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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aggregate strength and mechanical behaviour of a sandy loam soil under long-term fertilization treatments (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Current concern for soil quality has stimulated research on soil biological and chemical properties. In contrast, the mechanical behaviour of soil is somewhat neglected. We have examined the effects on soil mechanical properties of more than 100 years of contrasting fertilization employing three treatments from the Askov long-term experiment: UNF (unfertilized), NPK (mineral fertilized) and AM (animal manured). We have measured tensile strength of aggregates when air-dry and when adjusted to −10, −30 and −100 kPa pressure potential. Four aggregate size classes were investigated (1–2, 2–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm diameter). Soil fragmentation was characterized in the field using a drop-shatter test. Bulk soil strength was determined in the field using a shear vane and a torsional shear box. Soil texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass were measured. The unfertilized soil has little soil organic matter and microbial biomass and is dense. Its aggregates were strong when dry and weak when wet. In contrast, the manured soil had strong aggregates when wet and rather weak ones when dry. The NPK soil generally had intermediate properties. The differences between the soils when dry seem to be related to differences in dispersible clay content, whereas the differences when wet are related to differences in the amount of organic binding and bonding material. The optimal water content for tillage as well as the tolerable range in water content was largest in the manured soil and smallest in the unfertilized soil. Our results indicate that soil mechanical properties should be measured over a range of water regimes to determine the effects of various long-term fertilization treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00424.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain yield, yield components, drought sensitivity and water use efficiency of spring wheat subjected to water stress at various growth stages (1985)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 6 (1985), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of water stress at various growth stages on yield and yield structure of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, L., cv. “Sappo”) was investigated using lysimeters in the field, automatically protected from rain by a mobile glass roof. Each drought treatment consisted of a single period without irrigation. Irrigation was resumed when all available soil water (100 mm between field capacity and permanent wilting to a depth of 100 cm) had been used. The drought periods were defined as beginning when relative evapotranspiration decreased below one and ending at reirrigation. The first drought occurred during tillering and jointing and the final one during grain formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251561
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canopy-air temperature of crops grown under different irrigation regimes in a temperate humid climate (1991)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 12 (1991), S. 99-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190017
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canopy-air temperature of crops grown under different irrigation regimes in a temperate humid climate (1990)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 11 (1990), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Canopy temperatures of wheat, barley, rape and perennial rye grass crops, grown under temperate humid climatic conditions at different irrigation regimes were measured during two growing seasons, 1986 and 1987, by determining the emission of radiation in the wavelength interval 8〈λ〈14 μm. Global radiation, net radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were measured simultaneously. The canopy temperature of the crops either fully irrigated or under water stress fluctuated up to 6 °C within a few minutes in response to rapid changes in global radiation. At high level of global radiation (800–1000 W m−2) canopy-air temperature differences up to 8 °C were measured whereas at low level of global radiation (100–200 W m−2) canopy-air temperature differences were found to approach zero or become negative even at severe crop water stress. Canopy temperature differences between water stressed and fully irrigated crops up to 6 °C were measured under conditions of high evaporative demand whereas under conditions of low evaporative demand canopy temperature differences between water stressed and fully irrigated crops approached zero even at severe crop water stress. For each crop the lower base line, i.e. the relationship between canopy-air temperature difference and vapor pressure deficit for a fully irrigated crop, was estimated by linear regression. In most cases a poor correlation was obtained which is attributed to considerable temporal variability in global radiation and wind speed and to the narrow range of prevailing values of vapor pressure deficit. However, from the base line for rape and barley it was possible to calculate apparent values of the aerodynamic resistance and the crop resistance which were of the same order of magnitude as those found for other crops by using this method under more arid climatic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189456
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen losses from field-grown spring barley plants as affected by rate of nitrogen application (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia ; barley ; gaseous nitrogen ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen harvest index ; nitrogen-15 tracer ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The content of soil derived (unlabelled) and fertilizer derived (15N-labelled) nitrogen in the aerial parts of spring sown barley was followed during three growing seasons with widely different climatic conditions. The nitrogen fertilizer was NH4NO3. It was applied annually at four levels (30, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha−1). The content of fertilizer derived N in the aerial parts of the barley plants was found to attain maximum level about the time of ear emergence. Thereafter it declined. The decline varied from about 5 to 40kg N ha−1. As much as 45% of the fertilizer derived N taken up earlier in the growing period was thereby lost. The content of soil derived N in the aerial parts of the barley plants was independent of the amount of applied N fertilizer and it increased steadily during the whole growing period. Any loss of soil derived N from the tops was therefore more than compensated for by continuous uptake of soil derived N through the roots. The greatest losses of fertilizer derived N took place from plants with a nitrogen harvest index (ratio between grain N content and total shoot N content) below 0.63 at maturity. In contrast, only little nitrogen was lost from plants with a nitrogen harvest index above 0.68 at maturity. The periods of rapid N losses did not coincide with the variation of the rainfall. The cause of the nitrogen loss is discussed and it is suggested that a substantial part of the loss was due to volatilization of ammonia from the aerial parts of the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214544
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate potential and phosphate capacity of soils (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the phosphate potential (I) and the amount of phosphate (Q), added to the soil has been examined by equilibrating soil samples with 0.001M or 0.01M CaCl2 solutions containing various amounts of phosphate. For one neutral and two alkaline soils the Q/I relationship depends on the CaCl2 concentration and the pH in such a way that the apparent values of I decrease when the CaCl2 concentration increases from 0.001 M to 0.01M. The difference between the two values increases when the pH increases. When correction is made for the formation of the soluble calcium phosphate complex, CaHPO4, the Q/I relationship becomes independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The initial phosphate potential (I0) determined by interpolation, is also found to be independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The necessary amount of phosphate to be added or removed per gram of soil in order to obtain a certain alteration of the phosphate potential is designated the differential phosphate potential buffering capacity, DPBC. For ten soils DPBC-values are determined on the basis of the Q/I relationships, (ΔQ/ΔI)Io, and found to be independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The content of colloids and of inorganic phosphate accounts for a significant part of the variation in the DPBC for different soils. The importance of the DPBC for characterization of the phosphate status of soils in respect to phosphate supply to plants is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378193
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The course of nitrogen uptake by spring barley from soil and fertilizer nitrogen (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 391-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Fertilizer ; Microbial immobilization ; Nitrogen uptake ; Nitrogen disappearance ; Nitrogen recovery ; Labelled nitrogen fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspects of the fate of15N labelled ammonium nitrate (30, 90, 120 or 150 kg N ha−1) supplied to spring barley on a sandy clay loam were studied. 60 to 80% of the supplied NH4NO3 could not be extracted with 2M NaCl few days after its application. As a minimum 20 to 30% of the disappeared fertilizer-N was absorbed by the crop during the following 52 days. In our opinion this disappearance was mainly caused by microbial immobilization. The course of nitrogen uptake from soil- and fertilizer-N showed that: 1. Uptake of soil N was independent of fertilizer-N application — no priming effect. 2. Uptake of fertilizer NH4−N was delayed in comparison with the uptake of fertilizer NO3−N. 3. Fertilizer-N uptake by the barley crop almost terminated at earing whereas N uptake from soil N continued, and 4. About 7% of plant absorbed fertilizer N disappeared from the crop during the grain filling period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198130
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate potential and phosphate capacity of soils (1970)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 33 (1970), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the phosphate potential (I) and the amount of phosphate (Q), added to the soil has been examined by equilibrating soil samples with 0.001M or 0.01M CaCl2 solutions containing various amounts of phosphate. For one neutral and two alkaline soils the Q/I relationship depends on the CaCl2 concentration and the pH in such a way that the apparent values of I decrease when the CaCl2 concentration increases from 0.001 M to 0.01M. The difference between the two values increases when the pH increases. When correction is made for the formation of the soluble calcium phosphate complex, CaHPO4, the Q/I relationship becomes independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The initial phosphate potential (I0) determined by interpolation, is also found to be independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The necessary amount of phosphate to be added or removed per gram of soil in order to obtain a certain alteration of the phosphate potential is designated the differential phosphate potential buffering capacity, DPBC. For ten soils DPBC-values are determined on the basis of the Q/I relationships, (ΔQ/ΔI)Io, and found to be independent of the CaCl2 concentration. The content of colloids and of inorganic phosphate accounts for a significant part of the variation in the DPBC for different soils. The importance of the DPBC for characterization of the phosphate status of soils in respect to phosphate supply to plants is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378193
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate leaching from loamy soils as affected by crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizer application (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; farmyard manure ; denitrification ; nitrogen losses ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate leaching as affected by cropping system/crop rotation, history of farmyard manure application or fertilizer nitrogen application (0 N, 0.5 N and 1 N) was studied at nine sites on loamy soils during 1986/87, 1987/88 and 1988/89. Soil solution from 80 to 90 cm soil depth was sampled every second week in the period November to May by the use of porous ceramic cups and analysed for NO3-N and Cl. Climatical conditions were obtained from standard meteorological observations in the region. Drainage from soil profiles was calculated from measured and simulated values of precipitation and actual evapotranspiration, respectively. The results show that type of crop is of the utmost importance for the leaching magnitude of nitrate as 40% of the total variance in nitrate concentrations in the soil solution could be explained by the type of crop. The second factor of importance was the history of farmyard manure (FYM) application, which was able to explain 28% of the total variation in nitrate concentration in the soil solution. Nitrate concentration/leaching from arable land without FYM ever being applied was considerably lower than from arable land which received periodical FYM applications until the early 70's or from arable land which besides periodical FYM applications in the past presently still receives regular applications of FYM. Only about 1% of the total variation in nitrate concentration in the soil solution was explainable by the level of fertilizer nitrogen application. Differences between years explained 14% of the total variation in nitrate concentration in the soil solution due to differences between the years in soil temperatures and water run-off. The run-off during the autumn and winter of 1986/87, 1987/88 and 1988/89 was 95, 275 and 55 mm, respectively. As expected nitrate leaching increased with increasing run off. However, nitrate leaching at the 275 mm run off was considerably lower than expected, which seems explainable by a substantial denitrification. The soil at the sites in question seems thus partly to purify the soil solution for nitrate before it leaves the root zone at the observed high run off conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048757
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Simulation model ; crop production ; soil water dynamics ; soil nitrogen dynamics ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic simulation model for the soil plant system is described. The model includes a number of main modules, viz., a hydrological model including a submodel for soil water dynamics, a soil temperature model, a soil nitrogen model including a submodel for soil organic matter dynamics, and a crop model including a submodel for nitrogen uptake. The soil part of the model has a one-dimensional vertical structure. The soil profile is divided into layers on the basis of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The simulation model was used to simulate soil nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat grown at two locations at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. The simulated results were compared to experimental data including concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil, crop yield, and nitrogen accumulated in the aboveground part of the crop. Based on this validation it is concluded that the overall performance of the model is satisfactory although some minor adjustments of the model may prove to be necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051131
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