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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases  (22)
  • historical earthquakes  (16)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation  (12)
  • Physics
  • INGV  (50)
  • 2005-2009  (50)
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  • 1
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    Can the polarization tagging of the ionogram trace deceive autoscaling methods? The Learmonth case (2008)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper focuses on the problem of invalid O/X polarization tagging of an ionogram and how this can affect ionogram autoscaling methods. To illustrate this problem, 623 ionograms recorded in March and April 2004 (days 080-105) by the digisonde 256 installed at Learmonth (22.3° S, 114.1° E) were considered. These ionograms, often characterized by very unreliable O/X polarization tagging of the echoes because of unresolved antenna issues, have been autoscaled by both ARTIST 4.2 and Autoscala. Results of comparisons between automatically and manually scaled foF2 data are shown for both programs, considering as acceptable an autoscaled value that lies within 0.5 MHz of the manual value. Autoscala values of foF2 agree with the manually-scaled values for ~99% of ionograms, while ARTIST values of foF2 agree with the manually-scaled values for ~75% of ionograms. While ARTIST was coded on the assumption of valid polarization tagging, the fact remains that it produces invalid results when equipment issues cause invalid tagging. Autoscaling procedures that do not use the polarization tagging will generally work better than ARTIST in such cases. However, these other procedures are susceptible to failure in other situations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 597-607
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ionospheric Monitoring ; Ionograms ; ARTIST ; Autoscala ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Monitoring of fumarole discharge and CO2 soil degassing in the Azores: contribution to volcanic surveillance and public health risk assessment (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: Fluid geochemistry monitoring in the Azores involves the regular sampling and analysis of gas discharges from fumaroles and measurements of CO2 diffuse soil gas emissions. Main degassing areas under monitoring are associated with hydrothermal systems of active central volcanoes in S. Miguel, Terceira and Graciosa islands. Fumarole discharge analysis since 1991 show that apart from steam these gas emissions are CO2 dominated with H2S, H2, CH4 and N2 in minor amounts. Mapping of CO2 diffuse soil emissions in S. Miguel Island lead to the conclusion that some inhabited areas are located within hazard-zones. At Furnas village, inside Furnas volcano caldera, about 62% of the 896 houses are within the CO2 anomaly, 5% being in areas of moderate to high risk. At Ribeira Seca, on the north flank of Fogo volcano, few family houses were evacuated when CO2 concentrations in the air reached 8 mol%. To assess and analyse the CO2 soil flux emissions, continuous monitoring stations were installed in S. Miguel (2), Terceira and Graciosa islands. The statistical analysis of the data showed that some meteorological parameters influence the CO2 flux. The average of CO2 flux in S. Miguel stations ranges from 250 g/m2/d at Furnas volcano to 530 g/m2/d at Fogo volcano. At Terceira Island it is about 330 g/m2/d and at Graciosa 4400 g/m2/d.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanology ; geochemistry ; soil degassing ; monitoring ; risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    The 14 August 1708 Manosque, France earthquake: new constraintson the damage area from in-depth historical studies (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: In this paper, we re-evaluate the damage area of the 14 August 1708 Manosque earthquake, Southeast France. It is the strongest event (Io = VIII MSK) of a seismic sequence that lasted from March to October 1708. We show that the spatial repartition of the damage that can be proposed based on the existing sources, is clearly biased by the abundant narrative information concerning Manosque. This sparseness in the information can be attributed to differences in communication routes or strategies between the different localities, and affects the global perception of the event, especially in the rural area. To tackle this bias, we propose to inventory the building repairs reported in non-narrative sources in order to capture the effects of the Manosque earthquake in the surrounding region. The debates and accounts (between mid-1708 and 1710) show that moderate to heavy repairs consistently affect localities in the epicentral area, covering a region of at least 12 km radius around Manosque. These building repairs, indirectly attesting to earthquake damage, provide valuable and complementary information, which resulted in a better knowledge of this event. In particular, we propose new intensity estimates (I 〉VI) at six localities.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; non-narrativesources ; damage area ; building repairs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The historical sources of large and moderate earthquakes, earthquake catalogues and monographs exist in many depositories in Syria and European centers. They have been studied, and the detailed review and analysis resulted in a catalogue with 181 historical earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Numerous original documents in Arabic, Latin, Byzantine and Assyrian allowed us to identify seismic events not mentioned in previous works. In particular, detailed descriptions of damage in Arabic sources provided quantitative information necessary to re-evaluate past seismic events. These large earthquakes (I0〉VIII) caused considerable damage in cities, towns and villages located along the northern section of the Dead Sea fault system. Fewer large events also occurred along the Palmyra, Ar-Rassafeh and the Euphrates faults in Eastern Syria. Descriptions in original sources document foreshocks, aftershocks, fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis, fires and other damages. We present here an updated historical catalogue of 181 historical earthquakes distributed in 4 categories regarding the originality and other considerations, we also present a table of the parametric catalogue of 36 historical earthquakes (table I) and a table of the complete list of all historical earthquakes (181 events) with the affected locality names and parameters of information quality and completeness (table II) using methods already applied in other regions (Italy, England, Iran, Russia) with a completeness test using EMS-92. This test suggests that the catalogue is relatively complete for magnitudes 〉6.5. This catalogue may contribute to a comprehensive and unified parametric earthquake catalogue and to a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in Syria and surrounding regions.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; historical sources ; seismic hazards ; Dead Sea fault system ; Eastern Mediterranean ; Lebanon ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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  • 5
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    The TID model for modulation of large scale electron density models (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Various modern applications of empirical electron density models need realistic structures of the electron density distribution with smaller scales than the model background. Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) produce three dimensional and time dependent disturbances of the background ionization. We present a TID model suitable to «modulate» large scale electron density distributions by multiplication. A model TID takes into account the forward tilt of the disturbance wave front, a distinct vertical structure, a fan type horizontal radiation characteristic, geometric dilution and attenuation. More complicated radiation patterns can be constructed by means of superposition. The model TIDs originate from source regions which can be chosen arbitrarily. We show examples for TID modulations of the background model family developed at Trieste and Graz (NeQuick, COSTprof and NeUoG-plas).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosphere ; electron density models ; Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances ; TID model ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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  • 6
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    Noble gas solubility in silicate melts:a review of experimentation and theory, and implications regarding magma degassing processes (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Noble gas solubility in silicate melts and glasses has gained a crucial role in Earth Sciences investigations and in the studies of non-crystalline materials on a micro to a macro-scale. Due to their special geochemical features, noble gases are in fact ideal tracers of magma degassing. Their inert nature also allows them to be used to probe the structure of silicate melts. Owing to the development of modern high pressure and temperature technologies, a large number of experimental investigations have been performed on this subject in recent times. This paper reviews the related literature, and tries to define our present state of knowledge, the problems encountered in the experimental procedures and the theoretical questions which remain unresolved. Throughout the manuscript I will also try to show how the thermodynamic and structural interpretations of the growing experimental dataset are greatly improving our understanding of the dissolution mechanisms, although there are still several points under discussion. Our improved capability of predicting noble gas solubilities in conditions closer to those found in magma has allowed scientists to develop quantitative models of magma degassing, which provide constraints on a number of questions of geological impact. Despite these recent improvements, noble gas solubility in more complex systems involving the main volatiles in magmas, is poorly known and a lot of work must be done. Expertise from other fields would be extremely valuable to upcoming research, thus focus should be placed on the structural aspects and the practical and commercial interests of the study of noble gas solubility.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: noble gases ; solubility ; degassing ; silicate melts ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A model of sulphur solubility for hydrous mafic melts: application to the determination of magmatic fluid compositions of Italian volcanoes (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We present an empirical model of sulphur solubility that allows us to calculate f S2 if P, T, fO2 and the melt composition, including H2O and S, are known. The model is calibrated against three main experimental data bases consisting in both dry and hydrous silicate melts. Its prime goal is to calculate the f S2 of hydrous basalts that currently lack experimental constraints of their sulphur solubility behaviour. Application of the model to Stromboli, Vesuvius, Vulcano and Etna eruptive products shows that the primitive magmas found at these volcanoes record f S2 in the range 0.1-1 bar. In contrast, at all volcanoes the magmatic evolution is marked by dramatic variations in f S2 that spreads over up to 9 orders of magnitude. The f S2 can either increase during differentiation or decrease during decompression to shallow reservoirs, and seems to be related to closed versus open conduit conditions, respectively. The calculated f S2 shows that the Italian magmas are undersaturated in a FeS melt, except during closed conduit conditions, in which case differentiation may eventually reach conditions of sulphide melt saturation. The knowledge of f S2, fO2 and fH2O allows us to calculate the fluid phase composition coexisting with magmas at depth in the C-O-H-S system. Calculated fluids show a wide range in composition, with CO2 mole fractions of up to 0.97. Except at shallow levels, the fluid phase is generally dominated by CO2 and H2O species, the mole fractions of SO2 and H2S rarely exceeding 0.05 each. The comparison between calculated fluid compositions and volcanic gases shows that such an approach should provide constraints on both the depth and mode of degassing, as well as on the amount of free fluid in magma reservoirs. Under the assumption of a single step separation of the gas phase in a closed-system condition, the application to Stromboli and Etna suggests that the main reservoirs feeding the eruptions and persistent volcanic plumes at these volcanoes might contain as much as 5 wt% of a free fluid phase. Consideration of the magma budget needed to balance the amounts of volatiles emitted in the light of these results shows that the amount of nonerupted magma could be overestimated by as much as one order of magnitude.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: sulphur ; hydrous basalts ; volcanic gas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 8
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    Volatile diffusion in silicate melts and its effects on melt inclusions (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: A compendium of diffusion measurements and their Arrhenius equations for water, carbon dioxide, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine in silicate melts similar in composition to natural igneous rocks is presented. Water diffusion in silicic melts is well studied and understood, however little data exists for melts of intermediate to basic compositions. The data demonstrate that both the water concentration and the anhydrous melt composition affect the diffusion coefficient of water. Carbon dioxide diffusion appears only weakly dependent, at most, on the volatilefree melt composition and no effect of carbon dioxide concentration has been observed, although few experiments have been performed. Based upon one study, the addition of water to rhyolitic melts increases carbon dioxide diffusion by orders of magnitude to values similar to that of 6 wt% water. Sulfur diffusion in intermediate to silicic melts depends upon the anhydrous melt composition and the water concentration. In water-bearing silicic melts sulfur diffuses 2 to 3 orders of magnitude slower than water. Chlorine diffusion is affected by both water concentration and anhydrous melt composition; its values are typically between those of water and sulfur. Information on fluorine diffusion is rare, but the volatile-free melt composition exerts a strong control on its diffusion. At the present time the diffusion of water, carbon dioxide, sulfur and chlorine can be estimated in silicic melts at magmatic temperatures. The diffusion of water and carbon dioxide in basic to intermediate melts is only known at a limited set of temperatures and compositions. The diffusion data for rhyolitic melts at 800°C together with a standard model for the enrichment of incompatible elements in front of growing crystals demonstrate that rapid crystal growth, greater than 10-10 ms-1, can significantly increase the volatile concentrations at the crystal-melt interface and that any of that melt trapped by the formation of melt inclusions may not be representative of the bulk melt. However, basaltic melt inclusions trapped at 1300°C are more likely to contain bulk melt concentrations of water and carbon dioxide.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: diffusion ; silicate melts ; volatiles ; water ; carbon dioxide ; sulfur ; fluorine ; igneous processes ; chlorine ; melt inclusion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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  • 9
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    Constraining the dynamics of volcanic eruptions by characterization of pumice textures (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We have characterized the textures of pumice clasts from Phlegraean Fields to gain insights into the conduit flow-dynamics of alkaline explosive eruptions. Vesicularities, vesicle number densities, and vesicle sizes and shapes were measured to obtain the bulk and groundmass properties of the juvenile fraction of Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and Agnano Monte Spina (AMS) eruptions. The results report the coexistence of three end-member pumice types in the deposits of both eruptions, 1) microvesicular, 2) tube and 3) expanded, which differ according to clast morphology and the macro- to microscopic vesicle texture. Vesicularities (0.85-0.94 for CI, 0.51-0.91 for AMS) and vesicle number densities (2-4×105 cm-2 in CI, 3×105-106 cm-2 in AMS) span quite a wide range in all the three pumice types. Overall, tube pumices exhibit the highest bulk (0.89) and groundmass (CI 0.85, AMS 0.82) average vesicle volume fractions but the lowest average vesicle number densities (CI 2×105, AMS 4×105 cm-2). Comparison with textures of calc-alkaline pumices has revealed many similarities and points to a common origin and distribution of the products from both magma compositions within the volcanic conduit. In addition, the results of the textural analysis were interpreted in the light of the conduit flow modeling of Phlegraean Fields eruptions. The comparison of textural observations with results from simulations of conduit magma ascent has exhibited a good agreement between measured and numerically calculated vesicularities for both compositions, helping to constrain the overall dynamics of alkaline versus calc-alkaline eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Phlegraean Fields ; Plinian eruptions ; vesicle textures ; magma ascent dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 10
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    Determination of volatiles in volcanic rocks and minerals with a Directly Coupled Evolved Gas Analyzing System (DEGAS) -Part I: Interpretation of degassing profiles (DEGAS-profiles) of minerals and rocks on the basis of melting experiments (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Volatile components in magma strongly influence many physical properties of melts and minerals. The temperature resolved degassing analysis of volcanic crystalline and vitreous rocks gives detailed information about volatile compounds in the melt. Aspecial high-temperature mass-spectrometry device in combination with a thermo-balance allows a quantitative determination of different volatile species. It enables a differentiation between the primary gas content in the magma and the gas released from decomposition of secondary alteration products. The gas release profiles give the following indications: i) during the littoral explosions of Pahoehoe lava the content of volatiles is not changed by interaction with air or sea water; ii) the degassing profiles of vitreous black sand verify the primary content of volatiles in the erupted melt, only CO2 was detected; iii) the oxygen release profile gives significant indications for oxygen undersaturation of the erupted magma; iv) remelting of black sand in air at 1450°C for 0.45 h causes an oxygen saturation of the basaltic melt; v) remelting of black sand in argon atmosphere confirms the oxygen undersaturation of the melt; vi) remelting of black sand-black shale mixtures affects a significant change in the degassing profiles, especially in CO2-release. With the first investigations we can demonstrate that gas release curves of volcanic rocks are qualified for a) detection of the primary gas content of erupted magma; b) detection of alteration processes of the igneous glass; c) detection of contamination of the magma with adjacent rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volatiles ; magmatic rocks ; basaltic glass ; degassing ; Hawaiian lava ; remelting ; blacksand ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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  • 11
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    Geochemical modeling of magmatic gas scrubbing (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The EQ3/6 software package, version 7.2 was successfully used to model scrubbing of magmatic gas by pure water at 0.1 MPa, in the liquid and liquid-plus-gas regions. Some post-calculations were necessary to account for gas separation effects. In these post-calculations, redox potential was considered to be fixed by precipitation of crystalline a-sulfur, a ubiquitous and precocious process. As geochemical modeling is constrained by conservation of enthalpy upon water-gas mixing, the enthalpies of the gas species of interest were reviewed, adopting as reference state the liquid phase at the triple point. Our results confirm that significant emissions of highly acidic gas species (SO2(g), HCl(g), and HF(g)) are prevented by scrubbing, until dry conditions are established, at least locally. Nevertheless important outgassing of HCl(g) can take place from acid, HCl-rich brines. Moreover, these findings support the rule of thumb which is generally used to distinguish SO2-, HCl-, and HF-bearing magmatic gases from SO2-, HCl-, and HF-free hydrothermal gases.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: magmatic gas ; magma degassing ; hydrothermalsystem ; crater lake ; meteoric water ; scrubbing ; reaction path modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Novel laser-based techniques for monitoring of volcanoes (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An overview of novel laser techniques suitable for volcanic monitoring, based on different kinds of infrared laser sources, is presented. Their main advantages and drawbacks are discussed focusing on the achievable sensitivity and precision levels in analysis of gaseous species. Some of the most recent experimental results obtained in laboratory development as well as in field tests of home-built laser spectrometers are reported. New perspectives in optical devices aimed at geochemical and geophysical applications are also considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: diode laser ; absorption spectroscopy ; optical fiber ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 13
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    Vapour-phase crystallisation of silica from SiF4-bearing volcanic gases (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Thermodynamic modelling of magmatic gases shows that SiF4 may be an important F-bearing species at the high pressures typical of magma reservoirs. Upon decompression during degassing, SiF4 will react with water vapour to form HF and silica. Common magmatic gases of high-T fumaroles seem to contain too little SiF4 to be a significant source of silica, except if extremely large amounts of gas percolate through a small volume of rock, as is the case in lava domes. Only if fluorine contents of the gases exceed 1 mol% detectable amounts of silica may be formed, but such high fluorine contents have not yet been observed in natural gases. Alternatively, silica may be formed by heating of cool SiF4-rich gases circulating in cooling lava bodies. We suggest that these mechanisms may be responsible for the deposition of crystalline silica, most probably cristobalite, observed in vesicles in lavas from Lewotolo volcano (Eastern Sunda Arc, Indonesia). Silica occurs as vapour-crystallised patches in vesicles, and is sometimes associated with F-phlogopite, which further supports F-rich conditions during deposition. Because of the connection between F-rich conditions and high-K volcanism, we propose that late-stage gaseous transport and deposition of silica may be more widespread in K-rich volcanoes than elsewhere, and long-term exposure to ash from eruptions of such volcanoes could therefore carry an increased risk for respiratory diseases. The dependence of SiF4/HF on temperature reported here differs from the current calibration used for temperature measurements of fumarolic gases by remote sensing techniques, and we suggest an updated calibration.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: SiF4 ; vapour crystallisation ; silica ; degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics
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  • 14
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    Numerical model of gas dispersion emitted from volcanic sources (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An Eulerian model for passive gas dispersion based on the K-theory for turbulent diffusion, coupled with a mass consistent wind model is presented. The procedure can be used to forecast gas concentration over large and complex terrains. The input to the model includes the topography, wind measurements from meteorological stations, atmospheric stability information and gas flow rate from the ground sources. Here, this model is applied to study the distribution of the CO2 discharged from the hot sources of the Solfatara Volcano, Naples, Italy, where the input data were measured during a 15 day campaign in June 2001 carried out to test an Eddy Covariance (EC) station by Osservatorio Vesuviano-INGV, Naples.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: gas dispersion ; volcanic gas ; K-theory ; computer model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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  • 15
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    Assessment of motion-induced fluidization of dense pyroclastic gravity currents (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The paper addresses some fundamental aspects of the dynamics of dense granular flows down inclines relevant to pyroclastic density currents. A simple mechanistic framework is presented to analyze the dynamics of the frontal zone, with a focus on the establishment of conditions that promote air entrainment at the head of the current and motion-induced self-fluidization of the flow. The one-dimensional momentum balance on the current along the incline is considered under the hypothesis of strongly turbulent flow and pseudo-homogeneous behaviour of the two-phase gas-solid flow. Departures from one-dimensional flow in the frontal region are also analyzed and provide the key to the assessment of air cross-flow and fluidization of the solids in the head of the current. The conditions for the establishment of steady motion of pyroclastic flows down an incline, in either the fluidized or «dry» granular states, are examined.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: pyroclastic flow ; fluidization ; gravity current ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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  • 16
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    Propagation of HF radio waves over northerly paths: measurements,simulation and systems aspects (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Large deviations in the direction of arrival of ionospherically propagating radio signals from the Great Circle Path (GCP) have serious implications for the planning and operation of communications and radiolocation systems operating within the HF-band. Very large deviations are particularly prevalent in the polar and sub-auroral regions where signals often arrive at the receiver with bearings displaced from the great circle direction by up to ±100° or more. Measurements made over several paths are presented in this paper, and the principle causes of off-great circle propagation outlined. Significant progress has been made in modelling the propagation effects and work is now in hand to incorporate the results into tools to aid the planning and operation of HF radio systems operating at northerly latitudes.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Planetary and gravity wave signatures in the F-region ionosphere with impacton radio propagation predictionsand variability (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The aim of this work within the WP 3.1 of the COST 271 Action is the characterization of the variability introduced in the F-region ionosphere by -Planetary Wave Signatures- (PWS) and -Gravity Wave Signatures- (GWS). Typical patterns of percentage of time occurrence and time duration of PWS, their climatology and main drivers, as well as their vertical and longitudinal structure have been obtained. Despite the above characterization, the spectral distribution of event duration is too broad to allow for a reasonable prediction of PWS from ionospheric measurements themselves. GWS with a regular morning/evening wave bursts and specific GWS events whose arising can be predicted have been evaluated. As above, their typical pattern of occurrence and time duration, and their vertical structure have been obtained. The latter events remain in the ionospheric variability during disturbed days while additional wave enhancements of auroral origin occur. However, both types of disturbances can be distinguished.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    TEC and foF2 variations: preliminary results (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Investigation of the relationship between TEC and (foF2)2 shows that although they are highly correlated, a «hysteresis» effect exists between them. The slab thickness is greater before than after mid-day for equal cos ?values. Moreover, a comparison of the calculated upper and lower quartiles of variability in TEC, foF2 and Nmax, respectively shows that the variability of TEC lies between those of foF2 and Nmax depending on the level of solar activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric variability ; radio wave propagation ; space and satellite communications ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    Australia: historical earthquake studies (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Historical studies of earthquakes in Australia using information dating back to 1788 have been comprehensive, if not exhaustive. Newspapers have been the main source of historical earthquake studies. A brief review is given here with an introduction to the pre-European aboriginal dreamtime information. Some of the anecdotal information of the last two centuries has been compiled as isoseismal maps. Relationships between isoseismal radii and magnitude have been established using post-instrumental data allowing magnitudes to be assigned to the pre-instrumental data, which can then be incorporated into the national earthquake database. The studies have contributed to hazard analyses for the building codes and stimulated research into microzonation and paleo-seismology.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; Australia ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Assessing the completeness of Italian historical earthquake data (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The assessment of the completeness of historical earthquake data (such as, for instance, parametric earthquake catalogues) has usually been approached in seismology - and mainly in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment(PSHA) - by means of statistical procedures. Such procedures look «inside» the data set under investigation and compare it to seismicity models, which often require more or less explicitly that seismicity is stationary. They usually end up determining times (Ti), from which on the data set is considered as complete above a given magnitude (Mi); the part of the data set before Ti is considered as incomplete and, for that reason, not suitable for statistical analysis. As a consequence, significant portions of historical data sets are not used for PSHA. Dealing with historical data sets - which are incomplete by nature, although this does not mean that they are of low value - it seems more appropriate to estimate «how much incomplete» the data sets can be and to use them together with such estimates. In other words, it seems more appropriate to assess the completeness looking «outside » the data sets; that is, investigating the way historical records have been produced, preserved and retrieved. This paper presents the results of investigation carried out in Italy, according to historical methods. First, the completeness of eighteen site seismic histories has been investigated; then, from those results, the completeness of areal portions of the catalogue has been assessed and compared with similar results obtained by statistical methods. Finally, the impact of these results on PSHA is described.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: completeness ; historical earthquakes ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    A critical history of British earthquakes (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper reviews the history of the study of historical British earthquakes. The publication of compendia of British earthquakes goes back as early as the late 16th Century. A boost to the study of earthquakes in Britain was given in the mid 18th Century as a result of two events occurring in London in 1750 (analogous to the general increase in earthquakes in Europe five years later after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake). The 19th Century saw a number of significant studies, culminating in the work of Davison, whose book-length catalogue was published finally in 1924. After that appears a gap, until interest in the subject was renewed in the mid 1970s. The expansion of the U.K. nuclear programme in the 1980s led to a series of large-scale investigations of historical British earthquakes, all based almost completely on primary historical data and conducted to high standards. The catalogue published by BGS in 1994 is a synthesis of these studies, and presents a parametric catalogue in which historical earthquakes are assessed from intensity data points based on primary source material. Since 1994, revisions to parameters have been minor and new events discovered have been restricted to a few small events.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; seismicity ; earthquake catalogues ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Historical earthquake investigation and research in China (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: China is one of the countries with the longest tradition of culture and has suffered many earthquake disasters, so many earthquake documents have therefore been conserved. In this paper we try to outline some basic information of historical earthquake investigation and research in China, such as collection of historical earthquake data from archives, historical earthquake catalogues, seismic intensity scales. We introduce briefly the huge accomplishments of historical research and discuss some problems encountered. Through examples, we illustrate the solutions to some typical problems. There are some suggestions on further work.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; catalogues ; intensity ; isoseismals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Nowcasting, forecasting and warning for ionospheric propagation: tools and methods (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The paper reviews the work done in the course of the COST 271 Action concerned with the development of tools and methods for forecasting, nowcasting and warning of ionospheric propagation conditions. Three broad categories of work are covered. First, the maintenance and enhancement of existing operational services that provide forecast or nowcast data products to end users; brief descriptions of RWC Warsaw and the STIF service are given. Second, the development of prototype or experimental services; descriptions are given of a multi-datasource system for reconstruction of electron density profiles, and a new technique using real-time IMF data to forecast ionospheric storms. The third category is the most wide-ranging, and deals with work that has presented new or improved tools or methods that future operational forecasting or nowcasting system will rely on. This work covers two areas - methods for updating models with prompt data, and improvements in modelling or our understanding of various ionospheric-magnetospheric features - and ranges over updating models of ionospheric characteristics and electron density, modelling geomagnetic storms, describing the spatial evolution of the mid-latitude trough, and validating a recently-proposed technique for deriving TEC from ionosonde observations.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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    Coupling from below as a source of ionospheric variability: a review (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to review shortly some observational backgrounds for the suggestion of a genuine link between processes in the lower atmosphere and ionospheric response. Attention is concentrated on the waves which are thought to couple the lower atmosphere with the thermosphere/ionosphere system.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Lower atmosphere ; ionospheric response ; waves ; thermosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    Detection of Kuril subduction-zoneearthquakes from remote historic recordsin Honshu, Japan, between 1656 and 1867 (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Earthquakes before A.D. 1800 along the Southern Kuril trench, although before the start of written history on nearby islands, probably account for some of the earthquakes noted by local records in Honshu, hundreds of kilometers to the southwest. Earthquake historians have identified about 4800 felt earthquakes in Edo (present Tokyo) and about 3000 felt reports in selected local government records in Tohoku, northern Honshu, for the years A.D. 1656-1867. On the average, 19 earthquakes per year were felt in Edo. Of the Tohoku records, 361 (an average nearly 2 per year) were felt at multiple Tohoku locations; 95 of these (0.4 per year) were also felt in Edo. Since 1926, Tokyo has had a yearly average of 15 felt earthquakes with seismic intensity 2 or more on the Japan Meteorological Agency scale (corresponding to III or more on Modified Mercalli scale). For Tohoku the average annual frequency is about 4. Among them, an average of 0.6 events per year also reached intensity 2 in Tokyo. About one quarter of these events occurred in the southern Kuril trench. If the seismicity is temporally constant, about 80 of the earthquakes recorded in 1656-1867 probably had a Kuril origin.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; seismic intensity ; seismicity ; Kuril subduction zone ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    California earthquake history (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper presents an overview of the advancement in our knowledge of California's earthquake history since ~ 1800, and especially during the last 30 years. We first review the basic statewide research on earthquake occurrences that was published from 1928 through 2002, to show how the current catalogs and their levels of completeness have evolved with time. Then we review some of the significant new results in specific regions of California, and some of what remains to be done. Since 1850, 167 potentially damaging earthquakes of M ~ 6 or larger have been identified in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of 1.1 such events per year. Table I lists the earthquakes of M ~ 6 to 6.5 that were also destructive since 1812 in California and its border regions, indicating an average rate of one such event every ~ 5 years. Many of these occurred before 1932 when epicenters and magnitudes started to be determined routinely using seismographs in California. The number of these early earthquakes is probably incomplete in sparsely populated remote parts of California before ~ 1870. For example, 6 of the 7 pre-1873 events in table I are of M = 7, suggesting that other earthquakes of M 6.5 to 6.9 occurred but were not properly identified, or were not destructive. The epicenters and magnitudes (M) of the pre-instrumental earthquakes were determined from isoseismal maps that were based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity of shaking (MMI) at the communities that reported feeling the earthquakes. The epicenters were estimated to be in the regions of most intense shaking, and values of M were estimated from the extent of the areas shaken at various MMI levels. MMI VII or greater shaking is the threshold of damage to weak buildings. Certain areas in the regions of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Eureka were each shaken repeatedly at MMI VII or greater at least six times since ~ 1812, as depicted by Toppozada and Branum (2002, fig. 19).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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    The 12th century seismic paroxysmin the Middle East: a historical perspective (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Dead Sea Fault and its junction with the southern segment of the East Anatolian fault zone, despite their high tectonic activity have been relatively quiescent in the last two centuries. Historical evidence, however, shows that in the 12th century these faults ruptured producing the large earthquakes of 1114, 1138, 1157 and 1170. This paroxysm occurred during one of the best-documented periods for which we have both Occidental and Arab chronicles, and shows that the activity of the 20th century, which is low, is definitely not a reliable guide to the activity over a longer period. The article is written for this Workshop Proceedings with the archaeoseismologist, and in particular with the seismophile historian in mind. It aims primarily at putting on record what is known about the seismicity of the region in the 12th century, describe the problems associated with the interpretation of macroseismic data, their limitations and misuse, and assess their completeness, rather than answer in detail questions regarding the tectonics and seismic hazard of the region, which will be dealt with elsewhere on a regional basis.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Middle East ; 12th century ; historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Extreme values in ionospheric radio propagation (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Proposals are made for Earth-space and space-space paths to apply the term propagation degradation probability, analogous to basic circuit reliability adopted within the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) to quantify the performance of HF terrestrial ionospheric radio circuits. The principal elements characterising propagation impairments are described and formulae and a table given by the ITU-R are reproduced relating many of these effects to the path total electron content. Expressions are provided enabling estimates of the probabilities of occurrence of user-specified extreme values to be estimated in terms of their median quantities and day-to-day variabilities. The need is stressed for additional data collection and analyses both to refine the median values and to derive the required reference variability factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionosphere ; ionospheric propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    Ionospheric tomography and its applications in radio science and geophysical investigations (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The paper reviews recent progress in the development of radio tomographic imaging of the ionized atmosphere, particularly in relation to the use of the technique to assist in the mitigation of propagation effects on practical radio systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ionospheric tomography ; total electron content ; ionospheric propagation ; ionospheric modeling ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    Acid-base properties and structons: towards a structural model for predicting the thermodynamic properties of silicate melts (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Phase equilibrium relationships in igneous systems can be estimated using empirical mathematical models based on multi-component regular solution formulae. Although these provide useable results within the fitted region, they can give very misleading values outside the compositional range of curve fitting. Moreover, they usually give poor estimates of the well-characterized melting relations of simple systems and do not relate to the large body of thermodynamic activity data available in the metallurgical literature, nor to spectroscopic, diffraction or computational models of silicate melt properties. The aim of this paper is to extend previous acid-base models of silicate melts and to use a quasi-chemical model to calculate the activities of quasi-chemical silicate mixing units, or structons, from combinations of the oxo-species used in quasi-chemical and polymer models to calculate oxide activities in metallurgy.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: silicate melt ; acid-base ; oxide melt ; thermodynamic properties ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics
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    Chemical interactions and configurational disorder in silicate melts (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The Thermodynamics of quasi-chemical and polymeric models are briefly reviewed. It is shown that the two classes are mutually consistent, and that opportune conversion of the existing quasi-chemical parameterization of binary interactions in MO-SiO2 joins to polymeric models may be afforded without substantial loss of precision. It is then shown that polymeric models are extremely useful in deciphering the structural and reactive properties of silicate melts and glasses. They not only allow the Lux-Flood character of the dissolved oxides to be established, but also discriminate subordinate strain energy contributions to the Gibbs free energy of mixing from the dominant chemical interaction terms. This discrimination means that important information on the short-, medium- and long-range periodicity of this class of substances can be retrieved from thermodynamic analysis. Lastly, it is suggested that an important step forward in deciphering the complex topology of the inhomogeneity ranges observed at high SiO2 content can be performed by applying SCMF theory and, particularly, Matsen-Schick spectral analysis, hitherto applied only to rubberlike materials.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: silicate melts ; structure ; entropy ; unmixing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics
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    Polymerisation, basicity, oxidation state and their role in ionic modelling of silicate melts (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: In order to describe and quantify the reactivity of silicate melts, the ionic notation provided by the Temkin formalism has been historically accepted, giving rise to the study of melt chemical equilibria in terms of completely dissociated ionic species. Indeed, ionic modelling of melts works properly as long as the true extension of the anionic matrix is known. This information may be attained in the framework of the Toop-Samis (1962a,b) model, through a parameterisation of the acid-base properties of the dissolved oxides. Moreover, by combining the polymeric model of Toop and Samis with the «group basicity» concept of Duffy and Ingram (1973, 1974a,b, 1976) the bulk optical basicity (Duffy and Ingram, 1971; Duffy, 1992) of molten silicates and glasses can be split into two distinct contributions, i.e. the basicity of the dissolved basic oxides and the basicity of the polymeric units. Application to practical cases, such as the assessment of the oxidation state of iron, require bridging of the energetic gap between the standard state of completely dissociated component (Temkin standard state) and the standard state of pure melt component at P and T of interest. On this basis it is possible to set up a preliminary model for iron speciation in both anhydrous and hydrous aluminosilicate melts. In the case of hydrous melts, I introduce both acidic and basic dissociation of the water component, requiring the combined occurrence of H+ cations, OH- free anions and, to a very minor extent, of T-OH groups. The amphoteric behaviour of water revealed by this study is therefore in line with the earlier prediction of Fraser (1975).
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: polymerisation ; basicity ; oxidationstate ; water speciation ; Temkin model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics
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    Fe in magma - An overview (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The strong influence of physical conditions during magma formation on Fe equilibria offers a large variety of possibilities to deduce these conditions from Fe-bearing phases and phase assemblages found in magmatic rocks. Conditions of magma genesis and their evolution are of major interest for the understanding of volcanic eruptions. A brief overview on the most common methods used is given together with potential problems and limitations. Fe equilibria are not only sensitive to changes in intensive parameters (especially T and fO2) and extensive parameters like composition also have major effects, so that direct application of experimentally calibrated equilibria to natural systems is not always possible. Best estimates for pre-eruptive conditions are certainly achieved by studies that relate field observations directly to experimental observations for the composition of interest using as many constraints as possible (phase stability relations, Fe-Ti oxides, Fe partitioning between phases, Fe oxidation state in glass etc.). Local structural environment of Fe in silicate melts is an important parameter that is needed to understand the relationship between melt transport properties and melt structure. Assignment of Fe co-ordination and its relationship to the oxidation state seems not to be straightforward. In addition, there is considerable evidence that the co-ordination of Fe in glass differs from that in the melt, which has to be taken into account when linking melt structure to physical properties of silicate melts at T and P.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: iron ; silicate melt ; redox conditions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics
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    Chlorine solubility in evolved alkaline magmas (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Experimental studies of Cl solubility in trachytic to phonolitic melts provide insights into the capacity of alkaline magmas to transport Cl from depth to the earths surface and atmosphere, and information on Cl solubility variations with pressure, temperature and melt or fluid composition is crucial for understanding the reasons for variations in Cl emissions at active volcanoes. This paper provides a brief review of Cl solubility experiments conducted on a range of trachytic to phonolitic melt compositions. Depending on the experimental conditions the melts studied were in equilibrium with either a Cl-bearing aqueous fluid or a subcritical assemblage of low- Cl aqueous fluid + Cl-rich brine. The nature of the fluid phase(s) was identified by examination of fluid inclusions present in run product glasses and the fluid bulk composition was calculated by mass balance. Chlorine concentrations in the glass increase with increasing Cl molality in the fluid phase until a plateau in Cl concentration is reached when melt coexists with aqueous fluid + brine. With fluids of similar Cl molality, higher Cl concentrations are observed in peralkaline phonolitic melts compared with peraluminous phonolitic melts; overall the Cl concentrations observed in phonolitic and trachytic melts are approximately twice those found in calcalkaline rhyolitic melts under similar conditions. The observed negative pressure dependence of Cl solubility implies that Cl contents of melts may actually increase during magma decompression if the magma coexists with aqueous fluid and Cl-rich brine (assuming melt-vapor equilibrium is maintained). The high Cl contents (approaching 1 wt% Cl) observed in some melts/glasses from the Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei areas suggest saturation with a Cl-rich brine prior to eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: alkaline magmas ; solubility ; chlorine ; supercritical fluid ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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    Solubility of C-O-H mixturesin natural melts: new experimental data and application range of recent models (2006)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The effect of pressure, temperature, and melt composition on CO2 and H2O solubilities in aluminosilicate melts, coexisting with CO2-H2O fluids, is discussed on the basis of previously published and new experimental data. The datasets have been chosen so that CO2 and H2O are the main fluid components and the conclusions are only valid for relatively oxidizing conditions. The most important parameters controlling the solubilities of H2O and CO2 are pressure and composition of melt and fluid. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on volatile solubilities is relatively small. At pressures up to 200 MPa, intermediate compositions such as dacite, in which both molecular CO2 and carbonate species can be dissolved, show higher volatile solubilities than rhyolite and basalt. At higher pressures (0.5 to 1 GPa), basaltic melts can incorporate higher amounts of carbon dioxide (by a factor of 2 to 3) than rhyolitic and dacitic melts. Henrian behavior is observed only for CO2 solubility in equilibrium with H2O-CO2 fluids at pressures 〈100 MPa, whereas at higher pressures CO2 solubility varies nonlinearly with CO2 fugacity. The positive deviation from linearity with almost constant CO2 solubility at low water activity indicates that dissolved water strongly enhances the solubility of CO2. Water always shows non-Henrian solubility behavior because of its complex dissolution mechanism (incorporation of OH-groups and H2O molecules in the melt). The model of Newman and Lowenstern (2002), in which ideal mixing between volatiles in both fluid and melt phases is assumed, reproduces adequately the experimental data for rhyolitic and basaltic compositions at pressures below 200 MPa but shows noticeable disagreement at higher pressures, especially for basalt. The empirical model of Liu et al. (2004) is applicable to rhyolitic melts in a wide range of pressure (0-500 MPa) and temperature (700- 1200°C) but cannot be used for other melt compositions. The thermodynamic approach of Papale (1999) allows to calculate the effect of melt composition on volatile solubilities but needs an update to account for more recent experimental data. A disadvantage of this model is that it is not available as a program code. The review indicates a crucial need of new experimental data for scarcely investigated field of pressures and fluid compositions and new models describing evident non-ideality of H-C-O fluid solubility in silicate melts at high pressures.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: CO2 ; H2O ; solubility ; mixed fluid ; silicate melt ; experimental data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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    Numerical simulation of explosive volcanic eruptions from the conduit flow to global atmospheric scales (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Volcanic eruptions are unsteady multiphase phenomena, which encompass many inter-related processes across the whole range of scales from molecular and microscopic to macroscopic, synoptic and global. We provide an overview of recent advances in numerical modelling of volcanic effects, from conduit and eruption column processes to those on the Earth s climate. Conduit flow models examine ascent dynamics and multiphase processes like fragmentation, chemical reactions and mass transfer below the Earth surface. Other models simulate atmospheric dispersal of the erupted gas-particle mixture, focusing on rapid processes occurring in the jet, the lower convective regions, and pyroclastic density currents. The ascending eruption column and intrusive gravity current generated by it, as well as sedimentation and ash dispersal from those flows in the immediate environment of the volcano are examined with modular and generic models. These apply simplifications to the equations describing the system depending on the specific focus of scrutiny. The atmospheric dispersion of volcanic clouds is simulated by ash tracking models. These are inadequate for the first hours of spreading in many cases but focus on long-range prediction of ash location to prevent hazardous aircraft - ash encounters. The climate impact is investigated with global models. All processes and effects of explosive eruptions cannot be simulated by a single model, due to the complexity and hugely contrasting spatial and temporal scales involved. There is now the opportunity to establish a closer integration between different models and to develop the first comprehensive description of explosive eruptions and of their effects on the ground, in the atmosphere, and on the global climate.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: numerical modeling ; explosive volcanic eruptions ; conduit flow ; multiphase flow simulation ; stratospheric sulfate aerosol ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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    Exploiting ground-based optical sensing technologies for volcanic gas surveillance (2006)
    INGV
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Measurements of volcanic gas composition and flux are crucial to probing and understanding a range of magmatic, hydrothermal and atmospheric interactions. The value of optical remote sensing methods has been recognised in this field for more than thirty years but several recent developments promise a new era of volcanic gas surveillance. This could see much higher time- and space-resolved data-sets, sustained at individual volcanoes even during eruptive episodes. We provide here an overview of these optical methods and their application to ground-based volcano monitoring, covering passive and active measurements in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions. We hope thereby to promote the use of such devices, and to stimulate development of new optical techniques for volcanological research and monitoring.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; volcano plumes ; IR and UV spectoscopy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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    Isotopically light carbon dioxide in nitrogen rich gases: the gas distribution pattern in the French Massif Central, the Eifel and the western Eger Rift (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Based on characteristics of the distribution pattern of the western Eger Rift spring gases, a distribution pattern is presented for the gases of the French Massif Central. The central parts of these areas with ascending magmatic CO2 are characterised by high gas fluxes, high CO2 contents of up to 99.99 vol% and isotopially heavy CO2. In the peripheries, the decrease of d13C values of CO2 and CO2 contents in the gas phase is compensated by a rise in N2 contents. It can be demonstrated that gas fractionation in contrary to mixtures with isotopically light biogenic or crustal CO2 controls the distribution pattern of gas composition and isotopic composition of CO2 in these spring gases. Dissolution of CO2 results in formation of HCO3 causing isotope fractionation of CO2 and an enrichment of N2 in the gas phase. With multiple equilibrations, values of about 17 or lower are obtained. The scale of gas alteration depends on the gas flux and the gas-water ratios respectively and can result in N2-rich gases. Essential for the interpretation are gas flux measurements with mass balances derived for most of the springs. Without such mass balances it is not possible to discriminate between mixture and fractionation. The processes of isotopic and chemical solubility fractionations evidently control the gas distribution pattern in other regions as well.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Eger Rift ; French Massif Central ; Eifel ; carbon dioxide ; gas fractionation ; isotope composition ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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    Gas radon emission related to geodynamic activity on Mt. Etna (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We report preliminary observations on possible correlations between anomalies of subsoil radon concentration and geodynamical events on Mt. Etna. In recent years several studies have been carried out on radon as a precursor of geophysical events, most of them performed either on tectonic or volcanic areas. The peculiarity of our investigation lies on the choice of the etnean region, in which tectonic and volcanic features are both present. In order to characterize Mt. Etna features by investigating radon gas in soil, two stations were located along the NE-SW direction on Mt. Etna. Each of the two stations is fitted with a radon detector, a 3D seismic station and a meteorological station. Differences in the radon concentration trend in the data from north and south flanks could be linked to different faulting mechanisms and then to different mechanisms of radon uprising. The increase in soil radon concentration could be related to both seismic and volcanic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: radon ; geodynamical precursor ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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    Early seismicity of the Scottish Borders Region (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: This paper considers the seismicity of Southern Scotland and Northern England up to the year 1750. This area was formerly a border area between two states that eventually became politically united. Much of the area is uplands, and the seismicity is moderate to low. This makes for some problems in studying historical seismicity, yet the area provides a number of case studies of general interest in the field of historical seismology, including a rare case of being able to track down a «missing» earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; British seismicity ; border seismicity ; England ; Scotland ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Impact of the Mt. Pinatubo volcaniceruption on the lower ionosphere andatmospheric waves over Central Europe (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The very strong volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991 directly affected the troposphere and lower and middle stratosphere. Here we look at its effects in the mesopause region as revealed by the radio wave absorption measurements in the lower ionosphere over Central Europe and inferred planetary and gravity wave activity. The gravity wave activity inferred from the nighttime LF radio wave absorption displays an evident enhancement for waves of periods of about 2-3 h coinciding with regional measurements of the optical depth of (volcanic) aerosols, while there is no detectable effect for short period waves (T 〈 1 h). There is no detectable effect in the planetary wave activity inferred from the daytime HF radio wave absorption. As for the absorption itself, the results on the impact of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption do not provide an observable effect.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic eruption ; lower ionosphere ; atmospheric waves ; radio wave absorption ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation
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    Current knowledge on the Central America historical seismicity: an analysisof recent catalogues (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Historical seismicity studies in Central America have increased since 1980. Currently, there is a well-organized regional digital catalogue database structured according to modern techniques. It contains more than 17 000 earthquakes which occurred between 1520 and 1992. A regional tsunami catalogue is also available. The historical seismicity research included a more complete earthquake documentation obtained from foreign and Central American depositories. New intensity data point estimates and isoseismal maps allows among others, macroseismic magnitude calculations and seismogenic source determinations, for many pre-1900 earthquakes. Future trends in Central America historical seismicity research are discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; catalogues ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
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    On historical earthquakes in Switzerland: summary of compilations and investigations (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Studies of historical earthquakes in Switzerland are contained in monographs, chronological collections of effects and parametric catalogues. The systematic collection of macroseismic material started with the creation of the Swiss Seismological Commission in 1878. All parametric catalogues since 1975 have been prepared for seismic hazard assessment. The most up-to-date investigation of macroseismic data and compilation into a catalogue (ECOS) was made in the 2002 in context of the re-assessment of seismic hazard for nuclear sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; ECOS ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    State-of-the-art of historical earthquake research in Fennoscandia and the Baltic Republics (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: We review historical earthquake research in Northern Europe. 'Historical' is defined as being identical with seismic events occurring in the pre-instrumental and early instrumental periods between 1073 and the mid-1960s. The first seismographs in this region were installed in Uppsala, Sweden and Bergen, Norway in 1904-1905, but these mechanical pendulum instruments were broad band and amplification factors were modest at around 500. Until the 1960s few modern short period electromagnetic seismographs were deployed. Scientific earthquake studies in this region began during the first decades of the 1800s, while the systematic use of macroseismic questionnaires commenced at the end of that century. Basic research efforts have vigorously been pursued from the 1970s onwards because of the mandatory seismic risk studies for commissioning nuclear power plants in Sweden, Finland, NW Russia, Kola and installations of huge oil platforms in the North Sea. The most comprehensive earthquake database currently available for Northern Europe is the FENCAT catalogue covering about six centuries and representing the accumulation of work conducted by many scientists during the last 200 years. This catalogue is given in parametric form, while original macroseismic observations and intensity maps for the largest earthquakes can be found in various national publications, often in local languages. No database giving intensity data points exists in computerized form for the region. The FENCAT catalogue still contains some spurious events of various kinds but more serious are some recent claims that some of the presumed largest historical earthquakes have been assigned too large magnitude values, which would have implications for earthquake hazard levels implemented in national building codes. We discuss future cooperative measures such as establishing macroseismic data archives as a means for promoting further research on historical earthquakes in Northern Europe.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    A survey of the past earthquakesin the Eastern Adriatic (14th to early 19th century) (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Focusing on the Eastern Adriatic region, from Zadar in the north to Corfu in the south, the background information supporting our knowledge of the seismicity in the time-span 14th to early 19th century is discussed from the point of view of the historical earthquake records. The late 19th century seismological compilations turn out to be those responsible for the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity suggested by current parametric earthquake catalogues. This awareness asked for a comprehensive reappraisal of the reliability and completeness of the available historical earthquake records. This task was addressed by retrieving in the original version the information already known, by putting the records in the historical context in which they were produced, and finally by sampling historical sources so far not considered. Selected case histories have been presented in some detail also. This material altogether has shown that i) current parameterisation of past earthquakes in the Eastern Adriatic should be reconsidered in the light of a critically revised interpretation of the available records; ii) collecting new evidence in sources and repositories, not fully exploited so far, is needed. This should aim mostly at overcoming another limitation affecting the evaluation of full sets of earthquake parameters, that is the few observations available for each earthquake. In this perspective, an optimistic assessment of the potential documentation on this area is proposed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; Eastern Adriatic ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Historical earthquake investigations in Greece (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The active tectonics of the area of Greece and its seismic activity have always been present in the countrys history. Many researchers, tempted to work on Greek historical earthquakes, have realized that this is a task not easily fulfilled. The existing catalogues of strong historical earthquakes are useful tools to perform general SHA studies. However, a variety of supporting datasets, non-uniformly distributed in space and time, need to be further investigated. In the present paper, a review of historical earthquake studies in Greece is attempted. The seismic history of the country is divided into four main periods. In each one of them, characteristic examples, studies and approaches are presented.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; earthquake catalogues ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    The history of historical earthquake research in Germany (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The paper summarizes the history of collecting and evaluating information on earthquakes in Germany. A rich literature mentioning historical and contemporary earthquakes has existed since the 16th century. Early earthquake catalogues began to appear in the middle of the 16th century, some of which report earthquakes in Germany dating back to the 9th century. Modern seismological views were introduced in connection with intense philosophical analysis of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which was largely observed in Central Europe. The 19th century was characterized by a tremendous increase in detailed earthquake studies as well as earthquake compilations in the form of catalogues. The most comprehensive non-parametric catalogues were created in the middle of the 20th century, while the first digital parametric catalogues were published in the 1980s. This was also the time when critical studies on the re-interpretation of historical earthquakes began. Only in the 1990s was such analysis made in a systematic manner resulting in numerous publications and the current development of a modern earthquake catalogue.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: historical earthquakes ; fake quakes ; historical earthquake research ; earthquake catalogues ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Nowcasting, forecasting and warning for ionospheric propagation: supporting databases (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The use of data is essential in the context of nowcasting, forecasting and warning of ionospheric propagation conditions, with roles to play in the development, evaluation and operation of models and services. Descriptions are given of three databases that have been established in the course of the COST 271 Action: a database of prompt ionospheric soundings, an extension to a database generated by the EISCAT incoherent scatter radars, and a database intended to facilitate evaluation of TEC estimation methods. Each database includes some background information, a description of the contents and interface, and instructions as to how to gain access to it.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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    Mapping plasma structures in the high-latitude ionosphere using beacon satellite, incoherent scatter radar and ground-based magnetometer observations (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: In the autumn of the year 2000, four radio receivers capable of tracking various beacon satellites were set up along the southwestern coast of Greenland. They are used to reconstruct images of the ionospheric plasma density distribution via the tomographic method. In order to test and validate tomographic imaging under the highly variable conditions often prevailing in the high-latitude ionosphere, a time interval was selected when the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar conducted measurements of the ionospheric plasma density while the radio receivers tracked a number of beacon satellites. A comparison between two-dimensional images of the plasma density distribution obtained from the radar and the satellite receivers revealed generally good agreement between radar measurements and tomographic images. Observed discrepancies can be attributed to F region plasma patches moving through the field of view with a speed of several hundred meters per second, thereby smearing out the tomographic image. A notable mismatch occurred around local magnetic midnight when a magnetospheric substorm breakup occurred in the vicinity of southwest Greenland (identified from ground-based magnetometer observations). The breakup was associated with a sudden intensification of the westward auroral electrojet which was centered at about 69 and extended up to some 73 corrected geomagnetic latitude. Ground-based magnetometer data may thus have the potential of indicating when the tomographic method is at risk and may fail. We finally outline the application of tomographic imaging, when combined with magnetic field data, to estimate ionospheric Joule heating rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Beacon satellites ; ionospheric plasma ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.06. Instruments and techniques
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    The November 2002 degassing event at Panarea Island (Italy): five months of geochemical monitoring (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: On 3rd November 2002, at about 3 km off-shore of Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy), a series of gas vents suddenly and violently opened from the seafloor at the depth of 10-15 m, with an unusually high gas flux and superimposing on the already existing submarine fumarolic field. Starting from the 12th November 2002 a discontinuous geochemical monitoring program was carried out. The emissions consisted in an emulsion whose liquid phase derived from condensation of an uprising vapor phase occurring close to the fluid outlets without significant contamination by seawater. The whole composition of the fluids was basically H2O- and CO2-dominated, with minor amounts of typical «hydrothermal» components (such as H2S, H2, CO and light hydrocarbons), atmospheric-related compounds, and characterized by the occurrence of a significant magmatic gas fraction (mostly represented by SO2, HCl and HF). According to the observed temporal variability of the fluid compositions, between November and December 2002 the hydrothermal feeding system was controlled by oxidizing conditions due to the input of magmatic gases. The magmatic degassing phenomena showed a transient nature, as testified by the almost complete disappearance of the magmatic markers in a couple of months and by the restoration, since January 2003, of the chemical features of the existing hydrothermal system. The most striking feature of the evolution of the «Panarea degassing event» was the relatively rapid restoration of the typical reducing conditions of a stationary hydrothermal system, in which the FeO/Fe1.5O redox pair of the rock mineral phases has turned to be the dominating redox controlling system.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Aeolian Islands ; Panarea ; submarine fumaroles ; gas chemistry ; geochemical monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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