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Ammonia volatilization from poultry manure-amended soil (1993)

Schilke-Gartley, K. L. ; Sims, J. T.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 5-10

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Organic waste ; Animal waste ; Crop residues ; Nitrogen losses ; Ammonia volatilization

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Poultry manure (PM) is commonly applied to cropland as a fertilizer, usually at rates determined by the nitrogen content of the manure. Limited information is available, however, on the volatilization of ammonia from poultry manure-amended soils, despite the effect these losses may have on the fertilizer value of the manure. This study was initiated to determine the influence of incorporation and residue cover on NH3 losses from PM-amended soils. In the first experiment, a dynamic flow technique was used to measure NH3 losses from 18 manures applied to a bare soil surface at a rate of 12 Mg ha-1. In the second experiment, 3 of the 18 manures were incorporated either immediately, 24 h or 72 h after application. The third experiment compared the same three manures applied to a bare soil surface or to corn or soybean residues. Surface application of the manures resulted in the loss of from 4 to 31% of the total N applied in the manures. Incorporation of the PM with soil significantly reduced NH3 loss with the greatest decrease following immediate incorporation. Crop residues either had no effect or slightly reduced NH3 volatilization losses relative to PM application to a bare soil surface. Ammonia volatilization was not well correlated with individual manure properties, but a multiple regression approach using manure pH and total N content offered some promise as a means to segregate manures of the basis of volatilization potential.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336507

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2

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Estimation of the phosphorus sorption capacity of acidic soils in Ireland (2001)

Maguire, R. O. ; Foy, R. H. ; Bailey, J. S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The test for the degree of phosphorus (P) saturation (DPS) of soils is used in northwest Europe to estimate the potential of P loss from soil to water. It expresses the historic sorption of P by soil as a percentage of the soil's P sorption capacity (PSC), which is taken to be α (Alox + Feox), where Alox and Feox are the amounts of aluminium and iron extracted by a single extraction of oxalate. All quantities are measured as mmol kg soil−1, and a value of 0.5 is commonly used for the scaling factor α in this equation. Historic or previously sorbed P is taken to be the quantity of P extracted by oxalate (Pox) so that DPS = Pox/PSC.The relation between PSC and Alox, Feox and Pox was determined for 37 soil samples from Northern Ireland with relatively large clay and organic matter contents. Sorption of P, measured over 252 days, was strongly correlated with the amounts of Alox and Feox extracted, but there was also a negative correlation with Pox. When PSC was calculated as the sum of the measured sorption after 252 days and Pox, the multiple regression of PSC on Alox and Feox gave the equation PSC = 36.6 + 0.61 Alox+ 0.31 Feox with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92. The regression intercept of 36.6 was significantly greater than zero. The 95% confidence limits for the regression coefficients of Alox and Feox did not overlap, indicating a significantly larger regression coefficient of P sorption on Alox than on Feox. When loss on ignition was employed as an additional variable in the multiple regression of PSC on Alox and Feox, it was positively correlated with PSC. Although the regression coefficient for loss on ignition was statistically significant (P 〈 0.001), the impact of this variable was small as its inclusion in the multiple regression increased R2 by only 0.028. Values of P sorption measured over 252 days were on average 2.75 (range 2.0–3.8) times greater than an overnight index of P sorption. Measures of DPS were less well correlated with water-soluble P than either the Olsen or Morgan tests for P in soil.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00394.x

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3

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Impact of Fly Ash Amendment and Incorporation Method on Hydraulic Properties of a Sandy Soil (2000)

Gangloff, W. J. ; Ghodrati, M. ; Sims, J. T. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 231-245

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: fly ash ; infiltration rate ; incorporation method

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Coal fly ash has physical and chemical characteristics that makeit useful as a soil amendment, one of the more important beingthe potential to permanently improve the soil water relations ofsandy, drought-prone soils. We axemined changes in theinfiltration rate and water holding capacity of a sandy soilafter application of high rates (up to 950 Mg ha-1) of aClass F fly ash. Fly ash was applied to large field plots byeither conventional tillage (CT; moldboard plow-disk) orintensive tillage (IT; chisel plow-rotovate-disk), and tomicroplots using a rototiller. Infiltration rate (i) wasmeasured in both studies with a disk permeameter on threeoccasions over a 12-month period. Ash effects on gravimetric water content (θg) at the 0–40 cm soil depth were measuredduring a 168 hr period following a 2.5 cm rainfall event andwater release curves (33 to 500 kPa) were constructed in thelaboratory using soils from the large plots. In both studiesi was decreased by ∼80% one year after additionof fly ash and θgin ash-amended soil was higher than unamended soil throughoutthe 168 hr monitoring period. Soil water distribution variedwith tillage; the IT treatment had the highest θg increasesin the 0–20 cm depth while the CT treatment had θgincreases throughout the 0–40 cm depth. Soil water content anddistribution in ash-amended microplots were similar to ITtreatments. Fly ash amendment not only increased water holdingcapacity but also increased plant available water by 7–13% inthe 100–300 kPa range. These results suggest fly ash amendmentmay have the potential to improve crop production in excessivelydrained soils by decreasing i and increasing the amountof plant available water in the root zone.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005150807037

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Nitrate leaching in an Atlantic Coastal Plain soil amended with poultry manure or urea-ammonium nitrate: Influence of thiosulfate (1994)

Sallade, Y. E. ; Sims, J. T.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 78 (1994), S. 307-316

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Nitrate leaching, which can lead to groundwater contamination, is a common occurrence, especially in sandy, well drained soils. Nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) and ammonium fertilizers has been shown to undergo rapid nitrification upon addition to soils, making it highly susceptible to nitrate leaching. Any management technique that could delay nitrification and thereby reduce nitrate leaching would be desirable. Ammonium thiosulfate has been shown to be an effective nitrification inhibitor in laboratory studies and may be useful in reducing nitrate leaching. Soil columns, 75 cm long and inner diameter 19.6 cm, were packed with a reconstituted profile of a Rumford loamy sand and amended with urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) or PM. Corn was grown in the columns to create a dynamic soil/plant system. Columns were placed in a greenhouse and were leached periodically for a period of 10 weeks with deionized water in amounts intended to simulate early spring and summer rainfall patterns in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Column leachates, as well as plant and soil samples were collected and analyzed for NO3-N and NH4-N. Nitrate-N leaching was largely dependent upon the amount of water moving through the system. Ammonium thiosulfate did not significantly decrease NO3-N leaching or increase plant N uptake when used in combination with UAN or PM. Comparable amounts of NO3-N leaching were observed for the UAN and the PM treated column. Additionally, large amounts of NO3-N leaching were observed with the control columns, suggesting that residual soil N from previous crops can contribute significantly to NO3-N leaching and may deserve further investigation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483039

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5

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Evaluation of fly ash as a soil amendment for the Atlantic Coastal Plain: I. Soil hydraulic properties and elemental leaching (1995)

Ghodrati, M. ; Sims, J. T. ; Vasilas, B. L.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 81 (1995), S. 349-361

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract A major limitation to crop yields in the Atlantic Coastal Plain is drought stress caused by the low moisture-holding capacities of the coarse-textured soils common to the area. Because coal fly ash is comprised primarily of silt and clay-sized particles, it has the potential, if applied at high enough rates, to permanently change soil texture and increase moisture holding capacity. A series of soil column studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of high rates of fly ash on soil hydraulic properties and elemental leaching of trace metals and boron. Fly ash from two Delaware power plants (EM=Edgemoor and IR=Indian River) was incorporated in a Hammonton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic, Typic Hapludults) at six rates (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40%, by weight). The effect of fly ash on soil moisture holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, and wetting front velocity was determined. Leachates from columns amended with 30% fly ash were analyzed for B, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn. Soil moisture holding capacity was increased from 12% in the soil alone to 25% in the soil amended with 30% fly ash. Boron and soluble salts leached rapidly from ash amended soils while only trace quantities of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn were detected in column leachates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104020

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6

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Evaluation of fly ash as a soil amendment for the Atlantic Coastal Plain: II. Soil chemical properties and crop growth (1995)

Sims, J. T. ; Vasilas, B. L. ; Ghodrati, M.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 81 (1995), S. 363-372

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Crop yields in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the U.S.A. are limited by the low moisture-holding capacities of the sandy soils common to the region. Corn was grown in a Hammonton loamy sand soil amended with fly ash (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) to determine if the ash rates required to improve soil moisture holding capacity would adversely affect plant growth, or soil and plant levels of nutrients and heavy metals. Fly ash increased soil test levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. Nutrient concentrations in plants grown in the ash-amended soils, except P, Mn, and B, remained within established sufficiency ranges. The 20 and 40% ash rates increased soil soluble salt (EC) levels from 0.2 to 1.1–1.5 and 1.7–2.1 mmho cm−1, soil pH from 5.6 to 6.0–6.4 or 6.3–6.9, and extractable B from 0.2 to 2.2–5.9 and 2.2–9.0 mg kg−1. Fly ash reduced corn germination, delayed seedling emergence, and reduced root and shoot dry weights. Plant B concentrations at the 40% ash rate were in the phytotoxic range (136–189 mg kg−1). Management practices that allow for pre-leaching of B and soluble salts will likely be required to attain satisfactory corn growth in ash-amended soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104021

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Evaluation of thiosulfate as a nitrification inhibitor for manures and fertilizers (1992)

Sallade, Y. E. ; Sims, J. T.

Springer

Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 283-291

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: fertilizers ; incubation studies ; manures ; nitrate leaching ; nitrification inhibitors

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) and ammoniacal fertilizers undergoes rapid nitrification upon addition to soils, making it highly susceptible to leaching and thus creating a potential for groundwater contamination by nitrate-N. Any management technique that could delay nitrification would be desirable. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine the effect of thiosulfate, a known nitrification inhibitor, on nitrification in a loamy sand soil amended with five N sources, including two poultry manures and three N fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, CO(NH2)2]. The manures or fertilizers were added to a soil-sand mixture alone or in combination with Na2S2O at a rate of 100 mg N kg-1 for the inorganic N sources and 147 mg N kg-1 and 122 mg N kg-1 for PM-1 and PM-2 respectively. All treatments were incubated for 12 weeks and analyzed periodically for NO3-N and NH4-N. Thiosulfate was most effective with NH4NO3, maintaining 100% inhibition of nitrification throughout the 12 week study, and with (NH4)2SO4 (89% inhibition at 12 weeks). Thiosulfate also inhibited nitrification from urea and poultry manure, but the inhibitory effect diminished later in the incubation. Urea had 81% inhibition of nitrification after eight weeks, decreasing to 26% by week 12, while the manures averaged 89% inhibition after four weeks and 20% at week 12. Net mineralization of organic N from PM was also reduced by the use of thiosulfate, particularly for PM-1 where the percentage of organic N mineralized decreased from 42% after four weeks incubation to 3% at week 12. Therefore, while thiosulfate can reduce nitrification from manures, and thus the potential for nitrate leaching, the timing of manure application will influence the effect of thiosulfate on the availability of manure N for plant uptake or leaching.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029080

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