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  • Articles  (2,538)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (2,538)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (2,538)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional crack monitoring by electrical resistivity measurement (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil cracks formed by natural processes play a key role in water and gas transfer. Patterns of soil cracks are, however, difficult to characterize. Our aim here is to assess the effectiveness of three-dimensional electrical resistivity surveys in detecting soil crack networks. A three-dimensional electrical survey was carried out by a square array quadripole with Cu–CuSO4 electrodes (electrode spacing of 3 cm). The measurements were made with two orientations (0° and 90°) on a block (26 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm) of soil while it dried for 18 days under controlled conditions. Two indexes, calculated from the apparent resistivity values, were evaluated to detect the degree of soil heterogeneity: (i) an anisotropy index based on the ratio between the apparent resistivity at 0° and that at 90°; and (ii) the angle-array orientation corresponding to the preferential anisotropic orientation (maximum resistivity). The anisotropy index provided information on the presence of cracks and the orientation for crack width 〉 1 mm in the first pseudo-depth (i.e. depth of investigation), while the angle-array orientation provided information on crack extension for the whole pseudo-depth. Information about the presence, position, orientation and extension of cracks can be obtained from an analysis of apparent resistivity obtained by a three-dimensional electrical survey. Such direct analysis will help the resistivity inversion to detect the crack network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00632.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total lipid extracts from characteristic soil horizons in a podzol profile (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The podzolization process is studied through lipids in nine characteristic podzol horizons. Organic matter accumulates particularly with aluminium in the Bh horizon, while the hard, cemented Bs horizon below this is formed mainly by iron oxides. The low soil pH seems to have no great influence on the preservation of lipids as reflected by the absolute amounts present and the presence of bacterial lipid markers throughout the profile. Independent of soil pH, lipids accumulate in organically enriched horizons. Albeit, high molecular weight organic compounds accumulate to a relatively greater extent than lipids in these horizons. A lipid signal related to the aerial parts, i.e. leaves and flowers, of Calluna is observed only in the O horizon. This ‘n-alkane, steroid and triterpenoids’ signal is quickly lost in the underlying Ah horizon due to (bacterial) oxidation. The other total lipid extracts obtained are dominated by root-derived compounds. In subsoil horizons rich in organic matter, i.e. the Ahb and Bh horizons, root-derived friedooleanan and steroid compounds dominate the total lipid signal. Degraded horizons, poor in organic matter, i.e. the E2, Bhs, Bs and B/C horizons, are dominated by C22 and C24ω-hydroxy acids, long-chain (〉 C20) n-alkanoic acids with a strong even-over-odd predominance and C22 and C24n-alkanols. Steroid and root-derived triterpenoids with a friedooleanan structure have been removed from these horizons through degradation. Based on total organic carbon content and lipid composition, the formation of an E1 horizon has started, but is not yet complete. In the Ahb horizon, a contribution from buried vegetation to the total lipid signal is still present, although degradation and an input from roots have significantly altered the original signal. Overall, lipid data indicate that degradation (microbial oxidation) is an important process that should be taken into account, in addition to leaching, when describing podzolization processes in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00633.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibrating soil respiration measures with a dynamic flux apparatus using artificial soil media of varying porosity (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Measurement of soil respiration to quantify ecosystem carbon cycling requires absolute, not relative, estimates of soil CO2 efflux. We describe a novel, automated efflux apparatus that can be used to test the accuracy of chamber-based soil respiration measurements by generating known CO2 fluxes. Artificial soil is supported above an air-filled footspace wherein the CO2 concentration is manipulated by mass flow controllers. The footspace is not pressurized so that the diffusion gradient between it and the air at the soil surface drives CO2 efflux. Chamber designs or measurement techniques can be affected by soil air volume, hence properties of the soil medium are critical. We characterized and utilized three artificial soils with diffusion coefficients ranging from 2.7 × 10−7 to 11.9 × 10−7 m2 s−1 and porosities of 0.26 to 0.46. Soil CO2 efflux rates were measured using a commercial dynamic closed-chamber system (Li-Cor 6400 photosynthesis system equipped with a 6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber). On the least porous soil, small underestimates (〈 5%) of CO2 effluxes were observed, which increased as soil diffusivity and soil porosity increased, leading to underestimates as high as 25%. Differential measurement bias across media types illustrates the need for testing systems on several types of soil media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00642.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregation and carbon storage in silty soil using physical fractionation techniques (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil texture and degree of aggregation affect the stabilization of organic matter. We studied their influences in silty soils using samples from two field experiments with contrasting long-term use (cropped versus bare fallow). The cropped soil had a larger organic C content than the bare fallow, and allowed us to compare a soil with pools of organic C differing in turnover time with a soil dominated by the passive organic C pool. Increasingly dispersive treatments applied to the soils yielded aggregates of various sizes, stabilities, and organic matter contents. We found an intimate interaction between soil structure and organic matter by demonstrating that aggregation is hierarchical and that active pools of organic matter are responsible for this hierarchy. Microaggregates were found to consist of a constant ratio of clay to silt particle-size fractions. We propose that such a property be used to estimate true microaggregation and aggregate stability by estimating the amount of soil material dispersed by a given treatment. Organic matter associated with clay is confirmed as an important sink of long-term stabilized C, and it appears to have been increasingly preserved when in increasingly larger aggregates. However, most of the soil mass and associated organic C is in smaller aggregates. We hypothesize that the physical protection within macroaggregates does not directly control long-term stabilization of organic C in the soil, but rather contributes indirectly through the time and local conditions it offers for organic matter to gain chemical or physico-chemical protection by interacting with the soil environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1351-0754.2004.0608.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved automated extraction and separation procedure for soil lipid analyses (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Analysis of soil lipids may contribute to an improved understanding of atmosphere to soil carbon fluxes, soil organic matter source differentiation and pollutant accumulation. Soil lipids, mostly originating from plants and microorganisms, have traditionally been analysed by non-automated extraction and separation methods, which produce several lipid fractions, operationally defined by polarity. Here we present a combination of fast, automated and reproducible techniques, adopted from organic geochemical studies, for preparative separation of individual soil lipid fractions with increasing polarity. These techniques involve commercially available instruments, including accelerated solvent extraction and a two-step automated medium-pressure liquid chromatography procedure. The method yields eight lipid fractions consisting of five fractions fully amenable to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids), and three fractions of highly polar or high molecular weight compounds (bases, very long-chain wax esters (C40+), high polarity compounds) that were not measurable with GC/MS under standard conditions. We tested the method on five agricultural soils. Results show that (i) mass recoveries for the individual fractions are reproducible, (ii) within individual fractions compound distribution patterns are reproducible, as demonstrated for alkanes and carboxylic acids, and (iii) individual fractions represent distinct and clean compound classes, free of interfering substances detectable by GC/MS. Thus, automated separation can be a fast, effective and reproducible procedure for fractionation of complex mixtures of soil lipids into clean compound classes, directly suitable for a variety of molecular (e.g. GC/MS) and isotopic characterizations (e.g. gas chromatography coupled with isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry or accelerator mass spectrometry).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1351-0754.2004.00601.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clear-cutting of a Norway spruce stand: implications for controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the forest floor (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Clear-cutting of forest provides a unique opportunity to study the response of dynamic controls on dissolved organic matter. We examined differences in concentrations, fluxes and properties of dissolved organic matter from a control and a clear-cut stand to reveal controlling factors on its dynamics. We measured dissolved organic C and N concentrations and fluxes in the Oi, Oe and Oa horizons of a Norway spruce stand and an adjacent clear-cutting over 3 years. Aromaticity and complexity of organic molecules were determined by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, and we measured δ13C ratios over 1 year.Annual fluxes of dissolved organic C and N remained unchanged in the thin Oi horizon (∼ 260 kg C ha−1, ∼ 8.5 kg N ha−1), despite the large reduction in fresh organic matter inputs after clear-cutting. We conclude that production of dissolved organic matter is not limited by lack of resource. Gross fluxes of dissolved organic C and N increased by about 60% in the Oe and 40% in the Oa horizon upon clear-cutting. Increasing organic C and N concentrations and increasing water fluxes resulted in 380 kg C ha−1 year−1 and 10.5 kg N ha−1 year−1 entering the mineral soil of the clear-cut plots. We found numerous indications that the greater microbial activity induced by an increased temperature of 1.5°C in the forest floor is the major factor controlling the enhanced production of dissolved organic matter. Increasing aromaticity and complexity of organic molecules and depletion of 13C pointed to an accelerated processing of more strongly decomposed parts of the forest floor resulting in increased release of lignin-derived molecules after clear-cutting. The largest net fluxes of dissolved organic C and N were in the Oi horizon, yet dissolved organic matter sampled in the Oa horizon did not originate mainly from the Oi horizon. Largest gross fluxes in the Oa horizon (control 282 kg C ha−1) and increased aromaticity and complexity of the molecules with increasing depth suggested that dissolved organic matter was derived mainly from decomposition, transformation and leaching of more decomposed material of the forest floor. Our results imply that clear-cutting releases additional dissolved organic matter which is sequestered in the mineral soil where it has greater resistance to microbial decay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1351-0754.2004.00609.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of water flow and solute transport in free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with heterogeneous structures (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Lysimeters are valuable for studying the fate and transport of chemicals in soil. Large-scale field lysimeters are used to assess pesticide behaviour and radionuclide transport, and are assumed to represent natural field conditions better than laboratory columns. Field lysimeters are usually characterized by a free-draining lower boundary. As a result, the hydraulic gradient is disrupted, and leachate cannot be collected until the bottom of the lysimeter becomes saturated. We compared heterogeneously structured, free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with respect to water flow and solute transport. Numerical simulations were carried out in a two-dimensional heterogeneous sandy soil under unsaturated water flow conditions with the CHAIN_2D code. Three different soil structures (isotropic, horizontal, and vertical) were generated, and Miller–Miller similitude was used to scale the hydraulic properties of the soil. The results showed that ponding occurs at the bottom of the lysimeter for the three soil structures and that it occurred faster and was more pronounced with the vertical structure (preferential flow effect). Breakthrough curves of a conservative solute (bromide) showed that solutes are moving faster in the field than in the lysimeters. Fewer differences between lysimeters and field soils were found with the horizontal soil structure than with the isotropic and vertical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2004.00592.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of degree of fluid saturation on transport coefficients in disturbed soils (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To improve the predictive capability of transport models in soils we need experimental data that improve their understanding of properties at the scale of pores, including the effect of degree of fluid saturation. All transport occurs in the same soil pore space, so that one may intuitively expect a link between the different transport coefficients and key geometrical characteristics of the pores such as tortuosity and connectivity, and pore-size distribution. To understand the combined effects of pore geometry and pore-size distribution better, we measured the effect of degree of water saturation on hydraulic conductivity and bulk soil electrical conductivity, and of degree of air saturation on air conductivity and gaseous diffusion for a fine sand and a sandy loam soil. To all measured data were fitted a general transport model that includes both pore geometry and pore-size distribution parameters. The results show that both pore geometry and pore-size distribution determine the functional relations between degree of saturation, hydraulic conductivity and air conductivity. The control of pore size on convective transport is more for soils with a wider pore-size distribution. However, the relative contribution of pore-size distribution is much larger for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity than for gaseous phase transport. For the other transport coefficients, their saturation dependency could be described solely by the pore-geometry term. The contribution of the latter to transport was much larger for transport in the air phase than in the water phase, supporting the view that connectivity dominates gaseous transport. Although the relation between effective fluid saturation and all four relative transport coefficients for the sand could be described by a single functional relation, the presence of a universal relationship between fluid saturation and transport for all soils is doubtful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00493.x-i1
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between particle-size distribution by laser granulometry and image analysis by transmission electron microscopy in a soil clay fraction (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The aim of this study was to validate the use of laser granulometry in studies concerning fractions 〈 2 µm in soils. The study was carried out on the clay fraction of a loamy soil from northeast Thailand. Granulometry by light scattering requires the determination of the refractive indexes of the solid phases. Once these values have been established, laser granulometry can provide a detailed description of the particle-size distribution within the clay fractions. Laser granulometry showed a multimodal distribution in the clay fraction of this soil.The analysis of images obtained by transmission electron microscopy provided numerical distributions of soil particles, from which representations by surface area and by volume obtained by laser granulometry and by transmission electron microscopy could be compared. The representation of particle-size distribution by surface area, assuming that particles are similar to circles, is adequate and, in this range of particle size, minimizes the effect of larger diameters. The representation of the particle-size distribution assuming that particles are similar to platy discs is better than the current representation that assumes particles are similar to spheres. We used transmission electron microscopy to validate laser granulometry in the fractions 〈 2 µm.Elemental microanalysis was used to identify the mineralogy of the clay particles: illite, illite-smectite and kaolinite at a magnification of 31 000, corresponding to the clay fraction 〈 0.8 µm of the particle-size distribution. Quartz and illite were identified at a magnification of 3300, corresponding to the fraction between 0.8 and 2 µm. The mineral constituents of the soil are correlated with the modes of the particle-size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00597.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in surface reactivity and organic matter composition of clay subfractions with duration of fertilizer deprivation (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preservation of organic matter in soils depends on the chemical structure of organic compounds and on the surface properties of the mineral matrix. We tested the effect of mineral surface reactivity on organic matter decomposition by (i) investigating changes of organic matter composition in clay subfractions of an illitic Haplic Chernozem along a time series of fertilizer deprivation and (ii) simultaneously characterizing the reactivity of mineral surfaces. The soil was subjected to fertilizer deprivation for 18, 44 and 98 years, respectively. Mineral surface properties were characterized by selective dissolution of pedogenic oxides. The number of hydroxyls released after exposure to sodium fluoride was taken as an index for mineral surface reactivity. Organic soil constituents were determined by 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR).Clay subfractions had different mineral surface properties. The coarse fractions have more reactive surfaces and contain more organic carbon than the fine clay fractions. Mineral surface properties are constant over time and are not affected by fertilizer deprivation. Surface reactivity is a function of iron oxide density and controls carbon concentrations in the clay subfractions. Within the time frame of our investigation, alkyl C and aromatic C responded to the duration of fertilizer deprivation, but were indifferent to mineral surface reactivity. O–alkyl C seems to be protected by interactions with pedogenic oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00610.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radio-labile cadmium and zinc in soils as affected by pH and source of contamination (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The determination of radio-labile metals in soil has gained renewed interest for predicting metal availability. There is little information on to what extent the fraction of labile metal is affected by the soil properties and the source of metal contamination. The radio-labile content (E value) of Cd and Zn was measured in field-collected soils with Cd and Zn originating from different sources. The E values were erratic and sometimes even exceeded total metal content when the concentration in the soil extract was less than 8 μg Zn l−1 or less than 3 μg Cd l−1. Addition of EDTA (0.1 mm) to the radio-labelled soil suspension resulted in larger concentrations of Cd and Zn in solution and smaller E values for these soils. The E values were, however, unaffected by the presence of EDTA (0.1 mm) in soils with larger concentrations of Cd and Zn in solution.The %E values (E value relative to metal soluble in aqua regia) ranged from 9% to 92% (mean 61%) for Cd and from 3% to 72% (mean 33%) for Zn. No correlation between soil properties and %E was observed for Cd, and the %E of Zn was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.65). There was a strong negative correlation between pH and %E in soils enriched with metals in soluble form (e.g. metal salts, corrosion of galvanized structures). In soils where Cd or Zn were added in a less soluble form, no such correlation was found, and %E values were generally less than in soils spiked with metal salts, suggesting that the source of the contamination controls mainly the labile fractions of Cd and Zn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0554.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 13C tracer study to identify the origin of dissolved organic carbon in forested mineral soils (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relative contributions of sources of carbon in soils, such as throughfall, litter, roots, microbial decay products and stable organic fractions, to dissolved organic C are controversial. To identify the origin of dissolved organic C, we made use of a 4-year experiment where spruce and beech, growing on an acidic loam and on a calcareous sand, were exposed to increased CO2 that was depleted in 13C. We traced the new C inputs from trees into dissolved organic C, into water-extractable organic C, and into several particle-size fractions. In addition, we incubated the labelled soils for 1 year and measured the production of dissolved organic C and CO2 from new and old soil C. In the soil solutions of the topsoil, the dissolved organic C contained only 5–10% new C from the trees. The δ13C values of dissolved organic C resembled those of C pools smaller than 50 µm, which strongly suggests that the major source of dissolved organic C was humified old C. Apparently, throughfall, fresh litter and roots made only minor contributions to dissolved organic C. Water-extractable organic C contained significantly larger fractions of new C than did the natural dissolved organic C (25–30%). The δ13C values of the water-extractable organic C were closely correlated with those of sand fractions, which consisted of little decomposed organic carbon. The different origin of dissolved and water-extractable organic C was also reflected in a significantly larger molar UV absorptivity and a smaller natural 13C abundance of dissolved organic C. This implies that the sampling method strongly influences the characteristics and sources of dissolved organic C. Incubation of soils showed that new soil C was preferentially respired as CO2 and only a small fraction of new C was leached as dissolved organic C. Our results suggest that dissolved organic C is produced during incomplete decomposition of recalcitrant native C in the soils, whereas easily degradable new components are rapidly consumed by microbes and thus make only a minor contribution to the dissolved C fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00578.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of the heavy metals Cd, Cu and Pb in an acid soil amended with gypsum- and lime-rich industrial by-products (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In situ stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils by the addition of various types of soil amendment is an attractive technique for remediation. We investigated the potential of three industrial by-products (phosphogypsum, red gypsum and dolomitic residue) for boosting the heavy metal sorption capacity of an acid soil (patents pending, Spanish applications no 200201704 and 200201375) by using sorption isotherm experiments. The three by-products were found substantially to increase the retention of lead, cadmium and copper on the solid components of the soil. The increase in lead retention of the soil horizons upon the addition of both phosphogypsum and red gypsum was dominated by the formation of anglesite minerals. The dolomitic residue increased the metal retention capacity of the soil horizons through the precipitation of laurionite-type minerals as well as cadmium and copper hydroxy-chlorides. In addition to the batch sorption study, we used scanning electron microscopy to investigate the metal sorption processes in the soil by the effect of the treatments. Lead was frequently found to be linked to the edge charges of kaolinite minerals. The three metals were found to be associated with organic matter in the Ap horizon treated with the three by-products. Finally, the three metals were found to be associated with undissolved dolomitic residue particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00583.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils: fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soils represent a major sink for organic xenobiotic contaminants in the environment. The degree to which organic chemicals are retained within the soil is controlled by soil properties, such as organic matter, and the physico-chemical properties of the contaminant. Chemicals which display hydrophobic and lipophilic characteristics, as well as a recalcitrant chemical structure, will be retained within the soil, and depending on the ‘strength’ of the association may persist for long periods of time. This review describes the behaviour of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils, focusing on the mechanisms controlling interactions between soil and contaminants. The bioavailability of contaminants in soil is also discussed, particularly in relation to contact time with the soil. It considers the degradation of organic contaminants in soil and the mechanisms microbes use to access contaminants. Finally, the review discusses the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of chemical and biological techniques available for assessing bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soils, highlighting the need to quantify bioavailability by chemical techniques. It concludes by highlighting the need for understanding the interactions between the soil, contaminants and biota which is crucial to understanding the bioavailability of contaminants in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0564.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climatic effects on soil trophic networks and the resulting humus profiles in holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) forests in the High Atlas of Morocco as revealed by correspondence analysis (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Multivariate methods have been widely used for revealing the structures of communities, and in this paper we explore one particular method, namely correspondence analysis (also called reciprocal averaging), for studying humus profiles by the ‘method of small volumes’. The present study was done on humus profiles under holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia), an evergreen Mediterranean species, in the High Atlas of Morocco. Three sites (1500 m, 1700 m, 1900 m altitude) and 2 years (1999 and 2002) were compared. The humus form is Dysmull (mull with thick litter horizons), with variations in the thickness of the OL (entire leaves), OF (fragmented leaves with faecal pellets) and A (hemorganic) horizons according to altitude and year. The dead leaves are rapidly incorporated into holorganic (earthworm, insect) and hemorganic (enchytraeid) animal faeces, which form the bulk of the OF and A horizons. The S horizon (weathering parent rock) shows the greatest development of the root system. As altitude increases more fresh litter (OL) or more humified organic matter (OF, A) is accumulated. Variation from year to year is depicted by opposite differences in the amount of entire oak leaves and of dead roots. Humus components (classes) are used as active (main) variables, after standardization of their means and variances. The addition of numerous passive (additional) variables, standardized in the same way as active variables, enabled us to understand the influence of biological and climatic effects on the composition of humus profiles and soil trophic networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Micro-scale distribution of microorganisms and microbial enzyme activities in a soil with long-term organic amendment (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Microbial ecology is the key to understanding the function of biodiversity for organic matter cycling in the soil. We have investigated the impacts of farmyard manure added over 120 years on organic matter content, enzyme activities, total microbial biomass and structure of microbial populations in several particle-size fractions of a Luvic Phaeozem a few kilometres northeast of Halle, Germany. We compared two treatments: no fertilization (control) and 12 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha−1 year−1 since 1878. The fine fractions contained most C and N, microbial biomass, total amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and greatest invertase activity. Xylanase activity as well as fungal biomass increased only gradually with diminishing particle size, whereas the relative abundance of fungi decreased with diminishing particle size. The least diversity of the soil microbial community, indicated by the smallest Shannon index based on the abundance and amount of different PLFAs and small number of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) of 16S rRNA genes, was in the sand fractions. The results supported the hypothesis that this microhabitat is colonized by a less complex bacterial community than the silt and clay fractions. Addition of FYM had enhanced the amount of organic matter, total microbial biomass, and xylanase and invertase activity, and induced a shift of the microbial community towards a more bacteria-dominated community in the coarse sand fraction. Microbial communities in finer fractions were less affected by addition of FYM.
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  • 17
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    Editorial (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Subject index (2003)
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Author index (2003)
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
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    Soil crusting and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Thailand (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Predicting the rate at which rain infiltrates on steep slopes is very uncertain. There is no consistent information in the literature. We have therefore related infiltrability to slope gradient under field conditions by experimenting on a gravelly loamy soil occupying the upper half of a cultivated convex hill in northern Thailand. Fifteen 1 m × 1 m plots with slope gradients ranging from 16 to 63% were established, and simulated rain was allowed to fall on them at controlled rates and for fixed times. We obtained the following results. The surface fell 0.4–7.2 mm due to compaction and soil loss. The proportions of crust (0–40%) and embedded gravel (10–60%), the runoff coefficient (0.05–0.78 mm mm−1), the mean sediment concentrations (0–5.6 g l−1), and soil detachment (10–313 g m−2) were more pronounced on the gentle slopes than on the steep ones. The steady final infiltration rate (1–107 mm hour−1) increased sharply with increasing slope gradient. Microaggregates tended to behave like sand and become tightly packed on gentle slopes (packing crust). These results suggest that the vertical component of kinetic energy, which is greater on gentle slopes, has a dominant role. Nevertheless, the differences in compaction and in sediment concentration could not be ascribed to the vertical component of kinetic energy alone. On steep slopes the horizontal component of the kinetic energy is transformed into shear stress, hampering the development of crusts so that water can still infiltrate. On steeper slopes, the water film was thinner, thereby limiting the role of splash. We conclude that the relationship between slope gradient and infiltrability depends on the nature of the soil and must be examined in the light of surface crusting processes.
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    Dependence of the surface fractal dimension of soil pores on image resolution and magnification (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two recent investigations have reported contradictory trends concerning the effect of image resolution on the surface fractal dimension of soil pores, evaluated via image analysis. In one case, dealing with a preferential flow pathway and an ideal fractal, image resolution had no influence on the estimated fractal dimension, whereas in the other case, involving images of soil thin sections, the surface fractal dimension decreased significantly with image resolution. In the present paper, we try to determine the extent to which these conflicting observations may have been due to the different ways in which image resolution was varied. By narrowing down (up to 400 times) the field of view on progressively smaller portions of a textbook surface fractal, the von Koch island, one causes its apparent surface fractal dimension to decrease significantly. On the other hand, changing the resolution of images of soil thin sections (up to 6 times), while keeping the magnification constant, does not lead to appreciable changes in the surface fractal dimension. These results demonstrate that there is no real conflict in earlier reports, as long as both the resolution and the magnification of images are taken into account in image-based evaluations of surface fractal dimensions of soil pores.
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  • 22
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    Hydrochemistry of runoff and subsurface flow within Sahelian microdunes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The sandy microdune systems of the Sahel are important for biomass production, in that they trap and store water. We have studied the movement of water over and in a dune and the chemistry of the water to understand this aspect of the systems. We experimented with simulated rain using a field sprinkling infiltrometer. We applied demineralized water with a chemical composition similar to that of the natural rain on a 1-m2 plot. The plot was delimited by a metallic two-level setting: the first enabled us to collect surface runoff, while the second measured subsurface flow. Water samples were taken at 5- to 10-minute intervals throughout each simulation for chemical analysis (alkalinity, SO42–, F–, NO3–, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Si). Mass balances, combined with a simple mixture model involving one tracer (chloride) and two reservoirs (old and new waters), were calculated. The equilibrating pressures of the CO2 (pCO2) and the saturation index with respect to specified minerals (e.g. calcite, fluorite, silicates) were also calculated by the AQUA ion-pair model. The solute concentrations decrease in surface runoff as well as in subsurface water, except for F– and Si in the subsurface. The pCO2 decreased to a pressure less than the atmospheric pressure. The difference between measured concentrations and concentrations computed with the mixing model highlighted interactions between the soil and water. The dissolution of calcite which consumes CO2, and the cation exchanges, dominated, whereas the dissolutions of fluorite, silicates and gypsum appear secondary. Reactive mineral stocks were quickly exhausted, especially in the surface flow.
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    Effects of flooding and redox conditions on solute diffusion in soil (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Rates of solute diffusion fundamentally affect the properties of flooded soils, but the effects of flooding on solute diffusion have not previously been studied in detail. Four soils with widely differing chemical and physical properties were packed to a range of bulk densities, flooded for varying times, and the self-diffusion of chloride through the soils measured. Diffusion impedance factors were derived from the results. In each soil the impedance factor decreased linearly with increase in bulk density, and between soils impedance factors increased with increasing clay content. The impedance factor decreased by up to 20% during the first 3–6 weeks following flooding, but with prolonged flooding it increased to at least its initial value. Concomitantly the cation exchange capacities of the soils increased by between 30 and 100%, there was reductive dissolution of soil iron, probably both structural iron in soil clays and iron oxyhydroxide coatings on clay surfaces, and subsequently there was re-precipitation of ferrous iron, probably as mixed carbonates and hydroxides. The decreases in diffusion impedance factors were consistent with the increases in cation exchange capacity and changes in soil iron, and the subsequent increases were consistent with re-crystallization of mixed ferrous–ferric compounds. We conclude that the effects of changes in redox on diffusion impedance will be important in some soils, although they are smaller than the effects of water content per se.
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    Surface analysis of soil material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The surface composition of particles present in the fine earth (〈 2 mm) of 50 soil horizons differing in composition and pedogenetic origin (13 soil profiles) was analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to assess the capability and limitations of this technique and to gain better knowledge of the soil samples. The surfaces were systematically enriched in carbon, sometimes up to 1000 times, indicating that the soil particle surfaces are coated with organic substances, even in horizons where the bulk organic content is less than 0.1 g kg−1. The distribution of carbon in the various oxidation states was 0.569 ± 0.008 C[0], 0.275 ± 0.004 C[+1], 0.089 ± 0.003 C[+2] and 0.066 ± 0.002 C[+3] for most horizons (mean ± standard error, 69 data). Only Andosol surface horizons systematically had surface organic matter in a more oxidized state. After correcting the results for the presence of organic coatings, we found that Si was generally depleted and Al enriched at the surface of soil particles, while Fe was either depleted or enriched depending on the sample considered. However, the coating of the coarser soil particles by the finer ones and their differential composition explained this observation and limits the interest of XPS for characterizing the surface enrichment of inorganic elements in crude soil samples. These limitations should be considered when interpreting XPS results in future work. Nevertheless, XPS can analyse the adsorbed organic matter and its functional composition of carbon without the need for any chemical or physical extraction that might alter the structure and composition of the organic molecules.
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    Book reviews (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Presenting Essential Soil Science from Blackwell Publishing (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Effect of Al hydroxide polymers on cation exchange of montmorillonite (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Al hydroxide polymers (AlHO) can significantly influence the cation exchange behaviour of clays. We have determined the effect of synthesized AlHO on Ca–Na, Zn–Na and Pb–Na exchange for a series of exchanger compositions and two Al loadings at pH 6.0 and an ionic strength of 0.01 m. The preference for Ca on the siloxane surface of the clay–AlHO system (CAlHO) was greater than for the pure clay, and the average KV (Vanselow selectivity coefficient) was determined to be 2.16 and 1.24, respectively. The selectivity coefficients for the exchange reactions Zn–Na and Pb–Na were not directly determined in CAlHO systems, because heavy-metal ions bind as well to the clay surface as to the AlHO over a wide range of pH. We have estimated the effect of the presence of AlHO on the selectivity coefficients of Zn–Na and Pb–Na exchange by extrapolation of the experimental results of Ca–Na, Zn–Na and Pb–Na exchange for pure clay and Ca–Na exchange for CAlHO. The average KV was increased by the presence of the AlHO from 1.23 to 2.16 for Zn–Na exchange and from 1.59 to 2.77 for Pb–Na exchange. The increase in the preference for the divalent cations is probably caused by parallel alignment of clay platelets by sorption of AlHO. Increasing the amount of AlHO did not change the selectivity for Ca–Na exchange, and probably the structure of the system or the arrangement of the clay platelets and AlHO particles was not substantially changed. This was supported by the linear reduction of the cation exchange capacity with amount of AlHO present at pH 6.6. It seems likely that the selectivity coefficients for Ca–Na, Zn–Na and Pb–Na exchange that we found apply in naturally occurring montmorillonite–AlHO systems.
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    Characteristics of dissolved organic matter and phenolic compounds in forest soils under silver birch (Betula pendula), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The aim was to characterize dissolved organic matter in soils under different tree species. Molecular size distribution and chemical composition of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were determined in water extracts from humus layers and mineral soils taken from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Concentrations of tannins and 15 phenolic acids in the humus layers were measured. Per unit of organic matter, the concentrations of dissolved organic C and N were larger in birch and spruce humus layers than in the pine humus layer. In the underlying mineral soil, the concentrations of dissolved organic C were similar at all sites, but the concentration of dissolved organic N was greater in spruce and pine soils than in birch soil. In all soils, the 10–100 kDa fraction was the most abundant molecular size group and hydrophobic acids the most abundant chemical group of dissolved organic C. In all humus layers, hydrophobic acids and hydrophilic bases were the major components of dissolved organic N. There were only minor differences in the concentrations of total tannins in the humus layers under different tree species. Small-molecule tannins (about 〈 0.5 kDa) were most abundant in the birch humus, and large-molecule tannins in the pine humus. Coniferous humus contained more ferulic and p-coumaric acids than did the birch humus. The concentrations of 3,4 and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were similar in all soils.
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    The influence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, the nematicide aldicarb and the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on heterotrophic bacteria in soil and the rhizosphere (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Plant-pathogenic nematodes are a major cause of crop damage worldwide, the current chemical nematicides cause environmental damage, but alternatives such as biological control are less effective, so further understanding of the relationship between nematodes, nematicides, biological control agents and soil and rhizosphere microorganisms is needed.Microbial populations from roots of cabbage and tomato plants infested with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita were compared with those from plants where the nematode was controlled by the nematicide aldicarb, or a nematophagous fungus with biological control potential, Pochonia chlamydosporia. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were similar in all three treatments for both plants, around 100-fold more than in control soil in which there were no plants. However, there were clear differences in the catabolic diversity, assessed by Biolog EcoPlate™ carbon substrate utilization assays, between microbial populations from unplanted soil and the rhizosphere. In cabbage, a poor host for M. incognita, the rhizosphere population from P. chlamydosporia-treated plants was distinct from the population from untreated and aldicarb-treated plants. In tomato, a host susceptible to the nematode, the catabolic diversity of populations from aldicarb- and P. chlamydosporia-treated plants was similar and differed from the untreated, nematode-infested plants. The genetic diversity of the fast-growing heterotrophic bacteria in the tomato rhizosphere, indicated by PCR fingerprinting with ERIC primers, was very different in the infested roots, whereas the profiles of isolates from both aldicarb- and P. chlamydosporia-treated roots were similar. Evidently, nematodes have a greater impact on the rhizosphere population of a susceptible host, tomato, than a poor one, cabbage, and nematode-infested roots are colonized by a different subpopulation of soil microbes from that on plants where infection is controlled, illustrating differences in root morphology and physiology.
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    Announcement – Early online publication (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Soil biology – new horizons (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    The pore–solid fractal model of soil density scaling (2003)
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    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We have developed the fractal approach to modelling variations in soil bulk density and porosity with scale of measurement or sample size. A new expression is derived for each quantity based on the pore–solid fractal (PSF) model of soil structure. This new general expression covers a range of fractal media and accommodates existing fractal models as special cases. Model outputs cover a range of scaling behaviour expressed in terms of monotonic functions, from increasing density and decreasing porosity, through constant porosity and density to decreasing density and increasing porosity with increasing scale of measurement. We demonstrate the link between this new model for the scaling of porosity and bulk density and the water retention model for the PSF. The model for scaling bulk density is fitted to data on aggregate bulk density and shown to yield good fits describing bulk density decreasing with increasing aggregate size. Porosity scaling is also inferred from the fitting of water retention data. Inferred porosities from different fittings are shown to follow decreasing, scale-invariant and increasing values with decreasing size of structural unit, and these theoretical results emphasize the need for further experimental investigation on the basic issue of density scaling in soil science.
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    Experimental and numerical study of water flow in soil under irrigation in northern Senegal: evidence of air entrapment (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Irrigation by surge flooding does not always wet the soils thoroughly, and we have investigated the reasons for this on an irrigated plot in northern Senegal by monitoring the water budget during a rice cropping season (100 days). The amount of water added during each irrigation event was measured, and evapotranspiration and infiltration were estimated with lysimeters and Muntz infiltration rings, respectively. At the same time, piezometric levels, neutron probe values and water tension data were recorded at two stations in the plot. These measurements showed unusual results: infiltration rate was less than 1 × 10−6 mm s−1 (less than 0.1 mm a day), there was a constant water deficit during the entire irrigation period, around 50 cm deep, and tensiometers at 40 cm reacted very slowly to water infiltration. The water fluxes in the vadose zone derived from these data showed clearly a discrepancy between fluxes calculated from hydraulic gradients and fluxes calculated from mass conservation. The hydraulic gradients suggested a zero flux plane at 40 cm below the surface, but the calculated values of the fluxes overestimated by several orders of magnitude the infiltration rates determined on the plot, whereas fluxes determined from mass conservation matched far better. These results show that air was entrapped between the shallow water table and the wetting front, and this inhibited water infiltration. Modelling water flow down the soil profile with a computer program for simulating one-dimensional water movement (Hydrus) confirmed that single-phase models cannot describe imbibition in this situation. Simple infiltration models based on a modified Green–Ampt equation accounting for air compression and air counter-flow, however, fit experimental infiltration data much better. We demonstrated that where surge flooding is associated with a shallow water table, as in many large irrigation schemes, one must take into account the presence of air to quantify the flow of water into the soil.
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    Modelling carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a bare soil with and without straw incorporation (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Incorporating straw into the ploughed layer of soil affects the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen. A precise quantification of its short-term effect in agricultural fields is difficult because biological and physical processes interact and take place simultaneously. As an alternative to experimentation, investigations have turned to simulations using mechanistic models, and we have taken this approach. The goal of our study was to test a mechanistic and one-dimensional model of transport and biotransformation (PASTIS) against a data set obtained in a field experiment in northern France. We tested carbon and nitrogen dynamics by measuring C mineralization rates, the rates of gross immobilization and mineralization of N (using 15N tracing), and inorganic pools of N in the soil profile during 1 year in a bare soil with or without addition of wheat straw. Most of the model parameters were determined in independent experiments. We estimated the biological parameters from incubation experiments in the laboratory. The simulated results were in good agreement with experimental data, particularly for gross N rates. Hypotheses concerning the pathway of microbial assimilation and the dependence of decomposition on the size of the biomass were tested. The simulated net N immobilization due to addition of straw (8000 kg dry matter ha−1) reached a maximum of 64 kg N ha−1 after 2 months, whereas the observed value was 66 kg N ha−1. The model indicated that after 13 months the incorporation of straw had reduced the net amount of nitrogen mineralized by 13% and the amount of leached nitrate by 27%. The sensitivity analysis to the depth of straw incorporation indicated that the deeper was the incorporation the less was the leaching and the mineralization of nitrogen.
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    Evaluation of industrial by-products as soil acidity amendments: chemical and mineralogical implications (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Lime, mined gypsum and some gypsum-like by-products have been frequently applied to soil to counter acidity. We have examined the changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of three acid soils resulting from the application of three industrial by-products (phosphogypsum, red gypsum and sugar foam). We did so in laboratory experiments on suspensions of soil in saturated solutions of the by-products. A sizeable fraction of the Al released by exchange with Ca of the amendments remained on the mineral surfaces as Al polymers, as suggested by changes in the CuCl2-, oxalic–oxalate- and DTPA-extractable Al contents. Polymerization of Al was promoted by corresponding neutral and basic pH of red gypsum and sugar foam saturated solutions, respectively. Sorption of these Al polymers was particularly favourable in those horizons with more clay fraction and variable-charge clay minerals. On the other hand, in most cases there was little or no detectable sorption of sulphate, thus excluding precipitation of crystalline or amorphous basic Al sulphates to alleviate Al toxicity. Based on the reduction of the Al saturation of the exchange complex in the soils, as well as on the small contents of heavy metals and natural radionuclides of the three by-products, these can be considered effective alternatives to mined gypsum and lime for alleviating soil acidity and reducing toxic concentrations of Al in agricultural, acid soils.
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    Relationship between thermal conductivity and water content of soils using numerical modelling (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: There is no simple and general relationship between the thermal conductivity of a soil, λ, and its volumetric water content, θ, because the porosity, n, and the thermal conductivity of the solid fraction, λs, play a major part. Experimental data including measurements of all the variables are scarce. Using a numerical modelling approach, we have shown that the microscopic arrangement of water influences the relation between λ and θ. Simulated values for n ranging from 0.4 to 0.6, λs ranging from 2 to 5 W m−1 K−1 and θ from 0.1 to 0.4 can be fitted by a simple linear formula that takes into account n, λs and θ. The results given by this formula and by the quadratic parallel (QP) model widely used in physical property studies are in satisfactory agreement with published data both for saturated rocks and for unsaturated soils. Consequently, the linear formula and the QP model can be used as practical and efficient tools to investigate the effects of water content and porosity on the thermal conductivity of the soil and hence to optimize the design of thermal in situ techniques for monitoring water content.
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    Isotope methods for assessing plant available phosphorus in acid tropical soils (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Use of isotope methods to measure the availability of phosphorus (P) in soils that are well supplied with P is well established. We have evaluated such methods for acid tropical soils with very small P contents, which are less well studied. The isotopically exchangeable P in soil suspensions (E value) and that in plant growth experiments (L value) were measured in soils that had received varying amounts of P fertilizer in two field experiments in Colombia. We determined the E values over 4–5 weeks of equilibration allowing for the kinetics of isotope exchange. The decrease in radioactivity in the soil solution at a particular time, t, divided by that at the start (rt/R) was described by three parameters (r1/R, r∞/R, and a coefficient n) derived from the time course of isotopic exchange over 100 minutes. Values of Et were calculated either from measured values of rt/R or those extrapolated until 12 weeks. Agrostis capillaris was grown on the same soils labelled with carrier-free 33P-orthophosphate ions to obtain L values. Agreement between E values derived from measured and extrapolated values of rt/R was satisfactory, but errors in n and r∞/R limited the precision with which we could estimate E values. For most soils, the P concentrations in the soil solution were greater than the detection limit of the malachite green method (0.9 µg l−1) but smaller than its quantification limit (3.6 µg l−1). In the soils with the least available P, the P content of the seed limited the determination of the L value. The E values were strongly correlated, but not identical, with the L values measured for the same time of isotopic exchange. We conclude that these approaches are not precise enough to detect in these soils the ability of a plant to access slowly exchangeable forms of P or to quantify the mineralization of organic P. However, these isotope techniques can be used to estimate the total fraction of added fertilizer P that remains available to the plants.
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    Zinc ion adsorption on montmorillonite–Al hydroxide polymer systems (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Clay–Al hydroxide polymers (CAlHO) can bind heavy metals effectively and may play an important role in the adsorption behaviour and metal binding capacity of soils. We studied the dependence of Al loading and pH on the adsorption of Zn on Na-saturated montmorillonite–Al hydroxide polymer systems. The available binding sites on Al hydroxide polymers (AlHO) had a very strong affinity for Zn ions. Zinc binding on the clay surface became important when the binding sites on the AlHO were nearly all occupied. The pH had a very strong effect on the Zn binding. At pH 6.6 much more Zn could be adsorbed to the AlHO than at pH 5.0. The effect of the Al:clay ratio on Zn binding was influenced by pH. At pH 6.6, Zn binding to the AlHO, expressed per mole AlHO, was independent of the Al:clay ratio, whereas at pH 5.0 this relation was dependent. This is related to the constant charge of the AlHO at pH 6.6, whereas at pH 5.0 the charge decreases with increasing Al:clay ratio. If clay–Al hydroxide polymers are present in the soil their Zn binding to the AlHO will strongly influence the availability of the Zn.
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    Effects of aluminium on the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon derived from forest floors (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aluminium (Al) is abundant in soils, but the influence of Al on the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon and thus on carbon sequestration in soil is only poorly understood. We investigated the extent and rate of mineralization of dissolved organic carbon at various Al/C ratios.Dissolved organic carbon extracted from Oi and Oa layers under coniferous and deciduous forest was incubated with initial molar Al/C ratios from 〈 0.004 to 0.44 for 130 days. Mineralization was quantified by measurement of CO2. Rapidly and slowly mineralizable pools of dissolved organic C and their decomposition rate constants and half-lives (as a measure of labile and stable C) were modelled with a double exponential equation.Increasing initial Al/C ratios up to 0.1 led to a considerable decrease in mineralization (up to 50% compared with control samples). The half-life of the stable C pool increased up to 4-fold, whereas the half-life of the labile C pool was unaffected. Ratios of Al/C 〉 0.1 did not further decrease the mineralization, but led to increasing concentrations of free Al3+ in solution, and to increasing Al/C ratios in the precipitate, indicating that the Al complexation capacity of dissolved organic C was exceeded. Decrease in mineralization as well as formation of particulate organic matter (up to 56% of initial dissolved organic C) affected mainly the stable pool. Mineralization of dissolved organic C can be predicted from UV absorption by use of exponential regressions, but adding an Al variable did not improve the prediction significantly.We conclude that Al influences substantially the biodegradability of dissolved organic C percolating into the mineral soil, which may have consequences for the carbon sequestration in the soil. Declining Al concentrations would increase the mineralization of dissolved organic C only if the Al/C ratio becomes less than the ‘threshold value’ in the range of the Al complexation capacity of the dissolved organic C.
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    Stabilization of carbon from maize in a sandy soil in a long-term experiment (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The sequestration of carbon (C) in soil is not completely understood, and quantitative information about the amounts of organic carbon in the various fractions and their rates of turnover could improve understanding. We aimed (i) to quantify the amounts of C derived from maize at various depths in the soil in a long-term field experiment with and without fertilization using 13C/12C analysis, (ii) to model changes in the organic C, and (iii) to compare measured and modelled pools of C. The organic C derived from the maize was measured in soil samples collected to a depth of 65 cm from four plots, two of which had been under continuous maize and two under continuous rye during long-term field experiments with NPK and without fertilization. The fractionation procedures included particle-size fractionation and extractions in water and in pyrophosphate solution. We used the Rothamsted Carbon Model to model the dynamics of the carbon from 13C data. The amounts of C derived from maize in the Ap horizon after 39 years of continuous maize cropping were 9.5% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 14.0% where NPK had been applied. Fertilization did not affect the residence time of carbon in the soil. The amounts of C derived from maize in water extracts were 21% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 22% where NPK had been applied. The extracts that were soluble in pyrophosphate and insoluble in acid were depleted in C from maize (the amounts were 5% and 7% of the total organic C, respectively). The results of the 13C natural abundance technique were used to model the dynamics of the organic C. Both the total organic C and the C derived from maize in the particle-size fraction 0–63 μm agreed well with the total and maize-derived sums of the model pools ‘inert organic matter’, ‘humified organic matter’ and ‘microbial biomass’. The model suggested that 64% (unfertilized) or 53% (NPK) of the organic C in the Ap horizon were inert. Only one of three published equations to determine the size of the inert pool agreed well with these model results.
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    Soil solution concentration of Cd and Zn canbe predicted with a CaCl2 soil extract (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Risk assessment of heavy metals in soil requires an estimate of the concentrations in the soil solution. In spite of the numerous studies on the distribution of Cd and Zn in soil, few measurements of the distribution coefficient in situ, Kd, have been reported. We determined the Kd of soils contaminated with Cd and Zn by measuring metal concentrations in the soil and in the soil solution and attempted to predict them from other soil variables by regression. Soil pH explained most of the variation in logKd (R2 = 0.55 for Cd and 0.70 for Zn). Introducing organic carbon content or cation exchange capacity (CEC) as second explanatory variable improved the prediction (R2 = 0.67 for Cd and 0.72 for Zn), but these regression models, however, left more than a factor of 10 of uncertainty in the predicted Kd. This large degree of uncertainty may partly be due to the variable degree of metal fixation in contaminated soils. The labile metal content was measured by isotopic dilution (E value). The E value ranged from 18 to 92% of the total metal content for Cd and from 5 to 68% for Zn. The prediction of Kd improved when metals in solution were assumed to be in equilibrium with the labile metal pool instead of the total metal pool. It seems necessary therefore to discriminate between ‘labile’ and ‘fixed’ pools to predict Kd for Cd and Zn in field contaminated soils accurately. Dilute salt extracts (e.g. 0.01 m CaCl2) can mimic soil solution and are unlikely to extract metals from the fixed pool. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in the soil solution were predicted from the concentrations of Cd and Zn in a 0.01 m CaCl2 extract. These predictions were better correlated with the observations for field contaminated soils than the predictions based on the regression equations relating logKd to soil properties (pH, CEC and organic C).
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    Effect of dissolved organic matter on the precipitation and mobility of the lead compound chloropyromorphite in solution (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Chloropyromorphite, CPM, Pb5(PO4)3Cl, is one of the most insoluble lead minerals. Inducing the formation of CPM by application of phosphate to soil has been suggested for immobilizing Pb at contaminated sites. We have examined the effect of organic matter on the completeness and the rate of CPM precipitation and on the particle size and the mobility of CPM crystals. We did experiments at pH 3–7 and with varying content of dissolved organic C, 0–72 mg C l−1, mixing Pb(NO3)2 (0.5 mmol l−1) and phosphate (2 mmol l−1) solutions. The organic matter was extracted from samples of a forest floor. The precipitates were identified by X-ray diffraction, and their size and shape were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and by photon correlation spectroscopy. The presence of organic matter in the solutions did not affect the mass of CPM that precipitated within 30 minutes at pH 5, 6 and 7. At pH 3 and 4, however, organic matter strongly inhibited the precipitation. The particles were markedly smaller in solutions containing organic matter than without at all pHs and passed through water-saturated columns filled with calcareous sand, whereas the precipitates from the carbon-free solutions did not. We suggest that the organic matter blocked the surfaces of crystal seeds and impaired crystal growth. At high pH, organic matter may additionally decrease the crystal size of the individual crystals by increasing the number of crystal seeds. We conclude that organic matter in the solution might limit the potential of phosphate to immobilize Pb in soil because it favours the formation of mobile colloids.
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    Book reviews (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Interpretation of humic acid coagulation and soluble soil organic matter using a calculated electrostatic potential (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The coagulation of humic substances and its role in controlling the solubility of organic matter in soils are not well understood. We therefore studied the physico-chemical behaviour of purified humic acid from forest soil coagulated with Na, Ca, Cu, Al at pH 4 and 6, and then modelled the behaviour with the Non-Ideal Consistent Competitive Adsorption Donnan (NICA-Donnan) model. We found that the coagulation of humic acid occurs when the Donnan potential is less negative than −0.08 V. Based on this result, an empirical relation between the Donnan potential of humic acid and its concentration in solution was derived. In addition, the Donnan potential of the dissolved organic matter in the soil solution of six soil profiles from forests was calculated using the NICA-Donnan model under the assumption that all the dissolved organic matter behaves as humic acid. The measured concentration of dissolved organic matter also decreases in a soil profile, as the calculated potential becomes less negative. The results are in many cases in semi-quantitative agreement with the predicted concentration based on the humic acid coagulation experiment. Acid soils contain more dissolved organic matter, which may result from the presence of a fairly large fraction of more soluble organic molecules, such as fulvic acid.
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    Changes in soil chemistry and aggregate stability induced by fertilizer applications, burning and trash retention on a long-term sugarcane experiment in South Africa (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Throughout the world there is a trend towards retaining crop residues rather than burning them. For this reason, changes in soil chemistry and aggregation in a Vertisol induced by 59 years of burning or green cane harvesting with or without annual fertilizer applications were investigated. Crop residues were either burnt prior to harvest with the harvest residues raked off (R1), burnt prior to harvest with the harvest residues left on the soil surface (R2), or left unburnt with all the trash left on the soil surface (R3). Concentrations of organic C in the surface 10 cm of soil increased with fertilizer applications and with increasing amounts of crop residue returned in the order R1 〈 R2 〈 R3. Fertilizer applications caused an accumulation of residual P in both inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) forms. A sequential P fractionation showed that fertilizer P accumulated in both labile and recalcitrant Pi and Po forms, and trash retention caused an accumulation of recalcitrant Po. Concentrations of K decreased in the unfertilized R1 and R2 treatments because K reserves were depleted. By contrast, there was an increase in the concentrations of K in the fertilized R3 treatment. The soil became more acid on the fertilized and, to a lesser extent, trash retention plots. We attribute this to nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching. Acidification resulted in a loss of exchangeable Ca and Mg, a decrease in ECEC, and an increase in the concentrations of total and monomeric Al in soil solution, in exchangeable Al3+ and in the buffering reserve of non-exchangeable Al associated with organic matter. Aggregate stability was increased by increasing crop residues but decreased by fertilizer applications. The decrease was attributed to an increase in the proportion of exchangeable cations present in monovalent form due to applications of fertilizer K and leaching of Ca and Mg. We conclude that trash retention and annual fertilizer applications have substantial long-term effects on both organic matter status and soil pH and therefore on other soil chemical and physical properties.
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    The relationship between copper accumulated in vineyard calcareous soils and soil organic matter and iron (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The intensive use for over 100 years of copper sulphate (Bordeaux mixture) to fight mildew in vineyards has led to a substantial accumulation of copper (Cu) in surface soils. To assess the effects of such large concentrations, the surface soils of 10 Burgundy vineyards were sampled and analysed for total organic matter (carbon and nitrogen) and metal (copper and iron) contents. Physical (i.e. size fractionation) and chemical (sequential extraction) methods were used to determine the distribution of these elements. The most Cu-contaminated plots showed the largest accumulation of organic carbon and Cu in the coarse sand and fine sand fractions. Copper was strongly correlated with organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the coarse sand fraction and with organic nitrogen in the fine sand fraction. Copper was also highly correlated with both Fe and organic nitrogen in the clay fraction but not significantly with organic carbon. The sequential extraction showed that Cu was bound mainly to the Fe oxides. However, in the most Cu-contaminated plots, a part of added Cu was bound to organic matter. This study suggests that Cu protected indirectly the organic matter present in the coarse fractions against biodegradation, and therefore modified the distribution of organic carbon among the particle-size fractions. Iron appeared as the main factor responsible for Cu accumulation in the clay fraction, mainly through inclusion of Cu in Fe oxyhydroxides and possibly in clay–humus complexes.
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  • 47
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    A re-interpretation of ‘Aluminium solubility mechanisms in moderately acid Bs horizons of podzolized soils’ by Gustafsson et al. (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Gustafsson et al. in a recent paper in this Journal reported the effects of adding HCl, AlCl3 and Si(OH)4 on the pH and concentrations of Al and Si in 1:1 soil:solution systems at three different temperatures, using samples of soil from an allophanic Bs horizon. Contrary to their conclusions, their observations are compatible with Al in the soil solution being in equilibrium with a proto-imogolite allophane; it is neither necessary nor even plausible to postulate a hypothetical Al hydroxide. Concentrations of 0.2–0.4 mm Si in the equilibrated solutions at pH 5 could arise from an amorphous silica, probably phytoliths. They cannot come from the allophane.
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    Author index (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Determination of surface area of soil by adsorption methods (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: How significant are estimates of surface areas of soils obtained by adsorption methods? To answer this we tested the applicability of an equation that relates monolayer coverage (N) of an adsorbent with the area (A) of adsorbate, NAz = k, for six soil samples using six adsorbates of different sizes. The data obtained confirm the validity of the equation with the z parameter ranging between 1.25 and 1.41. Hence each soil sample showed preferences towards small-sized adsorbates for which the product NA (calculated surface area) is inversely related to the size of adsorbate. We also demonstrated that the equation has roots in the Langmuir adsorption equation.
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    Quantification of pore structure and gas diffusion as a function of scale (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of soil structure is one of the main difficulties to overcome for an adequate understanding of soil processes. There are different competing concepts for the type of heterogeneity, including macroscopic homogeneity, discrete hierarchy or fractal. With respect to these different concepts we investigate the structure of the pore space in one single sample (4 × 103 mm3) by analysing basic geometric quantities of the pores 〉 0.3 mm within gradually increasing subsamples. To demonstrate the relation between geometrical and functional properties we simulate gas diffusion within the three-dimensional pore space of the different subsamples. An efficient tool to determine the geometric quantities is presented. As a result, no representative elementary volume (REV) is found in terms of pore-volume density which increases with sample size. The same is true for the simulated gas diffusion coefficient. This effect is explained by two different types of pores, i.e. big root channels and smaller pores, having different levels of organization. We discuss the different concepts of structural organization which may be appropriate models for the structure investigated. We argue that the discrete hierarchical approach is the most profitable in practice.
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    Description and classification of soil structure using distance transform data (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Classification of soil based on structure is useful for conveying information about physical properties and soil processes. The distance transform is an image analysis technique suitable for quantifying soil structure. An analysis of distance transform data, in the form of cumulative area distribution curves for previously published images of soil structures of various types, is presented. The images were used to derive a quantitative classification of structure using maximum distance of solid from a macropore (Dmax, measured), the distance from macropore space containing 50% of the solid area (k, derived by fitting a sigmoidal function to the cumulative area distribution curve), the total interface length between pore and solid per area of sample (IA, measured), the porosity or the proportion of pores per area of sample (PA, measured) and the pore distribution characteristic (n, derived by fitting a sigmoidal function to the cumulative area distribution curve) which is related to the number, continuity and distribution of pores. The influence of image resolution was investigated, and within limits found to be fairly small. The final classification of soil structure was based on the hypothesized relations between the descriptors and structure-forming processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00403.x
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    Ammonia volatilization from Vertisols (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Farmers want to minimize losses of nitrogen (N) by volatilization of ammonia when adding fertilizers and improve fertilizer recovery of N by plants. We aimed to quantify the losses of N through NH3 volatilization as affected by soil moisture content, type of fertilizer, and placement method in Vertisols in Kenya, and conducted three experiments for the purpose under controlled conditions in the laboratory. We found that NH3-N losses were greatest at 80% water holding capacity, which we ascribed to the ready availability of water to dissolve the fertilizer at that water content. The soil's cation exchange capacity (CEC) did not influence volatilization, whereas the soil's pH indicated the potential of the soil to volatilize ammonia. Ammonia losses from the fertilizers were in the order urea 〉 ammonium sulphate 〉 ammonium nitrate applied. Incorporating fertilizer within the 0–5 cm soil layer more than halved NH3 volatilization but did not prevent it completely. These results indicate that soil pH, rather than CEC, is the main inherent characteristic influencing ammonia volatilization from Vertisols. Ammonium-based fertilizers should be incorporated within the 0–5 cm soil layer, or preferably somewhat deeper, to avoid losses via NH3 volatilization, particularly in alkaline soils. Nitrate fertilizers are preferable to urea where the risks of NH3 volatilization are large, provided due consideration is given to denitrification risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2002.00454.x
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    Pollution of carbonate soils in a Mediterranean climate due to a tailings spill (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The retention walls in a pond containing the residues from the pyrite mine of Aznalcóllar (southern Spain) broke open on 25 April 1998, spilling approximately 6 × 106 m3 of polluted water and toxic tailings, which affected some 55 km2. Drying and aeration of the tailings resulted in oxidation, forming an acidic solution with high pollutant contents, the effects of which were studied in a calcareous soil. The infiltration of this solution markedly affected only the first 12 mm of the soil, where strong acidification caused the weathering of the carbonates, and where the fine mineral particles were hydrolysed. The SO42− ions in the acidic solution precipitated almost entirely at this depth, forming gypsum, hydroxysulphates and complex sulphates. The Fe3+ ions also precipitated there, mainly in amorphous or poorly crystallized forms, adsorbing to As, Sb, Tl and Pb dissolved in the acidic solution. The Al3+ ions, though partly precipitating in the acidic layer, accumulated mostly where the soil pH exceeded 5.5 (12–14 mm in depth). They did so primarily as amorphous or poorly crystallized forms, adsorbing to Cu dissolved in the acidic solution. The Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions accumulated mainly at pH 〉 7.0 (19–21 mm in depth), being adsorbed chiefly by clay mineral. After 15 months, only the first 20 mm of the soil were acidified by the oxidation of the tailings and most of the pollutants did not penetrate deeper than 100 mm. Consequently, the speed of the cleanup of the toxic spill is not as important as a thorough removal of tailings together with the upper 10 cm of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00435.x
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    Generalized linear models in soil science (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Classical linear models are easy to understand and fit. However, when assumptions are not met, violence should not be used on the data to force them into the linear mould. Transformation of variables may allow successful linear modelling, but it affects several aspects of the model simultaneously. In particular, it can interfere with the scientific interpretation of the model. Generalized linear models are a wider class, and they retain the concept of additive explanatory effects. They provide generalizations of the distributional assumptions of the response variable, while at the same time allowing a transformed scale on which the explanatory effects combine. These models can be fitted reliably with standard software, and the analysis is readily interpreted in an analogous way to that of linear models. Many further generalizations to the generalized linear model have been proposed, extending them to deal with smooth effects, non-linear parameters, and extra components of variation. Though the extra complexity of generalized linear models gives rise to some additional difficulties in analysis, these difficulties are outweighed by the flexibility of the models and ease of interpretation. The generalizations allow the intuitively more appealing approach to analysis of adjusting the model rather than adjusting the data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00440.x
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    Referees for the European Journal of Soil Science in 2001 (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00463.x
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    Ion transport through unsaturated soils: field experiments and regional simulations (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This paper describes the movement of anions and cations through soils at the regional scale using block-scale and regional simulations of one-dimensional ion transport through cultivated soils. The simulations were based on field experiments in a region of about 10 km2 in Lower Saxony, Germany. Transport was modelled with the convection–dispersion equation, and the cation exchange was described using the Gapon equation. We evaluated the spatial variation of cation exchange parameters, obtained estimates valid at the block scale, and simulated the one-dimensional transport of anions and cations. The movement of anions and cations was simulated over blocks using effective transport parameters calculated from local transport parameters. The approach led to a good agreement between measured and predicted concentrations of Br–, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ on four different 1 ha blocks. However, the mean concentrations of K+ in the soil solution in the uppermost horizons could not be described satisfactorily by the model. For the regional simulations, transport and exchange parameters were estimated by block kriging. All variograms of the exchange parameters were spatially structured with correlation lengths varying from 100 m to 300 m. Results of the regional simulations imply that Cl– and K+ were transported substantially deeper in the southern part than in the northern part of the area. The transport depth of the ions strongly depended on the pore water velocities. The simulation of solute transport to the water table showed the influence of the depth of water table on the estimated travel times, superimposing the influence of the transport parameters in the region. The results of the regional simulations also emphasize the importance of careful fertilization, especially in regions with shallow water tables such as in the north of the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00422.x
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    Aggregate strength and mechanical behaviour of a sandy loam soil under long-term fertilization treatments (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Current concern for soil quality has stimulated research on soil biological and chemical properties. In contrast, the mechanical behaviour of soil is somewhat neglected. We have examined the effects on soil mechanical properties of more than 100 years of contrasting fertilization employing three treatments from the Askov long-term experiment: UNF (unfertilized), NPK (mineral fertilized) and AM (animal manured). We have measured tensile strength of aggregates when air-dry and when adjusted to −10, −30 and −100 kPa pressure potential. Four aggregate size classes were investigated (1–2, 2–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm diameter). Soil fragmentation was characterized in the field using a drop-shatter test. Bulk soil strength was determined in the field using a shear vane and a torsional shear box. Soil texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass were measured. The unfertilized soil has little soil organic matter and microbial biomass and is dense. Its aggregates were strong when dry and weak when wet. In contrast, the manured soil had strong aggregates when wet and rather weak ones when dry. The NPK soil generally had intermediate properties. The differences between the soils when dry seem to be related to differences in dispersible clay content, whereas the differences when wet are related to differences in the amount of organic binding and bonding material. The optimal water content for tillage as well as the tolerable range in water content was largest in the manured soil and smallest in the unfertilized soil. Our results indicate that soil mechanical properties should be measured over a range of water regimes to determine the effects of various long-term fertilization treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00424.x
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    Book Reviews (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00531.x
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    The effects of temperature, water-filled pore space and land use on N2O emissions from an imperfectly drained gleysol (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To investigate the effect of soil physical conditions and land use on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, soil cores of an imperfectly drained gleysol were taken from adjacent fields under perennial ryegrass and winter wheat. The cores were fertilized with ammonium nitrate and incubated at three different temperatures and water-filled pore space (WFPS) values, and N2O emissions were measured by gas chromatography. Emissions showed a very large response to temperature. Apparent values of Q10 (emission rate at (T + 10)°C/emission rate at T°C) for the arable soil were about 50 for the 5–12°C interval and 8.9 for 12–18°C; the corresponding Q10s for the grassland soil were 3.7 and 2.3. Emissions from the grassland soil were always greater than those from the arable soil, although the ratio narrowed with increasing temperature. Changes in soil WFPS also had a profound effect on emissions. Those from the arable soil increased about 30-fold as the WFPS increased from 60 to 80%, while that from the grassland soil increased 12-fold. This latter response was similar to earlier field measurements. The N2O emissions were considered to be produced primarily by denitrification. We concluded that the impacts of temperature and WFPS on emissions could both be explained on the basis of existing models relating increasing respiration or decreased oxygen diffusivity, or both, to the development of anaerobic zones within the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00395.x
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    Robust estimation of the pseudo cross-variogram for cokriging soil properties (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The pseudo cross-variogram can be used for cokriging two or more soil properties when few or none of the sampling locations have values recorded for all of them. The usual estimator of the pseudo cross-variogram is susceptible to the effects of extreme data (outliers). This will lead to overestimation of the error variance of predictions obtained by cokriging. A solution to this problem is to use robust estimators of the pseudo cross-variogram, and three such estimators are proposed in this paper.The robust estimators were demonstrated on simulated data in the presence of different numbers of outlying data drawn from different contaminating distributions. The robust estimators were less sensitive to the outliers than the non-robust one, but they had larger variances. Outliers tend to obscure the spatial structure of the cross-correlation of the simulated variables as described by the non-robust estimator.The several estimators of the pseudo cross-variogram were applied to a multitemporal data set on soil water content. Since these were obtained non-destructively, direct measurements of temporal change can be made. A prediction subset of the data was subsampled as if obtained by destructive analysis and the remainder used for validation. Estimators of the auto-variogram and pseudo cross-variogram were applied to the prediction data, then used to predict the change in water content at the validation sites by cokriging. The estimation variances of these predictions were best calculated with a robustly estimated model of coregionalization, although the validation set was too small to conclude that the non-robust estimators were unsuitable in this instance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00456.x
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    Application of cellular and immunological biosensor techniques to assess herbicide toxicity in soils (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: There is growing concern about the fate and toxicity of herbicides to non-target receptors and an increasing need to measure these analytes sensitively. The responses of cellular and immunological biosensors to four commonly used herbicides (atrazine, diuron, mecoprop and paraquat) were investigated. In combination, these sensors assess toxicity and quantify concentrations of herbicides present in extracts from soil. The bioluminescence response of the lux-marked bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli HB101 was determined in aqueous extracts from soil to indicate toxicity. Smaller concentrations caused a toxic response for all four herbicides recovered from the Insch series than for those recovered from spiked water samples, but this was not a result of biodegradation of herbicides in the soil. This suggests that intrinsic soil factors may be altering the bioavailable fraction of herbicides, making them more toxic than equivalent concentrations in water.Herbicide concentrations were determined using immunological biosensors consisting of stabilized recombinant single chain antibodies (stAbs) specific for the four different groups of herbicides. These stAb fragments retain functionality in organic solvents such as methanol commonly used in soil extraction. Anti-atrazine, mecoprop, diuron and paraquat stAbs were successfully used to identify and quantify herbicides present in aqueous and methanol extracts from soil. The amounts recovered from immunoassay analysis were compared with chemical analysis using high performance liquid chromatography, and the two methods correlated. These stAb fragments might provide a more rapid and sensitive means of quantifying trace amounts of herbicides and their metabolites in aqueous and methanol extracts from soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00421.x
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    Effect of rain on the macroporosity at the soil surface (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Rain falling on soil causes slaking, mechanical disruption of aggregates and compaction. Too few data exist to predict the changes likely to occur in particular soil, landscape and management conditions. Experiments with simulated rain were set up to study and to model mathematically the changes of the pore system within the surface layer of a soil when rain was applied on a field cropped with maize. Macroporosity, pore-size and pore-shape distributions, and the pore volume were measured by image analysis of thin sections and the fractal dimensions of the pore surface roughness were estimated. The general trends of changes in porosity indicated the presence of two different sets of processes at the surface (0–3 cm) and in the layer immediately underneath (3–6 cm). In both layers most of the variation in macroporosity was due to a loss of elongated porosity. A theoretical approach recently developed to link rain and erosion to sealing properties was extended to describing the effect of rain on the elongated porosity and the pore volume fractal dimension in these two layers. The resulting set of equations describe in detail the evolution of soil porosity near the soil surface. Our approach could be useful when modelling the effects of sealing processes in soil erosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00426.x
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    Estimation of the phosphorus sorption capacity of acidic soils in Ireland (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The test for the degree of phosphorus (P) saturation (DPS) of soils is used in northwest Europe to estimate the potential of P loss from soil to water. It expresses the historic sorption of P by soil as a percentage of the soil's P sorption capacity (PSC), which is taken to be α (Alox + Feox), where Alox and Feox are the amounts of aluminium and iron extracted by a single extraction of oxalate. All quantities are measured as mmol kg soil−1, and a value of 0.5 is commonly used for the scaling factor α in this equation. Historic or previously sorbed P is taken to be the quantity of P extracted by oxalate (Pox) so that DPS = Pox/PSC.The relation between PSC and Alox, Feox and Pox was determined for 37 soil samples from Northern Ireland with relatively large clay and organic matter contents. Sorption of P, measured over 252 days, was strongly correlated with the amounts of Alox and Feox extracted, but there was also a negative correlation with Pox. When PSC was calculated as the sum of the measured sorption after 252 days and Pox, the multiple regression of PSC on Alox and Feox gave the equation PSC = 36.6 + 0.61 Alox+ 0.31 Feox with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92. The regression intercept of 36.6 was significantly greater than zero. The 95% confidence limits for the regression coefficients of Alox and Feox did not overlap, indicating a significantly larger regression coefficient of P sorption on Alox than on Feox. When loss on ignition was employed as an additional variable in the multiple regression of PSC on Alox and Feox, it was positively correlated with PSC. Although the regression coefficient for loss on ignition was statistically significant (P 〈 0.001), the impact of this variable was small as its inclusion in the multiple regression increased R2 by only 0.028. Values of P sorption measured over 252 days were on average 2.75 (range 2.0–3.8) times greater than an overnight index of P sorption. Measures of DPS were less well correlated with water-soluble P than either the Olsen or Morgan tests for P in soil.
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    Dissolved organic phosphorus and sulphur as influenced by sorptive interactions with mineral subsoil horizons (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study tested the hypothesis that, like dissolved organic nitrogen (N), dissolved organic phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) are more mobile in soil than is organic carbon (C). To do so, I compared the sorption of organic P and S to subsoil materials with that of organic C. Soil samples were equilibrated with water-soluble organic matter from the forest floor at pH 4 and in the equilibrium solutions organic C, P, and S, and their distributions between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fraction were determined. Sorption of C within the organic matter did not differ from that of P and S. However, the hydrophilic fraction contained the vast majority of P and S and sorbed far less than the hydrophobic fraction. So the overall retention of organic P and S was smaller than that of organic C. This result suggested that dissolved organic matter is more important in the loss of plant nutrients than in the release of C from soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00396.x
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    Vents and seals in non-steady-state chambers used for measuring gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Despite decades of research to define optimal chamber design and deployment protocol for measuring gas exchange between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, controversy still surrounds the procedures for applying this method. Using a numerical simulation model we demonstrated that (i) all non-steady-state chambers should include a properly sized and properly located vent tube; (ii) even seemingly trivial leakiness of the seals between elements of a multiple-component chamber results in significant risk of measurement error; (iii) a leaking seal is a poor substitute for a properly designed vent tube, because the shorter path length through the seal supports much greater diffusive gas loss per unit of conductance to mass flow; (iv) the depth to which chamber walls must be inserted to minimize gas loss by lateral diffusion is smaller than is customary in fine-textured, wet or compact soil, but much larger than is customary in highly porous soils, and (v) repetitive sampling at the same location is not a major source of error when using non-steady-state chambers. Finally, we discuss problems associated with computing the flux of a gas from the non-linear increase in its concentration in the headspace of a non-steady-state chamber.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00415.x
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    Re-evaluation of the structural properties of some British swelling soils (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The structural condition of swelling soils can be assessed from their shrinkage curves. We re-evaluated data on six British swelling soils using modern methods to model the void ratio, e, as a function of the moisture ratio, ϑ. The points on the e–ϑ curve were fitted with a constitutive shrinkage equation using an unbiased least-squares, curve-fitting program. The shrinkage curves were then differentiated to obtain their slopes, σ(ϑ), which were used to calculate the overburden potentials, Ω. The slope functions were subsequently differentiated to obtain the curvatures, κ(ϑ), from which the maximum curvature at the wet end was used to separate the structural shrinkage, Sc, from the proportional (unsaturated) shrinkage. At the point of maximum curvature, Sc and the volumetric air content, θac, were calculated and found to correspond closely to those reported previously. Water retention curves were constructed and fitted using the van Genuchten equation, from which the α coefficient appears an important structural parameter. The structural condition of a swelling soil appears to be well described by its air content at the point of maximum curvature, its van Genuchten α coefficient, and a parameter describing the effect of the overburden potential.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00388.x
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    Application of a two-dimensional model to simulate flow and transport in a macroporous agricultural soil with tile drains (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: It is essential that important field processes are taken into account to model water flow and chemical transport accurately in agricultural fields. Recent field studies indicate that transport through macropores can play a major role in the export of solutes and particulates from drained agricultural land into surface water. Non-ideal drain behaviour may further modify the flow and transport. We extended an existing two-dimensional flow and transport model for variably saturated soils (SWMS_2D) by adding a macropore domain and an additional Hooghoudt drain boundary condition. The Hooghoudt boundary condition accounts for an entrance head needed to initiate flow into the drains. This paper presents the application of the new model (M-2D) to an agricultural field in Switzerland. To understand interactions between macropore flow and drains better we simulated water flow and bromide transport for four different field scenarios. We considered both collector drains only with an ideal drain boundary condition (with and without macropores) and collectors and laterals with a Hooghoudt boundary condition (also with and without macropores). For each scenario, inverse modelling was used to identify model parameters using 150 days of data on observed cumulative discharge, water table depth, and tracer concentration. The models were subsequently tested against a 390-day validation data set. We found that the two additional components (macropore flow, drain entrance head) of the M-2D model were essential to describe adequately the flow regime and the tracer transport data in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00389.x
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    Modelling the solid–solution partitioning of organic matter in European forest soils (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The processes controlling the solid–solution partitioning of organic matter in soils are central to understanding carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, yet are poorly understood at present. We studied the partitioning of soil organic matter between solid and solution in batch titrations of 12 soil samples from three European forests in a range of climates. We also examined the release of soil organic matter on repeated leaching. The partitioning was simulated using a model that pictures the pool of potentially mobile organic matter to consist of fractions of differing solubilities. Desorption of organic matter was then effected by an increase in the electrical charge of the organic molecules due to their chemical reactions with other soil components.The model could simulate the partitioning of organic matter in all the soils using two parameters describing the amounts of soil organic matter in each fraction. The release of organic matter on repeated leaching was reasonably well described. The model predicted that dissolved organic matter should have become more hydrophilic with depth in the soil, due to the retention of more hydrophobic components in the upper horizons. This accorded with observed compositions of the soil organic matter. The model also showed that at the ambient pH of the soils, only a small proportion of the potentially mobile organic matter (comprising fulvic acids and hydrophilic moieties) was involved in partitioning to the solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00367.x
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    The effect of organic acids on base cation leaching from the forest floor under six North American tree species (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Organic acidity and its degree of neutralization in the forest floor can have large consequences for base cation leaching under different tree species. We investigated the effect of organic acids on base cation leaching from the forest floor under six common North American tree species. Forest floor samples were analysed for exchangeable cations and forest floor solutions for cations, anions, simple organic acids and acidic properties. Citric and lactic acid were the most common of the acids under all species. Malonic acid was found mainly under Tsuga canadensis (hemlock) and Fagus grandifolia (beech). The organic acids were positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon and contributed significantly to the organic acidity of the solution (up to 26%). Forest floor solutions under Tsuga canadensis contained the most dissolved C and the most weak acidity among the six tree species. Under Tsuga canadensis we also found significant amounts of strong acidity caused by deposition of sulphuric acid from the atmosphere and by strong organic acids. Base cation exchange was the most important mechanism by which acidity was neutralized. Organic acids in solution from Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum (red maple) and Quercus rubra (red oak) were hardly neutralized while much more organic acidity was neutralized for Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Fraxinus americana (white ash). We conclude that quantity, nature and degree of neutralization of organic acids differ among the different tree species. While the potential for base cation leaching with organic acids from the forest floor is greatest under Tsuga canadensis, actual leaching with organic anions is greatest under Acer saccharum and Fraxinus americana under which the forest floor contains more exchangeable cations than does the strongly acidified forest floor under Tsuga canadensis.
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    Fractals in Soil Science (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00418-10.x
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    Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Physical fractionation is used increasingly to study the turnover of organic matter in soil. This essay links the methods of fractionation to concepts of turnover by defining levels of structural and functional complexity that refer to experimentally verifiable pools of organic matter in the soil.Physical fractionation according to size and density of soil particles emphasizes the importance of interactions between organic and inorganic soil components in the turnover of organic matter. It allows the separation of free and occluded uncomplexed organic matter and of primary and secondary organomineral complexes. This methodological approach recognizes that the overall regulation of decomposer activity is through the structure of soil, which determines gas exchange, the availability of substrates and water, and the transport of solutes.Results from physical fractionations suggest three levels of structural and functional complexity in the turnover of organic matter in soil. Primary organomineral complexes isolated from fully dispersed soil account for the primary level of complexity. The clay-, silt- and sand-sized complexes are seen as the basic units in soil, surface reactions between substrates, organisms and minerals being the main regulatory mechanisms. Secondary complexes reflect the degree of aggregation of primary organomineral complexes and refer to the second level of complexity. Physical protection of uncomplexed organic matter and soil organisms and the creation of gas and moisture gradients are emergent features regulating the turnover at this level of complexity. The structurally intact soil (the soil in situ) constitutes the third level of complexity. This integrates the effects of primary and secondary complexes. Emergent structural features associated with this level are resource islands, macropores, roots, mesofauna, tillage and soil compaction, the corresponding functional features being related to the transport and exchange of solutes and gases, and the spatial distribution and comminution of litter and uncomplexed organic matter. Thus, a thorough understanding of the turnover and storage of organic matter in soil can be acquired only by considering all levels of complexity in the decomposition subsystem.
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    Ecological Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00418-6.x
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    Statistical Analysis of Microstructures in Materials Science (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00418-9.x
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    Modelling pH buffering and aluminium solubility in European forest soils (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The pH buffering and aluminium solubility characteristics of acid soil are important in determining the soil's response to changes in precipitation acidity. The chemistry of soil organic matter (humic substances) plays a key role in both processes, yet is complex and still poorly understood. Nevertheless, models of humic substance chemistry have been developed, one of which is WHAM–S, which contains a model (Model V) of proton and metal binding at discrete sites on humic substances and considers electrostatic effects on the binding strength. Here we have tested the ability of WHAM–S to model solution pH and Al using batch titration studies on organic and mineral soil horizons from forested sites in Norway, Germany and Spain, with ambient pH values from 3.73 to 5.73. We optimized the model predictions by adjusting the amounts of soil aluminium and humic substances within defined limits, taking the contents of copper chloride-extractable Al and the base-extractable organic matter as starting values. The model simulated both pH and dissolved Al well with optimized amounts of aluminium and humic substances within the defined limits (root mean squared error for pH from 0.01 to 0.22, for p[Al]aq (total dissolved Al) from 0.03 to 0.49, five data points). Control of dissolved Al by dissolved organic matter was important particularly at above-ambient pH. In two mineral horizons we improved the fits by assuming that Al could precipitate as Al(OH)3. The optimized model also gave reasonable predictions of pH and dissolved Al in supernatants obtained by repeated leaching of the soil horizons. The results show that humic substances dominate the control of pH and dissolved Al in most of the horizons studied. Control by Al(OH)3 occurs but is the exception.
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    The effect of aging biosolids on the availability of cadmium and zinc in soil (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A major concern with the safe re-use of biosolids on land is the potential for release of metals from organic matter in the biosolids, due to decomposition proceeding as biosolids age. To quantify the effects of biosolid aging on Cd and Zn bioavailability, two sewage sludges (Lagoon sludge and Filtered sludge) and a garden compost were incubated at 25°C and 35°C for 100 days. Changes in availability of Cd and Zn were determined using isotope dilution principles, with the materials being labelled with carrier-free 109Cd and 65Zn. We determined isotopically exchangeable metal pools (E values) and plant available metal pools (L values) by measuring specific activities of Cd and Zn in soil extracts and in wheat plants, respectively. Changes in carbon content over time were determined using 13C-NMR spectroscopy and chemical extraction methods, and related to changes in availability of metal pools as determined by isotopic procedures.Hot-water-extractable carbon content, assumed to represent easily decomposable organic matter, decreased during the 100 days by 80–190 mg kg−1. The Compost and Lagoon sludge showed no change in L values for Cd or Zn with time, but in the Filtered sludge the L values for Cd and Zn increased significantly, by 43% and 56%, respectively. The isotopically exchangeable pools of Cd and Zn did not change with incubation treatment of the biosolids.These data indicate that the potential for metal release from biosolids as organic matter decomposes depends to a large extent on the biosolid composition.
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    Interactions of fulvic acid with aluminium and a proto-imogolite sol: the contribution of E-horizon eluates to podzolization (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The podzolization process is examined in the light of measurements of the solubility characteristics of aluminium fulvate, the extent of dissolution of a proto-imogolite sol by fulvic acid, the adsorption capacity of proto-imogolite for fulvic acid and aluminium fulvate, and published evidence. Fulvic acid at 500 mg l−1 acting on a proto-imogolite (PI) preparation containing 0.95 mmol l−1 Al as PI did not bring enough Al into solution at pH 4.5–5.0 over 4–15 months to cause significant precipitation of the fulvic acid. As allophanic Bs horizons of podzols typically have pH ≥ 4.8, fulvic acids entering them in drainage water cannot be quantitatively precipitated by dissolution of Al from the allophane. They are, however, strongly absorbed on the allophane, and this must be the mechanism that removes most of the fulvic acid at the top of the Bs horizon, and which contributes, along with colloidal humus and root decomposition, to the formation of a Bh horizon.We conclude that fulvic acid plays no active role in podzolization, but only recycles Al and Fe, that have been transferred by biological processes to the O horizon, back to the Bh horizon. The podzolization process, which leads to the formation of an allophanic Bs horizon underlying a progressively deepening E horizon, requires the dissolution of Al-humate and allophanic precipitates at the Bh–Bs interface as well as progressive attack on the more readily weatherable minerals. Inorganic acids, particularly episodic fluxes of nitric acid, could play a major role in this, as well as attack by readily metabolized complexing acids such as oxalic and citric acids released by roots and fungi.In addition to throwing light on the podzolization process, the experimental results provide an explanation of the lower limit to C:Al ratios reported in natural waters, and a check on the applicability of the WHAM chemical equilibrium model to Al–fulvate–proto-imogolite equilibria. In Ca-containing fulvate solutions, Al-fulvate begins to precipitate when C:Al falls below 50, which is also the limiting ratio observed in natural waters. WHAM calculations overestimate by 70–85% the amount of Al-fulvate formed over 4 months at pH 4.5–5.0 in Ca-containing fulvate–imogolite systems.
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    Statistics to support soil research and their presentation (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Much soil research needs statistics to support and confirm impressions and interpretations of investigations in field and laboratory. Many soil scientists have not been trained in statistical method and as a result apply quite elementary techniques out of context and without understanding.This article concentrates on the most common abuses and misunderstandings and points authors to proper use. It distinguishes variance and standard deviation for measuring dispersion from standard error to indicate confidence in estimates of means. It describes the strictly limited context in which to use the coefficient of variation. It stresses the importance of quoting means and differences between them in contrast to statistical significance, which is at best of secondary interest. It guides readers to inspect and explore their data before deciding to transform them for analysis and illustrates what can be achieved by taking logarithms of single variates and by principal component analysis of multivariate data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00383.x
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    Response of sorption processes of MCPA to the amount and origin of organic matter in a long-term field experiment (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Changes in farming practices over long times can affect the sorption behaviour of MCPA ((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid). We studied the adsorption–desorption mechanisms of MCPA on soil with varied amounts and origins of soil organic matter obtained from a long-term field experiment with various organic amendments. The origin of the soil organic matter seems to be crucial for the sorption behaviour of MCPA. Samples of soil amended with sewage sludge sorbed MCPA more strongly than the soil under any other treatment. Peat-amended soil was second followed by soil receiving animal manure, green manure, mineral fertilizer without N and the fallowed soil. Both the carbon content and the origin of the organic matter are important for the sorption. A decrease of carbon content of a soil does not necessarily imply a reduction of sorption capacity for polar organic acids such as MCPA. Nevertheless, our adsorption–desorption experiments suggest that with decreasing carbon content the role of mineral sorption mechanisms could become more pronounced. Our results showed that interactions of soil organic matter and soil minerals distinctly influence adsorption properties for MCPA.
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    Seasonal differences in the soil water balance under perennial and annual pastures on an acid Sodosol in southeastern Australia (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Replacement of native deep-rooted grasses by shallow-rooted ones has resulted in greater losses of water and nitrogen by drainage. To counter this effect we have tested the hypothesis that liming, and the conversion of annual grass pastures to perennial grass pastures, could improve the sustainability of grazing systems in the high rainfall zone (〉 600 mm per annum) in southeastern Australia, through better use of water and nitrogen. A field experiment consisting of sixteen 0.135 ha (30 m × 45 m) grazed paddocks representing four pasture combinations (annual pasture (mainly Lolium rigidum) without lime (AP–); annual pasture with lime (AP+); perennial pasture (mainly Phalaris aquatica) without lime (PP–), and perennial pasture with lime (PP+)) was carried out from 1994 to 1997 on an acid Sodosol (Aquic Hapludalf) in southern New South Wales, Australia. Measurements were made of surface runoff, subsurface flow (on top of the B horizon) and soil water content. The results showed that perennial grass pastures, especially PP+, extracted approximately 40 mm more soil water each year than the annual grass pastures. As a result, surface runoff, subsurface flow and deep drainage were at least 40 mm less from the perennial pastures. These measurements were further supported by a simulation of soil water deficit and deep drainage for AP– and PP+ paddocks, using 10 years' past meteorological records. Overall, the results suggested that well-grown, phalaris-based pastures could reduce recharge to groundwater and make pastoral systems more sustainable in the high rainfall zone.
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    Effects of rock fragment cover on soil infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Considerable attention has been paid recently to the influence of surface rock fragments on hydrological and erosional processes, although much of this research has been done on disturbed soils under laboratory conditions. I have studied the effects of rock fragments on soil infiltration, runoff and erosion under field conditions using simulated rainfall on bare areas of natural soils within typical Mediterranean scrubland characterized by patchily distributed vegetation. Sample areas were chosen where rock fragments cover more than half the surface within unvegetated patches. Twenty experiments were carried out by applying rain at an intensity of 55 mm h−1 for 60 minutes. This approach shows that rock fragments (i) retard ponding and surface runoff, and (ii) give greater steady-state infiltration rates and smaller interrill runoff discharges, sediment concentrations and interrill erosion rates. A second set of six experiments was carried out by applying rainfall at an intensity of 55 mm h−1 for two runs of 60 minutes. The second run was initiated 10 minutes after the first. During this interval, surface rock fragments were removed in order to measure their effects on infiltration, interrill runoff and erosion rates. In this way, I showed that water and soil losses are reduced by the rock fragments. After the removal of rock fragments the steady-state infiltration rate diminished from 44.5 to 27.5 mm h−1 and the runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and erosion rates were, respectively, 3, 33 and 39 times greater than they were before the rock fragments were removed.
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    Non-equilibrium water flow characterized by means of upward infiltration experiments (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Upward infiltration experiments under tension were used to demonstrate the presence of non-equilibrium flow in soils, the phenomenon that has important implications for the accelerated movement of fertilizers, pesticides, non-aqueous liquids, and other pollutants. Data obtained from these experiments were analysed using the single-porosity Richards equation, as well as a variably saturated, dual-porosity model and a dual-permeability model for characterizing non-equilibrium water flow. The laboratory experiments were carried out on 0.10-m-long soil cores having an internal diameter of 0.10 m. Constant pressure heads of −0.10 and −0.01 m were used as the lower boundary condition. Each infiltration was followed by a single-rate evaporation experiment to re-establish initial conditions, and to obtain the drying soil hydraulic properties. Pressure heads inside the cores were measured using five tensiometers, while evaporative water loss from the top was determined by weighing the soil samples. The data were analysed to estimate parameters using a technique that combined a numerical solution of the governing flow equation (as implemented in a modified version of the Hydrus-1D software) with a Marquardt–Levenberg optimization. The objective function for the parameter estimation was defined in terms of pressure head readings, the cumulative infiltration rate, and the final total water volume in the core during upward infiltration. The final total water volume was used, as well as the pressure head readings during the evaporation part. Analysis of flow responses obtained during the infiltration experiment demonstrated significant non-equilibrium flow. This behaviour could be well characterized using a model of physical non-equilibrium that divides the medium into inter- and intra-aggregate pores with first-order transfer of water between the two systems. The analysis also demonstrated the importance of hysteresis.
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    Solid-state 13C-NMR dipolar dephasing experiments for quantifying protonated and non-protonated carbon in soil organic matter and model systems (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Dipolar dephasing was investigated as a means for quantitatively differentiating protonated and non-protonated and molecularly mobile and rigid components in soil organic matter. We experimented on cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, a protein, chitin, charcoal, palmitic acid and two waxes which served as model systems for components of soil organic matter. Dipolar dephasing decay curves showed significant deviation from the expected exponential decay (for non-protonated and methyl carbons) and Gaussian decay (for non-methyl protonated carbons), partly due to rotational and dipolar modulation. No signal is observed for most protonated carbon (excluding methyl carbon) for a dipolar dephasing delay of 45 μs, and so we generated three subspectra, representing non-protonated, non-methyl protonated and methyl carbon classes, requiring the acquisition of just the 0- and 45-μs dipolar dephased spectra. This methodology was applied to eight samples of soil organic matter, allowing the determination of relative contributions of overlapping resonances such as C-substituted and H-substituted aromatics (110–145 p.p.m.), carbohydrate anomeric and tannin (90–110 p.p.m.), and amino acid and methoxyl (45–65 p.p.m.). The waxes behaved aberrantly, probably because some of their components are highly mobile. We determined accurately the exponential dipolar dephasing decay rates of non-protonated carbon resonances, free from the interference of rotational and dipolar modulations.
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    Book Review: Tate, R.L. Soil Microbiology (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.03735.x
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    Book Review: Müller, C. Modelling Soil–Biosphere Interactions (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The application of double-layer theory to drainage, drying and wetting, and the Gapon Exchange constant in a soil with mono- and divalent cations (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Classical double-layer theory is adapted to consider drainage under gravity, air-drying, rewetting with distilled water or with solution, and cation exchange when the double-layer is under a very small retaining pressure or matric potential. In this study, the solid system retains its geometry and the double-layers are either bounded by an air–water interface or are restricted by the solid geometry. The model as presented is suitable for PCs but is restricted to mono- and divalent cations in the presence of a monovalent anion. Representative results for three surface charge densities, three ionic strengths and three ratios of mono- to divalent cations are presented. During drainage, the proportion of monovalent cations increases slightly, the ambient anion concentration decreases, whereas the ionic ratio is relatively constant. During drying by evaporation, the proportion of monovalent cations decreases markedly, whereas the anion concentration and the ionic ratio both increase in the ambient solution. These patterns affect the behaviour of roots and organisms in the soil.The Gapon Exchange constant is found to vary with the initial composition of the double-layer and with the composition of the added solution, but for each combination it tends to an equilibrium value as the volume of the added solution increases. The value of the constant is sensitive to the charge density of the clay surface; the greater the charge density the smaller is the Gapon Exchange constant, suggesting that it should be referred to as the Gapon parameter rather than the Gapon constant. The limitations of the classical theory are discussed in relation to the results obtained.
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    Concentrations of 60 elements in the soil solution as related to the soil acidity (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Little is known about solubility and soil solution concentrations of most elements occurring in the solid phase of soils. This study reports changes in solution concentrations of 60 mineral elements following CaCO3 addition to a moderately acid semi-natural soil, and possible mechanisms accounting for the differing solubility patterns as related to soil acidity are discussed. Soil solutions were obtained by high-speed centrifuging and ultrafiltration (0.2 μm) of samples at 60% water-holding capacity of the A horizon of a Cambisol developed from a shale–gneiss moraine and supplied with CaCO3 at 20 rates to yield a soil solution pH range of 5.2–7.8. Concentrations of elements were determined in the solutions by ICP-AES or (for most elements) ICP-MS. Several distinct patterns of soil solution concentrations as a function of soil solution pH were demonstrated. Positively related to pH and CaCO3 supply were soil solution concentrations of As, Br, Mo, S, Sb, Se, U, and W, and to a lesser degree, Co, Cr, Hg, Mg, and Sr. Inversely related to pH were concentrations of Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cs, Ce, Eu, Ga, Ge, Fe, Li, K, Rb, Na, Th, and Ti; less distinctly inversely rated were Dy, Er, Gd, Hf, La, Lu, Mn, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sc, Si, Tl, Tm, and Yb. ‘U-shaped’ relationships to pH were demonstrated for the concentrations of Ag, Cd, Nb, Ni, P, V, and Zr. There were no or irregular relations between pH and concentrations of Be, Cu, Ho, Pb, Ta, and Tb. Differences between elements in their soil solution concentrations as related to total (HNO3-digestible) concentrations and the solubility of organic C were also treated. Increasing the pH of a soil by adding CaCO3 changes the solubility of most mineral elements substantially, the several distinct patterns observed being governed by, for example, ionic properties and charge, affinity for organic compounds, and pH-dependent formation and solubility of complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.t01-1-00360.x
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  • 87
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    Non-linearity and error in modelling soil processes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Error in models and their inputs can be propagated to outputs. This is important for modelling soil processes because soil properties used as parameters commonly contain error in the statistical sense, that is, variation. Model error can be assessed by validation procedures, but tests are needed for the propagation of (statistical) error from input to output. Input error interacts with non-linearity in the model such that it contributes to the mean of the output as well as its error. This can lead to seriously incorrect results if input error is ignored when a non-linear model is used, as is demonstrated for the Arrhenius equation. Tests for non-linearity and error propagation are suggested. The simplest test for non-linearity is a graph of the output against the input. This can be supplemented if necessary by testing whether the mean of the output changes as the standard deviation of the input increases. The tests for error propagation examine whether error is suppressed or exaggerated as it is propagated through the model and whether changes in the error in one input influence the propagation of another. Applying these tests to a leaching model with rate and capacity parameters showed differences between the parameters, which emphasized that statements about non-linearity must be for specific inputs and outputs. In particular, simulations of mean annual concentrations of solute in drainage and concentrations on individual days differed greatly in the amount of non-linearity revealed and in the way error was propagated. This result is interpreted in terms of decoherence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.t01-1-00366.x
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  • 88
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    Sorption of iron-cyanide complexes on goethite (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Iron-cyanide complexes are present in soils on sites of former gas plants and coke ovens. We have studied the sorption of the complexes ferricyanide, [Fe(CN)6]3–, and ferrocyanide, [Fe(CN)6]4–, on goethite in batch experiments, including the effects of concentration, time, ionic strength, pH, and the extent of reversibility. The sorption of ferricyanide showed features of both outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexation: its extent decreased with increasing pH; it depended on ionic strength; it was quickly and completely reversible; and it induced a change in surface electric potential. In contrast, sorption of ferrocyanide depended on pH to a lesser extent and was not affected by ionic strength at different pHs. The desorption was slower and incomplete. For ferrocyanide we conclude that sorption involves inner-sphere complexation and precipitation of a Berlin-Blue-like phase on the goethite surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.t01-1-00368.x
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  • 89
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    Water retention properties of the clay in soils developed on clayey sediments: significance of parent material and soil history (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We have investigated the water retention properties of clayey subsoil horizons according to the variation of clay characteristics. The horizons studied developed on a large range of age and facies of calcareous or calcium-saturated clayey sediments. The water retention properties were studied from −10 hPa to −15 000 hPa water potential using small clods collected in winter when swelling is at a maximum and water content close to field capacity. The specific water content and volume of the clods at field conditions, their specific volume at −15 000 hPa water potential, the clay content, the organic carbon content, the cation exchange capacity, the N2-BET surface area and calcareous content were measured. The clay fabric, which is the spatial distribution of the elementary clay particles, was quantified when the soil was close to field capacity and we could attribute the whole pore volume to the porosity of the clay fabric. Our results show that the water retention properties of the clay vary greatly from one soil to another with respect to the clay fabric. The variation of the latter depends on the cation exchange capacity, the size of elementary particles and hydric stress history of the clay. We show that the water retention properties of the studied clayey soils vary according to the clay content and fabric, the latter being related either to parent material fabric or to both the hydric history of the soil and size of the elementary clay particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2000.00338.x
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  • 90
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    A laboratory method for measuring the isotropic character of soil swelling (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Although the swelling of clays has been thoroughly studied, the mechanism by which this occurs in clay soils is not so fully understood. We have developed a technique to study the swelling and three-dimensional deformation of a soil sample during wetting by adapting a triaxial apparatus. This equipment applies a controlled, confined and isotropic pressure to the periphery of the samples. A constant flow of solution is injected into the base of the sample while the lateral and axial deformations are simultaneously controlled. The development of the interstitial pressure, positive or negative, is measured. When the soil is thoroughly wetted, the equipment measures the saturated hydraulic conductivity.The swelling of the soil is not necessarily isotropic, and practically all the possibilities of lateral, isotropic and vertical swelling can be encountered. Furthermore, the swelling can be preceded by significant lateral shrinkage, caused by fissures. The results show the importance of confinement pressure when measuring the swelling of the samples.The adaptation of a triaxial apparatus to the study of the permeability and swelling of soils appears to be promising as it also allows the geometric development of the samples to be traced as well as the changes in the chemical composition of the percolating solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00340.x
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  • 91
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    Transformation of organic matter from maize residues into labile and humic fractions of three European soils as revealed by 13C distribution and CPMAS-NMR spectra (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The dynamics of incorporation of fresh organic residues into the various fractions of soil organic matter have yet to be clarified in terms of chemical structures and mechanisms involved. We studied by 13C-dilution analysis and CPMAS-13C-NMR spectroscopy the distribution of organic carbon from mixed or mulched maize residues into specific defined fractions such as carbohydrates and humic fractions isolated by selective extractants in a year-long incubation of three European soils. The contents of carbohydrates in soil particle size fractions and relative δ13C values showed no retention of carbohydrates from maize but rather decomposition of those from native organic matter in the soil. By contrast, CPMAS-13C-NMR spectra of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) extracted by alkaline solution generally indicated the transfer of maize C (mostly carbohydrates and peptides) into humic materials, whereas spectra of organic matter extracted with an acetone solution (HE) indicated solubilization of an aliphatic-rich, hydrophobic fraction that seemed not to contain any C from maize. The abundance of 13C showed that all humic fractions behaved as a sink for C from maize residues but the FA fraction was related to the turnover of fresh organic matter more than the HA. Removal of hydrophobic components from incubated soils by acetone solution allowed a subsequent extraction of HA and, especially, FA still containing much C from maize. The combination of isotopic measurements and NMR spectra indicated that while hydrophilic compounds from maize were retained in HA and FA, hydrophobic components in the HE fraction had chemical features similar to those of humin. Our results show that the organic compounds released in soils by mineralization of fresh plant residues are stored mainly in the hydrophilic fraction of humic substances which are, in turn, stabilized against microbial degradation by the most hydrophobic humic matter. Our findings suggest that native soil humic substances contribute to the accumulation of new organic matter in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2000.00341.x
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  • 92
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    Short-range spatial variation of nitrous oxide fluxes in relation to compaction and straw residues (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The spatial heterogeneity of N2O flux at short distances (0.1–2 m) was characterized in relation to various soil physical and chemical properties and the location of incorporated crop residues in arable soils. Plots were prepared with uniform compaction (either zero or compacted by a laden two-wheel-drive tractor) in two field experiments, one under winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), the other under oil-seed rape (Brassica napus). Flux measurements were made of N2O using small chambers (7.3 cm diameter) placed at intervals of approximately 10 cm along a transect (c. 2 m long) across the direction of application of the treatments of compaction and residue incorporation. The flux of N2O and many other measurements showed large variation over short distances, particularly when fluxes were small. The spatial variation of the flux was not closely related to the soil properties. Correlations showed that cone resistance, air permeability and closeness to incorporated residues were as important as soil NO3, NH4 and soluble C in determining flux of N2O from non-compacted soils. Most properties of compacted soils did not correlate with N2O flux. Correlation and multiple regression analysis failed to establish consistent relations between soil environmental variables and N2O flux, but principal component regression indicated that, overall, N2O flux increased with decreasing distance from straw residues and air permeability, and with increasing cone resistance and wet bulk density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00347.x
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  • 93
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    Chemical heterogeneity of humic substances: characterization of size fractions obtained by hollow-fibre ultrafiltration (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To investigate the chemical heterogeneity of humic substances in relation to molecular size, fulvic and humic acids were extracted and purified from the surface horizon of a Humic Gleysol in northern Switzerland. A fractionation scheme using hollow-fibre ultrafiltration cartridges was developed and used to obtain four size fractions of the humic acid with nominal molecular weight ranges 〉 300 kDa, 100–300 kDa, 30–100 kDa, and 10–30 kDa. The fulvic acid and all humic acid fractions were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, elemental analysis (C, H, N, S), as well as spectroscopic techniques including UV-VIS, CP-MAS 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and fluorescence spectroscopy.Clear chemical differences between the humic acid size fractions were observed. Smaller size fractions of the soil humic acid contained more chargeable functional groups and a larger percentage of aromatic carbon than the larger size fractions. Conversely, the percentage of aliphatic carbon increased with increasing apparent molecular weight. The chemical composition of the smallest humic acid fraction differed clearly from the fulvic acid fraction, despite similar apparent molecular size and carboxyl carbon content. Small humic acids contained much more aromatic carbon and less aliphatic carbon than the fulvic acid fraction. Apparently, humic size fractions differ in their chemical composition, which can have important implications for their environmental behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2000.00352.x
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  • 94
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    Comments on ‘Empirical modelling of the kinetics of phosphate sorption to macropore materials in aggregated subsoils’ by H. C. B. Hansen, P. E. Hansen & J. Magid (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00333.x
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  • 95
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    Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils. (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00334-3.x
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  • 96
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    Environmental Physics (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00334-7.x
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  • 97
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    Enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) enhance mineralization of carbon in organic upland soils (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We investigated the functional role of enchytraeid worms (Oligochaeta) in organic upland soils experimentally, because that role of these animals is little known. We made microcosms of intact soil cores cut from two depths, 0–4 cm and 4–8 cm, of a Cambic Stagnohumic Gley from the Moor House National Nature Reserve (UK). Enchytraeids were added to half of the microcosms, resulting in four treatments: litter (L), litter + enchytraeids (L + E), soil (S) and soil + enchytraeids (S + E). Triplicates of each treatment were established, and all microcosms (60) were then incubated in the dark at 15°C, arranged in a fully randomized design. The experiment ran over 110 days, with five destructive harvests at days 10, 25, 50, 75 and 110, when microbial measurements (soil respiration and biomass C) as well as measures of decomposition (nutrient concentration in leachates) were made. Enchytraeids almost doubled the availability of organic carbon (measured as dissolved organic carbon in soil leachates) in the surface (0–4 cm) microcosms only. There were no effects of enchytraeids on the release of inorganic N or P from either soil horizon, although the release of ammonium and phosphate was correlated with the number of enchytraeids in the microcosms. The depth from which the soil was taken exerted a strong influence on nutrient leaching, with almost six times more ammonium and four times more carbon being leached from the surface (0–4 cm) layer than from the more decomposed (4–8 cm) horizon. There was little nitrate leaching from any of the treatments, with only one-quarter as much nitrate leached from the surface (0–4 cm) as from the subsurface (4–8 cm) horizon. Enchytraeids had no detectable effect on microbial biomass, but they increased microbial respiration by 35% in the surface (0–4 cm) horizon. Because they enhanced microbial activity in this horizon we suggest that enchytraeids indirectly drive the processes of decomposition and nutrient mineralization in organic upland soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00297.x
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  • 98
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    Sorption of atrazine, 2,4-D, nitrobenzene and pentachlorophenol by urban and industrial wastes (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was carried out to investigate the sorption properties of man-made soil developed from sewage sludge, municipal wastes, brick and mortar debris, harbour sludge, sand fills, fly ash, and wastes from coking plants and coal mines. The composition of organic matter in the samples was analysed, and the sorption isotherms of four reference chemicals (nitrobenzene, atrazine, 2,4-D, pentachlorophenol) were determined. Fly ash, which contains up to 89% of its carbon as Black Carbon, showed a strong affinity to all four chemicals. For the other waste materials, a strong correlation between the logarithm of the Freundlich adsorption constant, Kf, and the logarithm of organic carbon, Co, was established (r = 0.85–0.96). This holds for the non-ionic nitrobenzene and also, within a certain pH range depending on the pKa of the compound, for the three ionizable organic compounds (atrazine: pH 〉 4; 2,4-D: pH 〉 5; PCP: pH 〉 6). At pH near the pKa value the sorption is sensitive to pH. There were no statistically significant differences between the waste materials and the natural soils in the relations between logKf and logCo for either ionic or non-ionic chemicals. This result suggests that the method devised for estimating the sorption of organic chemicals in natural soils based on their content of organic carbon is equally valuable for the waste materials, with the exception of fly ash which contains a large amount of Black Carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00300.x
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  • 99
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    A re-evaluation of the enriched labile soil organic matter fraction (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Identifying ‘functional' pools of soil organic matter and understanding their response to tillage remains elusive. We have studied the effect of tillage on the enriched labile fraction, thought to derive from microbes and having an intermediate turnover time. Four soils, each under three regimes, long-term arable use without tillage (NT), long-term arable under conventional tillage (CT), and native vegetation (NV), were separated into four aggregate size classes. Particle size fractions of macro- (250–2000 μm) and microaggregates (53–250 μm) were isolated by sonication and sieving. Subsequently, densiometric and chemical analyses were made on fine-silt-sized (2–20 μm) particles to isolate and identify the enriched labile fraction. Across soils, the amounts of C and N in the particle size fractions were highly variable and were strongly influenced by mineralogy, specifically by the contents of Fe and Al oxides. This evidence indicates that the fractionation procedure cannot be standardized across soils. In one soil, C associated with fine-silt-sized particles derived from macroaggregates was 567 g C m−2 under NV, 541 g C m−2 under NT, and 135 g C m−2 under CT, whereas C associated with fine-silt-sized particles derived from microaggregates was 552, 1018, 1302 g C m−2 in NV, NT and CT, respectively. These and other data indicate that carbon associated with fine-silt-sized particles is not significantly affected by tillage. Its location is simply shifted from macroaggregates to microaggregates with increasing tillage intensity. Natural abundance 13C analyses indicated that the enriched labile fraction was the oldest fraction isolated from both macro- and microaggregates. We conclude that the enriched labile fraction is a ‘passive' pool of soil organic matter in the soil and is not derived from microbes nor sensitive to cultivation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00304.x
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  • 100
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    Characterization of β- d-glucosidase extracted from soil fractions (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: One way to study the state in which stabilized extracellular enzymes persist and are active in the soil is by extraction from the soil, with subsequent fractionation of enzyme–organomineral complexes and characterization of such complexes. In order to investigate the location and characteristics of soil β-glucosidase, three soil fractions were obtained both from real (undisturbed) soil aggregates and from structural (dispersed in water and physically disrupted) aggregates using two different granulometric procedures. The β-glucosidase activity of the fraction was then assayed. When the aggregates were dispersed, more than 73% of activity was in the soil microaggregates with diameters of less than 50 μm (SF50). These aggregates were associated with strongly humified organic matter. Solutions of diluted pyrophosphate at neutral pH liberated active β-glucosidase from all fractions, although the efficacy of extraction varied according to the type of fraction. The SF50 fraction and aggregates of 2000–100 μm obtained by sieving (SF2000) showed the greatest β-glucosidase activity (34.5 and 36.0%, respectively). Micro- and ultrafiltration of SF50 extracts increased the total β-glucosidase activity, whereas these procedures, applied to the RF2000 fraction, decreased it. Humus–β-glucosidase complexes in the SF50 fraction, between 0.45 μm and 105 nominal molecular weight limit ( nmwl) (SF50II) and 〈 105nmwl (SF50III) showed an optimum pH at 5.4, and in the SF50I fraction (〉 0.45 μm) the optimum was 4.0. The stability of β-glucosidase in the aggregates of the smallest size SF50II and SF50III decreased at acid pHs. The presence of two enzymes (or two forms of the same enzyme) catalysing the same reaction with different values of Michaelis constant and maximum velocity was observed in all but one of the β-glucosidase complexes extracted and partially purified from the SF50 aggregates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00309.x
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