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  • Articles  (106)
  • pollution  (57)
  • mercury  (50)
  • Springer  (106)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (106)
  • 1975-1979
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (105)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1)
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  • Articles  (106)
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  • Springer  (106)
  • National Academy of Sciences
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Prenatal Mercury Exposure Upon Scholastic and Psychological Test Performance: Benchmark Analysis of a New Zealand Cohort (1998)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 701-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005917.52151.e6
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulating a Polluting Firm Under Asymmetric Information (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 267-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Laffont-Tirole model ; tax generation ; tax schemes ; pollution ; regulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reinterprets the Laffont-Tirole model of regulation under asymmetric information to cover the case of pollution control. The asymmetry of information concerns the firm's cost of lowering its pollution. The regulator has three objectives: Ensuring an efficient abatement level, generating 'green taxes' and securing the survival of the firm. We show that when optimal abatement is important relative to tax generation, the regulator cannot use the policy of offering the firm a set of linear tax schemes from which to choose. By contrast, this policy is optimal in the Laffont-Tirole model under certain not very restrictive assumptions. We proceed to establish a simple rule for when to shut-down inefficient types. In an example with specific functional forms, we derive the optimal tax function both analytically and graphically. We show the effect on the optimal tax system of a change in a technological parameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026471117727
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476931
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and application of a reactive plume model for mercury emissions (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189682
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denuder-based techniques for sampling, separation and analysis of gaseous and participate mercury in air (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189784
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury concentrations in forest trees from Slovakia (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171636
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELLING LEACHING OF INORGANIC Hg(II) IN A SCANDINAVIAN IRON-HUMUS PODZOL - VALIDATION AND LONG-TERM LEACHING UNDER VARIOUS DEPOSITION RATES (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 301-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026476921969
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of humic substances in the aqueous mobilization of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282665
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global mercury pollution and the role of gold mining: An overview (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407458
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of atmospheric mercury during the North sea experiment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407464
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental Distribution in a Sedimentary Deposit on the Shelf Off the Tagus Estuary (Portugal) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 507-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: elemental composition ; fine sediments ; Tagus ; Atlantic shelf ; sediment transport ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Tagus estuary, located at the western Iberian coast in front of Lisbon is the largest one in Portugal, where it drains highly populated and industrialised regions. The amount of sediment transported by this river is so great that the submarine delta is one of the largest in the Iberian margin, very well defined and reaching the 70m isobath. The geochemical pattern of the muddy deposit off the Tagus river has been determined by elemental analyses of bulk surficial sediments, collected at the Portuguese margin adjacent to the Tagus estuary. Measurements were carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Sediments were usually composed of fine particles (silts and clays) and were high in organic matter (measured as loss on ignition). Elemental concentrations for Zn and Pb clearly indicate an estuarine contamination probably associated with discharges from urban centers or due to the influence of the industries located downstream. Apparently the depletion on the Cu contents is caused by its release (soluble complexes) into the marine environment. Variations observed in the elemental distribution of the sediments off the Tagus with distance from the estuary seem to be dependent on the grain size distribution related to the dynamics of the sediment transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018355810082
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TOTAL MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY IN SEDIMENTS AND IN THE POLYCHAETE NEREIS DIVERSICOLOR AT GROOT BUITENSCHOOR (SCHELDT ESTUARY, BELGIUM) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026434629599
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The state of pollution levels of Karachi harbour and adjoining coastal water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pollution ; harbour ; coastal waters ; organic leading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out recently to determine the pollution level of waters in the Karachi harbour and adjoining backwaters. Nine locations were selected, four in the backwaters, two on the seaside, and three in the main navigable channel. Four of these locations were deliberately selected to coincide with those of a previous study conducted in 1982 by Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) so that the values for the concentration of different pollutants could be compared. Analysis was conducted for pH, bicarbonates, Total Solids, Volatile matter in Total Solids, Chlorides, Sulphates, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The results indicate that the composition of sea water as far as the concentration of above constituents is concerned has not changed much since the time of the PCSIR study, viz 1982, except that the organic matter concentration has increased. The reasons for this increase in organic loading and its possible impact are discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407096
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of two reagents, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide, in the extraction of labile metal organic complexes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406861
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface in the venice canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic ; metal ; residual inetal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques I ) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer, 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal Traps pennitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged, a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406865
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation and application of a fugacity model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the St. Lawrence River valley (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pesticide ; PAH ; PCB ; pollution ; principal components analysis ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A fugacity-based model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the environment is evaluated. Using emission inventories, air and water concentrations predicted by the model for the southwestern Québec region generally agree with field data for phenanthrene,α-HCH, lindane, and DDT. For pyrene, air concentrations are in agreement but water concentrations were in error by a factor of nearly 20. There is also a possibility for using the model to predict emissions from known air and water concentrations. The model was run over 120 times each for phenanthrene, HCB, and lindane while randomly varying the input parameters each time. A Principal Components Analysis and a partial correlation analysis indicate that certain input parameters are more important for some compounds than for others and that log K ow is the physical-chemical property of greatest importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407474
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring nitrogen pollution from sugarcane runoff using15N analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production area. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in15N/14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N ratios. FertilizerN draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L−1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ 15N value was +18.6±7.1‰ and the NO 3 − -δ 15N mean was +8.3±3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 − -δ 15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047046
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON (HCB, DDTs AND PCBs LEVELS IN CETACEANS STRANDED ALONG THE ITALIAN COASTS: AN OVERVIEW (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 45 (1997), S. 129-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: chlorinated hydrocarbons ; pollution ; cetaceans ; marine mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of HCB, DDTs and PCBs in the tissues andorgans of cetaceans ( Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Balaenoptera physalus, Steno bredanensis}, Grampus griseus} and Globicephala melaena) strandedalong the Italian coasts in the period 1987–1993 are reported. The values are compared between speciesand between specimens of the samespecies. Chlorinated hydrocarbon (CH) levels were found toincrease in relation to the quantity andtype of lipids in each tissue and organ. Differences inaccumulation encountered in the differentspecies are principally due to different feeding habitats.Remarkable differences found between malesand females of each species confirm that during gestation andlactation, females undergo disintoxication by passing much of their total burden of CHs to their young.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005786627533
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    The Blue Green Algal Bloom in the Nearshore Waters of Cukai Bay Facing the South China Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 123-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: aquaculture ; bloom ; coastal ; cyanophyta ; nutrient ; plankton ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since the early 1990's, large areas of mangrove forest along the nearshore waters of Cukai bay had been cleared to give way for the development of aquaculture activities, human settlement and setting up of new small scale fish processing industries. The Cukai bay, facing the South China Sea, has inflows from the Cukai river estuaries and other numerous small river tributaries. The water quality examined (April 1993 to March 1994) in the bay indicated that the ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus contents were high during the pre-wet monsoon (October 1993) with values of 28.2, 30.1 and 29.6 μg L-1, respectively. The source of nutrients in the estuary were from the newly established fish processing cottage industries, nearby fish culture activities, agro-based effluents (mainly fertilisers from surrounding paddy plantations), untreated human (from nearby villages) and animal wastes (from domestic cattle and goat farms) and siltation due to erosion from land development. The main bulk of the microplankton were comprised of diatoms, dinoflagellates, ciliophora and blue green algae. The blue green algae encountered were species of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormodium and Trichodesmium while those of diatom were species of Asterionella, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Navicula and Nitzschia. Peak microplankton production in the water column occurred in October 1993, reaching a maximum value of 173 μg C L-1 d-1. This comprised primarily of the blue green alga, Trichodesmium thiebautii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006024203694
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    Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; threshold ; geostatistics ; indicators ; kriging ; risk ; Swiss Jura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The probability that the concentrations of toxic substances in soil or other medium exceed tolerablemaxima at any unsampled place can be estimated by indicator geostatistics. The method is developed and used to estimate and map the risk of contamination by cadmium, copper and lead in the topsoil of a 14.5 km 2 region in the Swiss Jura. It combines both direct measurements of metal concentrations and thecalibration of a geological map, and it shows that the risk of toxicity is least on Argovian rocks. Two approaches are proposed to divide a region into safe' and 'hazardous' zones on the basis of probability maps. The first declares as contaminated all places where the risk of contamination exceeds a given threshold. The second approach first evaluates the financial costs that might result from a wrongdeclaration, after which the site is allocated to a class so as to minimize that cost. The risk of exposure for humans and animals is generally greater for contaminated agricultural land than for forest soil, and so land use is taken into account in both procedures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018505924603
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    Allozymes Reflect the Population-Level Effect of Mercury: Simulations of the Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard) GPI-2 Response (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014352226686
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    Environmental justice: A louisiana case study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 9 (1996), S. 61-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: informed consent ; equity ; fairness ; Louisiana ; pollution ; racism ; radiation ; rights ; uranium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper begins with a brief analysis of the concepts of environmental justice and environmental racism and classism. The authors argue that pollution- and environment-related decision-making is prima facie wrong whenever it results in inequitable treatment of individuals on the basis of race or socio-economic status. The essay next surveys the history of the doctrine of free informed consent and argues that the consent of those affected is necessary for ensuring the fairness of decision-making for siting hazardous facilities. The paper also points out that equal opportunity to environmental protection and free informed consent are important rights. Finally, it presents a case study on the proposed uranium enrichment facility near Homer, Louisiana and argues that siting the plant would violate norms of distributive equity and free informed consent. It concludes that siting the facility is a case of environmental injustice and likely an example of environmental racism or classism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965670
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    Optimal pollution taxation in a Cournot duopoly (1995)
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    Environmental and resource economics 6 (1995), S. 359-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Cournot duopoly ; Pigovian tax ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the optimal pollution tax in a competitive industry is equal to the marginal damage inflicted by the pollution. It has also been shown that the optimal pollution tax on a monopoly is less than the marginal damage. In this paper, I derive the optimal pollution tax for a Cournot duopoly. If firms have different production costs, the optimal tax rate may exceed the marginal damage. This is so because the tax may be an effective instrument for allocating production from the less to the more efficient firm. It is also shown that, if one firm has a positive most preferred pollution tax, the sum of consumer and producer surpluses will be declining in the tax at this level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691819
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    A Political Economy in an Ecological Web (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 557-570 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: endangered species ; environmental policy ; pollution ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Behavior matters more to environmental policy than most people think. This paper illustrates why this point needs repeating in four ongoing policy debates in the United States – Children's health risk, ozone/particulate matter (PM), climate change, and endangered species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008280325604
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    ‘Dirty industries’: Patterns of change in industrial countries (1997)
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    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 467-491 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: green policy ; pollution ; relocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article concerns itself with the environmental role of heavily polluting industries since 1970, analysing its development in 11 basic industries, as well as electricity production and road transport, in 32 industrial countries. It argues for a green industrial policy, demonstrating that other mitigations of environmental pressure in industrial countries—end-of-pipe treatment, relocation to the Third World, structural change in the industrial sector and even environmentally oriented modernization—have so far been unable to solve the problems of ‘dirty industries’, although some approaches have shown (some) promise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441762
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    An empirical analysis of air pollution emissions policy for the U.K. residential sector (1996)
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    Environmental and resource economics 8 (1996), S. 367-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: energy policy ; pollution ; resource conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper an analysis of the U.K. government's air pollution emissions policy for the residential sector is undertaken. The analysis covers emissions arising from water and space heating, electric appliances and cooking appliances. Using an integrated economic-engineering model, the effects of the Energy Savings Trust and the imposition of Value Added Tax on residential fuel will be evaluated in terms of energy consumption and pollution emissions. It is found that the initial proposed policy was not sufficiently stringent to meet the government's environmental objectives, and that subsequent events have undermined the government's programme even further. Unless alternative policies are introduced, emissions from the residential sector will play an important role in jeopardizing the ability of the U.K. government to meet its international obligations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339083
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    Environmental policy instruments and imperfectly competitive international trade (1996)
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    Environmental and resource economics 7 (1996), S. 333-355 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environmental policy ; pollution ; strategic behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Policy makers, industrialists and environmentalists express concern that the imposition of tough environmental policies in some countries displaces production, and hence pollution, to countries which impose less tough environmental policies. Yet empirical studies of such impacts suggest they are small. However, these findings are derived from models in which international trade is modelled as being perfectly competitive. In this paper I model trade as imperfectly competitive with scope for strategic behavior by producers, in this case investment in capital. I show that the choice of environmental policy instrument can have a marked impact on the incentives for producers to act strategically, with environmental standards significantly reducing the incentives for strategic overinvestment relative to environmental taxes or no environmental policy at all. Whether welfare is higher using standards or taxes depends on whether producing countries are also significant consumers of the polluting product, and on whether all producing governments act to reduce emissions or only some subset of governments. To assess the quantitative significance of these theoretical results I conduct policy simulations on a calibrated model of the world fertilizer industry. These simulations show that the impact of environmental policy on strategic behaviour can be large.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369623
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    Pollution, abatement and balanced growth (1995)
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    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Endogenous growth ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of endogenous growth models with pollution often concentrates on steady state trajectories, under the assumption that the steady state is in some sense stable. In the present note we provide examples showing that this issue should be dealt with carefully. We use the Rebelo “Ak” model augmented with a stock of pollutants causing a negative externality. It is found that optimal growth is not necessarily balanced (contrary to the outcome of the standard Rebelo model). Moreover, the existence of the externality may affect long run optimal growth rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691906
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    Climate Change and Local Pollution Effects – An Integrated Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 61-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; cost-benefit ; Hungary ; integrated assessment ; mitigation ; pollution ; discount rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Few studies on measures for mitigation of damage caused by man-made emissions to the environment have tried to consider all major effects. We illustrate the importance of an integrated approach by estimating costs and benefits of a proposed energy saving program for Hungary, originally designed to reduce CO2 emissions. The dominant benefit of implementing the program is likely to be reduced health damage from local pollutants. Also reduced costs of material damage and to a lesser extent vegetation damage contribute to make the net benefit considerable. Compared to the reduction in these local and regional effects, the benefits from reducing greenhouse gases are likely to be minor. Since local effects in general occur much earlier after measures have been implemented than effects of increased emissions of greenhouse gases, inclusion of local effects makes evaluation of climate policy less dependent on the choice of discount rate. In our opinion, similar results are likely for many measures originally designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases particularly in some areas in developing countries with high local pollution levels. Main uncertainties in the analysis, e.g. in the relationships between damage and pollution level, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009693719474
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    Pollution, food safety, and the distribution of knowledge (1996)
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    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 87-108 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: intracultural variation ; consensus analysis ; pollution ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human perceptions of the relationship between pollution and food safety are often haphazard and contradictory, based on a variety of sources of information. Recent media events concerning seafood and coastal pollution have generated concern that an otherwise healthy food— fish and shellfish—has become dangerous. We assess consumer knowledge about seafood safety and coastal pollution using several methods, including tests of cultural consensus. We find that consumers view seafood as far more threatened by pollution than scientific analysis suggests, due in part to their perceptions about the dynamics of the marine environment. Finding variation in perceptions within our population based on income and other factors, we explore the use of the cultural consensus approach in large and heterogeneous populations.
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    The United Kingdom national materials exposure programme (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2655-2660 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: materials ; buildings ; stone ; metal ; pollution ; decay ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1986, the National Materials Exposure Programme was set up within the United Kingdom to investigate the effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. Thirty sites were chosen, which represented a range of geographical and pollution climates. Each site met a minimum meteorological and pollution monitoring regime (including SO2, NO2). After four years, other sites were included (with less frequent data collection) and some sites removed. At each site, samples of 3 types of stone, mild steel, painted steel, Cu, Al and galvanised steel were exposed, with some of the stone sheltered from direct precipitation. Samples were removed periodically for analysis and dose-response relations derived for different materials. The empirical relationships derived are in the form of: decay rate=a [SO+] + b [H2] + c [rainfall] + d These dose response relations have been used to develop critical load maps for materials for the United Kingdom. Eight years of data have been collected, some for the UNECE task force programme. Laboratory tests using an Atmospheric Flow Chamber were also undertaken. Since the beginning of the programme addition materials have been exposed on some sites including mortars. A further set of eight sites has been used to assess the effects of ozone on a range of organic materials (for example polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, sealants). The paper presents up-to-date findings for the programme and confirms the dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide as the main decay process for sensitive materials in areas of significant pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186235
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    Modelling leaching of inorganic Hg(II) in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol — validation and long-term leaching under various deposition rates (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 301-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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    ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC FROM DIFFUSE IMMISSION ON ACID SANDY SOILS, AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPOSITION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131 μg g-1 zinc and 1.6 μg g-1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989 μg g-1 respectively 16.3 μg g-1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    Accumulation of cadmium and zinc from diffuse immission on acid sandy soils, as a function of soil composition (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131μg g−1 zinc and 1.6μg g−1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989μg g−1 respectively 16.3μg g−1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407193
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    Airborne lead pollution in Metropolitan Taipei (Republic of China) (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 375-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne lead determination ; pollution ; Taipei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To examine the spatial variation of airborne lead in Taipei, a field study was conducted during the summer and fall of 1991. Samples were collected 2–4 times daily at several sites for the determination of airborne lead. Results indicate that the average of air lead concentration of Taipei city is 0.70±0.39 μg/m3 and eighty-eight percent of particles are smaller than 10 pm. From high to low polluted area, the fine particle concentrations are 0.83, 0.51, 0.29 μg/m3 The lead concentration of particulates 〈 10 μm on 2nd, 7th, and 14th floors of a building are 0.75, 0.60, 0.55 μg/m3, and appears to be little difference among vertical dispersions. The air lead concentrations (da 〈 10 μm) on roadside, side walk and covered walk way from the vehicle emission source of a main road are 0.83, 0.78, 0.87 μg/m3 the highest is on the covered walk way. For lead concentrations (da 〈 10 μm) on the main street, side street and alley of an area are 0.34, 0.37, 0.35 μg/m3 the result indicates lead concentrations on these pathways are not significantly different.
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    Mercury from Combustion Sources: A Review of the Chemical Species Emitted and Their Transport in the Atmosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solidwaste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide injection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water- soluble, divalent mercury.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429911010
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    MONITORING NITROGEN POLLUTION FROM SUGARCANE RUNOFF USING 15N ANALYSIS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production areas. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in 15N14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO3 --N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N ratios. Fertilizer N draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 - -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L-1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ15N value was +18.6 ± 7.1‰ and the NO 3 - -δ15N mean was +8.3 ± 3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 - -δ15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026483228623
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    Mercury from combustion sources: A review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solid waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide infection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water-soluble, divalent mercury.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047037
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    Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: Source identification through statistical data interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407095
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    Elemental distribution in a sedimentary deposit on the shelf off the Tagus estuary (Portugal) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 507-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: elemental composition ; fine sediments ; Tagus ; Atlantic shelf ; sediment transport ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Tagus estuary, located at the western Iberian coast in front of Lisbon is the largest one in Portugal, where it drains highly populated and industrialised regions. The amount of sediment transported by this river is so great that the submarine delta is one of the largest in the Iberian margin, very well defined and reaching the 70m isobath. The geochemical pattern of the muddy deposit off the Tagus river has been determined by elemental analyses of bulk surficial sediments, collected at the Portuguese margin adjacent to the Tagus estuary. Measurements were carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Sediments were usually composed of fine particles (silts and clays) and were high in organic matter (measured as loss on ignition). Elemental concentrations for Zn and Ph clearly indicate an estuarine contamination probably associated with discharges from urban centers or due to the influence of the industries located downstream. apparently the depletion on the Cu contents is caused by its release (soluble complexes) into the marine environment. Variations observed in the elemental distribution of the sediments of the Tagus with distance from the estuary seem to be dependent on the grain size distribution related to the dynamics of the sediment transport.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406890
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  • 42
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    MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN DEVILS LAKE, NORTH DAKOTA – EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION IN CLOSED-BASIN LAKES ON MERCURY CHRONOLOGIES (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 275-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; mercury accumulation ; mercury deposition ; North Dakota ; saline lakes ; sediment cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with210 Pb and 137Cs dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026415001754
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    Contamination Near Chernobyl: radiocaesium, Lead and Mercury in Fish and Sediment Radiocaesium from Waters Within the 10 km Zone (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: radiocaesium ; mercury ; lead ; fish ; Chernobyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of fish and sediments collected from waters within 10 km of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were analysed for radiocaesium and other atmospherically transported pollutants (lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)) were measured in fish tissues. For comparison, fish muscle was also sampled from a less-contaminated area of the Kiev Reservoir and from a hatchery in Kiev. In sediments, 137Cs was the major gamma-emitting isotope, with concentrations of over 100 Bq g−1 in canals adjacent to the reactor and in ponds that were downwind during the accident. The radiocaesium distributions appeared non-normal, were very patchy and could vary by over 100% in samples collected metres to tens of metres apart. Fish muscle radiocaesium from ponds within 10 km of the power plant was in the range of 6–192 Bq g−1. The fish muscle radiocaesium concentrations were highest in ponds from the downwind sites and were correlated with the sediment radiocaesium concentrations. The lead and mercury concentrations in fish were relatively low (medians 〈0.8 μg Hg per g dry mass and 〈150 ng Pb per g dry mass), suggesting little contamination from lead applied to the burning reactor after the accident. The radiocaesium levels in fish in areas close to the reactor continue to be high enough to cause health concerns to humans that might utilize these resources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934710904
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    The Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms from Two Similar Lakes with Differing pH (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; fish ; acidification ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two small drainage lakes of similar surface area (0.4–0.6 km 2 ) and depth, and situated in close proximity to one another (about 9 km apart) in the Muskoka-Haliburton district of rural Ontario, Canada were chosen to investigate the effects of differing pH on Hg accumulation in fish and other biota. Blue Chalk Lake is circumneutral (pH = 6.3–6.9) with an average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of 2.69 mg/L; Plastic Lake is acidic (pH = 5.2–5.6) with a similar DOC level (2.72 mg/L). Neither lake is an impoundment, and neither receives inputs from point-source urban or industrial waste emissions. Surficial (top 4 cm) sediments and various aquatic biota, including crayfish (Orconectes virilis)], and 5 species of fish [brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), yellow perch (Perca flavenscens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris)] were sampled for Hg analysis. Only creek chub and pumpkinseed occurred in both lakes. Significant size (length) vs. Hg-concentration relationships were observed for brown bullhead, pumpkinseed, yellow perch and rock bass, but not for crayfish nor for creek chub in either lake. Rock bass had the highest mean Hg concentration (1.02 ± 0.98 μg/g dry wt.). Pumpkinseed from Plastic Lake had the highest overall rate of accumulation with increasing size. Several individual pumpkinseed and rock bass sampled from the acidic Plastic Lake had Hg concentrations equal to or greater than levels reported to be hazardous to breeding piscivorous birds, such as common loons (Gavia immer), whereas no fish from Blue Chalk approached this threshold (0.3 μg/g wet wt). This study illustrates the importance of within-lake parameters, particularly pH, and species trophic level, in determining Hg accumulation in fish in lakes of similar size that receive similar atmospheric Hg inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008936910823
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    The case for free market environmentalism (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: free market ; coercion ; the common good ; pollution ; oversupply ; global warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Environmental Ethics is the ethics of how we humans are to relate to each other about the environment we live in. The best way to adjust inevitable differences among us in this respect is by private property. Each person takes the best care of what he owns, and ownership entails the free market, which enables people to make mutually advantageous trades with those who might use it even better. Public regulation, by contrast, becomes management in the interests of the regulators, or of special interests, such as lovers of rare species-not the people they're supposed to be serving.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251877
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    Effects of humic acid on transport and transformation of mercury in soil-plant systems (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: humic acid ; mercury ; transport ; transformation ; soil-plant system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of humic acid (HA) on the transport and transformation of mercury (Hg) in soil was studied. No available Hg could be detected (〈2.5 μg kg−1) in alluvial soil when the content of HA-carbon (HA-C) was higher than 0.2 g kg−1 although a large amount of Hg (8 μg kg−1) was applied to the soil. The available Hg decreased with the increase of HA in purple soil (r=0.735). There are significant correlations between HA concentration and organic Hg in the tested soils (r=0.974 for the purple soil and r=0.979 for the alluvial soil). The increase of HA results in decrease of Hg absorbed by plant from the soil. A loss of Hg from soil caused by microbes was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406154
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  • 47
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    EFFECTS OF HUMIC ACID ON TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MERCURY IN SOIL-PLANT SYSTEMS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: humic acid ; mercury ; transport ; transformation ; soil-plant system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of humic acid (HA) on the transport and transformation of mercury (Hg) in soil was studied. No available Hg could be detected (〈2.5 μg kg-1) in alluvial soil when the content of HA-carbon (HA-C) was higher than 0.2 g kg-1 although a large amount of Hg (8 μg kg-1) was applied to the soil. The available Hg decreased with the increase of HA in purple soil (r=0.735). There are significant correlations between HA concentration and organic Hg in the tested soils (r=0.974 for the purple soil and r=0.979 for the alluvial soil). The increase of HA results in decrease of Hg absorbed by plant from the soil. A loss of Hg from soil caused by microbes was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026468724284
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    Global Mercury Pollution and the Role of Gold Mining: An Overview (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jernelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018304920365
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  • 49
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    Determination of Atmospheric Mercury During the North Sea Experiment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F.S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m-3 with an average of 1.5 ng·m-3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m-3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m-3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the downwind ship, which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal was 0.5 cm·s-1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s-1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·l-1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm-2 yr1- was estimated for the North Sea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018311107587
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    Using isotopic tracers in lake sediments to assess atmospheric transport of lead in Eastern Canada (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; Ontario ; Quebec ; lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition of lead pollution in the environment provides information as to the source of emission. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio for Canadian industrial emissions (1.153±0.005) is significantly less than U.S. industrial emissions (1.213±0.008) making it possible to determine the relative contributions of emissions from both countries within Eastern North America by means of a simple isotopic mixing model. Profundal sediments in lakes chronicle contaminant inputs and are therefore useful monitors of environmental pollution. Surface sediment from 32 sediment cores across Quebec and Ontario, Canada were analyzed for 206Pb/207Pb to ascertain the relative proportions of Pb emission from Canada and the U.S.A. Data show that U.S. contributions to the total lead burden in surficial sediments across much of southern Quebec and Ontario are often in excess of 50%. Local sources were particularly important in the Eastern Township region of Quebec which lies 200 km south east of the city of Montreal. The results are discussed in relation to the major sources of industrial lead emissions in North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283566
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    Seasonal Changes in Cystoseira Myrica and Phosphorus Input at Two Sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, wererelated to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-alga Cystoseira myrica during1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site atGhardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolvedphosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively.The standing crop of C. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield(491 g m-2) and number of individuals (127 m-2) of C. myrica were recorded in the spring at theGhardaqa site. Quseir C. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N andtotal-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1%level). Tissue N:P molar ratios for C. myrica, Laurencia papillosa and Ulva lactuca collected fromGhardaqa ranged from 68-98, compared to 30-59 for the same species collected at thephosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios of C. myricaexhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqaplants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022196227853
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    EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF A FUGACITY MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE PARTITIONING OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER VALLEY (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pesticide ; PAH ; PCB ; pollution ; principal components analysis ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A fugacity-based model to explain the partitioning of contaminants in the environment is evaluated. Using emission inventories, air and water concentrations predicted by the model for the southwestern Québec region generally agree with field data for phenanthrene, α-HCH, lindane, and DDT. For pyrene, air concentrations are in agreement but water concentrations were in error by a factor of nearly 20. There is also a possibility for using the model to predict emissions from known air and water concentrations. The model was run over 120 times each for phenanthrene, HCB, and lindane while randomly varying the input parameters each time. A Principal Components Analysis and a partial correlation analysis indicate that certain input parameters are more important for some compounds than for others and that log Kow is the physical-chemical property of greatest importance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026496527596
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  • 53
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    Mercury accumulation in Devils Lake, North Dakota — Effects of environmental variation in closed-basin lakes on mercury chrologies (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 275-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; mercury accumulation ; mercury deposition ; North Dakota ; saline lakes ; sediment cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with210Pb and137Cs dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047039
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  • 54
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    Restoration of the Kissimmee River, Florida: Water Quality Impacts from Canal Backfilling (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 85-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Kissimmee River ; mercury ; nutrients ; restoration ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The planned restoration of the Kissimmee River ecocystem will backfill approximately 35 km of flood control canal (C-38) that cuts through the meandering river channel, re-establish natural flow patterns, and restore the river/floodplain ecosystem. Water quality monitoring, including nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and mercury, was conducted during a pilot `test fill' project to determine if soil disturbance during canal backfilling would negatively impact these water quality constituents. Surface water nutrient concentrations varied little between sites. Generally, highest concentrations occurred prior to construction, with lowest concentrations occurring during and after construction. During construction, TSS concentrations increased at sites immediately upstream, downstream, and adjacent to the construction area. Increased turbidity was generally restricted to areas immediately upstream and downstream of the test plug, with maximum levels occurring during the initial construction phase. Some downstream increases in turbidity were observed; however, impacts were short-term, lasting less than 24 h. Depresssed DO levels (〈2 mg/l) were observed upstream of the test plug following completion of the initial plug across C-38. Dissolved oxygen levels remained low for approximately 6 weeks, with no apparent ecological impacts. Total mercury (HgT) within canal sediment ranged from 9.2–180 ng/g and methylmercury concentrations ranged from 0.037–0.708 ng/g. Concentration of total mercury and total methylmercury (MeHgT) in the backfill material were much lower than concentrations in the canal sediment. No significant change in aqueous HgT concentrations occurred over the sampling period, although construction-induced turbidity could have temporarily caused a slightly elevated concentration immediately downstream of the construction site. Methylmercury concentrations in the water column ranged from 0.033–0.518 ng/l. No significant differences in mean MeHgT concentrations occured between sites or between sampling dates, except at one downstream site where MeHgT declined significantly over the sampling period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005962006268
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    Tropical Coastal Organisms as Qualitative Indicators of Mercury and Organomercury for Sustainable Use of Living Resources (1999)
    Springer
    Environment, development and sustainability 1 (1999), S. 135-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2975
    Keywords: Biomonitoring ; bioindicator ; India ; macrobenthos ; mercury and organomercury ; pollution ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Organisms sensitive to ambient environment are used as bioindicators in monitoring pollution. The present investigation is designed to measure the extent of mercury and organomercury levels in selective biota of different trophic levels inhabiting in the coastal environment of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve, eastern part of India. The primary objective of this work is to provide baseline data for future environmental quality programme and to ascertain the suitability of these organisms to be used as bioindicator species of pollution. The seagrass (Porterasia coarctata), macrobenthos (polychaetes, gastropods and bivalve molluscs) and pelagic finfishes were collected from sites of different physiochemical characteristics. Concentration of total mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique (CVAAS) using a Perkin-Elmer 2380 AAS equipped with MHS 10. Both mercury and organomercury levels showed considerable interspecific and regional variations which reflected the feeding strategy of these animals and also the location of stations. The bivalve molluscs showed a high degree of organ-specificity in accumulation which might be attributed to the ion exchange activity of mucous membrane covering gill and mantle. Mercury levels in various compartments did not reveal any regular temporal variations but showed a slight increase in the late monsoon months indicating the apparent influence of river run-off and reduction in salinity in the ambient medium. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended in order to clarify the present trend and to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010087516131
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    The slider turtle as an environmental sentinel: multiple tissue assays using flow cytometric analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 4 (1995), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Trachemys scripta ; flow cytometry ; biomarkers ; sentinel ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We used flow cytometry (FCM) to conduct a multiple-tissue assay on slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) inhabiting radioactive seepage basins. Duplicate samples of blood, heart, spleen and kidney were analysed on two different cytometers (Leitz MPV and Coulter Profile II), each employing distinct staining protocols (DAPI and PI, respectively). Both DAPI and PI assays of spleen cells demonstrated significantly greater variation in DNA content for the basin turtles than for ‘control’ animals from nearby, uncontaminated sites. Basin turtles also exhibited significant cell-cycle effects for blood and spleen, again revealed by both assays. These corroborative findings demonstrate the consistency and repeatability of FCM assays in environmental monitoring and identify the particularly sensitive nature of turtle blood and spleen to mutagenic agents. Our survey complements previous FCM studies on sliders from contaminated sites and thereby underscores the species' potential as a sentinel for biomarker assays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350647
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    Effects of Cadmium on Parental Behaviour in Free-Living Willow Ptarmigan Hens (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cadmium ; pollution ; parental behaviour ; chick survival ; willow ptarmigan ; Lagopus l. lagopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies have shown that elevated levels of Cd may negatively affect the behaviour of birds and mammals. However, these experiments were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, and results from free-living populations have not been available. By using osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously in free-living willow ptarmigan hens, the effects of Cd contamination on parental behaviour were studied. When CdCl 2 (83.2 mg Cd/l) was administered, an increase in the Cd content in the liver and kidneys was achieved that was comparable to normal field levels. After hatching, the hens were followed by radio telemetry and parental behaviour was recorded when the broods were flushed. Chick survival up to 8–9 days was recorded. Cd-contaminated hens showed less distraction display and flew longer when flushed compared with control hens, although not significantly so. The Cd-contaminated hens had significantly lower chick survival than control hens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008836908985
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    Technical Note: Using an Experimental Manipulation of Contaminants in Intertidal Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 495-501 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: manipulative experiment ; heavy metal ; pollution ; soft-sediment ; benthic animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Manipulative experiments in the field are important tools, for improving understanding of disturbances, such as contaminants, causing environmental impacts. We tested a method to create patches of increased concentrations of metals in intertidal sediments. The method produced persistent concentrations of metals, which were as large as those observed in contaminated areas and it appears to be applicable in different habitats. The utility of this technique as a tool to improve predictions about environmental effects needs to be evaluated by repeated experimentation.
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    Anthropogenic Mercury Deposition to Arctic Lake Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 309-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Arctic ; atmospheric deposition ; contaminants ; lead-210 ; mercury ; sediment ; sewage ; subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.
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    Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Mercury Exposure (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 151-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: exposure assessment ; mercury ; uncertainty analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A modeling system has been developed to simulate regional environmental exposure to mercury due to atmospheric deposition of mercury to watersheds. The atmospheric fate and transport of mercury is simulated using a comprehensive three-dimensional Eulerian model, the Trace Element Atmospheric Model (TEAM). The aquatic chemistry and bioaccumulation of mercury in fish are simulated using a model of mercury cycling in a lake/watershed system, the Regional Mercury Cycling Model (R-MCM). Fish consumption was derived from a review of available surveys. Previous work focused on an assessment of the environmental and inter-individual variability in key input data (Seigneur et al., 1997a). We address here the uncertainties associated with critical model input variables (e.g., atmospheric deposition velocities, precipitation rate, limnological characteristics). A probabilistic assessment is conducted to propagate the uncertainties in the input data through the modeling system and develop a probability distribution of the human mercury dose that reflects these uncertainties. The standard deviation of the distribution of the calculated human dose is about 50% of the mean value. For the example considered here (i.e., Park Lake in Michigan, U.S.A.), 80% of the uncertainty in the human dose was due to uncertainties in the speciation of mercury air emissions, pH and temperature of the lake, burial velocity of the sediments, and rate of fish consumption.
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    Invertebrates in Woodlands Polluted by Heavy Metals – – An Evaluation Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 17-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aranaea ; Carabidae ; CCA ; Diplopoda ; heavy metal ; invertebrates ; Opiliones ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ground running invertebrates were sampled by pitfall trapping in woodlands with high and low aerial pollution by heavy metals. Principal component analysis calculated for the environmental variables showed degree of metal contamination to be the most important difference between the sites. Calculation of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for different groups of animals e.g. Diplopoda, Opiliones, Aranaea and Carabidae was carried out and produced plots which can be interpreted with respect to the pollution effect. The effect of different environmental factors on individual species or subgroups delimited by size, breeding season, diet etc. was determined. Species associating with or disassociating from high pollution levels can be identified. No clear patterns were shown when examining size or breeding season in Carabids in relation to pollution. The highly polluted woods near the main pollution source at Avonmouth are lacking in lycosid spiders, the vacant niche may be filled by a large species of ground running agelenid which may be more adaptable in habits than the lycosids. CCA plots of both Aranaea and all species pooled together show a triangular shape. This is interpreted as representing a small number of species able to adapt to high pollution levels and a larger potential number found at ’clean' sites.
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    Lake superior binational program: The role of electric utilities (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 31-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: binational ; electric utilities ; Lake Superior ; LaMP ; mercury ; PCBs ; special designations ; virtual elimination ; zero discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Superior is called the greatest of the Great Lakes for good reason. It is the largest of the Great Lakes and also the cleanest. Although Lake Superior fish contain enough PCBs, mercury, and toxaphene to warrant fish consumption advisories, levels of toxic chemicals in Lake Superior are low compared to other Great Lakes. Because of the relatively clean waters of the lake and the basin's small industrial base, Lake Superior governments have agreed to set aside the basin as a special demonstration area with a goal of zero discharge and zero emission for nine toxic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have been associated with electric utilities. The governments recognize that electric utilities, industry and residents of the basin will all have a role in the march towards zero. The Lake Superior governments urge the electric utilities to consider 1) the proposed load reduction schedules for Lake Superior, 2) a US inventory of PCB equipment and 3) innovative solutions that bring facilities closer to zero discharge and zero emission.
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    Methylmercury in a benthic food web of two hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake of Northern Québec (Canada) (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 255-269 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; benthic invertebrates ; lakes ; reservoirs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) concentrations in benthic insects from a 14 years old hydroelectric reservoir (La Grande 2) were 2 to 3 times higher than those from a reference lake and, in some groups, up to 7 times. The difference was even more pronounced for methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations, with a mean of 4 fold and a maximum of 12 fold between systems. The enrichment factors (dw) of insects, relative to the substrate in which they reside was around 3 for total Hg and 6 to 22 for MeHg. On the basis of their diet, we have classified the insects into four different trophic levels: detritivores, grazers, grazers-predators and predators. In insects collected in the reservoirs, the McHg:Hg ratio was 20–25% in dipterans-ephemeropterans (detritivores) and 30–40% in trichopterans (grazers), but 60–85% in heteropterans-coleopterans (grazers-predators) and 95% in odonates (predators). The pattern was similar in the lake with slightly lower values. In both systems, the proportion of MeHg increases in direct relation to our defined trophic levels. Given that insects are an important food source for many fish, our results suggest that they are a strong vector of McHg to these fish in hydroelectric reservoirs. The bioavailability of MeHg to insect larvae appears to depend on the nature and composition of the substrate in which they reside.
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    Comparison of two Reagents, Sodium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Hydroxide, in the Extraction of Labile Metal Organic Complexes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its 'soluble organic' phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7-9.8% C, 27-103 ng g-1 Hg and 19-69 µg g-1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3-2.8% C, 17-24 ng g-1 Hg and 64-72 µg g-1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exact nature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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    Pollutant Exchange at the Water/Sediment Interface in the Venice Canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic metal ; residual metal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice. Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques: 1) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer; 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal. Traps permitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence. This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface. The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water. Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged; a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
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    Seasonal changes inCystoseira myrica and phosphorus input at two sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, were related to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-algaCystoseira myrica during 1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site at Ghardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolved phosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively. The standing crop ofC. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield (491 g m−2) and number of individuals (127 m−2) ofC. myrica were recorded in the spring at the Ghardaqa site. QuseirC. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N and total-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1% level). Tissue N:P molar ratios forC. myrica, Laurencia papillosa andUlva lactuca collected from Ghardaqa ranged from 68–98, compared to 30–59 for the same species collected at the phosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios ofC. myrica exhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqa plants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    THE STATE OF POLLUTION LEVELS OF KARACHI HARBOUR AND ADJOINING COASTAL WATER (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 98-107 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pollution ; harbour ; coastal waters ; organic leading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study was carried out recently to determine the pollution level of waters in the Karachi harbour and adjoining backwaters. Nine locations were selected, four in the backwaters, two on the seaside, and three in the main navigable channel. Four of these locations were deliberately selected to coincide with those of a previous study conducted in 1982 by Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) so that the values for the concentration of different pollutants could be compared. Analysis was conducted for pH, bicarbonates, Total Solids, Volatile matter in Total Solids, Chlorides, Sulphates, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The results indicate that the composition of sea water as far as the concentration of above constituents is concerned has not changed much since the time of the PCSIR study, viz 1982, except that the organic matter concentration has increased. The reasons for this increase in organic loading and its possible impact are discussed in this paper.
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    Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments and in the polychaeteNereis diversicolor at Groot Buitenschoor (Scheldt estuary, Belgium) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete wormNereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation byN. diversicolor was significantly (p〈0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg inN. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg inN. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p〈0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p〈0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    Evaluation of Three Air Dispersion Models: ISCST2, ISCLT2, and Screen2 for Mercury Emissions in an Urban Area (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 259-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air quality model ; dispersion model ; industrial source complex model ; mercury ; model evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this paper is to compare and evaluate the performance of three air quality regulatory models for mercury releases. The models include Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST2), Industrial Source Complex Long Term model (ISCLT2), and SCREEN2. The evaluation is conducted in multiple point source urban environment using meteorological data, emission inventory and monitoring data for eight stations for the year 1990 to 1992. The performance of the models is evaluated using eight statistical parameters. The comparison of models results for both quarterly and annual averaging periods shows that ISCST2 predictions qualitatively match the observed concentrations; whereas SCREEN2 predicts highest concentrations and ISCLT2 the lowest concentrations. The summary of statistical analysis obtained by using three different methods of observed concentration (Co) and predicted concentrations (Cp) comparison show that the ISCST2 has a better overall performance than ISCLT2 and SCREEN2 models. However, none of the models met the criteria for a reasonable model. Summaries of 95% confidence limits on normalize mean square error (NMSE), geometric mean variance (VG) and geometric mean bias (MG) for each and among model indicate that of the three models, ISCST2 has the best overall performance indicators. Improved model performance may be achieved by incorporating different types of mercury forms into emission rate and air dispersion calculations.
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    Biological Indicators of Marine Environmental Health: Meiofauna – A Neglected Benthic Component? (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 47-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological indicators ; environmental monitoring ; meiofauna ; pollution ; valued ecosystem components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the use of meiofauna (benthic metazoa 45 to 500 μm in size) as biological indicators for monitoring marine environmental health. To date, this abundant and ubiquitous group of invertebrates has been largely neglected in applied sampling programmes; instead, emphasis has been placed upon more conspicuous biological components such as seagrass, macrofauna and epiphytes. In an attempt to redress this balance, this paper sets out three objectives: (1) to explain the reasons for selecting biological response indicators from across the whole spectrum of phylogenetic organisation, (2) to summarise those aspects of meiofaunal life-history and demography that render this group suitable for monitoring anthropogenic pollution and disturbance, (3) to suggest how to optimise the inclusion of meiofauna in monitoring programmes so that they provide maximum information for management purposes. To achieve these objectives the environmental impact assessment framework of Ward and Jacoby (1992) is adopted as a matrix into which the relevant components of meiofaunal ecology are fitted. Using this matrix, meiofauna are shown to have advantages that include their sessile habit, high species diversity, short generation time, direct benthic development and ubiquitous distribution. Disadvantages include their small size, high level of spatial and temporal variability, the potential cost of sample processing and the limited taxonomic literature accessible to non-specialist workers. The paper concludes with a discussion of sampling strategies and methods of analysis that may be used to efficiently incorporate meiofauna as biological response indices into environmental monitoring. Emphasis is placed on cost-effective techniques such as taxonomic minimalism.
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    MERCURY EMISSION INVENTORY IN ONTARIO (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air emissions ; Canada ; mercury ; Ontario ; sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury is released to the environment from various anthropogenic and natural sources. This work is a compilation of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources in Ontario, Canada. The goal of our study was to identify all sources of mercury, and develop an emission inventory of anthropogenic mercury in Ontario. The result of our investigation revealed that combustion of fossil fuels and emissions from landfill sites are two primary sources of mercury to the atmosphere. Other sources of significance are emissions from waste incinerators, various industrial activities, and cement production. Total mercury emission in Ontario is estimated as 4100 kg per year.
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    Comparison of in-situ Field Measurements of Soil Magnetic Susceptibility with Laboratory Data (1997)
    Springer
    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 41 (1997), S. 391-395 
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    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: magnetic mapping ; pollution ; fly ashes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of magnetic susceptibility mapping around a coal-burning power plant were used to verify the field in situ measurements with data acquired in laboratory on soil samples collected at approximately the same measurement grid sites at different distance from the source. This comparison enables quantifying the field data obtained using the Bartington MS2 meter and to relate them, at least approximately, to mass specific values. Moreover, it is shown that certain diversity in the grid points of field measurements and soil sampling can slightly bias the field measurements. However, this shift is of minor significance and Bartington field readings can be considered as reliable.
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    Three Species of Genus Pinus Suitable as Bioindicators of Polluted Environment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 413-422 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adaptive changes ; bioindicators ; environmental pollution ; Genus Pinus ; pollution ; pollen grains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The long-term study objective was to determine the suitability of selected species of genus Pinus (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus mugo) for use as bioindicators of environmental pollution. In these experiments a new methodology of evaluation of mitotic abnormalities was established and its potential for common use tested. The study confirmed three species of genus Pinus as suitable bioindicators. The results also indicate that trees may show adaptive changes in response to severe pollution stress.
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    Redistribution of Mercury from Contaminated Lake Sediments of Clear Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 77-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquatic ; Clear Lake ; mercury ; mining ; pollution ; sediments ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mining operations conducted at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine at Clear Lake, California, from 1872–1957, together with acid mine drainage since abandonment, deposited ca. 100 metric tons of mercury (Hg) in the sediments of Clear Lake. In 1992 Hg in surficial sediments (up to 183 mg kg-1 total Hg and 15.9 μg kg-1 methyl Hg) exhibited a classic point source distribution with maximum concentrations adjacent to the mine. However, the ratio of methyl:total Hg in sediments increased with distance from the mine, suggesting either differential transport of methyl Hg or a non-linear relationship between sediment inorganic Hg concentrations and methylation. Water exhibited an even more gradual decline in total Hg concentrations with distance from the mine, in both unfiltered bottom water (max. ca. 70 ng L-1) and filtered surface water (max. ca. 7 ng L-1). In comparison with other studies, Clear Lake exhibits high total Hg in sediment and water, yet relatively low methyl Hg concentrations. Our findings indicate a non-linearity between total and methyl Hg concentrations in sediments. The ratio of methyl:inorganic Hg is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher in the water column than in the sediments, making the methyl fraction much more available for down-gradient transport away from the mine. Particulate Hg comprises ca. 33–94% of the total Hg and ca. 25–78% of the methyl Hg in the water column. Geothermal springs do not appear to represent a significant source of Hg to Clear Lake. The present pattern of Hg distribution in Clear Lake shows that water column transport plays some role in the lake-wide contamination of methyl Hg, but high methylation at relatively low inorganic Hg concentrations cannot be ruled out. No quantitative estimate of the area of sediments requiring remediation is possible from these descriptive data alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004980026183
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    Uncertainty in Paleoecological Studies of Mercury in Sediment Cores (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 313-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Florida Everglades ; Lake Erie ; mercury ; paleoecology ; sediment cores ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increased recognition of the ecological damage of mercury (Hg) has focused attention on quantifying spatial and temporal patterns of Hg deposition. Studies are commonly based on core chronologies and use a combination of techniques to measure parameters such as bulk density, percent solids, Hg concentration, and radionuclide activity. Little attention is generally devoted to the propagated error associated with these measurements. We identified the impact of sources of uncertainty on stratigraphic Hg determinations for Florida Everglades and Lake Erie cores. Large errors may be introduced by converting wet sample Hg content to dry-weight concentrations. Drying of sediments at 55 °C caused Hg losses of 18%. Samples, air-dried at room temperature, retained considerable moisture and required corrections for remaining water content. Frozen sediments did not lose Hg during a 72-day storage. Random error in radionuclide analysis of cores resulted in dating uncertainty of ±1.2 yr in 10 yr old deposits. This error increased to ±20 yr in 100 yr old sediments. Propagation of small errors in each step of the analysis (while adhering to strict QA/QC criteria) produced compounded uncertainties of ±11 and ±29% in Hg concentrations under different analytical rigor, and errors of up to ±73% in Hg accumulation rates in older sediments. Enrichment factors, comparing uncertain recent and historic Hg accumulation rates, differed by as much as ±48%. Uncertainty in paleoecological studies of mercury needs to be documented in order to correctly evaluate trends and remediation efforts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005015420188
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    Foliage Age and Pollution Alter Content of Phenolic Compounds and Chemical Elements in Pinus nigra Needles (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 363-377 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: element ; needle age ; phenolics ; Pinus nigra ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Changes of phenolics and chemical elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co)] content in needles of black pine ( Pinus nigra) as dependent on age of needles (5–6 classes) and pollution were examined. The content of ortho-diphenols (o-dPh) and total phenols (TPh) was significantly higher at a polluted site than at a control one. It increased with age of needles at both sites. At the polluted site contents of N, K, Mg in black pine needles were lower and of Fe, Ni and F were higher than at the control site. An increase of content with age of needles at both sites was detected for Ca, Fe, B and F, and a decrease for N, P, K, Cu and Ni. The content of elements in different age classes of needles is connected with their mobility. The content of phenolics is negatively correlated with main nutrients and positively with some toxic elements.
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    Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Processes in the Temara Aquifer in Northwestern Morocco (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 323-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: agricultural activities ; groundwater quality ; hydrogeochemistry ; ionic ratios ; pollution ; pumping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater of the Temara aquifer were studied by means of piezometric mapping and determination of the ionic composition of the groundwater. In general, the agricultural activity is intense in the area, with water being pumped from numerous wells. Two aquifer formations can be distinguished which, over a wide area, are separated by layers of low permeability. The increased salinity at some points of the coastal zone is probably linked to the combined action of the washing out of Miocene marls, dissolution of carbonate rocks, agricultural pollution and seawater intrusion.
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    Mercury Bioaccumulation in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Trout Food Web in Lakes Okareka, Okaro, Tarawera, Rotomahana and Rotorua, New Zealand (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 535-546 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; mercury ; methyl mercury ; tropic levels ; trout
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Methyl mercury (Hg) was determined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and organisms in the lower tropic levels: smelts (Retropinna retropinna), bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), koura (Paranephrops planifrons); and zooplankton (Daphnia carinata and Calamoecia lucasi) in Lakes Okareka, Okaro, Tarawera, Rotorua and Rotomahana, New Zealand. Water concentrations of total Hg (HgT) and methyl Hg were also measured. Mean methyl Hg concentrations in the trout, the prey species (smelts, bullies and koura) and zooplankton increased linearly with mean HgT and methyl Hg chloride (CH3HgCl) concentrations in water. Most of the bio-magnification of methyl Hg occurred in the lower trophic levels of the trout food web (104.72) between the zooplankton and water. The bioaccumulation factors between the forage fish and zooplankton were 100.73 for bullies and 101.06 for smelt. Methyl Hg was 100.41 to 100.95 times greater in the trout then their prey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005154909506
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    Effects of lead (PaCl2) on photosynthesis and respiration of the bladder wrack, Fucus vesiculosus, in relation to different salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 549-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dark respiration ; Fucus vesiculosus ; Fucus vesiculosus ; lead photosynthesis ; photorespiration ; pollution ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic and respiratoric capacity of Fucus vesiculosus grown at three different levels of salinity (4.5, 8 and 20‰) was studied in the presence of different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mg PbCl2 L−1). The studies were performed by using a light-pipette, which has a precisely defined light source of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm). The photosynthetic and respiratoric capacity of the algae were measured when exposed to light pulses with increasing irradiance and after 24 hr in seawater with the addition of lead. The results indicate that the photosynthetic capacity of F. visiculosus from 20‰ is more sensitive to lead compared to those from 8 and 4.5‰. The photosynthetic capacity was reduced by 69% at 30 mg PbCl2 L−1 compared to the control alga. The photosynthetic capacity of F. vesiculosus from 8 and 4.5‰ was reduced by 38 and 15%. The respiratoric capacity of F. vesiculosus from 20‰ was reduced by 41% at 30 mg PbCl2 L−1. However, the respiratoric capacity of the algae from 4.5‰ increased by 55% at the same concentration of PbCl2. The results indicate that lead showed inhibitory effects on photosynthesis but a stimulatory effect on respiration of F. versiculosus grown at low levels of salinity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005191011421
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    Ecogeochemical Investigation: Stream Water Quality as an Indicator of Pollution in the Border Areas of Finland, Norway and Russia (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: environment ; fallout ; joint ecogeochemical project ; pollution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Geological Surveys of Finland and Norway, and the Central Kola Expedition, Russia, carried out an environmental geochemical mapping project, including investigation of stream water quality. The project was carried out in 1992–1993 in the border areas of Finland, Norway and Russia, covering an area of 12 000 km2, to determine the impacts of smelting industries at Nikel and Zapoljarnij. Stream water was one of eight different indicators providing an estimation of the degree and distribution of contamination in the study area. Contamination of surface water was assessed by analyses of 44 samples, 41 variables were measured on each sample. Indicators of human activities in surface waters are NO3, K, electrical conductivity (EC), SO4, Na, Cl and acidification indicated by alkalinity and pH. On the coast Na and Cl contents are also affected by marine salts. The results show considerably higher contents of K, Ca, Mg, SO4, Na, heavy metals and EC in the samples close to Nikel and Zapoljarnij smelters than those sites more distant from the polluting sources. Especially chemical effects of high emissions of Ni, Cu and SO2 on stream water quality from Nikel and Zapoljarnij smelters are clearly seen near the sources of emissions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004901016805
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    A Study of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Precipitation Sulphate in Eastern Newfoundland (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 405-420 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; oxygen isotopes ; pollution ; precipitation ; sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The properties of stable oxygen isotopes make them useful for studying processes involved in the atmospheric oxidation of sulphur compounds. Experimental work in the 1980s reported that the formation of primary combustion sulphates by high temperature oxidation of SO2(g) to SO4 leads to δ18OSO4 values between +40 and +45‰. This study reports sulphate oxygen isotopic compositions from precipitation events collected at two sites in eastern Newfoundland. Values as high as +41.7‰ were measured in natural precipitation samples collected near a small oil-fired power plant located on the campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's. These values are higher by 16‰ than any previously reported for precipitation in the literature and in conjunction with other chemical data implicate the power plant as the pollution source. Values from the second site (Seal Cove) were similar to previously reported ranges for precipitation, despite its proximity to a much larger oil-fired, thermal generating station, suggesting that different oxidation mechanisms were dominant there. Oxygen isotopic compositions of precipitation sulphates can be an important complementary tool to other isotopic, trace metal and meteorological analysis in the tracing of sources of atmospheric sulphur compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005002026009
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    Development of a Mercury Vapour Air Analyser for Measurement of Hg in Solution (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: analysis ; atomic fluorescence ; geological ; mercury ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Tekran 2537A mercury vapour analyser, designed to measure Hg in air by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry, has been modified to determine Hg in solution. The new ‘front-end’, required to generate Hg° vapour from acidified waters or acid leachates, is described. Using 1% NaBH4 as reducing agent, a 12 mL water sample can be analysed, at a rate of 1 every 6 min, for Hg to a detection limit of 0.8 ppt (ng L-1). Instrumental precision is typically 1% relative standard deviation (RSD) at levels of Hg from 10 to 200 ppt. Results for 10 analyses of the international water standard, NIST 1642b, are 1530±20 ppt Hg, agreeing well with the certified value of 1480±130 ppt. Nineteen geological standard reference materials (soils, sediments and tills) were used to assess accuracy. Results for these samples, digested in aqua regia in triplicate, showed good agreement with recommended values for all but two, SO-3 and TILL-1. However, results by this method for these two standards were confirmed by an independent method, direct atomic absorption spectrometry. Average method precision was shown to be 5% RSD over the range 10 ng g- 1 to 35 μg g-1 Hg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005012528175
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    Sampling and Determination of Particulate Mercury in Ambient Air: A Review (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 279-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ambient air ; chemical analysis ; mercury ; particulatemercury ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total particulate mercury (TPM) may constitute, in general, a small percentage by mass of total atmospheric mercury, but under certain conditions it can be a very significant form of atmospheric Hg, and play an important role in the deposition of mercury to terrestrial and aquatic cosystems. To understand the cycling and distribution of mercury in the environment, accurate determination of the total concentration and speciation of TPM are necessary. This article provides a review of scientific and technical literature published in the past 5 yr pertaining to sampling and analytical methodologies for the determination and chemical speciation of TPM in ambient air. Sampling methods discussed include the conventional filtration method and the diffusion denuder-based technique. Analytical techniques, such as gold-amalgamation/cold-vapor spectrometry, and nuclear methods, are summarized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005057022001
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    Effects of Recent Human Colonization on the Presence of Mercury in Amazonian Ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 297-313 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Amazonia ; mercury ; soil erosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three Hg sources were characterised and mass balance calculations were used to determine their relative contributions to the contamination of the Amazonian environment. About an order of magnitude more Hg is emitted to the atmosphere by goldmining activity than by the burning of forest biomass. However, anthropogenic atmospheric Hg cannot account for the high Hg burdens found in terrestrial ecosystems: deposition of Hg from goldmining sources is estimated to account for less than 3% of the Hg present in the surface horizons of soils. We propose that erosion of deforested soils following human colonization constitutes a major disturbance of the natural Hg cycle. Deforestation thus increases soil Hg mobilisation by runoff, which may explain the increase of Hg burdens in Amazonian aquatic ecosystems in newly colonized watersheds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005073432015
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    Mercury and Methylmercury in Upland and Wetland Acid Forest Soils of a Watershed in NE-Bavaria, Germany (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 141-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest soils ; mercury ; methylmercury ; runoff ; soil solution ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) are global pollutants, but little information is available on their distribution and mobility in soils and catchments of Central Europe. The objective of this study was to investigate the pools and mobility of Hg and CH3Hg+ in different forest soils. Upland and wetland forest soils, soil solutions and runoff were sampled. In upland soils the highest contents of total-Hg were found in the Oh layer of the forest floor (〉400 ng g-1) and the storage of non geogenic total-Hg (calculated for 60 cm depth) was about 120 mg/m2. The storage of total-Hg was one order of magnitude lower in wetland soils as compared to the upland soils. By far the largest proportion of total-Hg in soils was bound in immobile fractions. The depth gradients of CH3Hg+ did not correspond to those of total-Hg and the highest contents of CH3Hg+ in upland soils were observed in the litter layer of the forest floor and in the Bsv horizon. The CH3Hg+ content of the wetland soils was generally much higher in comparison with upland soils. CH3Hg+ in solution was found in the forest floor percolates of upland soils and in wetland soils, but not in soil solutions from mineral soil horizons. Gaseous losses of Hg as well as methylation of Hg are likely in wetland soils. The latter might be highly relevant for CH3Hg+ levels in runoff.
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    Atmospheric Inputs of Mercury and Organic Carbon into a Forested Upland/Bog Watershed (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 273-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; dissolved organic carbon ; mercury ; stemflow ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfall and stemflow waters were measured for an upland/bog watershed in northern Minnesota, and were compared to the deposition in a nearby opening to determine the influence of tree canopies on Hg and DOC deposition. Twice as much Hg and seven times as much DOC was deposited in the forested watershed compared to the opening. Mass balance studies that are based on wet-only deposition in openings severely underestimate atmospheric deposition of Hg in forests. Conifer canopies are more efficient filters of airborne particulates than are deciduous canopies as indicated by much higher Hg concentrations and total deposition in throughfall and stemflow waters under conifers. Significant positive relationships existed between Hg and DOC in both throughfall (36–57% of the variation) and stemflow waters (55–88% of the variation). Hg complexation by DOC appears to be related to the contact time between precipitation and carbon sources.
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    Monitoring of Phytotoxicity of Lead and Mercury from Germination and Early Seedling Growth Indices in Two Rice Cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 339-346 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biomonitoring indices ; germination ; heavy metals ; lead ; mercury ; rice ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Ratna and IR36) separately with 10-5and 10-4M PbCl2and HgCl2decreased germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot and root length, tolerance index (TI), vigour index (VI) and dry mass of shoot and root but increased percentage difference from control (% DFC) of germination and percentage phytotoxicity in both the cultivars. It was observed from these indices that the phytotoxic effect of mercury was greater than lead at identical concentrations and that IR36 appeared more tolerant than Ratna to these metals. Among the monitoring indices examined, TI, VI, and % phytotoxicity seemed to serve as good biological monitoring methods for evaluating the relative toxicity of lead and mercury to rice cultivars.
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    An Emissions Inventory for Regional Atmospheric Modeling of Mercury (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 289-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emission factor ; emissions ; inventory ; mercury ; operating rate ; sources ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of mercury emissions from individual sources and source categories are needed to understand relationships between the emissions and resulting deposition and to evaluate possible approaches to reducing those emissions. We have developed geographically-resolved estimates of annual average mercury emission rates from current anthropogenic sources in the 48 contiguous United States. These estimates were made by applying emission factors to individual facility operating data and to county-wide source activity levels. We apportioned the emissions to an Eulerian modeling grid system using point source coordinates and the fractions of county areas in each grid cell. Point sources account for about 89% of the 48-state total mercury emissions of 146.4 Mg/yr. Most of the emissions in the inventory are from combustion of mercury-containing fossil fuels and municipal waste, located primarily in the mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes states as well as in the Southeast. The major uncertainties in the emission estimates are caused by uncertainties in the emission factors used to develop the estimates. This uncertainty is likely a result of variability in the mercury content of the combusted materials and in the removal of mercury by air pollution control devices. The greatest research need to reduce uncertainties in mercury emission estimates is additional measurements to improve emission factors.
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    The Bioavailability of Copper and Mercury to the Common Nettle (Urtica Dioica) and the Earthworm Eisenia Fetida from Contaminated Dredge Spoil (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 75-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioavailability ; copper ; dredge spoil ; Eisenia fetida (brandling worm) ; mercury ; sequential extractions ; Urtica dioica (common nettle)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The contaminants Hg and Cu, as well as Fe, Mn and K were sequentially extracted from upland disposed dredge spoil using DTPA and 10% nitric acid. Concentrations of these metals in aerial plant tissue and roots of Urtica dioica growing on the dredge spoil were also determined and used to correlate the biological absorption coefficients (BACs) and mobile element absorption coefficients (MACs) with soil extractable metals. DTPA extractions were most suitable for prediction of aerial plant tissue uptake of Cu, Mn and K whilst total Hg and Fe soil concentrations were correlated with plant root BACs and MACs. A laboratory bioassay using Eisenia fetida was also used to assess the potential biological uptake of the contaminants. Both Hg and Cu were accumulated by the worms, but interpretation of the results was hampered by the inherent difficulties of such active biomonitoring.
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    Mercury Accumulation in Transplanted Hypogymnia Physodes Lichens Downwind of Wisconsin Chlor-Alkali Plant (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 427-436 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlor-alkali plant ; Hypogymnia physodes ; lichens ; mercury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Emissions of mercury from a chlor-alkali plant in central Wisconsin have raised concern about possible effects on biota in the area. Samples of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes, which no longer grows in the area, were transplanted from a site in northeastern Wisconsin and positioned on plastic stands at varying distances up to 1250 m from the plant and sampled for Hg quarterly for one year to test the hypothesis that Hg would be taken up by the lichens and would decline with distance. Average tissue concentrations were elevated when first sampled at three months and continued to increase at the nearest sites until the study ended after one year. Average concentrations after a year of exposure ranged from 4418 ppb at 250 m from the plant to 403 ppb at 1250 m from the plant. The decrease over distance followed a negative exponential pattern. Background concentrations at a control site in northern Wisconsin averaged 155 ppb.
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    Factors Controlling Mercury Transport in an Upland Forested Catchment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; catchment ; input/output budget ; Lake Champlain watershed ; mercury ; forest ; stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) deposition and input/output relationships were investigated in an 11-ha deciduous forested catchment in northern Vermont as part of ongoing evaluations of Hg cycling and transport in the Lake Champlain basin. Atmospheric Hg deposition (precipitation + modeled vapor phase downward flux) was 425 mg ha-1 during the one-year period March 1994 through February 1995 and 463 mg ha-1 from March 1995 through February 1996. In the same periods, stream export of total Hg was 32 mg ha-1, respectively. Thus, there was a net retention of Hg by the catchment of 92% the first year and 95% the second year. In the first year, 16.9 mg ha-1 or about half of the annual stream export, occurred on the single day of peak spring snowmelt in April. In contrast, the maximum daily export in the second year, when peak stream flow was somewhat lower, was 3.5 mg ha-1 during a January thaw. The fate of the Hg retained by this forested catchment is not known. Dissolved (〈 0.22 µm) Hg concentrations in stream water ranged from 0.5-2.6 ng L-1, even when total (unfiltered) concentrations were greater than 10 ng L-1 during high flow events. Total Hg concentrations in stream water were correlated with the total organic fraction of suspended sediment, suggesting the importance of organic material in Hg transport within the catchment. High flow events and transport with organic material may be especially important mechanisms for the movement of Hg through forested ecosystems.
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    Observation and Confirmation of Foliar Ozone Symptoms of Native Plant Species of Switzerland and Southern Spain (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; pollution ; Switzerland ; Spain ; native species ; symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Tropospheric ozone is considered as the major pollutant of concern to the health and productivity of forests in the eastern United States and has more recently become of increasing concern within the forests of southern Europe. Recent observations have clearly demonstrated foliar injury symptoms to be occurring on many tree and native plant species within remote forested areas. Several plant genera (and a few species within genera) found in both the forests of Switzerland and the southern coastal region of Spain exhibit field symptoms typical of ambient ozone exposures. Ozone exposures for many species have been conducted under controlled CSTR conditions and within open-top chambers within the study areas. Results have confirmed that the O3-like foliar symptoms as observed under natural forest and open grown conditions for many native tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in Spain and Switzerland are caused by exposures to ambient O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005275431399
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  • 94
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    Difference in Needle Length - a New and Objective Indicator of Pollution Impact on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fluctuating asymmetry ; pollution ; Kola peninsula ; tree age ; branching order ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Needle fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was studied south of the Severonikel nickel-copper smelter in the Kola Peninsula, Russia. We measured the difference in length of two needles of the same pair, and calculated FA as the ratio between this difference and the average length of the two needles of this pair. Needle FA did not depend on tree age, distance from the nearest neighbour or branch position within the crown, but increased with an increase in branching order. Needles originating in different years (1993-1997) demonstrated among-year variation in FA, which, however, was not related to annual fluctuations in SO2 emission by the smelter. FA increased with decreasing distance from the smelter, and in the sites proximate to the smelter FA was double that found at the most distant (background) sites. The increase in FA was primarily due to an increased difference in the length of the two needles, and this difference may serve as a practicable indicator of pollution-induced stress in Scots pine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005213917615
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  • 95
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    Speciation and Concentrations of Mercury in Certain Coastal Marine Sediments (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coastal pollution ; mercury ; methylation ; methyl mercury ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of total mercury (Hg), methyl Hg and Hg(II) were determined in coastal marine sediments collected from the Baltic, South China and the Bering Seas. Methyl Hg concentrations in sediments were between 0.01 and 2 ng g-1 on a dry weight basis, accounting for only 〈1% of the total Hg concentrations. The percentage of Hg(II) (i.e. available Hg) in total Hg was between 5 and 13 suggesting that most of the Hg in sediments was bound as HgS and/or Hg-humic complexes. Relatively larger proportion of methyl Hg was found in less polluted freshwater sediments than in marine sediments. Methyl Hg concentrations in marine sediments were not found to be correlated with total Hg and/or Hg (II) concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004967112178
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  • 96
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    Dry Weight Deposition in Polluted Onondaga Lake, New York, U.S.A. (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 389-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: calcium carbonate ; deposition rate ; downward flux ; dry weight ; pollution ; suspended solids ; sediment trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980–1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m-2 d-1. These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004916003946
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  • 97
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    Influence of Sediment Preservation on Total Mercury and Methylmercury Analyses (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 277-288 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: freezing ; lyophilisation ; mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estuarine and riverine sediments from fourlocations showing different sediment structures wereanalysed as fresh, thawed and lyophilised samples fortotal mercury (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg)concentrations, and results were compared to addresseffects of sample preservation on Hg speciation. TotHg was measured by cold vapour atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS). MeHg was isolated bydistillation and ion-exchange and analysed by coldvapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS) afterpreconcentration on a gold trap. No loss of TotHg norMeHg due to lyophilisation was found. Concentrationsof TotHg and MeHg respectively ranged from 92 to 267ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.9 ng g-1 dw in freshsamples, from 94 to 215 ng g-1 dw and 1.1 to 2.8ng g-1 dw in thawed samples, and from 100 to 256ng g-1 dw and 1.2 to 3.1 ng g-1 dw inlyophilised samples. Lyophilised samples showedbetter homogeneity and better MeHg analysisreproducibility compared with wet samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019886606856
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  • 98
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    Application of the Regional Mercury Cycling Model (RMCM) to Predict the Fate and Remediation of Mercury in Onondaga Lake, New York (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: budget ; mass balance ; mercury ; regional model ; Onondaga Lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Onondaga Lake exhibits elevated concentrations of total mercury (HgT) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) in the water column, sediments and fish tissue due to industrial inputs, wastewater discharge and urban runoff. The steady-state Regional Mercury Cycling Model (RMCM) was calibrated to Onondaga Lake and applied to evaluate various remediation scenarios. Because of detailed data available for Onondaga Lake, the RMCM was effectively calibrated. Model predictions of water column and fish concentrations of Hg generally agreed with measured values. The model underestimated concentrations of Hg in sediments. Mass balance calculations show that inputs of HgT largely originate from tributary and wastewater inflows to the lake. In contrast, MeHg is largely derived from internal production. Model calculations suggest that elimination of Hg inputs from wastewater effluent and of drainage from a former chlor-alkali facility could greatly decrease Hg concentrations in fish tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005009711859
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  • 99
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    Acidification of Freshwater Wetlands: Combined Effects of Non-Airborne Sulfur Pollution and Desiccation (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulfur ; sulfate ; desiccation ; acidification ; nutrients ; water quality ; pollution ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In recent decades, SO4 2- concentrations have increased in groundwater and surface water of freshwater wetlands. For many minerotrophic peatlands, S originating from SO4 2--polluted groundwater and surface water is a more significant source of SO4 2- than the actual atmospheric deposition of S compounds. Lowered groundwater tables in wetlands, as a result of either natural or anthropogenic desiccation, may cause acidification because of concomitant geochemical oxidation processes. The impact of the enhanced availability of reduced S compounds, due to preceding SO4 2- pollution, on these processes was tested in a mesocosm experiment, using soil cores including vegetation from a mesotrophic wet meadow. The soils had been maintained in waterlogged condition for seven months, using two environmentally relevant SO4 2- concentrations (2 and 4 mmol L-1). The groundwater table was reduced in two successive steps: 10 cm below soil surface, and complete desiccation. Control pretreated soils did not show a decrease in soil pH during desiccation, due to adequate buffering by bicarbonate. However, both SO4 2--pretreated groups showed a significant drop in pH (from 6.5 to 4.5) caused by additional sulfide oxidation, leading to high SO4 2- concentrations (10 and 16 mmol L-1, respectively). Cation exchange and acidification-related solubilization processes induced the mobiliztation of base cations and potentially phytotoxic metals like Al. Nutrient concentrations in soil moisture were influenced strongly by SO4 2- pretreatment, showing distinct patterns for P, N and K. Therefore, S polluted groundwater and surface water may severely increase the sensitivity of wetlands to desiccation. The results are discussed in relation to wetland management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005083526455
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  • 100
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    Toxic Effect of Certain Metals Mixture on Some Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Freshwater Algae (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: accumulation ; chlorophylls ; community structure ; indicator ; metals ; nile water algae ; pollution ; toxicity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effect of multi metals mixture which exist simultaneously in aquatic ecosystem on natural phytoplankton assemblages (green algae, blue-green algae and diatoms) was studied. For this purpose a laboratory scale unit was designed to evaluate the effect of continuous flow metals mixture in forms if triple and penta metals in Nile water algae. Clear changes in algal biomass in terms of chlorophyll a (chl a) took place when subjected to metals combination. The rise or decline in chl a was in relation with other algal pigments (chl b, chl c, carotenoides and phenophytin), protein and carbohydrate content of algal cells. Substantial changes in phytoplankton community structure was detected and the most tolerant group was blue-green algae followed by green algae while diatoms was the most sensitive group. The most dominant species in all cases were blue-green alga Oscillatoria mougeotii and green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. In addition clear changes in morphological shape was observed for tolerant species belonging to the three algal groups. Nile water algae has ability to remove and accumulate metals in the following order therefore Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Cr. In addition, phytoplankton has ability to recovered from the stress of metals when eliminated from the media and the recovered biomass was nearly equivalent to that before exposing to metals stress. The overall effect of metals mixture depending on the type and number of metals, the algal community structure and ratio between different morphological forms of algae (unicellular, colonial and filamentous).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005058607002
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