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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: Evenly spaced nucleosomes directly correlate with condensed chromatin and gene silencing. The ATP-dependent chromatin assembly factor (ACF) forms such structures in vitro and is required for silencing in vivo. ACF generates and maintains nucleosome spacing by constantly moving a nucleosome towards the longer flanking DNA faster than the shorter flanking DNA. How the enzyme rapidly moves back and forth between both sides of a nucleosome to accomplish bidirectional movement is unknown. Here we show that nucleosome movement depends cooperatively on two ACF molecules, indicating that ACF functions as a dimer of ATPases. Further, the nucleotide state determines whether the dimer closely engages one or both sides of the nucleosome. Three-dimensional reconstruction by single-particle electron microscopy of the ATPase-nucleosome complex in an activated ATP state reveals a dimer architecture in which the two ATPases face each other. Our results indicate a model in which the two ATPases work in a coordinated manner, taking turns to engage either side of a nucleosome, thereby allowing processive bidirectional movement. This novel dimeric motor mechanism differs from that of dimeric motors such as kinesin and dimeric helicases that processively translocate unidirectionally and reflects the unique challenges faced by motors that move nucleosomes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869534/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2869534/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Racki, Lisa R -- Yang, Janet G -- Naber, Nariman -- Partensky, Peretz D -- Acevedo, Ashley -- Purcell, Thomas J -- Cooke, Roger -- Cheng, Yifan -- Narlikar, Geeta J -- R01 GM073767/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-03S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM073767-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1016-21. doi: 10.1038/nature08621.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033039" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/*physiology ; Dimerization ; Gene Silencing/physiology ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; *Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*metabolism ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: The inference of transcriptional networks that regulate transitions into physiological or pathological cellular states remains a central challenge in systems biology. A mesenchymal phenotype is the hallmark of tumour aggressiveness in human malignant glioma, but the regulatory programs responsible for implementing the associated molecular signature are largely unknown. Here we show that reverse-engineering and an unbiased interrogation of a glioma-specific regulatory network reveal the transcriptional module that activates expression of mesenchymal genes in malignant glioma. Two transcription factors (C/EBPbeta and STAT3) emerge as synergistic initiators and master regulators of mesenchymal transformation. Ectopic co-expression of C/EBPbeta and STAT3 reprograms neural stem cells along the aberrant mesenchymal lineage, whereas elimination of the two factors in glioma cells leads to collapse of the mesenchymal signature and reduces tumour aggressiveness. In human glioma, expression of C/EBPbeta and STAT3 correlates with mesenchymal differentiation and predicts poor clinical outcome. These results show that the activation of a small regulatory module is necessary and sufficient to initiate and maintain an aberrant phenotypic state in cancer cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011561/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011561/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carro, Maria Stella -- Lim, Wei Keat -- Alvarez, Mariano Javier -- Bollo, Robert J -- Zhao, Xudong -- Snyder, Evan Y -- Sulman, Erik P -- Anne, Sandrine L -- Doetsch, Fiona -- Colman, Howard -- Lasorella, Anna -- Aldape, Ken -- Califano, Andrea -- Iavarone, Antonio -- 1RC2CA148308-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P20 GM075059/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P20GM075059/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA085628/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA101644/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA109755/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA127643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS061776/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS061776-01A2/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS061776-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA085628/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA101644/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA109755/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01NS061776/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 CA148308/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA168426/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54 CA121852/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54CA121852/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 21;463(7279):318-25. doi: 10.1038/nature08712. Epub 2009 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/*pathology ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics ; Computational Biology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Gene Regulatory Networks ; Glioma/diagnosis/genetics/pathology ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/metabolism/pathology ; Mesoderm/*metabolism/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics/pathology ; Neurons/metabolism/pathology ; Prognosis ; Reproducibility of Results ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells makes possible derivation of patient-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, iPS cell generation is asynchronous and slow (2-3 weeks), the frequency is low (〈0.1%), and DNA demethylation constitutes a bottleneck. To determine regulatory mechanisms involved in reprogramming, we generated interspecies heterokaryons (fused mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and human fibroblasts) that induce reprogramming synchronously, frequently and fast. Here we show that reprogramming towards pluripotency in single heterokaryons is initiated without cell division or DNA replication, rapidly (1 day) and efficiently (70%). Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown showed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, also known as AICDA) is required for promoter demethylation and induction of OCT4 (also known as POU5F1) and NANOG gene expression. AID protein bound silent methylated OCT4 and NANOG promoters in fibroblasts, but not active demethylated promoters in ES cells. These data provide new evidence that mammalian AID is required for active DNA demethylation and initiation of nuclear reprogramming towards pluripotency in human somatic cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhutani, Nidhi -- Brady, Jennifer J -- Damian, Mara -- Sacco, Alessandra -- Corbel, Stephane Y -- Blau, Helen M -- AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521-25/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987-05/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1042-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics/*physiology ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Cytidine Deaminase/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA Replication ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/enzymology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/embryology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Influenza A virus is an RNA virus that encodes up to 11 proteins and this small coding capacity demands that the virus use the host cellular machinery for many aspects of its life cycle. Knowledge of these host cell requirements not only informs us of the molecular pathways exploited by the virus but also provides further targets that could be pursued for antiviral drug development. Here we use an integrative systems approach, based on genome-wide RNA interference screening, to identify 295 cellular cofactors required for early-stage influenza virus replication. Within this group, those involved in kinase-regulated signalling, ubiquitination and phosphatase activity are the most highly enriched, and 181 factors assemble into a highly significant host-pathogen interaction network. Moreover, 219 of the 295 factors were confirmed to be required for efficient wild-type influenza virus growth, and further analysis of a subset of genes showed 23 factors necessary for viral entry, including members of the vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) and COPI-protein families, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-beta. Furthermore, 10 proteins were confirmed to be involved in post-entry steps of influenza virus replication. These include nuclear import components, proteases, and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) IIbeta (CAMK2B). Notably, growth of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus is also dependent on the identified host factors, and we show that small molecule inhibitors of several factors, including vATPase and CAMK2B, antagonize influenza virus replication.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862546/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862546/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Konig, Renate -- Stertz, Silke -- Zhou, Yingyao -- Inoue, Atsushi -- Hoffmann, H-Heinrich -- Bhattacharyya, Suchita -- Alamares, Judith G -- Tscherne, Donna M -- Ortigoza, Mila B -- Liang, Yuhong -- Gao, Qinshan -- Andrews, Shane E -- Bandyopadhyay, Sourav -- De Jesus, Paul -- Tu, Buu P -- Pache, Lars -- Shih, Crystal -- Orth, Anthony -- Bonamy, Ghislain -- Miraglia, Loren -- Ideker, Trey -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Young, John A T -- Palese, Peter -- Shaw, Megan L -- Chanda, Sumit K -- 1 P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 1 S10 RR0 9145-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 1 T32 AI07647/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 1F32AI081428/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 1R21AI083673/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R24 CA095823-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN272200900032C/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-010004/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-020004/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-030004/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-040004/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113-050004/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007647-10/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007280/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074539/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074539-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074539-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074539-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI1074539/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057158-065713/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057159/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):813-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08699.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Factors/*genetics/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Gene Library ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification/growth & development ; Influenza A virus/classification/*growth & development ; Influenza, Human/*genetics/*virology ; RNA Interference ; Vero Cells ; Virus Internalization ; Virus Replication/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Broken chromosomes arising from DNA double-strand breaks result from endogenous events such as the production of reactive oxygen species during cellular metabolism, as well as from exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation. Left unrepaired or incorrectly repaired they can lead to genomic changes that may result in cell death or cancer. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a holoenzyme that comprises the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80, has a major role in non-homologous end joining-the main pathway in mammals used to repair double-strand breaks. DNA-PKcs is a serine/threonine protein kinase comprising a single polypeptide chain of 4,128 amino acids and belonging to the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-related protein family. DNA-PKcs is involved in the sensing and transmission of DNA damage signals to proteins such as p53, setting off events that lead to cell cycle arrest. It phosphorylates a wide range of substrates in vitro, including Ku70/Ku80, which is translocated along DNA. Here we present the crystal structure of human DNA-PKcs at 6.6 A resolution, in which the overall fold is clearly visible, to our knowledge, for the first time. The many alpha-helical HEAT repeats (helix-turn-helix motifs) facilitate bending and allow the polypeptide chain to fold into a hollow circular structure. The carboxy-terminal kinase domain is located on top of this structure, and a small HEAT repeat domain that probably binds DNA is inside. The structure provides a flexible cradle to promote DNA double-strand-break repair.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811870/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811870/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sibanda, Bancinyane L -- Chirgadze, Dimitri Y -- Blundell, Tom L -- 079281/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- A3846/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):118-21. doi: 10.1038/nature08648. Epub 2009 Dec 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's site, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK. lynn@cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, Nuclear/chemistry ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; HeLa Cells ; *Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: MCL1 is essential for the survival of stem and progenitor cells of multiple lineages, and is unique among pro-survival BCL2 family members in that it is rapidly turned over through the action of ubiquitin ligases. B- and mantle-cell lymphomas, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and multiple myeloma, however, express abnormally high levels of MCL1, contributing to chemoresistance and disease relapse. The mechanism of MCL1 overexpression in cancer is not well understood. Here we show that the deubiquitinase USP9X stabilizes MCL1 and thereby promotes cell survival. USP9X binds MCL1 and removes the Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains that normally mark MCL1 for proteasomal degradation. Increased USP9X expression correlates with increased MCL1 protein in human follicular lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, patients with multiple myeloma overexpressing USP9X have a poor prognosis. Knockdown of USP9X increases MCL1 polyubiquitination, which enhances MCL1 turnover and cell killing by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737. These results identify USP9X as a prognostic and therapeutic target, and they show that deubiquitinases may stabilize labile oncoproteins in human malignancies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwickart, Martin -- Huang, Xiaodong -- Lill, Jennie R -- Liu, Jinfeng -- Ferrando, Ronald -- French, Dorothy M -- Maecker, Heather -- O'Rourke, Karen -- Bazan, Fernando -- Eastham-Anderson, Jeffrey -- Yue, Peng -- Dornan, David -- Huang, David C S -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 7;463(7277):103-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08646. Epub 2009 Dec 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; DNA Damage ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Lysine/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein ; Neoplasms/diagnosis/*metabolism/*pathology ; Nitrophenols/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation/radiation effects ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Polyubiquitin/*metabolism ; Prognosis ; Protein Binding/radiation effects ; Protein Stability ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Taxoids/pharmacology ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Innate immune responses are important in combating various microbes during the early phases of infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that, unlike T and B lymphocytes, do not express antigen receptors but rapidly exhibit cytotoxic activities against virus-infected cells and produce various cytokines. Here we report a new type of innate lymphocyte present in a novel lymphoid structure associated with adipose tissues in the peritoneal cavity. These cells do not express lineage (Lin) markers but do express c-Kit, Sca-1 (also known as Ly6a), IL7R and IL33R. Similar lymphoid clusters were found in both human and mouse mesentery and we term this tissue 'FALC' (fat-associated lymphoid cluster). FALC Lin(-)c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) cells are distinct from lymphoid progenitors and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. These cells proliferate in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of T(H)2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13. IL5 and IL6 regulate B-cell antibody production and self-renewal of B1 cells. Indeed, FALC Lin(-)c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) cells support the self-renewal of B1 cells and enhance IgA production. IL5 and IL13 mediate allergic inflammation and protection against helminth infection. After helminth infection and in response to IL33, FALC Lin(-)c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) cells produce large amounts of IL13, which leads to goblet cell hyperplasia-a critical step for helminth expulsion. In mice devoid of FALC Lin(-)c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) cells, such goblet cell hyperplasia was not induced. Thus, FALC Lin(-)c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) cells are T(H)2-type innate lymphocytes, and we propose that these cells be called 'natural helper cells'.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moro, Kazuyo -- Yamada, Taketo -- Tanabe, Masanobu -- Takeuchi, Tsutomu -- Ikawa, Tomokatsu -- Kawamoto, Hiroshi -- Furusawa, Jun-Ichi -- Ohtani, Masashi -- Fujii, Hideki -- Koyasu, Shigeo -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):540-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08636. Epub 2009 Dec 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/*cytology/*immunology ; Animals ; Antigens, Ly/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Cell Proliferation ; Cytokines/*immunology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*immunology ; Mesentery/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nematoda/physiology ; Nematode Infections/immunology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics/*immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dovidio, John F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1641-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1184231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. john.dovidio@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Humans ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Social Behavior ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: The role of starchy plants in early hominin diets and when the culinary processing of starches began have been difficult to track archaeologically. Seed collecting is conventionally perceived to have been an irrelevant activity among the Pleistocene foragers of southern Africa, on the grounds of both technological difficulty in the processing of grains and the belief that roots, fruits, and nuts, not cereals, were the basis for subsistence for the past 100,000 years and further back in time. A large assemblage of starch granules has been retrieved from the surfaces of Middle Stone Age stone tools from Mozambique, showing that early Homo sapiens relied on grass seeds starting at least 105,000 years ago, including those of sorghum grasses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mercader, Julio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1680-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1173966.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Diet ; Edible Grain/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Mozambique ; *Poaceae ; *Seeds ; *Sorghum ; Starch
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: Compared with more explicit racial slurs and statements, biased facial expressions and body language may resist conscious identification and thus produce a hidden social influence. In four studies, we show that race biases can be subtly transmitted via televised nonverbal behavior. Characters on 11 popular television shows exhibited more negative nonverbal behavior toward black than toward status-matched white characters. Critically, exposure to prowhite (versus problack) nonverbal bias increased viewers' bias even though patterns of nonverbal behavior could not be consciously reported. These findings suggest that hidden patterns of televised nonverbal behavior influence bias among viewers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764987/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisbuch, Max -- Pauker, Kristin -- Ambady, Nalini -- F32 MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32MH078350/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH070833-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1711-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1178358.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA. max.weisbuch@tufts.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *African Continental Ancestry Group ; Cues ; *European Continental Ancestry Group ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Kinesics ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Prejudice ; *Television ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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