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  • Articles  (55)
  • groundwater  (55)
  • Springer  (55)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (54)
  • 1975-1979  (1)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (29)
  • Geosciences  (27)
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  • Articles  (55)
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  • 1
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 915-931 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Yucca Mountain ; performance assessment ; logic tree ; high-level radioactive waste ; Monte Carlo ; expert judgment ; repository ; groundwater ; climate ; infiltration ; percolation ; hydrothermal ; corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has sponsored the development of a model to assess the long-term, overall “performance” of the candidate spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model simulates the processes that lead to HLW container corrosion, HLW mobilization from the spent fuel, and transport by groundwater, and contaminated groundwater usage by future hypothetical individuals leading to radiation doses to those individuals. The model must incorporate a multitude of complex, coupled processes across a variety of technical disciplines. Furthermore, because of the very long time frames involved in the modeling effort (≫104 years), the relative lack of directly applicable data, and many uncertainties and variabilities in those data, a probabilistic approach to model development was necessary. The developers of the model chose a logic tree approach to represent uncertainties in both conceptual models and model parameter values. The developers felt the logic tree approach was the most appropriate. This paper discusses the value and use of logic trees applied to assessing the uncertainties in HLW disposal, the components of the model, and a few of the results of that model. The paper concludes with a comparison of logic trees and Monte Carlo approaches.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic diffusivity ; groundwater ; spectral analysis ; stochastic boundaries.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: natural attenuation ; biodegradation ; hydrocarbon ; groundwater ; BTEX ; MTBE ; site characterization ; fate and transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After eighteen months of active remediation at a JP-4 jet-fuel spill, aresidual of unremediated hydrocarbon remained. Further site characterizationwas conducted to evaluate the contribution of natural attenuation to controlexposure to hazards associated with the residual contamination in thesubsurface. Activities included the detailed characterization ofground-water flow through the spill; the distribution of fuel contaminantsin groundwater; and the analysis of soluble electron acceptors moving intothe spill from upgradient. These activities allowed a rigorous evaluation ofthe transport of contaminants from the spill to the receptor of groundwater,the Pasquotank River. The transport of dissolved contaminants of concern,that is benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers (BTEX) andmethyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), into the river from the source area wascontrolled by equilibrium dissolution from the fuel spill to the adjacentgroundwater, diffusion in groundwater from the spill to permeable layers inthe aquifer, and advective transport in the permeable layers. The estimatedyearly loading of BTEX compounds and MTBE into the receptor was trivial evenwithout considering biological degradation. The biodegradation ofhydrocarbon dissolved in groundwater through aerobic respiration,denitrification, sulfate reduction, and iron reduction was estimated fromchanges in ground-water chemistry along the flow path. The concentrations oftarget components in permanent monitoring wells continue to decline overtime. Long term monitoring will ensure that the plume is under control, andno further active remediation is required.
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  • 4
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    Aquatic geochemistry 4 (1998), S. 253-272 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: Inorganic tracers ; dilution factor ; leachate attenuation ; redox zones ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater downgradient from Trandum municipallandfill was investigated in summer 1996, with a viewto assessing the distribution of redox-sensitivespecies. The water table at Trandum is 10–26 metersbelow the surface. Monitoring well filters have beeninstalled at depths of up to 15 m below water table,covering an area of 400 m by 200 m. Groundwaterinfluenced by the landfill seems to be confined tothis area. Pristine groundwater has a chemicalsignature indicative of calcite and pyrite weathering.Groundwater influenced by leachate from the landfillexhibits an excess of alkalinity relative to calcium,which is likely to be derived from degradation oforganic matter in the landfill. Groundwaterimmediately below and downstream of the landfillcontains elevated concentrations of Fe and Mn, largelymobilized under reducing conditions from the aquifermatrix and reflected in depleted HNO3-extractable Feand Mn in sediment samples from the same area.Groundwater samples allow the tentative identificationof redox zones based on oxidized and reduced forms ofFe, Mn, N and S. A methanogenic zone is notobserved.
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  • 5
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    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 345-358 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: bentonite ; groundwater ; uranium ; neptunium ; PHREEQE ; speciation ; geochemical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract According to the present concept for final storage of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden, the spent fuel, encapsulated in copper or copper/steel canisters, will be placed in tunnels in a deep rock formation. The canisters will be surrounded by compacted bentonite clay acting as a buffer material. In connection with a safety analysis of such a storage facility, the total solubility of certain elements (e.g., uranium) as well as the transport properties (e.g., retardation due to sorption on mineral surfaces) of the long-lived radionuclides released from the canister have to be predicted or measured. The chemical conditions, governing the solubility and speciation of trace elements encountered in and around the repository depend on interactions between the ground water and the engineering materials in the repository and a production of oxidants due to radiolysis in the spent fuel. In the present study the speciation and solubility of uranium and neptunium in a bentonite-ground water system and in ground waters with compositions measured at a site at äspö, SE Sweden, have been calculated. The calculations have been carried out using a recent version of the geochemical computer code PHREEQE and the database HATCHES 5.0. Predictions of the uranium and neptunium concentrations in the ground water in the vicinity of a damaged high level waste repository have also been performed. The uranium concentration in the water in the bentonite barrier is predicted to be of the same order of magnitude or lower than that found in some granitic ground waters. For neptunium the calculations are uncertain due to the small amount of experimentally determined thermodynamic data and few verifications under the conditions (pH - Eh - carbonate concentration) considered. The predicted concentrations (ca 10−12 m, corresponds to ca 0.006 Bq/l) may be regarded as high, considering the high toxicity of neptunium and its long half-life.
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  • 6
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    Computational geosciences 1 (1997), S. 317-331 
    ISSN: 1573-1499
    Keywords: well ; hydraulic parameters ; groundwater ; drawdown ; inflow into the well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A general model for time‐dependent saturated–unsaturated waterflow caused by a single well with a given radius is presented. The storage capacity of the well tube is taken into account. The inflow into the well (with drainage) is modeled using the Signorini boundary condition. The nonconforming mixed finite element method on a multilevel adaptive grid is used for the solution of the radial symmetric, time dependent problem. Finally, van Genuchten parameters of an aquifer are determined from field measurements by inverse computations.
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  • 7
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    Computational geosciences 2 (1998), S. 125-149 
    ISSN: 1573-1499
    Keywords: brine transport ; Von Mises transformation ; similarity transformation ; groundwater ; 35K65 ; 58G11 ; 76S05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we use a Von Mises transformation to study brine transport in porous media. The model involves mass balance equations for fluid and salt, Darcy's law and an equation of state, relating the salt mass fraction to the fluid density. Application of the Von Mises transformation recasts the model equations into a single nonlinear diffusion equation. A further reduction is possible if the problem admits similarity. This yields a formulation in terms of a boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation which can be treated by semi‐analytical means. Three specific similarity problems are considered in detail: (i) one‐dimensional, stable displacement of fresh water and brine in a porous column, (ii) flow of fresh water along the surface of a salt rock, (iii) mixing of parallel layers of brine and fresh water.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; buffering ; groundwater ; monitoring ; precipitation ; seasalt ; soil ; soilwater ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, ‘seasalt episodes’) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.
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  • 9
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    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 421-450 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest edge ; forest gaps ; beech ; scavenging ; groundwater ; nitrate leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Twenty one pore water chemistry profiles were obtained for a range of inorganic solutes from the Chalk unsaturated zone in or adjacent to Black Wood, a 2.4 kM2 mature beech wood in southern England. The depth sampled was normally 10 m, but some boreholes were shallower and one was deeper (30 m). Towards the centre of the wood, average pore water concentrations were: Cl (17–25 mg l-1), SO4 (20–40 mg l-1) and NO3-N (5–10 mg 1-1). In small clearings within the wood, concentrations of Cl (12–20 mg l-1) and SO4 (27–36 mg 1-1) were somewhat lower but the average concentration of nitrate-N was higher (16 mg 1-1). Pore water chloride and nitrate concentrations under a small area of ash were lower than under the beech. There was a significant increase in the concentration of a number of solutes, especially Cl, Na, Mg and SO4, close to the exposed western edge of Black Wood. This ‘edge effect’ decreased exponentially with a half distance of about 9 m. The effect was less consistent at the more sheltered eastern edge. Average pore water concentrations of up to 310 mg 1-1 Cl and 312 mg 1-1 SO4 were found at the western edge. Paradoxically, close to the western edge pore water nitrate concentrations were often very low, frequently less than 1 mg 1-1 NO3-N. Using the parameters derived from a simple exponential model of the Black Wood data, calculations suggested that the edge effect would lead to significantly enhanced Cl and SO4 pore water concentrations in forests of a few hectares, a size typical of many of those currently being planted. The consistently lower moisture content of the Chalk close to the forest edges suggested that groundwater recharge may have been lower there.
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  • 10
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 45 (1997), S. 101-127 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: groundwater ; pesticide contamination ; Goss model ; leaching potential ; Pesticide Contamination Index ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methodswere used to identify the major factors affecting pesticideleaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in TulareCounty, California. Residues of bromacil, diuron, and simazineincreased in groundwater during the 1980s. Bromacil, diuron,and simazine contamination were positively correlated to cropdiversity and water demand. Diuron and simazine were positively correlated to groundwater depth and negatively correlatedto soil water-holding capacity. DBCP concentration in groundwater was related to the crop coverage. The Goss model wasused to examine soil-pesticide interactions and a PesticideContamination Index (PCI) was developed. Areas having highleaching potentials were mainly associated with citrus andorchards and coarse-textured sandy soils along the SierraNevada foothills, while areas having low leaching potentialswere associated with field crops and clay soils of the southwest region. The PCI was largest for DBCP during the 1980s,suggesting that it was the most significant contaminant before1977 when it was widely used; however, wells were not testedfor this pesticide during that period. Twelve years after DBCPwas banned, it was still the most significant health riskcontaminant. Spatial maps showing the distribution of leachingpotentials and soil interactions for these pesticides canprovide useful information to regulatory and planning agenciesfor land use planning and pesticide management.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination process ; δ18O ; fluoride ; groundwater ; nitrate ; Rajasthan ; recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Agricultural activity in the Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan is constrained due to limited availability of good quality water. In this context, occurrence of nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater was investigated and reported. Integration of stable isotope (δ18O) data with recharge characteristics (based on 3H-tracer studies) helps in clearly characterizing the processes controlling contamination by point and non-point sources. High nitrate and fluoride groundwaters are associated with high δ18O waters. This indicates that significant quantities of evaporated (isotopically enriched) surface run-off water and rain water infiltrate along with nitrate and fluoride salts in the soil. The applicability of this approach under different hydrometeorological conditions is also confirmed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: correlation ; district Agra ; factor analysis ; fluoride ; groundwater ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride concentration and other parameters in groundwater from 261 villages in Tehsil Kheragarh of District Agra were assessed and attempts were made to observe the relationship between fluoride and other water quality parameters. Of 658 groundwater samples (collected from separate sources) analysed for fluoride, 27% were in the range of 0–1.0 mg/L, 25% in 1.0–1.5 mg/L, 32% in1.5–3.0 mg/L and 16% above 3.0 mg/L. The highest fluoride concentration recorded was 12.80 mg/L. Significant correlation of fluoride with pH, alkalinity, Na, SiO2 and PO4 were observed. Factor analysis was also attempted in order to identify the contributing sources.
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  • 13
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    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 375-394 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; density driven flow ; numerical simulation ; salt dome.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Case 5, Level 1 of the international HYDROCOIN groundwater flow modeling project is an example of idealized flow over a salt dome. The groundwater flow is strongly coupled to solute transport since density variations in this example are large (20%). Several independent teams simulated this problem using different models. Results obtained by different codes can be contradictory. We develop a new numerical model based on the mixed hybrid finite elements approximation for flow, which provides a good approximation of the velocity, and the discontinuous finite elements approximation to solve the advection equation, which gives a good approximation of concentration even when the dispersion tensor is very small. We use the new numerical model to simulate the salt dome flow problem. In this paper we study the effect of molecular diffusion and we compare linear and non‐linear dispersion equations. We show the importance of the discretization of the boundary condition on the extent of recirculation and the final salt distribution. We study also the salt dome flow problem with a more realistic dispersion (very small dispersion tensor). Our results are different to prior works with regard to the magnitude of recirculation and the final concentration distribution. In all cases, we obtain recirculation in the lower part of the domain, even for only dispersive fluxes at the boundary. When the dispersion tensor becomes very small, the magnitude of recirculation is small. Swept forward displacement could be reproduced by using finite difference method to compute the dispersive fluxes instead of mixed hybrid finite elements.
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  • 14
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    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 219-236 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; gravitational instability ; fingering ; variable density fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Density variation of aqueous phase fluids flowing in a porous medium, resulting from spatial and temporal variation of solute concentration, often gives rise to unstable flow, and therefore has a significant effect on solute transport. Studies on simulating unstable flow and mixing of variable density fluids in seemingly homogeneous porous media are rare. In this study, a three-dimensional (3-D) and a one-dimensional (1-D) model were developed to simulate unstable flow and mixing in a vertical, nominally 1-D system. In the 3-D model, the fluid flow and solute transport equations were solved numerically with a very fine spatial discretization. The 1-D numerical model was derived from a theoretical model to simulate the flow and mixing of fluids with variable density and viscosity at the field scale. To evaluate the models, simulated results were compared with experimental data from displacement experiments in a vertical sand column. The results show that the 1-D model provides fairly good prediction of breakthrough curves and that the 3-D model is able to qualitatively simulate breakthrough curves for highly unstable flow and mixing.
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  • 15
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    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: fracture ; aperture ; heterogeneity ; non-Newtonian ; power-law fluid ; groundwater ; transmissivity ; nonlinear seepage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transmissivity of a variable aperture fracture for flow of a non-Newtonian, purely viscous power-law fluid with behavior index n is studied. The natural logarithm of the fracture aperture is considered to be a two-dimensional, spatially homogeneous and correlated Gaussian random field. We derive an equivalent fracture aperture for three flow geometries: (1) flow perpendicular to aperture variation; (2) flow parallel to aperture variation; (3) flow in an isotropic aperture field. Under ergodicity, results are obtained for cases 1 and 2 by discretizing the fracture into elements of equal aperture and assuming that the resistances due to each aperture element are, respectively, in parallel and in series; for case 3, the equivalent aperture is derived as the geometric mean of cases 1 and 2. When n=1 all our expressions for the equivalent aperture reduce to those derived in the past for Newtonian flow and lognormal aperture distribution. As log-aperture variance increases, the equivalent aperture is found to increase for case 1, to decrease for case 2, and to be a function of flow behavior index n for case 3.
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  • 16
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    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; nonergodic transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneous formations ; hydrogeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flow of an inert solute in an heterogeneous aquifer is usually considered as dominated by large-scale advection. As a consequence, the pore-scale dispersion, i.e. the pore scale mechanism acting at scales lower than that characteristic of the heterogeneous field, is usually neglected in the computation of global quantities like the solute plume spatial moments. Here the effect of pore-scale dispersion is taken into account in order to find its influence on the longitudinal asymptotic dispersivity D11we examine both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional flow cases. In the calculations, we consider the finite size of the solute initial plume, i.e. we analyze both the ergodic and the nonergodic cases. With Pe the Péclat number, defined as Pe=Uλ/D, where U, λ, D are the mean fluid velocity, the heterogeneity characteristic length and the pore-scale dispersion coefficient respectively, we show that the infinite Péclat approximation is in most cases quite adequate, at least in the range of Péclat number usually encountered in practice (Pe 〉 102). A noteworthy exception is when the formation log-conductivity field is highly anisotropic. In this case, pore-scale may have a significant impact on D11, especially when the solute plume initial dimensions are not much larger than the heterogeneities' lengthscale. In all cases, D11 appears to be more sensitive to the pore-scale dispersive mechanisms under nonergodic conditions, i.e. for plume initial size less than about 10 log-conductivity integral scales.
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  • 17
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    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 345-373 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; density driven flow ; numerical simulation ; mixed finite elements ; discontinuous finite elements ; Elder problem.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new numerical model for the resolution of density coupled flow and transport in porous media is presented. The model is based on the mixed hybrid finite elements (MHFE) and discontinuous finite elements (DFE) methods. MHFE is used to solve the flow equation and the dispersive part of the transport equation. This method is more accurate in the calculation of velocities and ensures continuity of fluxes from one element to the adjacent one. DFE is used to solve the convective part of the transport equation. Combined with a slope limiting procedure, it avoids numerical instabilities and creates a very limited numerical dispersion, even for high grid Peclet number. Flow and transport equations are coupled by a standard iterative scheme. Residual based criterion is used to stop the iterations. Simulations of an unstable equilibrium show the effects of the criteria used to stop the iterations and the stopping criterion in the solver. The effects are more important for finer grids than for coarser grids. The numerical model is verified by the simulation of standard benchmarks: the Henry and the Elder test cases. A good agreement is found between the revised semi‐analytical Henry solution and the numerical solution. The Elder test case was also studied. The simulations were similar to those presented in previous works but with significantly less unknowns (i.e. coarser grids). These results show the efficiency of the used numerical schemes.
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  • 18
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    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ethane ; groundwater ; methane ; propane ; redox ; soil gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the presence and concentration of light hydrocarbon gases in soil vapor located immediately above the capillary fringe of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. A correlation was observed for the linear regression plot of redox potential versus detectable C2+C3 alkane concentrations for a limited number of sampling points. C2+C3 alkanes were not detected at points were redox potentials in groundwater exceeded --260 millivolts. The predominance of methanogenic processes in this redox range, as well as the observed C2+C3 concentration ratios, suggest that ethane and propane gases in soil vapor may be biogenically produced as well as a result of volatilization from NAPL.
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  • 19
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    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ethane ; groundwater ; methane ; propane ; redox ; soil gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the presence and concentration of light hydrocarbon gases in soil vapor located immediately above the capillary fringe of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. A correlation was observed for the linear regression plot of redox potential versus detectable C2+C3 alkane concentrations for a limited number of sampling points. C2+C3 alkanes were not detected at points were redox potentials in groundwater exceeded -260 millivolts. The predominance of methanogenic processes in this redox range, as well as the observed C2+C3 concentration ratios, suggest that ethane and propane gases in soil vapor may be biogenically produced as well as a result of volatilization from NAPL.
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  • 20
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    Mathematical geology 8 (1976), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: finite-element method ; numerical analysis ; simulation ; geophysics ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Deterministic mathematical modeling of complex geologic transport processes may require the use of odd boundary shapes, time dependency, and two or three dimensions. Under these circumstances the governing transport equations must be solved by numerical methods. For a number of transport phenomena a general form of the convective-dispersion equation can be employed. The solution of this equation for complicated problems can be solved readily by the finite-element method. Using quadrilateral isoparametric elements or triangular elements and a computational algorithm based on Galerkin's procedure, solutions to unsteady heat flux from a dike and seawater intrusion in an aquifer have been obtained. These examples illustrate that the finite-element numerical procedure is well suited for solving boundary-value problems resulting from modeling of complex physical phenomena.
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  • 21
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words hydrochemistry ; groundwater ; the Netherlands ; salt-water/fresh-water relations ; paleohydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les écoulements souterrains influencent les différents types hydrochimiques, parce que l'écoulement réduit le mélange par diffusion, porte les marques chimiques de changements biologiques et anthropiques dans la zone d'alimentation et lessive le système aquifère. Ces types dans leur ensemble sont surtout déterminés par des différences dans le flux d'eau météorique traversant le sous-sol. Dans les "hydrosomes" (masses d'eau d'origine déterminée), les lignes marquant une évolution prograde (séquence de faciès) se développent normalement dans la direction de l'écoulement souterrain : depuis des fluctuations fortes de la qualité de l'eau vers une absence de fluctuations, de polluées vers non polluées, d'acides vers basiques, d'oxygénées vers anoxiques et méthanogènes, depuis des échanges de base inexistants vers des échanges significatifs, de l'eau douce vers l'eau saumâtre. Ceci est montré pour une nappe d'eau douce dans une dune côtière des Pays-Bas. Dans "l'hydrosome", on montre que la disparition du carbonate de calcium par lessivage à plus de 15 m et celle de cations adsorbés d'origine marine (Na+, K+ et Mg2+) à plus de 2500 m vers l'aval-gradient correspond à environ 5000 ans d'écoulement, depuis que la barrière de la plage avec les dunes s'est mise en place. Les zones d'alimentation ponctuelle dans les dunes sont mises en évidence par l'eau souterraine montrant une plus faible évolution prograde de sa qualité que l'eau souterraine de la dune alentour. L'eau du Rhin utilisée pour la réalimentation artificielle dans les dunes a fourni des types hydrochimiques distincts, qui marquent l'écoulement, le mélange et les âges de l'eau souterraine.
    Abstract: Resumen El flujo subterráneo tiene una gran importancia sobre la hidroquímica de un sistema ya que reduce la mezcla por difusión, transporta las huellas químicas y biológicas de las acciones antrópicas en la zona de recarga y drena el sistema acuífero. Las tendencias globales vienen regidas por las diferencias en el flujo de agua meteórica que atraviesa el subsuelo. En un hidrosoma individual (cuerpo de agua de un origen específico), se suele desarrollar la siguiente línea de evolución (secuencia de facies) en la dirección del flujo: de gran a nula fluctuación en la calidad del agua, de agua contaminada a no contaminada, de ácida a básica, de óxica a anóxica-metanogénica, de nulo a importante cambio de base y de agua dulce a salobre. Esto puede verse, por ejemplo, en las aguas dulces presentes en las dunas costeras de Holanda. En este hidrosoma, el lixiviado de carbonato cálcico, hasta 15 m, y de cationes de adsorción marina (Na+, K+ and Mg2+), hasta 2500 m en la dirección del flujo corresponde a unos 5000 años de lavado desde que se desarrolló la barrera de dunas. Áreas de recarga concentrada en las dunas se evidencian porque el agua subterránea muestra un bajo estado de evolución dentro de la línea de evolución antes presentada, si se compara con el agua circundante. La recarga artificial en las dunas con agua del Río Rin proporciona características hidroquímicas diferenciadas, lo que permite caracterizar el flujo subterráneo, la mezcla y las edades de las aguas.
    Notes: Abstract  Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na+, K+, and Mg2+) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages.
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 16 (1998), S. 59-75 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Air sparging ; remediation ; groundwater ; volatile organic compounds ; aquifier simulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Air sparging is an emerging method used to remediate saturated soils and groundwater that have been contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During air sparging, air is injected into the subsurface below the lowest known depth of contamination. Due to buoyancy, the injected air will rise through the zone of contamination. Through a variety of mechanisms, including volatilization and biodegradation, the air will serve to remove or help degrade the contaminants. The contaminant-laden air will continue to rise towards the ground surface, eventually reaching the vadose zone, where the vapours are collected and treated using a soil vapour extraction (SVE) system. Air sparging performance and ultimately contaminant removal efficiency is highly dependent on the pattern and type of subsurface air flow. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimental study which investigated the injected air flow pattern development within an aquifer simulation apparatus. The test apparatus consisted of a tank measuring 61 cm long by 25.4 cm wide by 38.1 cm high. The apparatus was equipped with one air injection well and two vapour extracton wells. Three different soils were used to simulate different aquifer conditions, including a sand, a fine gravel and a medium gravel. Experiments were performed with different injected air pressures combined with different vacuum and groundwater flow conditions. Experiments were also conducted by injecting air into simulated shallow aquifers with different thicknesses. The air flow patterns observed were found to depend significantly on the soil type, groundwater flow conditions and system controls, including injected air pressure, flow rate and applied vacuum. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Analytical solution ; unconflned flow ; groundwater
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We combine an integral equation formulation with a hodograph transformation to solve self-similar problems describing the unconfined flow of groundwater with variable inlet conditions. A class of new semi-analytical solutions is obtained for both rectilinear and radial flow geometries. The solutions are in general agreement with those derived by Barenblatt, although there are some discrepancies for the case of radial flow. The formulation presented provides additional analytical insight, and for computational purposes is simpler than Barenblatt's. In addition, the method proposed can be successfully used for the solution of a host of other nonlinear problems that admit self-similarity.
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    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 225-246 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Well hydraulics ; Weber–Goldstein transforms ; groundwater ; analytic solution ; integral transform ; aquifer characterization ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two new integral transforms, ideally suited for solving boundary value problems in well hydraulics, are derived from one of the Goldstein identities which generalizes a corresponding Weber identity. The two transforms are, therefore, named the Weber–Goldstein transforms. Their properties are presented. For the first, second, and third type boundary conditions, the new transforms remove the radial portion of a Laplacian in the cylindrical coordinates. They are used to straightforwardly rederive known solutions to the problems of a fully penetrating flowing well and a fully penetrating pumped well. A novel solution for a fully penetrating flowing well with infinitesimal skin situated in a leaky aquifer is also found by means of one of the new transforms. This solution is validated by comparison to a numerical solution obtained via the finite-difference method and to a quasi-analytic solution obtained by numerical inversion of the corresponding solution in the Laplace domain. Based on the new solution, a flowing well test is proposed for estimating the hydraulic conductivity and specific storativity of the aquifer and the skin factor of the well. The test can also be used in a constant-head injection mode. A type-curve estimation procedure is developed and illustrated with an example. The effectiveness of the test in estimating the well skin factor and aquifer parameters depends on the availability of data on the sufficiently early well response.
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    Transport in porous media 33 (1998), S. 227-255 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; contamination ; NAPL lens ; phreatic aquifer ; water table ; vertical equilibrium ; analytical solution ; similarity solution ; two‐dimensional plumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of an LNAPL lens above a sloping or horizontal water table, and a DNAPL lens above an impermeable surface is discussed. The governing equations are derived, using the vertical equilibrium approach and assuming the water mobility to be much greater than that of the NAPL. Analytical solutions are obtained for one‐dimensional movement of a lens along a sloping water table. They describe the lens movement with the formation of a jump at the leading front (large-scale approximation), and the distribution of NAPL in the transition zone near the jump (small‐scale approximation). A model,describing the movement of a lens, taking into account NAPL retention,is proposed. Approximate one‐dimensional solutions for the movement of a NAPL lens along sloping or horizontal surfaces under such conditions are presented for this model. Some approximate analytical solutions for two‐dimensional lens (plume) formation and movement are obtained for the case of a point source at a sloping surface.
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    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 53-74 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: groundwater ; resource management ; Balochistan ; Pakistan
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Using case material on the exploitation of groundwater in Balochistan Province in Pakistan, the article studies how resource management regimes evolve or fail to evolve. Incipient resource management regimes face two problems: the definition of access rights and the lack of knowledge on the limits and regenerative capacities of the resource as well as on the behavior of the co-users. These problems will usually be addressed as soon as increased exploitation makes itself first felt in declining groundwater exploitation, though this does not necessary mean that the resource is exploited at levels that are not sustainable. As exploitation will continue to increase however the point of overexploitation may be reached, beyond which it will be much more difficult for a resource management regime to evolve.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; deforestation ; hydrologic pathway ; groundwater ; nitrogen ; rain forest ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; solutes ; tropical
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrochemical changes caused by slash-and-burnagricultural practices in a small upland catchment inthe central Amazon were measured. Soluteconcentrations were analyzed in wet deposition,overland flow, shallow throughflow, groundwater andbank seepage in a forested plot (about 5 ha) and anadjacent plot (about 2 ha) which had been deforestedin July 1989 and planted to manioc, and in streamwater in partially deforested and forested catchments. Measurements were made from November 1988 to June1990. The effects of slash-and-burn agriculturalpractices observed in the experimental plot includedincreased overland flow, erosion, and large losses ofsolutes from the rooted zone. Concentrations ofNO3 -, Na+, K+, SO4 2-,Cl- and Mn in throughflow of the experimentalplot were higher than those of the control plot bymore than a factor of 10. Extensive leaching occurredafter cutting and burning, but solute transfers werediminished along pathway stages of throughflow togroundwater, and particularly within the riparian zoneof the catchment. High concentrations of N and P inoverland flow indicate the importance of usingforested riparian buffers to mitigate solute inputs toreceiving waters in tropical catchments.
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon ; geochemistry ; groundwater ; hyporheic zone ; streams
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to examine chemical changes in porewaters that occur over small scales (cm) as groundwater flows through the hyporheic zone and discharges to a stream in a temperate forest of northern Wisconsin. Hyporheic-zone porewaters were sampled at discrete depths of 2, 10, 15, 61, and 183 cm at three study sites in the study basin. Chemical profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CO2, CH4, and pH show dramatic changes between 61 cm sediment depth and the water-sediment interface. Unless discrete samples at small depth intervals are taken, these chemical profiles are not accounted for. Similar trends were observed at the three study locations, despite each site having very different hydraulic-flow regimes. Increases in DOC concentration by an order of magnitude from 61 to 15 cm depth with a corresponding decrease in pH and rapid decreases in the molecular weight of the DOC suggest that aliphatic compounds (likely organic acids) are being generated in the hyporheic zone. Estimated efflux rates of DOC, CO2, and CH4 to the stream are 6.2, 0.79, 0.13 moles m2 d-1, respectively, with the vast majority of these materials produced in the hyporheic zone. Very little of these materials are accounted for by sampling stream water, suggesting rapid uptake and/or volatilization.
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazônia ; dissolved nitrogen dynamics ; groundwater ; nitrogen isotopes
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The δ15N composition of the dominant form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was determined in upland groundwater, riparian groundwater, and stream water of the Barro Branco catchment, Amazônas, Brazil. The δ15N composition of organic nitrogen in riparian and upland leaf litter was also determined. The data for these waters could be divided into three groups: upland groundwater DIN predominately composed of NO3 − with δ15N values averaging 6.25 ± 0.9 riparian groundwater DIN primarily composed of NH4 + with δ15N values averaging 9.17 ± 1.0 and stream water DIN predominately composed of NO3 − with δ15N values averaging 4.52 ± 0.8‰ Nitrate samples taken from the stream source and from the stream adjacent to the groundwater transects showed a downstream increase in δ15N from 1.0to 4.5‰ Leaf litter samples averaged 3.5 ± 1.2‰ The observed patterns in isotopic composition, together with previously observed inorganic nitrogen species and concentration shifts between upland, riparian and stream waters, suggest that groundwater DIN is not the primary source of DIN to the stream. Instead, the isotopic data suggest that remineralization of organic nitrogen within the stream itself may be a major source of stream DIN, and that the majority of DIN entering the stream via groundwater flowpaths is removed at the riparian-stream interface.
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonium ; groundwater ; hydrologic exchange ; hyporheic zone ; nitrate ; streams
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The influence of riffle-pool units on hyporheic zone hydrology and nitrogen dynamics was investigated in Brougham Creek, a N-rich agricultural stream in Ontario, Canada. Subsurface hydraulic gradients, differences in background stream and groundwater concentrations of conservative ions, and the movement of a bromide tracer indicated the downwelling of stream water at the head of riffles and upwelling in riffle-pool transitions under base flow conditions. Channel water also flowed laterally into the floodplain at the upstream end of riffles and followed a subsurface concentric flow path for distances of up to 20 m before returning to the stream at the transition from riffles to pools. Differences in observed vs predicted concentrations based on background chloride patterns indicated that the hyporheic zone was a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium. The removal of nitrate in the streambed was confirmed by the loss of nitrate in relation to co-injected bromide in areas of downwelling stream water in two riffles. Average stream water nitrate-N concentrations of 1.0 mg/L were often depleted to 〈0.005 mg/L near the sediment-water interface. Consequently, an extensive volume of the hyporheic zone in the streambed and floodplain had a large unused potential for nitrate removal. Conceptual models based mainly on studies of streams with low nutrient concentrations have emphasized the extent of surface-subsurface exchanges and water residence times in the hyporheic zone as important controls on stream nutrient retention. In contrast, we suggest that nitrate retention in N-rich streams is influenced more by the size of surface water storage zones which increase the residence time of channel water in contact with the major sites of rapid nitrate depletion adjacent to the sediment-water interface.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1695-1700 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; groundwater ; hydraulic conductivity ; leaching ; tracer ; transit time ; till ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water flow and transit in the soil are important to water supply and transport of chemical compounds. Flows through forested till soils are by vertical percolation in the upslope areas, groundwater flows along the slope to discharge in downslope sites. The flow is divided into slow and fast parts both in the unsaturated percolation and the saturated groundwater. Soil development influences the flow and in coarse grained and well drained soils groundwater flow is stable but in finer grained physically stratified soils, variations in flow are considerable. Large flows occur in the upper soil layers and small flows in deep layers. Chemical composition of soil water varies in a similar way. In the upper layers, water is more acid and has a lower content of base cations compared to deeper layers. In downslope areas discharging deep groundwater contributes to less acidic conditions also in the upper soil layers. This discharge and a dominating lateral water flow in the upper layers partly protect deep layers from acidification which is emphasised by slow water turnover in these layers.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1849-1854 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; groundwater ; countermeasures ; liming ; filters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid groundwater can corrode plumbing systems and solubilize metals in the soil or in the plumbing systems. Since the soluble forms of some metals are toxic, concerns regarding the effects of groundwater acidification on human health have been raised. A number of new methods for treating acidified groundwater have been developed and tested during the last decade. In addition conventional filter devices have been tested and evaluated. Seven methods of in situ alkalization, i.e. treatment of the soil around the well with an alkalizer, have been tested for 1–8 years. These methods involve the application of limestone or slaked lime in the recharge area of the well or in/near the well. Target values set for the tests were: pH〉6,5 and alkalinity 〉60 mg/l. Almost all of these methods have led to improvements in water quality, but in some cases target values were not reached. Most of the treatments have resulted in significant reductions in iron and aluminium contents in drinking water. Eight types of more conventional devices for processing acidified well water have been tested for a couple of years. These de-acidification filters are installed indoors or in some cases inside the well. The majority of them performed well, providing acceptable values of pH and alkalinity under normal water flows. However,after periods of more intense water flushing, some of the filters showed a decreased capacity to neutralize the water. Inexpensive types of equipment, e.g. some of the filters placed inside the well, performed just as well as the more expensive types.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination ; groundwater ; monitoring ; nitrate ; pesticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A shallow aquifer in central South Dakota was monitored for thepresence of nitrate and pesticides. A total of 593 nitrate samples and428 pesticide samples were analyzed from nine different sites and 14wells between 1989 and 1994. Nested wells were installed at four sitesto characterize the distribution pattern of nitrate and pesticidemovement in ground water. Nitrate concentrations and pesticidedetections were qualitatively compared with area precipitation and watertable fluctuations. The results indicate that nitrates tend to betransported by a leaching mechanism in a matrix flow and may appearin ground water within months after the fertilizer application in thefields. The pesticide movement is primarily controlled by geologicaland chemical characteristics of medium and pesticides.
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 18 (1996), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: environmental isotopes ; hydrochemistry ; groundwater ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The groundwater resources of the El-Qusier-Safaga area on the Red Sea coastal zone have still to be utilised fully for social and economic development. In the present study, an inventory of recharge sources and quality of groundwater in different water bearing formations is made to assist in management of these vital resources. From a hydrochemical point of view, the origin of salinity in the five investigated aquifers are mainly dissolution of terrestrial minerals, leaching of soilsvia floods or ion exchanges processes. Stable isotope data clarify the interaction between different aquifers and indicate that the source of recharge is mainly meteoric water originating from palaeowater of the Pleistocene pluvial period, and from local precipitation as well as some marine water. Evaluation of the groundwater quality for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes is discussed.
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 20 (1998), S. 199-212 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; arsenic speciation ; British Columbia ; groundwater ; human health ; hydrogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently, occurrences of elevated arsenic concentrations in bedrock groundwaters used for individual and municipal water supplies have been recognised along the mainland coast of southern British Columbia, Canada. An area on Bowen Island (Queen Charlotte Heights community) was chosen to investigate the source(s) of arsenic, geochemical processes controlling its aqueous uptake, the role of geology and structure in the formation of these waters, and the use of hydrogeochemical survey methods for detecting arsenious groundwater regions. Pyrite- arsenopyrite-Cu mineralisation in the Queen Charlotte Heights area is present as veins associated with NE-trending fault zones and as disseminations in marginal breccia and stockwork zones of a ryhodacite porphyry stock. Near surface mineralisation was later altered by supergene events to form minor pyrite- arsenopyrite in a matrix of limonite and clay. Geochemical factors that control the concentration and mobility of arsenic in these groundwaters include: (a) anion exchange of arsenic from clay minerals during cation divalent/univalent exchange processes (water softening) which leads to waters of high pH and high anion exchange capacities; (b) desorption of arsenic from Fe and Al oxyhydroxide minerals during pronounced shifts in pH from acid to alkaline conditions brought on by the water softening process; and (c) stepwise oxidation of arsenopyrite mineralisation to form arsenious sulphate-bearing groundwaters. The inconsistent behaviour of the As3+ and As5+ ions during the complex waterrock interaction processes described above, precludes the use of detailed chemical analyses to predict relative abundances of the more toxic As3+ species. For a full appreciation of the toxic impact of groundwaters containing total arsenic concentrations that are above regulatory guidelines an arsenic speciation analysis is required.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, along with the anions HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, CO3 −, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3)2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B, and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,along with the anions HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 2-, CO3 -, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3 2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B,and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquifer ; bacteria ; bacteriophages ; contamination ; effluent ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bacteria and bacteriophages into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer was investigated at a bordered strip effluent irrigation scheme near Christchurch, New Zealand. Irrigation of one set of strips resulted in the contamination, by faecal coliform bacteria, and somatic and F-RNA coliphages, of two bores, approximately 60 m and 445 m downstream of the centre of the strips. F-RNA coliphages showed the greatest attenuation between the soil surface and the first bore, and faecal coliforms the least. Estimates of percolation times through the 13 m vadoze zone (based on times to peak concentration in the groundwater) ranged from 1.6 to 10.5 hr, with travel times for the bacteriophages being 1.4–3.4 times longer than for the bacteria. Injection of oxidation pond effluent containing rhodamine WT dye into the first bore resulted in contamination of the second bore (385 m downstream) by the dye, F-RNA coliphages, and faecal coliforms. In a second experiment, injection (into the same bore) of a mixture of phage MS–2, the bacterial tracer Escherichia coli J6–2, and rhodamine WT dye, produced a similar result in the downstream bore and in a newly-installed bore, 401 m downstream. In both injection experiments, the phages exhibited the shortest times to peak concentrations in the downstream bore(s), followed by the bacteria, and then the dye. Attenuation of the bacteria and phages was similar, but the microbes exhibited 100-fold greater reduction than the dye. Flow direction and longitudinal dispersivity were determined in a preliminary analysis using an idealised 2-D dispersion model. This information, and other measured and reported data, were then used as inputs in a 3-D dispersion model. The predicted concentration curves were matched to the observed curves by trial and error adjustment of the decay constant (λ). The best curve fits were obtained with λ values higher than those reported elsewhere. It is suggested that many of the reported microbial decay values underestimate microbial reductions in groundwater because they do not account for other removal mechanisms, such as filtration, sedimentation and irreversible adsorption.
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aquifer ; bacteria ; bacteriophages ; contamination ; effluent ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bacteria and bacteriophages into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer was investigated at a bordered strip effluent irrigation scheme near Christchurch, New Zealand. Irrigation of one set of strips resulted in the contamination, by faecal coliform bacteria, and somatic and F-RNA coliphages, of two bores, approximately 60 m and 445 m downstream of the centre of the strips. F-RNA coliphages showed the greatest attenuation between the soil surface and the first bore, and faecal coliforms the least. Estimates of percolation times through the 13 m vadoze zone (based on times to peak concentration in the groundwater) ranged from 1.6 to 10.5 hr, with travel times for the bacteriophages being 1.4–3.4 times longer than for the bacteria. Injection of oxidation pond effluent containing rhodamine WT dye into the first bore resulted in contamination of the second bore (385 m downstream) by the dye, F-RNA coliphages, and faecal coliforms. In a second experiment, injection (into the same bore) of a mixture of phage MS-2, the bacterial tracerEscherichia coli J6-2, and rhodamine WT dye, produced a similar result in the downstream bore and in a newly-installed bore, 401 m downstream. In both injection experiments, the phages exhibited the shortest times to peak concentrations in the downstream bore(s), followed by the bacteria, and then the dye. Attenuation of the bacteria and phages was similar, but the microbes exhibited 100-fold greater reduction than the dye. Flow direction and longitudinal dispersivity were determined in a preliminary analysis using an idealised 2-D dispersion model. This information, and other measured and reported data, were then used as inputs in a 3-D dispersion model. The predicted concentration curves were matched to the observed curves by trial and error adjustment of the decay constant (λ). The best curve fits were obtained with λ values higher than those reported elsewhere. It is suggested that many of the reported microbial decay values underestimate microbial reductions in groundwater because they do not account for other removal mechanisms, such as filtration, sedimentation and irreversible adsorption.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; arsenic poisoning ; groundwater ; West Bengal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic in groundwater above the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg l−1 has been found in six districts of West Bengal covering an area of 34 000 km2 with a population of 30 million. At present, 37 administrative blocks by the side of the River Ganga and adjoining areas are affected. Areas affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater are all located in the upper delta plain, and are mostly in the abandoned meander belt. More than 800 000 people from 312 villages/wards are drinking arsenic contaminated water and amongst them at least 175 000 people show arsenical skin lesions. Thousands of tube-well water in these six districts have been analysed for arsenic species. Hair, nails, scales, urine, liver tissue analyses show elevated concentrations of arsenic in people drinking arsenic-contaminated water for a longer period. The source of the arsenic is geological. Bore-hole sediment analyses show high arsenic concentrations in only few soil layers which is found to be associated with iron-pyrites. Various social problems arise due to arsenical skin lesions in these districts. Malnutrition, poor socio-economic conditions, illiteracy, food habits and intake of arsenic-contaminated water for many years have aggravated the arsenic toxicity. In all these districts, major water demands are met from groundwater and the geochemical reaction, caused by high withdrawal of water may be the cause of arsenic leaching from the source. If alternative water resources are not utilised, a good percentage of the 30 million people of these six districts may suffer from arsenic toxicity in the near future.
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  • 41
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 19 (1997), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; chemical weathering ; sulphide ; sulphuric acid ; jarosite ; groundwater ; geomedicine ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alluvial aquifer ; groundwater ; hydrochemistry ; multivariateanalysis ; water pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract 21 physico-chemical parameters have been determined in 47 groundwater samples collected in October 1994 from the alluvial aquifer of the Pisuerga river, located at the north-east of Valladolid (north-western Spain). Conventional hydrochemical methods and multivariate statistical analysis have been used to discriminate natural phenomena and pollution processes in the area. It has been demonstrated the existence of a heterogeneity in groundwater mineral contents related to anthropic actions such as irrigation, source of irrigation water and location of polluting sources. This study demonstrates the existence of two sub-units in the alluvial aquifer (left and right river banks) with different hydrochemical characteristics, and identifies three different singular areas in the left bank. Groundwater from this bank showed higher levels of dissolved ions caused by concentration processes derived from the predominant use of groundwater for crop irrigation, whilst in the right bank of the aquifer less saline water from canals is used. Degradation of groundwater quality has been observed in some areas of the left aquifer sub-unit (north, Santovenia and south-central sites) where anomalous high concentrations of sulphate, sodium, chloride and nitrate were measured, and can be related to the presence of potentially polluting sources such as leachates from industrial waste disposals, sewage effluents and use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
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  • 43
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    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dissolved methane ; gas chromatograph ; groundwater ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for measuring the concentration of dissolved methane in water samples. A 250 μL bubble is injected into a 5 mL vial to create a headspace. The headspace gas is subsequently analysed by gas chromatograph. The technique requires a headspace equilibrium time of at least 13 hours. The extraction efficiency of the method for methane saturated water was 101.9% ± 1%. The technique is applicable to other dissolved gases in groundwater. The method was used during a comparative evaluation of groundwater sampling devices at a field site. It was found that low flow rate sampling with either a Grundfos electric submersible pump or a peristaltic pump were more precise than using a bailer to measure dissolved methane.
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  • 44
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    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cleanup objectives ; groundwater ; public risk ; worker risk ; cost ; hypothetical homesteader risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE'S) Ernrironmental Restoration Program will be responsible for remediating the approximately 230 contaminated groundwater sites across the DOE Complex. A major concern for remediation is choosing the appropriate cleanup objective. The the cleanup objective chosen will influence the risk to the nearby public during and after remediation; risk to remedial and non-involved workers during remediation; and the cost of remediation. This paper will discuss the trends shown in analyses currently being performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratories' (ORNL's) Center for Risk Management (CRM). To evaluate these trends, CRM is developing a database of contaminated sites. This paper examines several contaminated groundwater sites selected for assessment from CRM s database. The sites in this sample represent potential types of contaminated groundwater sites commonly found at an installation within DOE. The baseline risk from these sites to various receptors will be presented. Residual risk and risk during remediation will be reported for different cleanup objectives. The cost associated with remediating to each of these objectives will also be estimated for each of the representative sites. Finally, the general trends of impacts as a function of cleanup objective will be summarized.
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  • 45
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: groundwater ; nitrate ; nitrate removal ; water treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is supplied with drinking water fromboth desalinated sea water and treated groundwater sources. Sampleswere analysed for NO3 from selected deep and shallow wells, two locations within the city's six groundwater treatment plants, thedesalinated sea water and distribution network. Average nitrateconcentrations (as NO3) were 8.2 and 15.8 mg/L for deep andshallow well waters, respectively. The average nitrate concentrations (asNO3) in the groundwater treatment plants influent waters and thefinal product water were 16.2 and 8.5 mg/L, respectively. Due toblending of the plants' product water with the desalinated sea water, theaverage network nitrate concentration was 4.4 mg/L. The scheduledwater interruption does not seem to cause any appreciable change in thenitrate levels in the distribution network.
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  • 46
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    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 71-89 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bedrock ; boreholes ; concentration levels ; groundwater ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract About 20 trace elements were analysed in samples from 60 boreholes located in the Upper East and West Regions of Ghana. Findings from the analysis indicated that most trace element concentrations were higher as compared to their concentrations found in natural water systems. The available chemical data of rocks in the area suggest that local bedrock is the dominant source of the trace elements found in goundwater. Aluminium, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba were excessively high in concentration. In comparison with WHO guidelines, all except Al, Fe, Fe and Mn values were below the recommended limits.
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  • 47
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    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 409-415 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; beryllium ; catchment ; groundwater ; soil solution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The environmental chemistry of beryllium (Be) was investigated at the Lysina catchment in western Bohemia, Czech Republic, a forest ecosystem with high loadings of acidic atmospheric deposition. The catchment supports Norway spruce plantations; it is underlain by leucogranite and the soils are Spodosols. Average concentrations of Be were high in groundwater (3.3 µg L-1) and in stream water (1.5 µg L-1), in comparison to the drinking water standard of the Czech Republic (0.2 µg L-1). Chemical equilibrium calculations suggest that aquoberyllium Be2+ was the prevailing inorganic species in drainage waters at the site. Atmospheric deposition of Be (45 µg m-2 yr-1) was small in comparison to drainage outflow (586 µg m-2 yr-1) at Lysina. Elevated Be concentrations in drainage water appear to be the result of the mobilization of Be from soils and weathered bedrock due to acidic atmospheric deposition. Increased mobility of Be due to acidification may have serious ecological consequences in acid-sensitive areas with terrestrial pools of available Be.
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  • 48
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    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 121-135 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; aluminium ; groundwater ; mountainousenvironment ; Nordic countries ; precipitates ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Areas a few square metres in size, devoid of higher vegetation other than moss, have been mapped at 600–700 m above sea level in the mountains of the western part of central Norway. The moss is covered by a grey precipitate during dry summer periods. The precipitate has been identified by ICP-AES analysis of HNO3-extract, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an aluminium(Al)-hydroxide, probably amorphous Al-hydroxide and diaspore (Al(OH)3), containing 21–25% Al by weight. In comparison, the underlying moraine deposits contain 1.5–3.5% Al by weight. A small spring, where groundwater discharges, is located uphill of each contaminated area. The Al content of the water which emerges from these springs decreases downhill away from the spring and is inversely proportional to the pH. The runoff waters originating at the springs have been modelled using the computer-codes MINTEQA2 and ALCHEMI and are found to be saturated with respect to amorphous Al(OH)3. This study raises the very important question as to what extent a lower pH in the influent meltwater may leach out more aluminium and possibly lead to the formation of larger amounts of precipitate.
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  • 49
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    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 133-149 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; cow's milk ; forage ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic levels were determined in seventy three samples of well water, and in fifty samples of soil, forage and cow's milk collected at the most important dairy farms of the Comarca Lagunera located in Coahuila and Durango, Mexico, region naturally rich in As. The total inorganic arsenic concentration in well water ranged from 7 to 740 μg L-1 and about ninety percent of the total arsenic was found as As(V). The agricultural soil texture of the sampled area was sandy clay loam type with total arsenic levels up to 30 μg g-1, however, the extractable arsenic was not higher than 12% of the total and it was higher in the 0–30 cm depth horizon. In alfalfa, the most important crop, the total aresenic ranged from 0.24 to 3.16 μg g-1, with 40% of it accumulated at the root level. Significant correlations (p=0.05) were obtained between arsenic (III), (V) and total inorganic arsenic in groundwater with arsenic in soil (0–30 cm depth), and with arsenic in alfalfa (leaves and roots). It was also found a good correlation between extractable arsenic in soil with As concentrations in alfalfa (roots). Arsenic concentrations found in milk ranged from 〈0.9 to 27.4 ng g-1. The cow's milk biotransfer factor for arsenic was up to 6 × 10-4, applying a pharmacokinetic approach. It was associated with the exposure not only to food but also to water arsenic.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: catchment hydrology ; conifer swamp ; groundwater ; peat ; porewater ; sulphate mobilization ; summer drought ; water levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations in sulphate (SO4 2-) concentration of porewater and net SO4 2- mobilization were related to differences in water level fluctuations during wet and dry summers in two conifer swamps located in catchments which differed in till depth and seasonality of groundwater flow. Sulphate depletion at the surface and in 20 cm porewater coincided with anoxia and occurred mainly during the summer when water levels were near the peat surface and water flow rates were low in both catchments. There was an inverse relationship between net SO4 2- mobilization and water level elevation relative to the peat surface, explaining variation in SO4 2- dynamics between the swamps during summer drought periods. Aeration of peat to 40 cm and a large net SO4 2- mobilization (10–70 mg SO4 2- m-2 d-1) occurred during a dry summer in which the water level dropped to 60 cm below the surface in the swamp receiving ephemeral groundwater inputs from shallow tills within the catchment. This resulted in high SO4 2- concentrations in the surface water and porewater (30–50 mg L-1), and elevated SO4 2- concentrations remained through the fall and winter. In contrast, within the swamp located in the catchment with greater till depth (〉 1 m), continuous groundwater inputs maintained surface saturation during the dry summer, and SO4 2- mobilization and concentrations of SO4 2- in the pore water during the following fall did not increase. Susceptibility to large water table drawdown and mobilization of accumulated SO4 2- is influenced by the occurrence of ephemeral vs. continuous groundwater inputs to valley swamps during dry summer periods in the Canadian Shield landscape. This study reveals that extrapolation of results of SO4 2- cycling from one wetland to another requires knowledge of the hydrogeology of the catchment in which the wetlands are located.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cr (III) ; Cr (VI) ; groundwater ; porewater ; riverwater ; sediments ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Historically, solid waste from chromite ore processing has been disposed of at a number of sites in Glasgow, Scotland. Leachate from these sites has been implicated as a source of chromium (Cr) contamination to both groundwaters and stream waters in the south east area of the city. In this study, chromium speciation has been determined in ground-, stream-, river- and pore waters, to assess the extent of contamination and the associated risk. The speciation of chromium is important, as the trivalent species of chromium (Cr(III)) is an essential form of the element, while hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen to humans via inhalation. Concentrations of total chromium have also been determined in sediments from the River Clyde, to assess the significance of local concentrations relative to those elsewhere in the catchment. High concentrations of Cr(VI) were found in groundwaters and streamwaters in the area immediately surrounding the contaminated sites, and high concentrations of chromium were also found in River Clyde sediments downstream of these sites. However, these concentrations rapidly decrease away from the chromium-contaminated south eastern side of the city. Data from porewaters suggest that some reduction of Cr(VI) occurs naturally in the sediments, indicating that the risk posed by high concentrations of Cr(VI) should be decreased over the longer term.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: groundwater ; nitrogen ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Application of soluble forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to citrus trees in sandy soils of central Florida may cause leaching of NO 3 − below the rooting depth. A leaching column study was conducted to evaluate the leaching of urea, NH 4 + and NO3 − forms of N from calcium nitrate, urea, and urease inhibitor coated urea (Agrotain: N-(-n butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)) applied to a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments) during six cycles of intermittent leaching with 220 mL each of water (total 1320 mL) through the soil columns (equivalent to 30 cm rainfall). The amount of NO3-N recovered in the leachate from calcium nitrate treated soil accounted for 43% of the total N applied. Leaching of N from urea and Agrotain treated soil was pronounced during the second and third leaching events. Cumulative leaching of urea form of N accounted for 12 and 8% of total N applied as urea and Agrotain, respectively. The cumulative amounts of NO3-N and NH4-N recovered in six leachate fractions from urea treated soil accounted for 14 and 21%, respectively, of the total N applied to the column. The corresponding values for the Agrotain treated soil were 8 and 17%, respectively. Soil analysis after the completion of leaching showed no urea throughout the entire depth of column in either urea or Agrotain treatments. The total recovery of N (leachate plus soil) was 48.1, 40.4, and 49.7% of total N applied as urea, Agrotain, and calcium nitrate, respectively. This study demonstrated a significant reduction in leaching of N forms from Agrotain as compared with that from urea.
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  • 53
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    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon isotopes ; degradation ; groundwater ; isotope fractionation ; landfill ; mining lakes ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic and chemical composition of water and dissolved sulfur and carbon compounds from a flooded lignite-mining lake and a dump site in Central Germany (today partly covered by a landfill) is used to investigate the sulfate reduction and degradation process of organic matter in the lake and the groundwater. The isotopic composition of both the sulfate/sulfide and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) confirm similarities between the processes in the subhydrical landfill site and in the anaerobic zone of the lake (monimolimnion). The strong reducing conditions are expressed by an enrichment of δ34S of sulfate (landfill: δ34S-SO4 = +37ℵ, bottom of the lake: δ34S-SO4 = +27ℵ), despite varying sulfate supply. More than 50% of the sulfate in the landfill and up to 95% of the sulfate in the monimolimnion were calculated to have been reduced according to the Rayleigh relation. The carbon isotopic composition of DIC ranges from δ13C = -10ℵ to δ13C = -19ℵ in the landfill and from δ13C = -8ℵ to δ13C = -18ℵ in the lake. It was shown that these values represent the complex interactions between the production of methane and carbon dioxide and the formation of bicarbonate from intermediate products.
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  • 54
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    Environmental and resource economics 6 (1995), S. 119-138 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Exhaustible resource ; peatland ; optimal control ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Soil is usually considered as a renewable resource for dynamic crop and production management decision problems. For peatland, however, soil should be regarded as an exhaustible resource. This paper determines the optimal utilization of peatland for agricultural production within a dynamic context and it also presents an empirical study where the quasirent function is convex in the input and not concave as assumed in many economic studies. As a result of this convexity a corner solution is obtained. Moreover, the study demonstrates that there is only a slight difference between short- and farsighted behavior, and that both lead ultimately to an accelerated exhaustion of the resource. Private optimization leads to intensive use of the peat in the production of high value crops, which depletes the peat in a relatively short period of time. However, peatland also possesses a value as an environmental asset. The study provides a benchmark for the decision as to whether to convert peatland into productive agricultural land or to conserve it.
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  • 55
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    Aquatic geochemistry 1 (1995), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: alkylation ; groundwater ; mold ; ocean ; polonium ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Polonium, like other elements in the Group VI Oxygen series (S, Se, Te), has the potential to form volatile alkyl derivatives. This may be evident in its pervasive radioactive excesses in the atmosphere and coastal waters, and its deficiency in surface open ocean waters. We present evidence for the formation of volatile polonium species. The first evidence comes from duplicating experiments that proved the existence of volatile tellurium, its Group VI congener. Cultures of bread mold at room temperature spiked with polonium tracers showed a significant and reproducible loss of about 0.5% per day of volatile polonium species. In another set of experiments, between 30–50% loss of210Po was observed from Floridan groundwater when nitrogen was bubbled through it over durations of 5–30 minutes. Polonium volatility is highly relevant for biogeochemical studies because it may provide a natural radiochemical tracer for recycling of similar volatile sulfur and other Group VI metal species between the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
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