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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Below-ground organic carbon and decomposition potential in a field-forest glacial-outwash landscape (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Abandoned agricultural fields ; Decomposition potential ; Grassland ; Old fields ; Prairie ; Roots ; Soil organic C ; Tree transect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relationships of soil properties to land use and topography may vary among locales because of differences in other controlling factors. We evaluated relationships of below-ground C, defined as soil organic C plus fine-root C, and decomposition potential to site characteristics at Cedar Creek Natural History Area in east-central Minnesota, USA. The landscape, formed in glacial outwash sand, has a complex spatial pattern of grasslands and forests resulting from interactions among cultivation, agricultural abandonment, topography, and fire. Below-ground C was higher in mature forests than in either adjacent abandoned agricultural fields or uncultivated prairie for both the O Horizon (0.57 vs. 0.13 kg m–2) and the underlying 0–10 cm of soil (2.1 vs. 1.0 kg m–2) but was similar at 10–30 cm (2.0 vs. 2.0 kg m–2) and 30–50 cm (1.4 vs. 1.5 kg m–2). The higher C in surface soil under forests contrasted with published observations for finer textured substrates. Below-ground C was constant across forest summit, shoulder, and backslope positions, and increased at the toeslope position. Average fine-root (〈2mm diameter) C at the depth of 0–50 cm was 0.2 kg m–2 and represented 4% of below-ground C. In contrast to an expected trend of monotonically increasing decomposition with increased temperature, cellulose decomposition during a 60-day field incubation increased with temperature on cool forest slopes but decreased with temperature in warm fields. Nutrient availability, water availability, and microbial biomass may confound this relationship. The results indicate diverse controls on decomposition in this field-forest landscape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336065
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOIL SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS: EFFECT OF EXTRACTION TIME USING POROUS CERAMIC CUPS UNDER CONSTANT TENSION (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 12 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Porous ceramic cups under constant tension (0.45 bar) were used to extract solutions from undisturbed soil columns. Solution concentration changed with length of extraction time. Significant relationships were found between extraction time and concentrations of P, Ca, and K in soil solution for two sample depths in an Omega loamy sand soil column. At two extraction time classes and at two sample depths, combined data from 12 soil columns representing two soil series reinforce the relationship. As time to extract a sample increases, the sample probably represents solution held by soil at tensions approaching those applied to the ceramic cup. We recommend that the choice of an extraction tension be given consideration in studies using porous ceramic cups under constant tension for monitoring constituents of soil solution. In addition, care must be taken to attain good physical contact between the cups and the soil material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00252.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Below-ground organic carbon and decomposition potential in a field-forest glacial-outwash landscape (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Abandoned agricultural fields ; Decomposition potential ; Grassland ; Old fields ; Prairie ; Roots ; Soil organic C ; Tree transect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relationships of soil properties to land use and topography may vary among locales because of differences in other controlling factors. We evaluated relationships of below-ground C, defined as soil organic C plus fine-root C, and decomposition potential to site characteristics at Cedar Creek Natural History Area in east-central Minnesota, USA. The landscape, formed in glacial outwash sand, has a complex spatial pattern of grasslands and forests resulting from interactions among cultivation, agricultural abandonment, topography, and fire. Below-ground C was higher in mature forests than in either adjacent abandoned agricultural fields or uncultivated prairie for both the O Horizon (0.57 vs. 0.13 kg m-2) and the underlying 0–10 cm of soil (2.1 vs. 1.0 kg m-2) but was similar at 10–30 cm (2.0 vs. 2.0 kg m-2) and 30–50 cm (1.4 vs. 1.5 kg m-2). The higher C in surface soil under forests contrasted with published observations for finer textured substrates. Below-ground C was constant across forest summit, shoulder, and backslope positions, and increased at the toeslope position. Average fine-root (〈2 mm diameter) C at the depth of 0–50 cm was 0.2 kg m-2 and represented 4% of below-ground C. In contrast to an expected trend of monotonically increasing decomposition with increased temperature, cellulose decomposition during a 60-day field incubation increased with temperature on cool forest slopes but decreased with temperature in warm fields. Nutrient availability, water availability, and microbial biomass may confound this relationship. The results indicate diverse controls on decomposition in this field-forest landscape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336065
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur cycling in a forested Sphagnum bog in northern Minnesota (1989)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 81-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: sulfur ; peatland ; nutrient cycle ; sulfate retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mass balance and internal cycle of sulfur within a small forested,Sphagnum bog in northern Minnesota are presented here based on a 4-year record of hydrologic inputs and outputs (precipitation, throughfall, streamflow, upland runoff) and a 3-year measurement of plant growth and sulfur uptake. Concentrations and accumulation rates of inorganic and organic sulfur species were measured in porewater. The bog is a large sink for sulfur, retaining 37% of the total sulfur input. Because of the relatively large export of organic S (21% of inputs), retention efficiency for total-S (organic S + SO 4 = ; 37%) is less than that for SO 4 = (58%). There is a dynamic cycle of oxidation and reduction within the bog. Annual oxidation and recycling of S is equal to total inputs in the center of the bog. Plants receive 47% of their uptake requirement from atmospheric deposition, 5% from retranslocation from foliage, and the remainder from sulfur remineralized from peat. Mineralization is most intense in the aerobic zone above the water table. Inorganic sulfur species comprise 〈5% of the total sulfur burden within the peat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004123
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury Uptake by Trees: An Observational Experiment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 513-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We conducted a simple observational experiment to test whether differences in Hg in tissue of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) were related to soil or to atmospheric sources of Hg. We sampled two plantations in each of three areas, and within each plantation sampled two sites with different levels of soil Hg. Woody tissue Hg concentration differed by area, and differences in foliar concentrations, though not statistically significant, were ranked in the same order. Total mass of Hg in forest floor and mineral soil also differed by area, but with ranking opposite that of tissue. On an individual-tree basis, concentrations of Hg in 1994 needles (2-year old) were about twice those in 1995 needles (1-year old) (r = 0.77). Neither woody tissue Hg nor any measure of Hg in soil or forest floor were closely related to foliar levels and some relationships were inverse. We interpret the data to indicate that Hg in plant tissue is derived directly from the atmosphere, not the soil. Tissue concentration by area was closely related to the respective growing season length (1994 needles, r = 0.88; 1995 needles, r = 0.97; wood, r = 0.97), as was total mass of Hg in forest floor and surface mineral soil (r = – 0.80). Other climatic measures, such as growing degree days and actual evapotranspiration, had similar relationships. These relationships imply that both foliar uptake of Hg0 from the atmosphere and efflux of Hg from the soil system depend on biological activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005194608598
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Inputs of Mercury and Organic Carbon into a Forested Upland/Bog Watershed (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 273-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; dissolved organic carbon ; mercury ; stemflow ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Inputs of mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in throughfall and stemflow waters were measured for an upland/bog watershed in northern Minnesota, and were compared to the deposition in a nearby opening to determine the influence of tree canopies on Hg and DOC deposition. Twice as much Hg and seven times as much DOC was deposited in the forested watershed compared to the opening. Mass balance studies that are based on wet-only deposition in openings severely underestimate atmospheric deposition of Hg in forests. Conifer canopies are more efficient filters of airborne particulates than are deciduous canopies as indicated by much higher Hg concentrations and total deposition in throughfall and stemflow waters under conifers. Significant positive relationships existed between Hg and DOC in both throughfall (36–57% of the variation) and stemflow waters (55–88% of the variation). Hg complexation by DOC appears to be related to the contact time between precipitation and carbon sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005020326683
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  • 7
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    Woody tissue analysis using an element ratio technique (DRIS) (1991)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-01
    Description: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to describe the variation of 12 elements in woody tree tissue of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), and aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, United States. DRIS indices of elemental balance for the growth decades 1956–1965 and 1966–1975 were compared with standards developed from the growth decade 1976–1985. The DRIS analysis indicated that older wood of most species was relatively depleted of N, P, K, S, Fe, Cu, and Al. In at least one of the five species, however, K, S, Cu, or Al was relatively more abundant in older than in younger wood. The older wood of all species was relatively enriched in Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Zn. Sulfur in older wood became relatively more enriched from west to east across a gradient of wet sulfate deposition; the trend was strongest for hardwood species. These results support the potential use of DRIS for monitoring stoichiometry of tissue from woody increment cores as an indicator of environmental stresses such as air pollution.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status (1987)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-08-01
    Description: Measurements of root biomass, number, diameter, and length by soil depth for northern tree species were assembled from 19 published papers, yielding a total of 123 vertical root distributions. Species were classified into three tolerance classes based on successional status. A nonlinear function, Y = 1 − βd, where Y is the cumulative root fraction from the soil surface to depth d in centimetres, was fit to the data for each excavation. The regression coefficient, β, was considered to be a measure of vertical root distribution and was used as a response variable to test whether significant differences in vertical root distributions existed among tolerance classes. Early successional or intolerant species had a significantly greater proportion of roots occurring deeper than did late successional or tolerant species. Differences in vertical root distributions are presumed to be related to the inherent genetic potential of early successional species for deep exploitation of a more homogeneous substrate, resulting from either geologic deposition or nutrient and water redistribution following forest disturbance. Early successional species are also able to adapt to sites limiting in water and nutrients because of their ability to exploit larger volumes of soil. Late successional or shallow-rooted species are better adapted to sites where resources are concentrated near the soil surface as the result of biocycling and soil development.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    Structure and Function of Tundra Ecosystems (1977)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    MASS LOSS IN A FORESTED BOG: RELATION TO HUMMOCK AND HOLLOW MICRORELIEF (1985)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-05-01
    Description: The importance of microrelief in relation to mass loss was studied in a Minnesota ombrotrophic forested peatland. Litter and paper strips placed in hummocks for 1 yr lost significantly more mass (two and three times, respectively) than similar material placed in hollows. Less favorable environmental conditions for decomposition, especially lower temperature, reduced decomposition in the hollows. Key words: Peatlands, ombrotrophic, decomposition, Histosols
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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