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Dinoflagellate bloom in tropical fish ponds of coastal waters of the South China Sea (1996)

Shamsudin, Lokman ; Awang, Azis ; Ambak, Azmi ; [et al.]

Springer

Environmental monitoring and assessment 40 (1996), S. 303-311

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ISSN: 1573-2959

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Red tide of dinoflagellate was observed in brackish water fish ponds of Terengganu along the coast of the South China Sea during the study period between January 1992 to December 1992. The nearby coastal moat water facing the South China Sea is the source of water for fish pond culture activities of sea bass during the study period. An examination of water quality in fish ponds during the study period indicated that both the organic nutrients were high during the pre-wet monsoon period. The source of the nutrients in coastal water was believed to be derived from the agro-based industrial effluents, fertilizers from paddy fields and untreated animal wastes. This coincided with the peak production of dinoflagellate in the water column in October 1992. The cell count ranges from 8.3 to 60.4×10.4×104/l during the bloom peak period and the bloom species were compared entirely of non-toxic dinoflagellates with Protoperidinium quinquecorne occurring 〉90% of the total cell count. However, both cultured and indigenous fish species were seen to suffer from oxygen asphyxiation (suffocation due to lack of oxygen). The bloom lasted for a short period (4–5 days) with a massive cell collapse from subsurface to bottom water on the sixth day. The productivity values ranged from 5–25 C g/ l / h with a subsurface maximum value in October 1992. Two species of Ciliophora, Tintinnopsis and Favella, were observed to graze on these dinoflagellates at the end of the bloom period.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398875

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The Blue Green Algal Bloom in the Nearshore Waters of Cukai Bay Facing the South China Sea (1999)

Shamsudin, Lokman

Springer

Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 123-134

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ISSN: 1573-2959

Keywords: aquaculture ; bloom ; coastal ; cyanophyta ; nutrient ; plankton ; pollution

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Since the early 1990's, large areas of mangrove forest along the nearshore waters of Cukai bay had been cleared to give way for the development of aquaculture activities, human settlement and setting up of new small scale fish processing industries. The Cukai bay, facing the South China Sea, has inflows from the Cukai river estuaries and other numerous small river tributaries. The water quality examined (April 1993 to March 1994) in the bay indicated that the ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus contents were high during the pre-wet monsoon (October 1993) with values of 28.2, 30.1 and 29.6 μg L-1, respectively. The source of nutrients in the estuary were from the newly established fish processing cottage industries, nearby fish culture activities, agro-based effluents (mainly fertilisers from surrounding paddy plantations), untreated human (from nearby villages) and animal wastes (from domestic cattle and goat farms) and siltation due to erosion from land development. The main bulk of the microplankton were comprised of diatoms, dinoflagellates, ciliophora and blue green algae. The blue green algae encountered were species of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormodium and Trichodesmium while those of diatom were species of Asterionella, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Navicula and Nitzschia. Peak microplankton production in the water column occurred in October 1993, reaching a maximum value of 173 μg C L-1 d-1. This comprised primarily of the blue green alga, Trichodesmium thiebautii.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006024203694

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3

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Seasonal changes in composition and biomass of epiphytic algae on the macrophyte Ranunculus penicillatus in a chalk stream, with estimates of production, and observations on the epiphytes of Cladophora glomerata (1995)

Shamsudin, Lokman ; Sleigh, Michael A.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 306 (1995), S. 85-95

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: algae ; biomass ; chalk stream ; Cladophora ; epiphytes ; production ; Ranunculus

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The epiphytic algae on surfaces of the macrophyte Ranunculus penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab. var. calcareus (R. W. Butcher) C. D. K. Cook and on Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz growing in the River Itchen at Otterbourne near Southampton were studied between February 1984 and June 1985. The river at this site has a mean flow rate of 0.33 m s−1, and is about 16 m wide and on average 20 cm deep, with a discharge ranging through the year between 0.34 and 2.46 m3 s−1. The pH of the river varies little around 8.2, with a mean alkalinity of 236 mg HCO inf3 sup1 l−1, because of its origin from chalk springs. Ranunculus grows throughout the year, with peaks of biomass in spring and autumn. It forms a very large surface for attachment of epiphytes, and covers on average 40% of the stream bed. Numbers of epiphyte cells removed from Ranunculus ranged through the year between 52 × 103 and 271 × 103 cells mm−2 stream floor, with maximum numbers in April, and a secondary peak in October. This pattern partly reflects fluctuations in the biomass of Ranunculus; the number of cells per unit area of plant surface showed a broader spring peak and lower fluctuations in other seasons. Diatoms formed 65 to 98% of these epiphyte cells, with chlorophytes reaching their peak (10%) in summer and cyanophytes (25%) in autumn. Estimates of biomass of these epiphytic forms, derived from measurements of chlorophyll c, indicate a range between 30 and 100 g dry weight m−2 of weed bed. Colonisation studies showed that the algae grow and reproduce throughout the year, with a mean generation time of about 5 days, suggesting an annual production of about 3 kg dry weight m−2 of weed bed, which makes epiphytic algae the principal primary producers in the stream. The numbers and biomass of epiphytic algae on Cladophora are considerably less. The species of epiphytic algae found on Ranunculus were generally similar to those growing on Cladophora, and to epilithic algae on pebbles of the stream bed, but different species were dominant on the different substrata. Algal cells in the water column were all derived from benthic habitats, although their relative abundance was very different.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016826

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Seasonal changes in composition and biomass of epilithic algal floras of a chalk stream and a soft water stream with estimates of production (1994)

Shamsudin, Lokman ; Sleigh, Michael A.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 273 (1994), S. 131-146

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: algae ; biomass ; chalk stream ; soft water stream ; chlorophyll content ; epilithon ; production

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Microscopic epilithic algae in the River Itchen at Otterbourne near Southampton and in the Ober Water in the New Forest were studied during 1984 and 1985. The River Itchen rises from chalk springs and has a steady pH near 8.2 and a mean alkalinity of 236 mg HCO3 1−1; at the study site the river is about 16 m wide and 20 cm deep, with a mean flow rate of 0.33 m s−1 and a discharge ranging through the year between 0.34 and 2.46 m3 s−1. The Ober Water, which drains sands and gravels, has a pH between 6.9 and 7.2 and a mean alkalinity of about 50 mg HCO3 1−1; at the study site it is about 6 m wide, with a mean flow rate of 0.27 m s−1 and a discharge ranging through the year between 0.08 and 1.0 m3 s−1. Epilithic algae removed from the pebbles that form the major part of the beds of both streams show seasonal changes in abundance and composition. Diatoms peaked in April/May and dominate the epilithic flora in both streams, comprising 70–95% of all algal cells; highest numbers of chlorophytes occurred in summer and cyanophytes increased in autumn. The species composition of the epilithic flora in the two streams was different, as was the population density; algal cell numbers ranged between 500 and 7000 cells mm−2 of stream floor in the River Itchen and between 8 and 320 cells mm−2 of stream floor in the Ober Water. The chlorophyll a content of epilithic algae in the River Itchen ranged between 115 and 415 mg m−2 of stream floor, representing an annual mean biomass of about 8 g m−2, whereas in the Ober Water a chlorophyll a content of 2.2 to 44 mg m−2 of stream floor was found, representing an annual mean biomass of about 1 g m−2. Cautious estimates of the annual production of epilithic algae in these streams suggest a value of about 600 g organic dry weight m−2 in the River Itchen and about 75 g m−2 in the Ober Water.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005637

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5

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Microplankton bloom in a brackish water lagoon of Terengganu (1991)

Shamsudin, Lokman ; Shazili, N. A. M.

Springer

Environmental monitoring and assessment 19 (1991), S. 287-294

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ISSN: 1573-2959

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Increased primary plankton productivity was observed in a brackish water lagoon of Terengganu during the study period between January 1988 to December 1988. The lagoon is also the site for the fish cage culture activities of sea bass during the study period. An examination of water quality at the sampling stations during the study period indicated that both the organic and inorganic nutrients were high during the pre-monsoon period. The source of the nutrient in the lagoon was believed to be derived from the agro-based industrial effluents, fertilisers from paddy fields as well as untreated human and animal wastes. This coincided with the peak production of plankton in the surface waters of the brackish water lagoon. During this period both cultured and indigenous fish species were seen to suffer from oxygen asphyxiation (suffocation due to lack of oxygen). The primary productivity values ranged from 9 to 22 μg/L/h during the peak period while the microplankton species were composed of diatom, flagellates and dinoflagellates. Reduction in the primary productivity values were obtained with reduction in sallinity, specially during the peak monsoon months (November to March) corresponding to the Northeast monsoon period.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401318

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6

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Lipid and fatty acid composition of microalgae used in Malaysian aquaculture as live food for the early stage of penaeid larvae (1992)

Shamsudin, Lokman

Springer

Journal of applied phycology 4 (1992), S. 371-378

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ISSN: 1573-5176

Keywords: algae ; fatty acids ; penaeid larvae ; aquaculture ; nutrition ; chromatography ; tropical

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The total ash, chlorophyll, phaeopigment, lipid and fatty acid contents of three microalgae (the diatomsChaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema costatum and the prymnesiophyteIsochrysis galbana) used in tropical Malaysian penaeid mariculture were studied. The axenic laboratory cultures were grown in f-2 medium, while outdoor cultures were grown in a commercial medium designed for optimum nutrition in tropical outdoor aquaculture operations. Considerable amounts (3–9% of the total fatty acid) of the polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:5w3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) were present in the diatoms; very small amounts were also found inI. galbana. Lipid contents were three to five times higher than chlorophylla. There was an increase with culture age in the relative proportion of total C18 and C20 fatty acid components. The algae contained the w3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) necessary for the growth and survival rate of the prawn larvae. However, onlyChaetoceros calcitrans grew well under the conditions of temperature and salinity in the hatchery.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185795

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