles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00945.x
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  • 98
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    BIAXIAL HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE TESTS ON A GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE STEEL (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Gas transmission pipes are sometimes subject to external damage due to interference by excavators. Optimized grinding of gouges may offer a solution in repairing pipes. Since pipelines may be subjected to internal pressure variations, the Dang Van criterion has been used to size the allowable grinding depth. The criterion's boundary has been determined from uniaxial fatigue testing and extrapolated to the higher hydrostatic pressure which occurs in practice. The aim of this paper is to check by means of biaxial fatigue tests on specimens, that this extrapolation ensures a lifetime of 105 cycles for the ground pipes. The state of stresses in the central area of the biaxial specimen was calculated from an elastic finite element simulation. The test machine had independent motions of the two perpendicular axes of loading. The fatigue testing was limited to 105 cycles and was carried out at a hydrostatic pressure of 200 MPa. The results validated the extrapolation technique for the Dang Van criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00946.x
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  • 99
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER MIXED-MODE I AND II LOADING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth has been studied using four point bend specimens under asymmetric loads. A detailed finite element analysis provides the stress intensity factors for curved cracks under different mixed-mode load conditions. Both fatigue crack growth direction and crack growth rate are studied. The maximum tangential stress and the minimum strain energy density criteria were found to provide satisfactory predictions of the crack growth directions. An effective stress intensity factor was used to correlate the fatigue crack growth rates successfully. It is found that the use of mode I fatigue crack growth rate properties results in a conservative crack growth rate prediction for mixed-mode load conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00950.x
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  • 100
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    CRACK PROPAGATION UNDER MIXED MODE (I + III) LOADING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper are presented the results of fatigue crack propagation tests on angled-slit, three point bend mixed-mode (I + III) specimens manufactured from a low pressure steam turbine rotor forging. The path of crack propagation has been studied for two mixed mode (I + III) loading conditions. It has been observed that crack growth occurs by a mode I mechanism and a model has been developed to correlate crack growth rates in mixed mode (I + III) specimens with data from pure mode I fatigue tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00951.x
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