ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (117,436)
  • American Physical Society  (92,640)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Copernicus
  • 2005-2009  (117,436)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF GYNOGENESIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 399-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Most metazoans engage in recombination every generation. In theory this is associated with considerable cost, such as the production of males, so that asexual organisms, which do not pay this cost, should be able to invade populations of sexuals. Some asexuals depend on sperm of sexual males to trigger embryogenesis, a reproductive mode called gynogenesis. The genetic information of males is typically not used. Theory predicts that such mating complexes are short-lived and highly unstable. Sperm dependency is not only the defining feature of the biology of gynogenetic metazoans, it is also a major puzzle in evolutionary biology. Organisms that apparently combine disadvantages of both sexuality and asexuality are a serious challenge to theory. A number of questions about these systems are still unresolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152629
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF POALES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 107-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The predominantly wind-pollinated order Poales includes about one third of all monocot (Angiosperm) species, with c. 20,000 species dominating modern savanna and steppe vegetation. Recent improvements in understanding relationships within the order allow phylogenetic optimizations of habitat preferences and adaptive character states, enabling exploration of the factors that have influenced evolution in this successful order. Poales probably originated in the late Cretaceous in wet nutrientĐ??poor sunny habitats. By the Paleogene the lineage had diversified into swamps, the forest understory, epiphytic habitats, and nutrient-poor heathlands. The Neogene saw major diversifications of the grasses and possibly the sedges into fire-adapted vegetation in seasonal climates and low atmospheric CO2. Diversification into these habitats was facilitated by morphological features such as the sympodial habit and physiological factors that allowed frequent evolution of CO2-concentrating mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.135635
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: What Is the State of the Science? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 319-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Landscape ecology focuses on the reciprocal interactions between spatial pattern and ecological processes, and it is well integrated with ecology. The field has grown rapidly over the past 15 years. The persistent influence of land-use history and natural disturbance on contemporary ecosystems has become apparent. Development of pattern metrics has largely stabilized, and they are widely used to relate landscape pattern to ecological responses. Analyses conducted at multiple scales have demonstrated the importance of landscape pattern for many taxa, and spatially mediated interspecific interactions are receiving increased attention. Disturbance remains prominent in landscape studies, and current research is addressing disturbance interactions. Integration of ecosystem and landscape ecology remains challenging but should enhance understanding of landscape function. Landscape ecology should continue to refine knowledge of when spatial heterogeneity is fundamentally important, rigorously test the generality of its concepts, and develop a more mechanistic understanding of the relationships between pattern and process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152614
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INDIRECT INTERACTION WEBS: Herbivore-Induced Effects Through Trait Change in Plants (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although predation has a lethal effect on prey, mature terrestrial plants are rarely killed by herbivores, but herbivory can change plant allelochemistry, cell structure and growth, physiology, morphology, and phenology. This review explores the herbivore-induced indirect effects mediated by such plant responses following herbivory in terrestrial systems. Herbivore-induced indirect effects are ubiquitous in many plantĐ??herbivore systems, and indirect interactions occur among temporally separated, spatially separated, and taxonomically distinct herbivore species. Unlike interspecific competition, herbivores can benefit each other through plant-mediated indirect effects. Herbivore-induced changes in plants occur at low levels of herbivory, which increases the likelihood of plant-mediated indirect interactions between herbivores. The herbivore-induced indirect effects result in interaction linkages, which alter species richness and abundance in arthropod communities. Such interaction linkages should be depicted using indirect interaction webs, which incorporate nontrophic, indirect links. The idea of interaction linkages by herbivore-induced indirect effects that shape community organization and biodiversity is an important revision of the traditional view of plant-based terrestrial food webs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175523
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FEEDBACK CONTROL OF COMBUSTION OSCILLATIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 151-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Early work and recent advances in feedback control of combustion oscillations are described. The physics of combustion oscillations, most commonly caused by a coupling between acoustic waves and unsteady heat release, are discussed, and the concept of using feedback control to interrupt these interactions is introduced. Factors affecting practical implementation of feedback control, including sensors, actuators, and controller design are described, and the historical development of control strategy for combustion oscillations is reviewed. Finally, demonstrations of feedback control on full-scale combustion systems are described, and it is concluded that there is potential to apply more systematic controller designs at full scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122038
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTISCALE FLOW SIMULATIONS USING PARTICLES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 457-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow simulations are one of the archetypal multiscale problems. Simulations of turbulent and unsteady separated flows have to resolve a multitude of interacting scales, whereas molecular phenomena determine the structure of shocks and the validity of the no-slip boundary condition. Particle simulations of continuum and molecular phenomena can be formulated by following the motion of interacting particles that carry the physical properties of the flow. In this article we review Lagrangian, multiresolution, particle methods such as vortex methods and smooth particle hydrodynamics for the simulation of continuous flows and molecular dynamics for the simulation of flows at the atomistic scale. We review hybrid molecular-continuum simulations with an emphasis on the computational aspects of the problem. We identify the common computational characteristics of particle methods and discuss their properties that enable the formulation of a systematic framework for multiscale flow simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175753
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GRAVITY-DRIVEN BUBBLY FLOWS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 393-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gravity-driven bubbly flows are a specific class of flows, where all action is provided by gravity. An industrial example is formed by the so-called bubble column: a vertical cylinder filled with liquid through which bubbles flow that are introduced at the bottom of the cylinder. On the bubble scale, gravity gives rise to buoyancy of individual bubbles. On larger scales, gravity acts on nonuniformities in the spatial bubble distribution present in the bubbly mixture. The gravity-induced flow and flow structures can increase the inhomogeneity of the bubble distribution, leading to a turbulent flow. In this flow, specific scales are identified: a large-scale circulation with the liquid flowing upward in the center of the column and downward close to the wall. On the intermediate scale there are vortical structures; eddies of liquid, with a size on the order of the diameter of the column, that stir the liquid and radially transport the bubbles. On the small scale there is the local stirring of the bubbles. We describe the ideas developed over time and identify some open questions. We discuss the experimental findings on the turbulence generated, the stability of the flow, axial dispersion, and the similarities between bubble columns and air lifts. Especially for higher gas fractions, many questions still lack accurate answers. The lateral lift force in bubble swarms and the structure of the turbulence in the bubbly mixture are important examples of inadequately understood physical phenomena, providing many challenges for fundamental and applied research on bubbly flows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175803
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PRINCIPLES OF MICROFLUIDIC ACTUATION BY MODULATION OF SURFACE STRESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 425-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Development and optimization of multifunctional devices for fluidic manipulation of films, drops, and bubbles require detailed understanding of interfacial phenomena and microhydrodynamic flows. Systems are distinguished by a large surface to volume ratio and flow at small Reynolds, capillary, and Bond numbers are strongly influenced by boundary effects and therefore amenable to control by a variety of surface treatments and surface forces. We review the principles underlying common techniques for actuation of droplets and films on homogeneous, chemically patterned, and topologically textured surfaces by modulation of normal or shear stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122052
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISSECTING INSECT FLIGHT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 183-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: "What force does an insect wing generate?" Finding answers to this enduring question is an essential step toward our understanding of interactions of moving objects with fluids that enable most living species such as insects, birds, and fish to travel efficiently and us to follow similar suit with sails, oars, and airfoils. We give a brief history of research in insect flight and discuss recent findings in unsteady aerodynamics of flapping flight at intermediate range Reynolds numbers ( 10Đ??104 ). In particular, we examine the unsteady mechanisms in uniform and accelerated motions, forward and hovering flight, as well as passive flight of free-falling objects. The results obtained by "taking the insects apart" helped us to resolve previous puzzles about the force estimates in hovering insects, to ellucidate basic mechanisms essential to flapping flight, and to gain insights about the efficieny of flight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.121940
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER FLOW OVER OPEN CAVITIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 251-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We review recent advances in understanding, modeling, and controlling oscillations in the flow past a cavity. The fundamental mechanisms underlying cavity flow oscillations have been known for at least 40 years, but suppressing these oscillations in a reliable and robust way is still a challenge today. Interest in controlling the flow past a cavity is motivated by aerospace applications, but in addition, cavity flows provide an attractive canonical problem for exploring general flow control techniques. The focus is on recent advances in modeling these flows, and in controlling them, using both open-loop and closed-loop techniques. A relatively new perspective is that cavity oscillations may not always be self-sustained, but under some flow conditions may be lightly damped resonances, sustained by external disturbances such as boundary layer turbulence. Areas in which our understanding is incomplete, and which deserve further study, are discussed, in particular the effects of high-frequency open-loop forcing, fundamental limitations of feedback control for a given configuration of sensors and actuators, and the development of a feedback design methodology that respects the limited range of validity of the available dynamical models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092057
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREMELTING DYNAMICS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 427-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When the free surfaces of most solids approach their bulk melting temperatures from below, the molecular structure of the material gives way to a disordered structure with some attributes of both the solid and liquid phases. When the temperature is sufficiently close to that of bulk transition, the surface melts and literally flows as a viscous fluid. This phenomenon, called interfacial premelting, lies at the heart of the microscopic theory of melting of solid matter, and captures the interest of condensed matter physicists and physical chemists alike. The process is ubiquitous and responsible for a wide range of consequences in materials with biological, geophysical, and technological significance. Because such systems are often exposed to spatial or temporal variations in thermodynamic forcing, there are a host of fluid mechanical phenomena that result from this underlying melting behavior. The fluid dynamics of unfrozen surfaces holds clues for understanding the bulk behavior of polycrystalline materials, from Earth's mantle to the stratosphere and beyond. In this review we focus on the fluid dynamical consequences of the premelting of solids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175758
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WALKING ON WATER: Biolocomotion at the Interface (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 339-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We consider the hydrodynamics of creatures capable of sustaining themselves on the water surface by means other than flotation. Particular attention is given to classifying water walkers according to their principal means of weight support and lateral propulsion. The various propulsion mechanisms are rationalized through consideration of energetics, hydrodynamic forces applied, or momentum transferred by the driving stroke. We review previous research in this area and suggest directions for future work. Special attention is given to introductory discussions of problems not previously treated in the fluid mechanics literature, with hopes of attracting physicists, applied mathematicians, and engineers to this relatively unexplored area of fluid mechanics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092157
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NATURAL SELECTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: There is an increasing interest in detecting genes, or genomic regions, that have been targeted by natural selection. The interest stems from a basic desire to learn more about evolutionary processes in humans and other organisms, and from the realization that inferences regarding selection may provide important functional information. This review provides a nonmathematical description of the issues involved in detecting selection from DNA sequences and SNP data and is intended for readers who are not familiar with population genetic theory. Particular attention is placed on issues relating to the analysis of large-scale genomic data sets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112420
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA: Connecting the Dots (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 263-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Species of the genus Drosophila exhibit enormous variation in all of their reproductive behaviors: resource use and specialization, courtship signaling, sperm utilization, and female remating. The genetic bases of this variability and its evolution are poorly understood. At the same time, Drosophila comparative genomics now has developed to a point at which approaches previously only possible with D. melanogaster can be exploited to address these questions. We have taken advantage of the known phylogenetic relationships of this group of flies not only to place these behaviors in an evolutionary framework, but to provide a roadmap for future genetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112454
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SWITCHES IN BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 409-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The lysis-lysogeny decision of bacteriophage lambda (??) is a paradigm for developmental genetic networks. There are three key features, which characterize the network. First, after infection of the host bacterium, a decision between lytic or lysogenic development is made that is dependent upon environmental signals and the number of infecting phages per cell. Second, the lysogenic prophage state is very stable. Third, the prophage enters lytic development in response to DNA-damaging agents. The CI and Cro regulators define the lysogenic and lytic states, respectively, as a bistable genetic switch. Whereas CI maintains a stable lysogenic state, recent studies indicate that Cro sets the lytic course not by directly blocking CI expression but indirectly by lowering levels of CII which activates cI transcription. We discuss how a relatively simple phage like ?? employs a complex genetic network in decision-making processes, providing a challenge for theoretical modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.113656
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ORTHOLOGS, PARALOGS, AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 309-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A clear distinction between orthologs and paralogs is critical for the construction of a robust evolutionary classification of genes and reliable functional annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Genome comparisons show that orthologous relationships with genes from taxonomically distant species can be established for the majority of the genes from each sequenced genome. This review examines in depth the definitions and subtypes of orthologs and paralogs, outlines the principal methodological approaches employed for identification of orthology and paralogy, and considers evolutionary and functional implications of these concepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114725
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    JOHN MAYNARD SMITH (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: John Maynard Smith was one of the most original thinkers in evolutionary biology of the post neo-Darwinian synthesis age. He was able to define new problems with clarity and by doing so open up new research directions. He did this in a number of areas including game theory and evolution, the evolution of sex, animal behavior, evolutionary transitions and molecular evolution. Although he is best known for his research and his ideas, he was a great expositor and wrote many books, including introductory texts in the areas of evolution and genetics, ecology and mathematical modeling, as well as advanced expositions of research problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.040505.114723
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLASMID SEGREGATION MECHANISMS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 453-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bacterial plasmids encode partitioning (par) loci that ensure ordered plasmid segregation prior to cell division. par loci come in two types: those that encode actin-like ATPases and those that encode deviant Walker-type ATPases. ParM, the actin-like ATPase of plasmid R1, forms dynamic filaments that segregate plasmids paired at mid-cell to daughter cells. Like microtubules, ParM filaments exhibit dynamic instability (i.e., catastrophic decay) whose regulation is an important component of the DNA segregation process. The Walker box ParA ATPases are related to MinD and form highly dynamic, oscillating filaments that are required for the subcellular movement and positioning of plasmids. The role of the observed ATPase oscillation is not yet understood. However, we propose a simple model that couples plasmid segregation to ParA oscillation. The model is consistent with the observed movement and localization patterns of plasmid foci and does not require the involvement of plasmid-specific host-encoded factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091252
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DROSOPHILA AS A MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 153-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Among many achievements in the neurodegeneration field in the past decade, two require special attention due to the huge impact on our understanding of molecular and cellular pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases. First is defining specific mutations in familial neurodegenerative diseases and second is modeling these diseases in easily manipulable model organisms including the fruit fly, nematode, and yeast. The power of these genetic systems has revealed many genetic factors involved in the various pathways affected, as well as provided potential drug targets for therapeutics. This review focuses on fruit fly models of human neurodegenerative diseases, with emphasis on how fly models have provided new insights into various aspects of human diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.110304.095804
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE GENETICS OF HEARING AND BALANCE IN ZEBRAFISH (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 9-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The zebrafish is an excellent model system for studying the molecular basis of inner ear development and function. The eggs develop ex utero and the ear is transparent for the first few weeks of life. Forward genetic screens and antisense technology have helped to elucidate the signaling pathways and molecules required for inner ear development and function. This review addresses the most recent advances in our understanding of how the ear forms and discusses the molecules in hair cells that are essential for sensing sound and movement in the zebrafish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105049
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T-BOX GENES IN VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 219-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The myriad developmental roles served by the T-box family of transcription factor genes defy easy categorization. Present in all metazoans, the T-box genes are involved in early embryonic cell fate decisions, regulation of the development of extraembryonic structures, embryonic patterning, and many aspects of organogenesis. They are unusual in displaying dosage sensitivity in most instances. In humans, mutations in T-box genes are responsible for developmental dysmorphic syndromes, and several T-box genes have been implicated in neoplastic processes. T-box transcription factors function in many different signaling pathways, notably bone morphogenetic protein and fibroblast growth factor pathways. The few downstream target genes that have been identified indicate a wide range of downstream effectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105925
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIGAND-TARGET INTERACTIONS: What Can We Learn from NMR? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The conformation of the ligand in complex with a macromolecular target can be studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solution for both tightly and weakly forming complexes. In the weak binding regime (koff 〉 104 Hz), the structure of the bound ligand is accessible also for very large complexes (〉100 kDa), which are not amenable to NMR studies in the tight binding regime. Here I review the state-of-the-art NMR methodology used for screening ligands and for the structural investigation of bound ligand conformations, in both tight and weak binding regimes. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are critically described. The NMR methodology used to investigate transiently forming complexes has expanded considerably in the past few years, opening new possibilities for a detailed description of ligand-target interactions. Novel methods for the determination of the bound ligand conformation, in particular transferred cross-correlated relaxation, are thoroughly reviewed, and their advantages with respect to established methodology are discussed, using the epothilone-tubulin complex as a primary example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144419
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IONS AND RNA FOLDING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 221-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The problem of how ions influence the folding of RNA into specific tertiary structures is being addressed from both thermodynamic (by how much do different salts affect the free energy change of folding) and structural (how are ions arranged on or near an RNA and what kinds of environments do they occupy) points of view. The challenge is to link these different approaches in a theoretical framework that relates the energetics of ion-RNA interactions to the spatial distribution of ions. This review distinguishes three different kinds of ion environments that differ in the extent of direct ion-RNA contacts and the degree to which the ion hydration is perturbed, and summarizes the current understanding of the way each environment relates to the overall energetics of RNA folding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144511
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NONCONTACTING MACROMOLECULES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 21-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular interactions are the language that molecules use to communicate recognition, binding, and regulation, events central to biological control mechanisms. Traditionally, such interactions involve direct, atom-to-atom, noncovalent contacts, or indirect contacts bridged by relatively fixed solvent molecules. Here we discuss a third class of molecular communication that, to date, has received less experimental attention, namely solvent-mediated communication between noncontacting macromolecules. This form of communication can be understood in terms of fundamental, well-established principles (coupled equilibria and linkage thermodynamics) that govern interactions between individual polymers and their solutions. In contrast to simple solutions used in laboratory studies, biological systems contain a multitude of nominally noninteracting biopolymers within the same solution environment. The exquisite control of biological function requires some form of communication between many of these solution components, even in the absence of direct and/or indirect contacts. Such communication must be considered when describing potential mechanisms of biological regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133332
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USE OF EPR POWER SATURATION TO ANALYZE THE MEMBRANE-DOCKING GEOMETRIES OF PERIPHERAL PROTEINS: Applications to C2 Domains (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Despite the central importance of peripheral membrane proteins to cellular signaling and metabolic pathways, the structures of protein-membrane interfaces remain largely inaccessible to high-resolution structural methods. In recent years a number of laboratories have contributed to the development of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) power saturation approach that utilizes site-directed spin labeling to determine the key geometric parameters of membrane-docked proteins, including their penetration depths and angular orientations relative to the membrane surface. Representative applications to Ca2+-activated, membrane-docking C2 domains are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144534
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RHO GTPASES: Biochemistry and Biology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 247-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Approximately one percent of the human genome encodes proteins that either regulate or are regulated by direct interaction with members of the Rho family of small GTPases. Through a series of complex biochemical networks, these highly conserved molecular switches control some of the most fundamental processes of cell biology common to all eukaryotes, including morphogenesis, polarity, movement, and cell division. In the first part of this review, we present the best characterized of these biochemical pathways; in the second part, we attempt to integrate these molecular details into a biological context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 127
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION BY THE SEC61/SECY CHANNEL (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 529-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The conserved protein-conducting channel, referred to as the Sec61 channel in eukaryotes or the SecY channel in eubacteria and archaea, translocates proteins across cellular membranes and integrates proteins containing hydrophobic transmembrane segments into lipid bilayers. Structural studies illustrate how the protein-conducting channel accomplishes these tasks. Three different mechanisms, each requiring a different set of channel binding partners, are employed to move polypeptide substrates: The ribosome feeds the polypeptide chain directly into the channel, a ratcheting mechanism is used by the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP, and a pushing mechanism is utilized by the bacterial ATPase SecA. We review these translocation mechanisms, relating biochemical and genetic observations to the structures of the protein-conducting channel and its binding partners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.133214
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 128
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS THROUGH STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 35-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Apoptosis plays a central role in the development and homeostasis of metazoans. Research in the past two decades has led to the identification of hundreds of genes that govern the initiation, execution, and regulation of apoptosis. An earlier focus on the genetic and cell biological characterization has now been complemented by systematic biochemical and structural investigation, giving rise to an unprecedented level of clarity in many aspects of apoptosis. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by synthesizing available biochemical and structural information. We discuss the mechanisms of ligand binding to death receptors, actions of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and caspase activation, inhibition, and removal of inhibition. Although an emphasis is given to the mammalian pathways, a comparative analysis is applied to related mechanistic information in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131040
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 129
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PUSHING THE ENVELOPE: Structure, Function, and Dynamics of the Nuclear Periphery (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 347-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly specialized membrane that delineates the eukaryotic cell nucleus. It is composed of the inner and outer nuclear membranes, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and, in metazoa, the lamina. The NE not only regulates the trafficking of macromolecules between nucleoplasm and cytosol but also provides anchoring sites for chromatin and the cytoskeleton. Through these interactions, the NE helps position the nucleus within the cell and chromosomes within the nucleus, thereby regulating the expression of certain genes. The NE is not static, rather it is continuously remodeled during cell division. The most dramatic example of NE reorganization occurs during mitosis in metazoa when the NE undergoes a complete cycle of disassembly and reformation. Despite the importance of the NE for eukaryotic cell life, relatively little is known about its biogenesis or many of its functions. We thus are far from understanding the molecular etiology of a diverse group of NE-associated diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151152
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 130
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STEM CELL NICHE: Structure and Function (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 605-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult tissue-specific stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and generate functional differentiated cells that replenish lost cells throughout an organism's lifetime. Studies on stem cells from diverse systems have shown that stem cell function is controlled by extracellular cues from the niche and by intrinsic genetic programs within the stem cell. Here, we review the remarkable progress recently made in research regarding the stem cell niche. We compare the differences and commonalities of different stem cell niches in Drosophila ovary/testis and Caenorhabditis elegans distal tip, as well as in mammalian bone marrow, skin/hair follicle, intestine, brain, and testis. On the basis of this comparison, we summarize the common features, structure, and functions of the stem cell niche and highlight important niche signals that are conserved from Drosophila to mammals. We hope this comparative summary defines the basic elements of the stem cell niche, providing guiding principles for identification of the niche in other systems and pointing to areas for future studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131525
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 131
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPECIFICITY AND VERSATILITY IN TGF-?‚ SIGNALING THROUGH SMADS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 659-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The TGF-?‚ family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing Smad complex. The receptor complex consists of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Upon phosphorylation by the receptors, Smad complexes translocate into the nucleus, where they cooperate with sequence-specific transcription factors to regulate gene expression. The vertebrate genome encodes many ligands, fewer type II and type I receptors, and only a few Smads. In contrast to the perceived simplicity of the signal transduction mechanism with few Smads, the cellular responses to TGF-?‚ ligands are complex and context dependent. This raises the question of how the specificity of the ligand-induced signaling is achieved. We review the molecular basis for the specificity and versatility of signaling by the many ligands through this conceptually simple signal transduction mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 132
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PRINCIPLES OF LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE DIGESTION: Stimulation of Sphingolipid Degradation by Sphingolipid Activator Proteins and Anionic Lysosomal Lipids (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 81-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids are membrane components of eukaryotic cell surfaces. Their constitutive degradation takes place on the surface of intra-endosomal and intra-lysosomal membrane structures. During endocytosis, these intra-lysosomal membranes are formed and prepared for digestion by a lipid-sorting process during which their cholesterol content decreases and the concentration of the negatively charged bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP)Đ??erroneously also called lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA)Đ??increases. Glycosphingolipid degradation requires the presence of water-soluble acid exohydrolases, sphingolipid activator proteins, and anionic phospholipids like BMP. The lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids with short hydrophilic head groups requires the presence of sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs). These are the saposins (Saps) and the GM2 activator protein. Sphingolipid activator proteins are membrane-perturbing and lipid-binding proteins with different specificities for the bound lipid and the activated enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Their inherited deficiency leads to sphingolipid- and membrane-storage diseases. Sphingolipid activator proteins not only facilitate glycolipid digestion but also act as glycolipid transfer proteins facilitating the association of lipid antigens with immunoreceptors of the CD1 family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120013
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 133
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RNA SILENCING SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO PLANT DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 297-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: RNA silencing refers to a broad range of phenomena sharing the common feature that large, double-stranded RNAs or stem-loop precursors are processed to ca. 21Đ??26 nucleotide small RNAs, which then guide the cleavage of cognate RNAs, block productive translation of these RNAs, or induce methylation of specific target DNAs. Although the core mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved, epigenetic maintenance of silencing by amplification of small RNAs and the elaboration of mobile, RNA-based silencing signals occur predominantly in plants. Plant RNA silencing systems are organized into a network with shared components and overlapping functions. MicroRNAs, and probably trans-acting small RNAs, help regulate development at the posttranscriptional level. Small interfering RNAs associated with transgene- and virus-induced silencing function primarily in defending against foreign nucleic acids. Another system, which is concerned with RNA-directed methylation of DNA repeats, seems to have roles in epigenetic silencing of certain transposable elements and genes under their control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.114706
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 134
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERED POROUS CATALYTIC MATERIALS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 209-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years substantial progress has been made in the control of the properties of porous materials on the nano-, meso-, and macroscale. The feature of solids can, in favorable cases, be tailored to such an extent that one is justified in using the term engineering of porous catalytic materials. This review highlights recent developments concerning (a) the control of the pore structure of zeolites, (b) the creation of single site type catalysts based on ordered mesoporous oxides, (c) the catalytic potential of porous coordination compounds, and (d) the advances with respect to direct production of desired shapes of porous catalytic materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.012704.142050
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 135
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    METAL CATALYST DESIGN AND PREPARATION IN CONTROL OF DEACTIVATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 427-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Catalyst life (with activity and selectivity) is one of the three essential properties of a practical catalyst, both in laboratory and industrial usage. For most catalysts in which the active phase is a metal, high activity requires a high metal surface area. In all cases, for long life, the metal surface area has to be maintained. The various modes of catalyst deactivation leading to loss of metal surface area are described (sintering, poisoning, coking, etc.). The choice of catalyst components for both active metal phases and for support phases is shown to be subject to thermodynamic and kinetic limits. Routes for the preparation of catalysts need to be and can be designed to give not only active, but also stable catalysts. Examples described include copper/zinc catalysts for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions, iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis, nickel catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, automobile exhaust catalysts, and Raney catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.120733
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 136
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN THE CATALYSIS OF ALKANE OXIDATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 465-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The key role of electron microscopy in understanding and creating advanced catalyst materials and processes in selective alkane oxidation, environmental control, and alternative energy sources is reviewed. In many technological processes, catalysts are increasingly nanoscale heterogeneous materials. With growing regulatory guidelines requiring efficient and environmentally compatible catalytic processes, it is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the catalyst nanostructure and modes of operation under reaction conditions to design novel catalysts and processes. The review highlights the pioneering development and applications of atomic resolution in situ-environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) for probing dynamic catalysis directly at the atomic level, high-resolution electron microscopy, and analytical spectroscopic methods in the development of alkane catalyzation, environmental protection, and new energy sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.122141
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 137
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES ON THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF HERBIVOROUS TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 169-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) significantly impact the nutritional ecology of terrestrial vertebrate herbivores. Herbivores have a wide range of mechanisms (herbivore offenses) to mitigate the negative effects of PSMs. We discuss several behavioral and physiological offenses used by terrestrial vertebrates. Several newly recognized herbivore offenses such as regulated absorption and regulation of toxin intake are presented. We give a detailed description of the biotransformation system with respect to PSMs. We also summarize recent findings of plantĐ??animal interactions for lizards, birds, and mammals. Finally, we discuss some new tools that can be applied to long-standing questions of plantĐ??vertebrate interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152617
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 138
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PHYSICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 99-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article reviews our current understanding of the physical mechanisms governing the movement of a tropical cyclone. In a barotropic framework, a tropical cyclone is basically "steered" by the surrounding flow but its movement is modified by the Coriolis force (referred to as the beta effect) and the horizontal vorticity gradient of the surrounding flow. In the presence of vertical wind shear and latent heat release, a tropical cyclone tends to move toward an area with a maximum in the time tendency of potential vorticity, which is mainly contributed by two processes: (a) advection that depends on the structures of the vortex and the environment surrounding the vortex in terms of their flow speed and vorticity gradient (including the beta effect), and (b) heating that results from a coupling between the latent heat released in the clouds and the vertical wind shear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175702
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 139
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRATOSPHERIC DYNAMICS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 263-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The large-scale dynamics of the extratropical stratosphere are reviewed. The role of Rossby waves and vortex dynamics in shaping the winter stratospheric circulation and the dynamics of the longitudinal mean flow are first discussed separately. The important effects of two-way interaction between waves and mean flow are then described, with emphasis on how mechanisms discovered in simple models can be followed through to models that are closer to the real stratosphere. A final topic is the possible effect of the stratosphere on the troposphere, with emphasis on dynamical mechanisms for such an effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175710
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 140
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLADEROW INTERACTIONS, TRANSITION, AND HIGH-LIFT AEROFOILS IN LOW-PRESSURE TURBINES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 71-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the low-pressure turbine, the wakes from the upstream bladerows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suctionĐ??side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent. This article summarizes the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation processes that result. Particular emphasis is placed on how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation and how this has enabled successful development of ultra-high-lift low-pressure turbines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175511
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 141
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROCIRCULATION AND HEMORHEOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 43-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We review major experimental and theoretical studies on microcirculation and hemorheology, focusing on mechanics of blood flow and the vascular wall. We discuss flow of the blood formed elements [red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells or leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets] in individual arterioles, capillaries, and venules, and in microvascular networks. We also review mechanical and rheological properties of the formed elements and their interactions with the vascular wall. We discuss short-term and long-term regulation of the microvasculature; the modes of regulation include metabolic, myogenic, and shear-stress-dependent mechanisms as well as vascular adaptation such as angiogenesis and vascular remodeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.042604.133933
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 142
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROBERT T. JONES, ONE OF A KIND (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: His contemporaries saw R.T. Jones as one of the notably creative aerodynamicists of the twentieth century. This essay reviews his remarkable life and career, including his years as a farm-country boy, college dropout, and fledgling airplane designer in Missouri, his time as an elevator operator and self-directed student in Washington, D.C., and his long professional career as an aerodynamicist at the Langley and Ames Aeronautical Laboratories and Stanford University. The focus in his career is on his fundamental discovery of the benefits of sweepback for the wings of high-speed airplanes. This includes speculation about his highly intuitive thought processes in arriving at his creative ideas. I also give an account of his work on blood flow and the mechanical heart, his avocational accomplishments as a maker of telescopes and violins, and his philosophical interest in human affairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122008
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 143
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TURBULENT MIXING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 329-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122015
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 144
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SCALING: Wind Tunnel to Flight * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 111-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wind tunnels have wide-ranging functionality, including many applications beyond aeronautics, and historically have been the major source of information for technological aerodynamics/aeronautical applications. There are a myriad of scaling issues/differences from flight to wind tunnel, and their study and impacts are uneven and a function of the particular type of extant flow phenomena. Typically, the most serious discrepancies are associated with flow separation. The tremendous ongoing increases in numerical simulation capability are changing and in many aspects have changed the function of the wind tunnel from a (scaled) "predictor" to a source of computational calibration/validation information with the computation then utilized as the flight prediction/scaling tool. Numerical simulations can increasingly include the influences of the various scaling issues. This wind tunnel role change has been occurring for decades as computational capability improves in all aspects. Additional issues driving this trend are the increasing cost (and time) disparity between physical experiments and computations, and increasingly stringent accuracy requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092208
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 145
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NONLINEAR AND WAVE THEORY CONTRIBUTIONS OF T. BROOKE BENJAMIN (1929Đ??1995) * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Brooke Benjamin's original theories of fluid mechanical phenomena changed our basic understanding of cavitation bubbles, surface and internal waves, gravity currents, instabilities of shear flow over flexible surfaces, and swirling flows. For some types of finite-amplitude wave phenomena, he generated integral constraints and derived new partial differential equations; by establishing their general properties he showed how they have wide application. He developed a complementary approach based on functional analysis that was quite new to fluid mechanics. He demonstrated methods for deriving, without detailed calculation, the essential features of nonlinear and indeterminate flow problems that are otherwise intractable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092028
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 146
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXPERIMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS OF PULSATILE ARTIFICIAL BLOOD PUMPS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 65-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fluid mechanics of artificial blood pumps has been studied since the early 1970s in an attempt to understand and mitigate hemolysis and thrombus formation by the device. Pulsatile pumps are characterized by inlet jets that set up a rotational "washing" pattern during filling. Strong regurgitant jets through the closed artificial heart valves have Reynolds stresses on the order of 10,000 dynes/cm2 and are the most likely cause of red blood cell damage and platelet activation. Although the flow in the pump chamber appears benign, low wall shear stresses throughout the pump cycle can lead to thrombus formation at the wall of the smaller pumps (10Đ??50 cc). The local fluid mechanics is critical. There is a need to rapidly measure or calculate the wall shear stress throughout the device so that the results may be easily incorporated into the design process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092022
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 147
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FLUID MECHANICS AND HOMELAND SECURITY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38 (2006), S. 87-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Homeland security involves many applications of fluid mechanics and offers many opportunities for research and development. This review explores a wide selection of fluids topics in counterterrorism and suggests future directions. Broad topics range from preparedness and deterrence of impending terrorist attacks to detection, response, and recovery. Specific topics include aircraft hardening, blast mitigation, sensors and sampling, explosive detection, microfluidics and labs-on-a-chip, chemical plume dispersal in urban settings, and building ventilation. Also discussed are vapor plumes and standoff detection, nonlethal weapons, airborne disease spread, personal protective equipment, and decontamination. Involvement in these applications requires fluid dynamicists to think across the traditional boundaries of the field and to work with related disciplines, especially chemistry, biology, aerosol science, and atmospheric science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092111
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 148
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONCERTED AND BIRTH-AND-DEATH EVOLUTION OF MULTIGENE FAMILIES * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 121-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Until around 1990, most multigene families were thought to be subject to concerted evolution, in which all member genes of a family evolve as a unit in concert. However, phylogenetic analysis of MHC and other immune system genes showed a quite different evolutionary pattern, and a new model called birth-and-death evolution was proposed. In this model, new genes are created by gene duplication and some duplicate genes stay in the genome for a long time, whereas others are inactivated or deleted from the genome. Later investigations have shown that most non-rRNA genes including highly conserved histone or ubiquitin genes are subject to this type of evolution. However, the controversy over the two models is still continuing because the distinction between the two models becomes difficult when sequence differences are small. Unlike concerted evolution, the model of birth-and-death evolution can give some insights into the origins of new genetic systems or new phenotypic characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112240
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 149
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHROMATIN REMODELING IN DOSAGE COMPENSATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 615-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In many multicellular organisms, males have one X chromosome and females have two. Dosage compensation refers to a regulatory mechanism that insures the equalization of X-linked gene products in males and females. The mechanism has been studied at the molecular level in model organisms belonging to three distantly related taxa; in these organisms, equalization is achieved by shutting down one of the two X chromosomes in the somatic cells of females, by decreasing the level of transcription of the two doses of X-linked genes in females relative to males, or by increasing the level of transcription of the single dose of X-linked genes in males. The study of dosage compensation in these different forms has revealed the existence of an amazing number of interacting chromatin remodeling mechanisms that affect the function of entire chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.094210
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 150
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEX DETERMINATION IN THE TELEOST MEDAKA, ORYZIAS LATIPES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 293-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although the sex of most animals is determined by genetic information, sex-determining genes had been identified only in mammals, several flies, and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans until the recent discovery of DMY (DM-domain gene on the Y chromosome) in the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome of the teleost fish medaka, Oryzias latipes. Functional and expression analyses of DMY have shown it to be the master gene for male sex determination in the medaka. The only sex-determining genes found so far in vertebrates are Sry and DMY. Therefore, the medaka is expected to become a good experimental animal for investigating the precise mechanisms involved in primary sex determination in nonmammalian vertebrates. This article reviews the origin of DMY and the sexual development of gonads in the medaka. The putative functions of DMY are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.110304.095800
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 151
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONNECTING MAMMALIAN GENOME WITH PHENOME BY ENU MOUSE MUTAGENESIS: Gene Combinations Specifying the Immune System (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 241-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The human and mouse genome sequences bring closer the goal of understanding how characteristics of adult mammalian physiology and pathology are encoded by DNA. Here we review the challenge of understanding how genes specify mammalian traits, with particular focus on the cells and behavior of the immune system. Summarized is the emerging experience, advantages, and limitations of using ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to modify the mouse genome and select informative variants by phenotypic screens, yielding two main conclusions. First, ENU-induced variation provides an eminently feasible route to understanding how the genome encodes important mammalian processes without any prior assumptions about genes, their chromosomal locations, or expression patterns. Second, ENU alleles match those arising by natural variation. By changing individual protein domains or splice products, these alleles reveal separate gene functions specified through protein combinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.110304.095817
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 152
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOLSOMIA CANDIDA (COLLEMBOLA): A "Standard" Soil Arthropod * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 201-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Folsomia candida Willem 1902, a member of the order Collembola (colloquially called springtails), is a common and widespread arthropod that occurs in soils throughout the world. The species is parthenogenetic and is easy to maintain in the laboratory on a diet of granulated dry yeast. F. candida has been used as a "standard" test organism for more than 40 years for estimating the effects of pesticides and environmental pollutants on nontarget soil arthropods. However, it has also been employed as a model for the investigation of numerous other phenomena such as cold tolerance, quality as a prey item, and effects of microarthropod grazing on pathogenic fungi and mycorrhizae of plant roots. In this comprehensive review, aspects of the life history, ecology, and ecotoxicology of F. candida are covered. We focus on the recent literature, especially studies that have examined the effects of soil pollutants on reproduction in F. candida using the protocol published by the International Standards Organization in 1999.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130331
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 153
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THYSANOPTERA: Diversity and Interactions (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 247-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Published literature on thrips has been dominated by descriptive taxonomy, pest control work, and generalized synecology. The lack of studies examining the detailed biology or autecology of any species limits our understanding of how thrips live and the processes underlying their diversification. Similarly, the phylogenetic inadequacy of thrips classification limits our ability to examine the evolution of biological traits. The extent to which our knowledge of the biology of thrips has increased in recent years is reviewed, such as the behavior of particular species and their interactions with other organisms, including host plant associations, pollination, predation, and natural enemiesĐ??factors involved in driving diversification within this order of opportunistic insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123318
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 154
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EGG DUMPING IN INSECTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 347-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Females that place eggs under the care of conspecifics have been labeled egg dumpers. Egg dumping is an effective reproductive alternative that lowers risks for, and has the potential to increase fecundity in, its practitioners. Although insect egg dumpers can be social parasites of the maternal behavior of egg recipients, dumping is more likely to be a viable reproductive alternative when the costs to egg recipients are low and thus the defense by potential hosts against egg dumping intrusions is minimal. These conditions are met in insects that guard only eggs or in insects whose eggs hatch into self-supporting precocial young that need little beyond defense from parents. When this is the case, egg dumping is favored by natural and/or kin selection as a mechanism by which dumpers can avoid parental risks and increase fecundity, and egg recipients can enhance offspring survival by diluting predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130424
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 155
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INVASIVE PHYTOPHAGOUS PESTS ARISING THROUGH A RECENT TROPICAL EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION: The Bactrocera dorsalis Complex of Fruit Flies (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 293-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) contains 75 described species, largely endemic to Southeast Asia. Within the complex are a small number of polyphagous pests of international significance, including B. dorsalis sensu stricto, B. papayae, B. carambolae, and B. philippinensis. Most species within the complex were described in 1994 and since then substantial research has been undertaken in developing morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for their recognition. Such techniques can now resolve most taxa adequately. Genetic evidence suggests that the complex has evolved in only the last few million years, and development of a phylogeny of the group is considered a high priority to provide a framework for future evolutionary and ecological studies. As model systems, mating studies on B. dorsalis s.s. and B. cacuminata have substantially advanced our understanding of insect use of plant-derived chemicals for mating, but such studies have not been applied to help resolve the limits of biological species within the complex. Although they are commonly regarded as major pests, there is little published evidence documenting economic losses caused by flies of the B. dorsalis complex. Quantification of economic losses caused by B. dorsalis complex species is urgently needed to prioritize research for quarantine and management. Although they have been documented as invaders, relatively little work has been done on the invasion biology of the complex and this is an area warranting further work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130428
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 156
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CANNIBALISM, FOOD LIMITATION, INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION, AND THE REGULATION OF SPIDER POPULATIONS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 441-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cannibalism among generalist predators has implications for the dynamics of terrestrial food webs. Spiders are common, ubiquitous arthropod generalist predators in most natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, the relationship of spider cannibalism to food limitation, competition, and population regulation has direct bearing on basic ecological theory and applications such as biological control. This review first briefly treats the different types of spider cannibalism and then focuses in more depth on evidence relating cannibalism to population dynamics and food web interactions to address the following questions: Is cannibalism in spiders a foraging strategy that helps to overcome the effects of a limited supply of calories and/or nutrients? Does cannibalism in spiders reduce competition for prey? Is cannibalism a significant density-dependent factor in spider population dynamics? Does cannibalism dampen spider-initiated trophic cascades?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150947
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 157
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROSTAGLANDINS AND OTHER EICOSANOIDS IN INSECTS: Biological Significance (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 25-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are oxygenated metabolites of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These compounds are well known for their important actions in mammalian physiology and disease. Recent work has revealed the presence and biological actions of eicosanoids in insects and many other invertebrate animals. In insects, eicosanoids mediate cellular immunity to microbial and metazoan challenge. Notably, some infectious organisms secrete factors responsible for impairing host insect immune reactions by inhibiting biosynthesis of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids also act in insect reproductive biology, in ion transport physiology, and in fever response to infection as well as in protein exocytosis in tick salivary glands. Aside from ongoing actions in homeostasis, certain eicosanoid actions occur at crucial points in insect life histories, such as during infectious challenge and important events in reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151021
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 158
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUATIC INSECT BIOMONITORING: A Comparative Analysis of Recent Approaches (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 495-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Aquatic insects and other benthic invertebrates are the most widely used organisms in freshwater biomonitoring of human impact. Because of the high monetary investment in freshwater management, decisions are often based on biomonitoring results, and a critical and comparative review of different approaches is required. We used 12 criteria that should be fulfilled by an "ideal" biomonitoring tool, addressing the rationale, implementation, and performance of a method. After illustrating how the century-old but still widely used Saprobian system does not meet these criteria, we apply them to nine recent approaches that range from the suborganismal to the ecosystem level. Although significant progress has been made in the field, no recent approach meets all 12 criteria. Given that the use of biomonitoring information has important financial consequences, we suggest that societies and governments prioritize how these criteria should be ranked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151124
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 159
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES, DETERRENTS, AND REPELLENTS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE AND AN INCREASINGLY REGULATED WORLD (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 160
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INSECT SOCIETIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 581-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although best known for cooperation, insect societies also manifest many potential conflicts among individuals. These conflicts involve both direct reproduction by individuals and manipulation of the reproduction of colony members. Here we review five major areas of reproductive conflict in insect societies: (a) sex allocation, (b) queen rearing, (c) male rearing, (d) queen-worker caste fate, and (e) breeding conflicts among totipotent adults. For each area we discuss the basis for conflict (potential conflict), whether conflict is expressed (actual conflict), whose interests prevail (conflict outcome), and the factors that reduce colony-level costs of conflict (conflict resolution), such as factors that cause workers to work rather than to lay eggs. Reproductive conflicts are widespread, sometimes having dramatic effects on the colony. However, three key factors (kinship, coercion, and constraint) typically combine to limit the effects of reproductive conflict and often lead to complete resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151003
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 161
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEFECATION BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF INSECTS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 635-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Whereas foraging has been a major focus of ecological and entomological research, its obligate partner, defecation, has been comparatively neglected. Insects exhibit a range of intriguing behavioral and morphological adaptations related to waste disposal in a range of contexts, including predator-prey interactions, hygiene, habitat location, reproduction, feeding, and shelter construction. Some insects, for example, make use of their own excrement as a physical or chemical defense against natural enemies, while others actively distance themselves from their waste material. Internally feeding insects, fluid-feeders, and social insects face particular challenges because their feeding behavior and/or site fidelity makes them especially vulnerable to problems associated with waste accumulation. As is true for foraging, ecological interactions involving defecation may have far-reaching evolutionary consequences and merit further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123212
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 162
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS OF TRAP CROPPING IN PEST MANAGEMENT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 285-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Interest in trap cropping, a traditional tool of pest management, has increased considerably in recent years. In this review we propose a broader definition of trap cropping that encompasses the inherent characteristics of the trap crop plants themselves as well as the strategies associated with their deployment. Inherent characteristics of a trap crop may include not only natural differential attractiveness for oviposition and feeding, but also other attributes that enable the trap crop plants to serve as a sink for insects or the pathogens they vector. Successful deployment of trap crops within a landscape depends on the inherent characteristics of the trap crop and the higher value crop, the spatial and temporal characteristics of each, the behavior and movement patterns of insect pests, and the agronomic and economic requirements of the production system. Thus, trap cropping is more knowledge-intensive than many other forms of pest management. We review recent references on trap cropping, classify them according to their modalities and level of implementation, and provide a synthesis of the factors that influence the success of trap cropping. Last, we provide a list of recommendations and guidelines that should prove helpful in moving trap cropping forward to its full potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 163
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOSQUITO BEHAVIOR AND VECTOR CONTROL (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 53-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Effective indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors depends on whether mosquitoes rest indoors (i.e., endophilic behavior). This varies among species and is affected by insecticidal irritancy. Exophilic behavior has evolved in certain populations exposed to prolonged spraying programs. Optimum effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets presumably depends on vectors biting at hours when most people are in bed. Time of biting varies among different malaria vector species, but so far there is inconclusive evidence for these evolving so as to avoid bednets. Use of an untreated net diverts extra biting to someone in the same room who is without a net. Understanding choice of oviposition sites and dispersal behavior is important for the design of successful larval control programs including those using predatory mosquito larvae. Prospects for genetic control by sterile males or genes rendering mosquitoes harmless to humans will depend on competitive mating behavior. These methods are hampered by the immigration of monogamous, already-mated females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 164
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FECAL RESIDUES OF VETERINARY PARASITICIDES: Nontarget Effects in the Pasture Environment (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 153-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Residues of veterinary parasiticides in dung of treated livestock have nontarget effects on dung-breeding insects and dung degradation. Here, we review the nature and extent of these effects, examine the potential risks associated with different classes of chemicals, and describe how greater awareness of these nontarget effects has resulted in regulatory changes in the registration of veterinary products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130341
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 165
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TSETSE GENETICS: Contributions to Biology, Systematics, and Control of Tsetse Flies (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 101-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) constitute a small, ancient taxon of exclusively hematophagous insects that reproduce slowly and viviparously. Because tsetse flies are the only vectors of pathogenic African trypanosomes, they are a potent and constant threat to humans and livestock over much of sub-Saharan Africa. Despite their low fecundity, tsetse flies demonstrate great resilience, which makes population suppression expensive, transient, and beyond the capacities of private and public sectors to accomplish, except over small areas. Nevertheless, control measures that include genetic methods are under consideration at national and supranational levels. There is a pressing need for sufficient laboratory cultures of tsetse flies and financial support to carry out genetic research. Here we review tsetse genetics from organismal and population points of view and identify some research needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130443
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 166
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHEROMONE-MEDIATED AGGREGATION IN NONSOCIAL ARTHROPODS: An Evolutionary Ecological Perspective (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 321-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Although the use of aggregation pheromones has been reported for hundreds of nonsocial arthropod species, the evolutionary ecological aspects of this behavior have received little attention. Despite the elaborate literature on mechanisms, robust data on costs and benefits of aggregation pheromones are scant. Existing literature indicates that, in contrast to the diversity of mechanisms, the ecological conditions in which aggregation pheromones are used are more alike. This points to a few general categories for costs and benefits of aggregation pheromones, and these are discussed. We subsequently review interspecific interactions that may be affected by the use of aggregation pheromones. We encounter a strikingly frequent association of aggregation pheromones with fungi and microorganisms and address cross-attraction by competitor species and exploitation by natural enemies. We show that aggregative behavior by individuals through the use of pheromones can profoundly affect ecological interactions and advocate further evolutionary and ecological investigations of pheromone-mediated aggregation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123329
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 167
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ECOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INSECT HYDROCARBONS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 371-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? This review covers selected literature from 1982 to the present on some of the ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of hydrocarbon use by insects and other arthropods. Major ecological and behavioral topics are species- and gender-recognition, nestmate recognition, task-specific cues, dominance and fertility cues, chemical mimicry, and primer pheromones. Major biochemical topics include chain length regulation, mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, timing of hydrocarbon synthesis and transport, and biosynthesis of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In addition, a section is devoted to future research needs in this rapidly growing area of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130359
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 168
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EVOLUTION OF MALE TRAITS IN SOCIAL INSECTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 395-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Pair formation in social insects mostly happens early in adult life and away from the social colony context, which precludes promiscuity in the usual sense. Termite males have continuous sperm production, but males of social Hymenoptera have fixed complements of sperm, except for a few species that mate before female dispersal and show male-fighting and lifelong sperm production. We develop an evolutionary framework for testing sexual selection and sperm competition theory across the advanced eusocial insects (ants, wasps, bees, termites) and highlight two areas related to premating sexual selection (sexual dimorphism and male mate number) that have remained understudied and in which considerable progress can be achieved with relatively simple approaches. We also infer that mating plugs may be relatively common, and we review further possibilities for postmating sexual selection, which gradually become less likely in termite evolution, but for which eusocial Hymenoptera provide unusual opportunities because they have clonal ejaculates and store viable sperm for up to several decades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130416
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 169
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY AND MECHANISTIC THEORIES OF AGING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 421-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Senescence (aging) is defined as a decline in performance and fitness with advancing age. Senescence is a nearly universal feature of multicellular organisms, and understanding why it occurs is a long-standing problem in biology. Here we present a concise review of both evolutionary and mechanistic theories of aging. We describe the development of the general evolutionary theory, along with the mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and disposable soma versions of the evolutionary model. The review of the mechanistic theories focuses on the oxidative stress resistance, cellular signaling, and dietary control mechanisms of life span extension. We close with a discussion of how an approach that makes use of both evolutionary and molecular analyses can address a critical question: Which of the mechanisms that can cause variation in aging actually do cause variation in natural populations?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130409
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 170
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ECOLOGY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN WEEDS AND ARTHROPODS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 479-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Weeds and arthropods interact in agricultural systems. Weeds can directly serve as food sources or provide other ecosystem resources for herbivorous arthropods, and indirectly serve carnivorous (beneficial) arthropods by providing food and shelter to their prey. Weeds can serve as alternative hosts for pest and beneficial arthropods when their preferred crop host is absent. Herbivory on crops by pest arthropods reduces the competitive ability of crop plants, leading to increased weed growth. Interactions between weeds and arthropods have several implications to integrated pest management (IPM). Pest and beneficial arthropod populations can be maintained in the absence of crop hosts. This statement also applies to all other pests that use weeds as a food source, including pathogens, nematodes, mollusks, and vertebrates. Weeds outside crop fields that maintain overwintering populations of arthropod pests are the major reason for the development of area-wide IPM programs for certain mobile arthropod pests. Weeds can serve as a source of increased diversity in agroecosystems. Increased diversity has been the rationale for enhancing biological control of arthropod pests through habitat management. The consequences of such approaches are difficult to predict on a multispecies IPM basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123218
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 171
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF INSECT IMMUNE DEFENSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 50 (2005), S. 529-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Đ?“ Abstract?? Evolutionary ecology seeks to understand the selective reasons for the design features of the immune defense, especially with respect to parasitism. The molecular processes thereby set limitations, such as the failure to recognize an antigen, response specificity, the cost of defense, and the risk of autoimmunity. Sex, resource availability, and interference by parasites also affect a response. In turn, the defense repertoire consists of different kinds of immune responsesĐ??constitutive or induced, general or specificĐ??and involves memory and lasting protection. Because the situation often defies intuition, mathematical analysis is typically required to identify the costs and benefits of variation in design, but such studies are few. In all, insect immune defense is much more similar to that of vertebrates than previously thought. In addition, the field is now rapidly becoming revolutionized by molecular data and methods that allow unprecedented access to study evolution in action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130420
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 172
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ARTHROPODS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 387-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tallgrass prairie (TGP) arthropods are diverse and abundant, yet they remain poorly documented and there is still much to be learned regarding their ecological roles. Fire and grazing interact in complex ways in TGP, resulting in a shifting mosaic of resource quantity and quality for primary consumers. Accordingly, the impacts of arthropod herbivores and detritivores are expected to vary spatially and temporally. Herbivores generally do not control primary production. Rather, groups such as grasshoppers have subtle effects on plant communities, and their most significant impacts are often on forbs, which represent the bulk of plant diversity in TGP. Belowground herbivores and detritivores influence root dynamics and rhizosphere nutrient cycling, and above- and belowground groups interact through plant responses and detrital pathways. Large-bodied taxa, such as cicadas, can also redistribute significant quantities of materials during adult emergences. Predatory arthropods are the least studied in terms of ecological significance, but there is evidence that top-down processes are important in TGP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151136
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 173
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSECT ODOR AND TASTE RECEPTORS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 113-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Insect odor and taste receptors are highly sensitive detectors of food, mates, and oviposition sites. Following the identification of the first insect odor and taste receptors in Drosophila melanogaster, these receptors were identified in a number of other insects, including the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae; the silk moth, Bombyx mori; and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. The chemical specificities of many of the D. melanogaster receptors, as well as a few of the A. gambiae and B. mori receptors, have now been determined either by analysis of deletion mutants or by ectopic expression in in vivo or heterologous expression systems. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of odor and taste coding in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.051705.113646
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 174
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INVASION BIOLOGY OF THRIPS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 67-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing IPM systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Several challenges surface when attempting to manage incursive thrips species. Foremost among these is early recognition, followed by rapid and accurate identification of emergent pest species, elucidation of the region of origin, development of a management program, and the closing of conduits for global movement of thrips. In this review, we examine factors facilitating invasion by thrips, damage caused by these insects, pre- and post-invasion management tactics, and challenges looming on the horizon posed by invasive Thysanoptera, which continually challenge the development of sustainable management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 175
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES IN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic, ecological, physiological, and molecular literature to identify factors that have influenced the evolution of parasitoid developmental strategies. We first discuss the origins and radiation of the parasitoid lifestyle in the Hymenoptera. We then summarize how parasitoid developmental strategies are affected by ecological interactions and assess the inventory of physiological and molecular traits parasitoids use to successfully exploit hosts. Last, we discuss how certain parasitoid virulence genes have evolved and how these changes potentially affect parasitoid-host interactions. The combination of phylogenetic data with comparative and functional genomics offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of biological diversity in this group of insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 176
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASSESSING RISKS OF RELEASING EXOTIC BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF ARTHROPOD PESTS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 609-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: More than 5000 introductions of about 2000 species of exotic arthropod agents for control of arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands during the past 120 years rarely have resulted in negative environmental effects. Yet, risks of environmental effects caused by releases of exotics are of growing concern. Twenty countries have implemented regulations for release of biological control agents. Soon, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM3) will become the standard for all biological control introductions worldwide, but this standard does not provide methods by which to assess environmental risks. This review summarizes documented nontarget effects and discusses the development and application of comprehensive and quick-scan environmental risk assessment methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151129
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 177
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANT CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL ENEMY FITNESS: Effects on Herbivore and Natural Enemy Interactions (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 163-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tremendous strides have been made regarding our understanding of how host plant chemistry influences the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. While most work has focused on plant chemistry effects on host location and acceptance by natural enemies, an increasing number of studies examine negative effects. The tritrophic role of plant chemistry is central to several aspects of trophic phenomena including top-down versus bottom-up control of herbivores, enemy-free space and host choice, and theories of plant defense. Furthermore, tritrophic effects of plant chemistry are important in assessing the degree of compatibility between biological control and plant resistance approaches to pest control. Additional research is needed to understand the physiological effects of plant chemistry on parasitoids. Explicit tests are required to determine whether natural enemies can act as selective forces on plant defense. Finally, further studies of natural systems are crucial to understanding the evolution of multitrophic relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151110
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 178
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIZARRE INTERACTIONS AND ENDGAMES: Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Arthropod Hosts (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 331-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Invertebrate pathogens and their hosts are taxonomically diverse. Despite this, there is one unifying concept relevant to all such parasitic associations: Both pathogen and host adapt to maximize their own reproductive output and ultimate fitness. The strategies adopted by pathogens and hosts to achieve this goal are almost as diverse as the organisms themselves, but studies examining such relationships have traditionally concentrated only on aspects of host physiology. Here we review examples of host-altered behavior and consider these within a broad ecological and evolutionary context. Research on pathogen-induced and host-mediated behavioral changes demonstrates the range of altered behaviors exhibited by invertebrates including behaviorally induced fever, elevation seeking, reduced or increased activity, reduced response to semiochemicals, and changes in reproductive behavior. These interactions are sometimes quite bizarre, intricate, and of great scientific interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150941
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 179
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SIGNALING AND FUNCTION OF INSULIN-LIKE PEPTIDES IN INSECTS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) exist in insects and are encoded by multigene families that are expressed in the brain and other tissues. Upon secretion, these peptides likely serve as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors, but to date, few direct functions have been demonstrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, molecular genetic studies have revealed elements of a conserved insulin signaling pathway, and as in other animal models, it appears to play a key role in metabolism, growth, reproduction, and aging. This review offers (a) an integrated summary of the efforts to characterize the distribution of ILPs in insects and to define this pathway and its functions in Drosophila and (b) a few considerations for future studies of ILP endocrinology in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151011
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 180
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MATING SYSTEMS OF BLOOD-FEEDING FLIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 413-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mating system of each species is a unique, dynamic suite of interactions between the sexes. In this review I describe these interactions in the families of flies that contain blood-feeding species. A transition from the aerial swarm, with rapid copulae and no direct female choice, to substrate-based systems with lengthy copulae and opportunities for female choice is evident at both a phylogenetic scale and within nematoceran families under specific ecological conditions. Female monogamy is associated with the former, polyandry with the latter. I suggest that the intensity of sexual selection operating on males in systems where the probability of mating is low has favored male ability to control female receptivity. Reproductive success of males is universally correlated to successful foraging for sugar or blood and (in some species and ecological conditions) to body size. Understanding the ecological basis of the mating systems of these flies will help formulate integrative, sustainable, and biologically lucid approaches for their control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151058
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 181
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSECT BIODIVERSITY OF BOREAL PEAT BOGS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 137-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Boreal peat bogs contain distinctive insects in addition to widely distributed generalists, including species restricted to bogs (tyrphobionts) and species characteristic of bogs but not confined to them (tyrphophiles). Bogs raised above the water table form characteristic habitat islands in southern boreal and temperate forest zones. Many bogs have persisted for hundreds and even thousands of years, preserving relict ecosystems related to subarctic biomes. The historical development and nature of individual bogs are reflected by differences among their insects, which are of great biogeographical and ecological interest. The environmental sensitivity of bogs also makes insects valuable as bioindicators. Moreover, few readily accessible bogs remain in a natural state. Given the scientific interest of bog insects and the fact that each relict bog habitat island is unique, further studies of the diversity of bog faunas are merited, and the conservation of these habitats should be strongly supported by entomologists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151036
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 182
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CURRENT TRENDS IN QUARANTINE ENTOMOLOGY * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 359-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: With world trade in agricultural commodities increasing, the introduction of exotic insects into new areas where they become pests will increase. The development and application of quarantine treatments or other mitigation approaches to prevent pest introduction in traded commodities raise many research and regulatory issues. The probit 9 standard for quarantine treatment efficacy has given way to risk-based alternatives. Varietal testing may have merit for some treatments or commodities but not for others. Development of generic treatments to control broad groups of insects or insects in all commodities can expedite new trade in agricultural products. Area-wide pest management programs lower pest levels before harvest and improve the quarantine security provided by any postharvest treatments. Systems approaches capitalize on cumulative pest mortality from multiple control components to achieve quarantine security in an exported commodity. Certain quarantine treatment technologies such as irradiation are not universally accepted, which is slowing their adoption. Standardized phytosanitary measures and research protocols are needed to improve the flow of information when countries propose to trade in a regulated commodity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123314
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 183
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MARGINAL ZONE B CELLS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 161-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our views regarding the origins and functions of splenic marginal zone B cells have changed considerably over the past few years. Perspectives regarding the development and function of these cells vary considerably between investigators studying human and rodent immunology. Marginal zone B cells are now recognized to constitute a distinct naive B lymphoid lineage. Considerable progress has been made regarding the mechanisms involved in marginal zone B cell development in the mouse. Many of the molecular events that participate in the retention of this lineage of B cells in the marginal zone have been identified. Here, we discuss the functions of these cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. We also attempt to reconcile differing viewpoints regarding the generation and function of marginal zone B cells in rodents and primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 184
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC MEMORY B CELL DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 487-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Helper T (Th) cellĐ??regulated B cell immunity progresses in an ordered cascade of cellular development that culminates in the production of antigen-specific memory B cells. The recognition of peptide MHC class II complexes on activated antigen-presenting cells is critical for effective Th cell selection, clonal expansion, and effector Th cell function development (Phase I). Cognate effector Th cellĐ??B cell interactions then promote the development of either short-lived plasma cells (PCs) or germinal centers (GCs) (Phase II). These GCs expand, diversify, and select high-affinity variants of antigen-specific B cells for entry into the long-lived memory B cell compartment (Phase III). Upon antigen rechallenge, memory B cells rapidly expand and differentiate into PCs under the cognate control of memory Th cells (Phase IV). We review the cellular and molecular regulators of this dynamic process with emphasis on the multiple memory B cell fates that develop in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115732
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 185
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    B CELL SIGNALING AND Tumorigenesis (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 415-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes are regulated by receptors localized on the cell surface. Engagement of these receptors induces the activation of intracellular signaling proteins that transmit the receptor signals to distinct targets and control the cellular responses. The first signaling proteins to be discovered in higher organisms were the products of oncogenes. For example, the kinases Src and Abelson (Abl) were originally identified as oncogenes and were later characterized as important proteins for signal transduction in various cell types, including lymphocytes. Now, as many cellular signaling molecules have been discovered and ordered into certain pathways, we can better understand why particular signaling proteins are associated with tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of early B cells. We point out the concepts of auto-inhibition and subcellular localization as crucial aspects in the regulation of B cell signaling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115606
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 186
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMMUNOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 683-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 187
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNDERSTANDING PRESENTATION OF VIRAL ANTIGENS TO CD8+ T CELLS IN VIVO: The Key to Rational Vaccine Design * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 651-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: CD8+ T cells play a critical role in antiviral immunity by exerting direct antiviral activity against infected cells. Because of their ability to recognize all types of viral proteins, they offer the promise of providing broad immunity to viruses that evade humoral immunity by varying their surface proteins. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing vaccines that elicit effective antiviral TCD8+ responses. Generating optimal vaccines ultimately requires rational design based on detailed knowledge of how TCD8+ are activated in vivo under natural circumstances. Here we review recent progress obtained largely by in vivo studies in mice to understand the mechanistic basis for activation of naive TCD8+ in virus infections. These studies point the way to detailed understanding and provide some key information for vaccine development, although much remains to be learned to enable truly rational vaccine design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115702
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 188
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION BY THE NOTCH PATHWAY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 945-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T??cell lineage and subsequent stages of early thymopoiesis is critically regulated by Notch. Recent data indicate that Notch can also direct the differentiation and activity of peripheral T and B cells. Thus, the full spectrum of Notch effects is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss this explosion of knowledge as well as current controversies and challenges in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115747
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 189
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PETER HOCHACHKA: Adventures in Biochemical Adaptation (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Peter Hochachka was one of the most creative forces in the field of comparative physiology during the past half-century. His career was truly an exploratory adventure, in both intellectual and geographic senses. His broad comparative studies of metabolism in organisms as diverse as trout, tunas, oysters, squid, turtles, locusts, hummingbirds, seals, and humans revealed the adaptable features of enzymes and metabolic pathways that provide the biochemical bases for diverse lifestyles and environments. In its combined breadth and depth, no other corpus of work better illustrates the principle of "unity in diversity" that marks comparative physiology. Through his publications, his stimulating mentorship, his broad editorial services, and his continuousĐ??and highly infectiousĐ??enthusiasm for his field, Peter Hochachka served as one of the most influential leaders in the transformation of comparative physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.041904.120836
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF CELL SIGNALING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: My scientific life has been spent trying to understand how cells communicate with each other. This interest in cell signaling began with studies on the control of fluid secretion by an insect salivary gland, and the subsequent quest led to the discovery of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and its role in calcium signaling, which effectively divided my scientific career into two distinct parts. The first part was primarily experimental and culminated in the discovery of IP3, which set the agenda for the second half during which I have enjoyed exploring the many functions of this remarkably versatile signaling system. It has been particularly exciting to find out how this IP3/Ca2+ signaling pathway has been adapted to control processes as diverse as fertilization, proliferation, cell contraction, secretion, and information processing in neuronal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040103.152647
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 191
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RNAI AS AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO STUDY AND REGULATE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND DISEASE PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 147-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Over the past four years RNA interference (RNAi) has exploded onto the research scene as a new approach to manipulate gene expression in mammalian systems. More recently, RNAi has garnered much interest as a potential therapeutic strategy. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of RNAi biology and examine how RNAi has been used to study the genetic basis of physiological and disease processes in mammalian systems. We also explore some of the new developments in the use of RNAi for disease therapy and highlight the key challenges that currently limit its application in the laboratory, as well as in the clinical setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.130716
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 259-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); arginine vasopressin; the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides ʼ̛-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and ?‚-endorphin, the glucocorticoids; and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks, and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors, and the timing of the stressful events, given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 193
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LESSONS IN ESTROGEN BIOLOGY FROM KNOCKOUT AND TRANSGENIC ANIMALS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 285-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of the physiological roles of the estrogen-signaling components in biologically relevant models. Here, we review the ever-increasing body of knowledge in the field of estrogen biology, especially as applied to the female reproductive processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.115914
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS OF BICARBONATE SECRETION IN THE PANCREATIC DUCT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 377-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In many species the pancreatic duct epithelium secretes HCO3 ions at a concentration of around 140 mM by a mechanism that is only partially understood. We know that HCO3 uptake at the basolateral membrane is achieved by Na+-HCO3 cotransport and also by a H+-ATPase and Na+/H+ exchanger operating together with carbonic anhydrase. At the apical membrane, the secretion of moderate concentrations of HCO3 can be explained by the parallel activity of a Cl/HCO3 exchanger and a Cl conductance, either the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or a Ca2+-activated Cl channel (CaCC). However, the sustained secretion of HCO3 into a HCO3 -rich luminal fluid cannot be explained by conventional Cl/HCO3 exchange. HCO3 efflux across the apical membrane is an electrogenic process that is facilitated by the depletion of intracellular Cl, but it remains to be seen whether it is mediated predominantly by CFTR or by an electrogenic SLC26 anion exchanger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153247
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SECRETION AND ABSORPTION BY COLONIC CRYPTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 471-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The intestines play an important role in the absorption and secretion of nutrients. The colon is the final area for recapturing electrolytes and water prior to excretion, and in order to maintain this electrolyte homeostasis, a complex interaction between secretory and absorptive processes is necessary. Until recently it was thought that secretion and absorption were two distinct processes associated with either crypts or surface cells, respectively. Recently it was demonstrated that both the surface and crypt cells can perform secretory and absorptive functions and that, in fact, these functions can be going on simultaneously. This issue is important in the complexities associated with secretory diarrhea and also in attempting to develop treatment strategies for intestinal disorders. Here, we update the model of colonic secretion and absorption, discuss new issues of transporter activation, and identify some important new receptor pathways that are important modulators of the secretory and absorptive functions of the colon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153530
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOVEL RENAL AMINO ACID TRANSPORTERS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 557-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (symporter) B0AT1 (SLC6A19), which imports a broad range of neutral amino acids together with Na+ across the luminal membrane and which is defective in Hartnup disorder. In contrast, cationic amino acids and cystine are taken up in exchange for recycled neutral amino acids by the heterodimeric cystinuria transporter. The basolateral release of some neutral amino acids into the extracellular space is mediated by unidirectional efflux transporters, analogous to GLUT2, that have not yet been definitively identified. Additionally, cationic amino acids and some other neutral amino acids leave the cell basolaterally via heterodimeric obligatory exchangers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.153949
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SURFACTANT PROTEIN C BIOSYNTHESIS AND ITS EMERGING ROLE IN CONFORMATIONAL LUNG DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 663-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Surfactant protein C (SP-C) is a hydrophobic 35-amino acid peptide that co-isolates with the phospholipid fraction of lung surfactant. SP-C represents a structurally and functionally challenging protein for the alveolar type 2 cell, which must synthesize, traffic, and process a 191Đ??197-amino acid precursor protein through the regulated secretory pathway. The current understanding of SP-C biosynthesis considers the SP-C proprotein (proSP-C) as a hybrid molecule that incorporates structural and functional features of both bitopic integral membrane proteins and more classically recognized luminal propeptide hormones, which are subject to post-translational processing and regulated exocytosis. Adding to the importance of a detailed understanding of SP-C biosynthesis has been the recent association of mutations in the proSP-C sequence with chronic interstitial pneumonias in children and adults. Many of these mutations involve either missense or deletion mutations located in a region of the proSP-C molecule that has structural homology to the BRI family of proteins linked to inherited degenerative dementias. This review examines the current state of SP-C biosynthesis with a focus on recent developments related to molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in the emerging role of SP-C mutations in the pathophysiology of diffuse parenchymal lung disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.101937
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXOCYTOSIS OF LUNG SURFACTANT: From the Secretory Vesicle to the Air-Liquid Interface (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 595-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Exocytosis is fundamental in biology and requires an orchestra of proteins and other constituents to fuse a vesicle with the plasma membrane. Although the molecular fusion machinery appears to be well conserved in evolution, the process itself varies considerably with regard to the diversity of physico-chemical and structural factors that govern the delay between stimulus and fusion, the expansion of the fusion pore, the release of vesicle content, and, finally, its extracellular dispersion. Exocytosis of surfactant is unique in many of these aspects. This review deals with the secretory pathway of pulmonary surfactant from the type II cell to the air-liquid interface, with focus on the distinct mechanisms and regulation of lamellar body (LB) fusion and release. We also discuss the fate of secreted material until it is rearranged into units that finally function to reduce the surface tension in the lung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.102553
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTION OF CHLORIDE CHANNELS IN THE KIDNEY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 759-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Numerous Cl channels have been identified in the kidney using physiological approaches and thus are thought to be involved in a range of physiological processes, including vectorial transepithelial Cl transport, cell volume regulation, and vesicular acidification. In addition, expression of genes from several Cl channel gene families has also been observed. However, the molecular characteristics of a number of Cl channels within the kidney are still unknown, and the physiological roles of Cl channels identified by molecular means remain to be determined. A gene knockout approach using mice might shed further light on the characteristics of these various Cl channels. In addition, study of diseases involving Cl channels (channelopathies) might clarify the physiological role of specific Cl channels. To date, more is known about CLC Cl channels than any other Cl channels within the kidney. This review focuses on the physiological roles of CLC Cl channels within the kidney, particularly kidney-specific ClC-K Cl channels, as well as the recently identified maxi anion channel in macula densa, which is involved in tubulo-glomerular feedback.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.032003.153547
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROLE OF FXYD PROTEINS IN ION TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 431-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The FXYD proteins are a family of seven homologous single transmembrane segment proteins (FXYD1Đ??7), expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. The FXYD proteins modulate the function of Na,K-ATPase, thus adapting kinetic properties of active Na+ and K+ transport to the specific needs of different cells. Six FXYD proteins ( 1Đ??5, 7 ) are known to interact with Na,K-ATPase and affect its kinetic properties in specific ways. Although effects of FXYD proteins on parameters such as K1/2Na+, K1/2K+, KmATP, and Vmax are modest, usually twofold, these effects may have important long-term consequences for homeostasis of cation balance. In this review we summarize basic features of FXYD proteins and present recent evidence for functional effects, structure-function relations and structural interactions with Na,K-ATPase. We then discuss possible physiological roles, based on in vitro observations and newly available knockout mice models. Finally, we also consider evidence that FXYD proteins affect functioning of other ion transport systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131852
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...