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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations  (24)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics  (24)
  • Elsevier  (28)
  • American Geophysical Union  (20)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Public Library of Science
  • 2005-2009  (48)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
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    Present-day stress-field modelling of southern Italy constrained by stress and GPS data (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The present-day tectonic setting of the Italian peninsula is very complex and involves competing geodynamic processes. In this context, southern peninsular Italy is characterised by extension along the Apenninic belt and in the Tyrrhenian margin and by transpression in the Apulia-Gargano region. The extension is well defined by means of geological, seismological, and contemporary stress data. For the latter only few data are available in the Apulia-Gargano region, leaving the state of stress in that area unresolved. Here we develop a finite-element model of the southern Italian region in order to predict the contemporary stress field. Our model predictions are constrained by model-independent observations of the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax), the tectonic regime, and the horizontal velocities derived from GPS observations. We performed a blind test with 31 newly acquired SHmax orientations in the Southern Apennines. These new data come from the analysis of borehole breakouts performed in 46 deep oil exploration wells ranging in depth from 1300 to 5500 m. The model results agree with the stress data that define a prevailing NW-SE SHmax orientation along the Apenninic belt and foredeep and thus are capable to predict the stress field where no stress information is available. We first analyse how much model predictions, based on older data, deviate from present-day stress data and then recalibrate the models based on our new stress data, giving insight into the resolution of both models and data. In the studied region, which is affected by low deformation rates, we find that geodetic data alone cannot resolve such low levels of deformation due to the high relative measurement errors. We conclude that both GPS and stress data are required to constrain model results.
    Description: This research was supported by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC) through the INGV-DPC project S1.
    Description: Published
    Description: 193-204
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Neotectonics ; Borehole-breakouts ; Southern Apennines ; Finite-element models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    A seismic sequence from Northern Apennines (Italy) provides new insight on the role of fluids in the active tectonics of accretionary wedges (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyze a seismic sequence which occurred in 2000 along the Northern Apennines accretionary wedge (Italy). The sequence developed within the Cretaceous–Triassic limestones of the tectonic wedge, where methane-rich and oil reservoirs are stored. Ruptures mainly developed on WNW–ESE striking thrusts. The compressive stress field is consistent with that acting at regional scale in Northern Apennines. Seismic parameters indicate that fluids are involved in the seismogenic process. The amplitudes of the P and S phases and data from some stations evidence a P to S conversion within Vp/Vs=2.1 layer. The attenuation properties of crust show a higher attenuation zone located west of the epicentral cloud. Eight hundred aftershocks delineate a sub-vertical cloud of events between 7 and 14 km depth. The space–time evolution of the aftershocks is consistent with a diffusive spreading (diffusivity=1.9 m2/s) along vertically superimposed thrusts. Diffusion also controls the time evolution of the sequence. Fluid pressure is estimated to be roughly equal to the vertical, lithostatic stress. The overpressure within reservoirs develops by tectonic compaction processes. The fluids upraise along sub-vertical fractures related to the shortening of the wedge. The 2000 sequence occurred in an area that separates a thermal and deeper petroleum system from a shallower biogenic system. The divider of these systems controls the attenuation properties of the crust. The fluid–rock interaction at seismogenetic depth is related to hydrothermal processes more than to compaction. In accretionary wedges, seismicity activating superimposed thrusts may drive methane and oil upraising from the upper crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 99-109
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: seismicity ; fluids ; accretionary wedge ; thrust ; geodynamics ; Northern Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Attenuation of body waves in Southeastern Sicily (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The attenuation of P- and S-waves in Southeastern Sicily was estimated by applying two different methods in time and frequency domains. We analyzed waveforms from about 290 local events (0.6 ≤ ML ≤ 4.6) recorded at a three-component digital network. By applying the pulse broadeningmethod to the first P-wave pulse,we found an averageQp value of ca. 140. The application of the frequency decay method provided a Qp value of ca. 120, in the low-frequency band (3–9Hz). Conversely, in the high frequency range (16–27Hz) the average Qp is significantly larger (ca. 640). The frequency decay method was also applied to S-waves spectra. In the low frequency range (2–5Hz) the estimated average Qs is ca. 190. As for Qp, also Qs, in the high frequency range (16–27Hz), is larger (ca. 700). These results evidenced a frequency dependence of both the quality factors Qp and Qs, as commonly observed in tectonically active zones characterized by high degree of heterogeneity
    Description: Published
    Description: 267-279
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: attenuation ; body waves ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Seismicity, seismotectonics and crustal velocity structure of the Messina Strait (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Messina Strait is the most important structural element interrupting the southernmost part of the Alpine-Apenninic orogenic belt, known as the Calabro-Peloritan Arc. It is being a narrow fan-shaped basin linking the Ionian Sea to the Tyrrhenian Sea. This region is affected by considerable seismic activity which mirrors the geodynamic processes due to the convergence between the African and the Eurasian plates. In the last four centuries, a significant number of disastrous earthquakes originated along the Arc. Among these, the most noteworthy event occurred on December 28, 1908 (known as the Reggio Calabria-Messina earthquake), in the Messina Strait area and caused a large tsunami and more than 100,000 casualties. In this research we focus on the relationships between the general tectonic setting, which characterize the Messina Strait and adjacent areas, seismicity patterns and the crustal structure. We analyzed a data set consisting of more than 300 events occurring in the years from 1999 to 2007, having a magnitude range from 1.0 to 3.8. This data set was exploited in a local earthquake tomography, by carrying out a simultaneous inversion of both the three-dimensional velocity structure and the distribution of seismic foci. We applied the “tomoADD” algorithm, which uses a combination of absolute and differential arrival times and a concept of self-adapting grid geometry, accounting for ray density encountered across the volume. With this method the accuracy of event locations is improved and velocity structure near the source region is resolved in more detail than standard tomography. Fault plane solutions were obtained for the major and best-recorded earthquakes. The obtained velocity images highlight vertical and lateral heterogeneities that can be associated with structural features striking from NNE-SSW to NE-SW. These results are consistent with important tectonic elements visible at the surface and the pattern delineated by earthquake locations and focal mechanisms.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65-78
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Crustal structure ; Focal mechanism ; Seismicity ; Seismotectonics ; Tomography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Volcanic unrest of the Colli Albani (central Italy) detected by GPS monitoring test (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Colli Albani volcanic complex, located in central Italy about 15km SE of Rome, has been dominated by periodic eruptive histories started about 561 ka and ending with the most recent and voluminous activity of the Albano maar (〈70 ka) phase. Earthquakes of moderate intensity, gas emissions and significant ground deformations are the recent evidences of a residual activity. We decided to start a monitoring test by installing as first step three GPS permanent stations on the volcanic structure, in sites easily accessible. The analysis of about 2 years of GPS observations has evidenced a peculiar velocity pattern of the Colli Albani stations with respect to those located nearby, but outside the volcano edifice. With respect to Eurasia, the horizontal velocities are NE directed with magnitudes of 2.2±1.4mm/year (RDPI), 3.0±0.8mm/year (RMPO) and 3.3±1.2mm/year (NEMI). The uplift rates are determined with minor accuracy and range from 3.3 and 6.0mm/year. We used a non-linear inversion algorithm to determine the best-fit parameters for a Mogi spherical source based on the Levenberg–Marquardt least squares approach. The best-fit is obtained with a source at 4.6km depth beneath thewestern flank of the volcano and a volume variation of 3.6×10−4 km3/year. This result is in agreement with the volume rate retrieved by PS-InSAR technique and rather different from the rate inferred from leveling surveys. Consequently, non-linear trends of the hydrothermal system charge cannot be excluded apriori and the continuous GPS monitoring should be considered a priority in assessing the hazard of the Colli Albani.
    Description: This work has been partially supported by the Dept. of Civil Protection, Project DPC115 V3 Colli Albani.
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-87
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Colli Albani ; GPS ; Volcano monitoring ; Mogi source ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Evidence for Holocenic uplift at Somma-Vesuvius (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Detailed stratigraphical, archaeological, micropalaeontological, archaeometrical and petrochemical analyses of samples from trenches and boreholes at insula of Casti Amanti, in Pompeii, allowed a faithful reconstruction of the recent environmental evolution of the site. The present data clearly indicate the alternation of both subaerial and shallow marine conditions during Holocene times. Taking into account the relative local sea level variations, a ~30 m ground uplift event in the last 6 kyr (with an average vertical uplift rate of ~5 mm/yr) was inferred for the first time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 451–461
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ground uplift ; Somma-Vesuvius ; Pompeii ; Holocene ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Contemporary crustal extension in the Umbria–Marche Apennines from regional CGPS networks and comparison between geodetic and seismic deformation (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Here we report the results of the analysis of a GPS velocity field in the Umbria–Marche Apennines (central Italy) obtained from the integration of diverse geodetic networks. The velocity field obtained shows a high degree of consistency both spatially and in terms of comparison with independent information, despite the limited time span of some GPS stations. Starting from the velocity field we derive a continuous strain rate field applying a spline interpolation technique which provide a smooth estimate of the deformation field. The main feature of the resulting strain rate field is a continuous high (N50 nanostrain/year) strain rate belt coincident with the area of largest historical and instrumental seismic release. The model directions of the principal axes agree with geological and seismological information indicating NE–SW extension. We transform the strain rate field into geodetic moment rate using the Kostrov formula to evaluate the potential seismic activity of the region and compare it with actual seismic release in the last 720 years from MwN5.5 earthquakes. This comparison highlights a large possible deficit in the seismic release with respect to the overall potential seismic activity, particularly concentrated in the northern part of the study area. This discrepancy can be resolved with either a large amount of seismicity to be released in the near future or significant aseismic slip and deformation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-12
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; crustal deformation ; Northen Apennines ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Earthquake-generated tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea: scenarios of potential threats to Southern Italy (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We calculated the impact on Southern Italy of a large set of tsunamis resulting from earthquakes generated by major fault zones of the Mediterranean Sea. Our approach merges updated knowledge on the regional tectonic setting and scenario-like calculations of expected tsunami impact. We selected three potential source zones located at short, intermediate and large distance from our target coastlines: the Southern Tyrrhenian thrust belt; the Tell-Atlas thrust belt; and the western Hellenic Arc. For each zone we determined a Maximum Credible Earthquake and described the geometry, kinematics and size of its associated Typical Fault. We then let the Typical Fault float along strike of its parent source zone and simulated all tsunamis it could trigger. Simulations are based on the solution of the nonlinear shallow water equations through a finite-difference technique. For each run we calculated the wave fields at desired simulation times and the maximum water elevation field, then produced travel-time maps and maximum wave-height profiles along the target coastlines. The results show a highly variable impact for tsunamis generated by the different source zones. For example, a large Hellenic Arc earthquake will produce a much higher tsunami wave (up to 5 m) than those of the other two source zones (up to 1.5 m). This implies that tsunami scenarios for Mediterranean Sea countries must necessarily be computed at the scale of the entire basin. Our work represents a pilot study for constructing a basin-wide tsunami scenario database to be used for tsunami hazard assessment and early warning.
    Description: Italian Civil Defense; Project “Development of new technologies for the protection of the Italian territory from natural hazards” funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research
    Description: Published
    Description: B01301
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; Mediterranean Sea ; Seismotectonics ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Slip rates of the Aigion and Eliki Faults from uplifted marine terraces, Corinth Gulf, Greece (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, important coastal uplift is illustrated by raised Late-Pleistocene marine platforms. Terrace remnants preserved on the footwall of the Aigion and Eliki Faults were mapped in detail. To derive cumulative uplift rates, the individual terraces were tentatively correlated with the eustatic sea-level curve, constrained by some direct dating of the deposits blanketing the terraces. We obtain uplift rates of 1.05–1.2 mmyr−1 for the Aigion Fault footwall and of 1.0 and 1.25 mmyr−1 for the East and West Eliki Fault footwalls respectively. A forward modelling procedure was adopted to fit the best-preserved terrace transects, using a code based on standard dislocation theory and assuming reasonable scenarios of regional uplift. We obtained maximum slip rates consistently in the range of 7–11 mmyr−1 for the West and East Eliki Faults and of 9–11 mmyr−1 for the Aigion Fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 325-334
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: slip rate ; marine terraces ; modeling ; Corinth Gulf, Greece ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Geophysical investigations of the plumbing system of Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this work, we report the results of an integrated approach using both seismological and geodetic data provided by the INGV-CT (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania) Stromboli volcano monitoring systems, in order to improve the knowledge of its plumbing system. In particular, we investigated the relationships between the June 1999 seismic swarm, occurring in the area of Stromboli, and the possible activation of the NE–SW oriented volcano-tectonic structure. We analyzed this seismic swarm proposing new locations and a morphological analysis of the waveforms. This approach allowed us to demonstrate that there are relationships between the tectonic activity near Stromboli and the rising of magma. This evidence supports the hypothesis that during the 1999 swarm an intrusive process started from a crustal level where earthquakes were located (about 10–15 km b.s.l.). As already testified by other similar episodes (deformation anomaly recorded between December 1994 and March 1995 after the November 1994 swarm), months after the 1999 seismic activity, the tiltmeters and the GPS permanent stations deployed in Stromboli, showed slow variations over three months (May–July 2000). We performed an analytical inversion of these geodetic observations and found that the modelled sources are characterized by NE–SW trend, compatible with the regional faults cutting the volcano. The modelled sources could represent the rising pathway connecting the “deep” plumbing system (about 10–15 km b.s.l.) to the “shallow” one located in the body of the Stromboli volcano (about 500 m a.s.l.). These new evidences support the hypothesis of the existence of a simple plumbing system with different levels of magma storage, where batches of magma are periodically pushed up along the main NE–SW tectonic trend.
    Description: Published
    Description: 529-540
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: stromboli ; plumbing system ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    A seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of the Italian territory (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We designed a new seismic source model for Italy to be used as an input for country-wide probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) in the frame of the compilation of a new national reference map. We started off by reviewing existing models available for Italy and for other European countries, then discussed the main open issues in the current practice of seismogenic zoning. The new model, termed ZS9, is largely based on data collected in the past 10 years, including historical earthquakes and instrumental seismicity, active faults and their seismogenic potential, and seismotectonic evidence from recent earthquakes. This information allowed us to propose new interpretations for poorly understood areas where the new data are in conflict with assumptions made in designing the previous and widely used model ZS4. ZS9 is made out of 36 zones where earthquakes with Mw 〉= 5 are expected. It also assumes that earthquakes with Mw up to 5 may occur anywhere outside the seismogenic zones, although the associated probability is rather low. Special care was taken to ensure that each zone sampled a large enough number of earthquakes so that we could compute reliable earthquake production rates. Although it was drawn following criteria that are standard practice in PSHA, ZS9 is also innovative in that every zone is characterised also by its mean seismogenic depth (the depth of the crustal volume that will presumably release future earthquakes) and predominant focal mechanism (their most likely rupture mechanism). These properties were determined using instrumental data, and only in a limited number of cases we resorted to geologic constraints and expert judgment to cope with lack of data or conflicting indications. These attributes allow ZS9 to be used with more accurate regionalized depth-dependent attenuation relations, and are ultimately expected to increase significantly the reliability of seismic hazard estimates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 85-108
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismotectonics ; Seismic source zone model ; Seismic hazard ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Stress interaction effect on the occurrence probability of characteristic earthquakes in Central Apennines (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this study, we compute the effect of stress change due to previous historical earthquakes on the probability of occurrence of future earthquakes on neighboring faults. Following a methodology developed in the last decade, we start from the estimate of the probability of occurrence in the next 50 years for a characteristic earthquake on known seismogenic structures, based on a time-dependent renewal model. Then a physical model for the Coulomb stress change caused by previous earthquakes on these structures is applied. The influence of this stress change on the occurrence rate of characteristic earthquakes is computed, taking into account both permanent (clock advance) and temporary (rate-and-state) perturbations. We apply this method to the computation of earthquake hazard of the main seismogenic structures recognized in the Central and Southern Apennines region, for which both historical and paleoseismological data are available. This study provides the opportunity of reviewing the problems connected with the estimate of the parameters of a renewal model in case of characteristic earthquakes characterized by return times longer than the time spanned by the available catalogues and the applicability of the concept of characteristic earthquake itself. The results show that the estimated effect of earthquake interaction in this region is small compared with the uncertainties affecting the statistical model used for the basic time-dependent hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: B08313
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stress interaction, occurrence probability, characteristic earthquakes ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.03. Forecasts ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Intrusion of eccentric dikes: The case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2001 eruption represents one of the most studied events both from volcanological and geophysical point of view on Mt. Etna. This eruption was a crucial event in the recent dynamic of the volcano, marking the passage from a period (March 1993 – June 2001) of moderate stability with slow, continuous flank sliding and contemporaneous summit eruptions, to a period (July 2001 to present) of dramatically increased flank deformations and flank eruptions. We show new GPS data and high precision relocation of seismicity in order to demonstrate the role of the 2001 intrusive phase in this change of the dynamic regime of the volcano. GPS data consist of two kinematic surveys carried out on 12 July, a few hours before the beginning of the seismic swarm, and on 17 July, just after the onset of eruptive activity. A picture of the spatial distribution of the sin-eruptive seismicity has been obtained using the HypoDD relocation algorithm based on the double-difference (DD) technique. Modeling of GPS measurements reveal a southward motion of the upper southern part of the volcano, driven by a NNW-SSE structure showing mainly left-lateral kinematics. Precise hypocenter location evidences an aseismic zone at about sea level, where the magma upraise was characterized by a much higher velocity and an abrupt westward shift, revealing the existence of a weakened or ductile zone. These results reveal how an intrusion of a dike can severely modify the shallow stress field, triggering significant flank failure. In 2001, the intrusion was driven by a weakened surface, which might correspond to a decollement plane of the portion of the volcano affected by flank instability, inducing an additional stress testified by GPS measurements and seismic data, which led to an acceleration of the sliding flanks.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stress release ; Dike ; Volcano-tectonics ; Flank instability ; Mount Etna ; Instrumental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 14
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    Rupture process of the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake by non-linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We image the rupture history of the 2007 Niigata-ken Chuestu-oki (Japan) earthquake by a nonlinear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data, retrieving peak slip velocity, rupture time, rise time and slip direction. The inferred rupture model contains two asperities; a small patch near the nucleation and a larger one located 10÷15 km to the south-west. The maximum slip ranges between 2.0 and 2.5 m and the total seismic moment is 1.6×1019 Nm. The inferred rupture history is characterized by rupture acceleration and directivity effects, which are stable features of the inverted models. These features as well as the source-to-receiver geometry are discussed to interpret the high peak ground motions observed (PGA is 1200 gals) at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant (KKNPP), situated on the hanging-wall of the causative fault. Despite the evident source effects, predicted PGV underestimates the observed values at KKNPP by nearly a factor of 10.
    Description: Published
    Description: L16306
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: rupture process ; inversion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 15
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    Strong evidence for non-similar earthquake source scaling in central Italy (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: scaling of seismic sources of the Central Apennines (Italy) is investigated using broadband seismograms from the Colfiorito sequence (4〈=Mw〈=6 ). Our results are not consistent with self-similar scaling, and can be described by the following relationship: M0~fc^-(3_epsilon), where epsilon=1.7+-0.3 . We speculate that dynamic fault lubrication by fluid pressurization may be responsible for such extreme behavior, and use our results for the calibration of a weak-motion-based predictive relationship for the ground motion ( Mw〈=4.1) up to Mw~6 for this region.
    Description: Published
    Description: L17303
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Self-similarity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 16
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    Source process of the September 12, 2007 MW 8.4 Southern Sumatra earthquake from tsunami tide gauge record inversion (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We infer the slip distribution and average rupture velocity of the magnitude MW 8.4 September 12, 2007, southern Sumatra earthquake from available tide-gauge records of the ensuing tsunami. We select 9 waveforms recorded along the west coast of Sumatra and in the Indian Ocean. Slip distribution and rupture velocity are determined simultaneously by means of a non linear inversion method. We find high slip values (∼10 m) into a patch 100 km long and 50 km large, between 20 and 30 km of depth, about 100 km north-west from the epicenter. We conclude this earthquake did not rupture the whole area of the 1833 event, indicating some slip has still to occurr. Our estimate of rupture velocity is of 2.1±0.4 km/sec. The relatively large depth of the main slip patch is the likely explanation for the low damaging observed tsunami.
    Description: Published
    Description: L02310
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Sumatra ; tsunami ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 17
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    Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors (2008)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: To investigate the kinematics of the Adriatic region we integrate continuous and episodic GPS measurements and ${M_w} 〉 4.5$ earthquake slip vectors selected from the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) catalogue. Coherent motion of GPS sites in the Po Valley, in Apulia and in the Hyblean Plateau allows us to estimate geodetically constrained angular velocities for these regions. The predictions of the GPS-inferred angular velocities are compared with the earthquake slip vectors, showing that the seismically-expressed deformation at the microplate boundaries is consistent with the observed geodetic motion. The remarkable consistency between geodetic, seismological and geological evidence of active tectonics, suggests that active deformation in the Central Adriatic is controlled by the relative motion between the Adria and Apulia microplates. The microplates angular rotation rates are then compared with the rotation rates calculated with a simple block model supporting the hypotheses (1) that Apulia forms a single microplate with the Ionian Sea and possibly with the Hyblean region and (2) that Adria and Apulia rotate in such a way as to accommodate the Eurasia-Nubia relative motion. We suggest that the present-day microplate configuration follows a recent fragmentation of the Adriatic promontory that during the Neogene rigidly transferred the Africa motion to the orogenic belts that now surround the Adriatic region.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12413
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Adria ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 18
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    Shear-Wave Velocity Models and Seismic Sources in Campanian volcanic areas:Vesuvio and Campi Flegrei (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-29
    Description: This chapter summarizes a comparative study of shear-wave velocity models and seismic sources in the Campanian volcanic areas of Vesuvius and Phlegraean Fields. These velocity models were obtained through the nonlinear inversion of surfacewave tomography data, using as a priori constraints the relevant information available in the literature. Local group velocity data were obtained by means of the frequency–time analysis for the time period between 0.3 and 2 s and were combined with the group velocity data for the time period between 10 and 35 s from the regional events located in the Italian peninsula and bordering areas and two station phase velocity data corresponding to the time period between 25 and 100 s. In order to invert Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, we applied the nonlinear inversion method called hedgehog and retrieved average models for the first 30–35km of the lithosphere, with the lower part of the upper mantle being kept fixed on the basis of existing regional models. A feature that is common to the two volcanic areas is a low shear velocity layer which is centered at the depth of about 10 km, while on the outside of the cone and along a path in the northeastern part of the Vesuvius area this layer is absent. This low velocity can be associated with the presence of partial melting and, therefore, may represent a quite diffused crustal magma reservoir which is fed by a deeper one that is regional in character and located in the uppermost mantle. The study of seismic source in terms of the moment tensor is suitable for an investigation of physical processes within a volcano; indeed, its components, double couple, compensated linear vector dipole, and volumetric, can be related to the movements of magma and fluids within the volcanic system. Although for many recent earthquake events the percentage of double couple component is high, our results also show the presence of significant non-double couple components in both volcanic areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-309
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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    Type: book chapter
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    Prediction of response spectra via real-time earthquake measurements (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: The development and implementation of an earthquake early warning system (EEWS), both in regional or on-site configurations can help to mitigate the losses due to the occurrence of moderate-to-large earthquakes in densely populated and/or industrialized areas. The capability of an EEWS to provide real-time estimates of source parameters (location and magnitude) can be used to take some countermeasures during the earthquake occurrence and before the arriving of the most destructive waves at the site of interest. However, some critical issues are peculiar of EEWS and need further investigation: (1) the uncertainties on earthquake magnitude and location estimates based on the measurements of some observed quantities in the very early portion of the recorded signals; (2) the selection of the most appropriate parameter to be used to predict the ground motion amplitude both in near-and far-source ranges; (3) the use of the estimates provided by the EEWS for structural engineering and risk mitigation applications. In the present study, the issues above are discussed using the Campania–Lucania region (Southern Apennines) in Italy, as test-site area. In this region a prototype system for earthquake early warning, and more generally for seismic alert management, is under development. The system is based on a dense, wide dynamic accelerometric network deployed in the area where the moderate-to-large earthquake causative fault systems are located. The uncertainty analysis is performed through a real-time probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by using two different approaches. The first is the Bayesian approach that implicitly integrate both the time evolving estimate of earthquake parameters, the probability density functions and the variability of ground motion propagation providing the most complete information. The second is a classical point estimate approach which does not account for the probability density function of the magnitude and only uses the average of the estimates performed at each seismic station. Both the approaches are applied to two main towns located in the area of interest, Napoli and Avellino, for which a missed and false alarm analysis is presented by means of a scenario earthquake: an M 7.0 seismic event located at the centre of the seismic network. Concerning the ground motion prediction, attention is focused on the response spectra as the most appropriate function to characterize the ground motion for earthquake engineering applications of EEWS.
    Description: Published
    Description: On line First
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake early-warning ; Real-time seismology ; Bayesian analysis ; Missed and false alarm ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 20
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    Source parameters and scaling relationships in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Northeastern Italy) region (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We estimated the source parameters of 53 local earthquakes (2.0 〈ML 〈 5.7) of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Northeastern Italy) area, recorded by the short-period local seismic network of the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), in the period 1995–2003. Data were selected on the basis of high quality locations and focal mechanisms. Standard H/V spectral ratios (HVRS) of the three-component stations of the network were performed in order to assess local amplifications, and only stations showing HVRS not exceeding two were considered for the source parameters estimation. Both velocity and acceleration data were used to compute the SH-wave spectra. Observed spectra were corrected for attenuation effects using an independent regional estimate of the quality factor Q and a station dependent estimate of the spectral decay parameter k. Only earthquakes withML 〉 3.0 recorded with a sampling rate of 125 cps were used to compute k, thus allowing to visualize a linear trend of the high frequency acceleration spectrum up to 40–50 Hz. SH-wave spectra, corrected for attenuation, showed an ω−2 shape allowing a good fit with the Brune model. Seismic moments and Brune radii ranged between 1.5 × 1012 and 1.1 × 1017 Nm and between 0.1 and 2.7 km respectively.We obtainedMo = 1.1 × 1017 Nm for the seismic moment of the Kobarid (SLO) main shock, in good agreement with the Harvard CMT solution (Mo = 3.5 × 1017 Nm). Brune stress drops were confined to the range from 0.07 to 5.31MPa, with an average value of 0.73MPa and seem to be approximately constant over five orders of magnitude of seismic moment. Radiated seismic energy computed from two nearby stations scales with seismic moment according to logEs = 1.30 logMo − 9.06, and apparent stress values are between 0.02 and 4.26MPa. The observed scatter of Brune stress drop data allowed to hypothesize a scaling relation Mo ∝ f −3.43 c between seismic moment and corner frequency in order to accommodate both Brune stress drop and apparent stress scalings. No systematic differences are evidenced between stress parameters of earthquakes with different focal mechanisms. As a consequence, a relation of the seismic stress release with the strength of rocks can be hypothesized. A high correlation (r 〉 0.9) of Brune stress drop is found with both apparent stress and RMS stress drop, according to σB = 2.0 σa and σrms = 2.26 σB respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 148-167
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Attenuation ; Seismic spectra ; Seismic moment ; Seismic stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 21
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    Repeating earthquakes from rupture of an asperity under an Antarctic outlet glacier (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The inner regions of the Antarctic continent are generally regarded as nearly aseismic, although microseismicity is known to occur beneath some outlet ice streams, related to the interaction between the fast flowing ice and the bedrock. Here we show the occurrence of unusual earthquakes beneath an Antarctic outlet glacier that share almost the same magnitude, pointing to the repeated rupture of a single asperity. These seismic events produce waveforms with very high similarity and uncommon spectrum and are tightly clustered in space but, unlike other reported instances of repeating earthquakes on a patch of the San Andreas Fault, they occur in frequent irregular swarms. Evidence locates these events at the rock–ice interface under the glacier, and shows the existence of stick–slip motion on a smaller scale than the large slow slip events detected by global seismographs. Seismic behaviour of large glaciers can presumably be connected to surges in ice motion. This study determines a little known environment for fracture dynamics studies, while also contributing to the understanding of the coupling processes between fast flowing glaciers and bedrock that influence ice stream evolution and stability.
    Description: Progetto Nazionale di Ricerca in Antartide (PNRA) Antarctica New Zealand (ANZ)
    Description: Published
    Description: 151–158
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Glacial earthquakes ; Glacial dynamics ; Gutenberg-Richter relationship ; Double-difference hypocentre location ; Repeating earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 22
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    Evidence of active crustal deformation of the Colli Albani volcanic area (central Italy) by GPS (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Colli Albani is a volcanic complex close to the city of Rome. Here we show results from GPS campaigns performed in the time span 1995-1996.
    Description: Published
    Description: 55-65
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: crustal deformation, GPS, Colli Albani ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 23
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    Tectonic evolution of fault-bounded continental blocks: (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report on new paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary units from Corinth and Megara basins (Peloponnesus, Greece). Paleomagnetic results show that Megara basin has undergone vertical axis CW rotation since the Pliocene, while Corinth has rotated CCW during the same period of time. These results indicate that the overall deformation in central Greece has been achieved by complex interactions of mostly rigid, rotating, fault bounded crustal blocks. The comparison of paleomagnetic results and existing GPS data shows that the boundaries of the rigid blocks in central Greece have changed over time, with faulting migrating into the hanging walls, sometimes changing in orientation. The Megara basin belonged to the Beotia-Locris block in the past but has now been incorporated into the Peloponnesus block, possibly because the faulting in the Gulf of Corinth has propagated both north and east. Paleomagnetic and GPS data from Megara and Corinth basins have significant implications for the deformation style of the continental lithosphere. In areas of distributed deformation the continental lithosphere behaves instantaneously like a small number of rigid blocks with well-defined boundaries. This means that these boundaries could be detected with only few years of observations with GPS. However, on a larger time interval the block boundaries change with time as the active fault moves. Paleomagnetic studies distinguishing differential rotational domains provide a useful tool to map how block boundaries change with time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-15
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; Greece, block rotations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 24
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    Coseismic deformation induced by the Sumatra earthquake (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The giant Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004 caused permanent deformations effects in a region of previously never observed extension. The GPS data from the worldwide network of permanent IGS sites show significant coseismic displacements in an area exceeding 107 km2, reaching most of South-East Asia, besides Indonesia and India. We have analyzed long GPS time series histories in order to characterize the noise type of each site and, consequently, to precisely assess the formal errors of the coseismic offset estimates. The synthetic simulations of the coseismic displacement field obtained by means of a spherical model using different rupture histories indicate that a major part of the energy release took place in a fault plane similar to that obtained by Ammon et al. (2005) and Vigny et al. (2005) but with a larger amount of compressional slip on the northern segment of the fault area. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Description: Published
    Description: 52-62
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Coseismic ; deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 25
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    The evolution of the Calabrian Arc: Evidence from paleomagnetic and GPS observations (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The present-day arcuate shape of the Calabrian Arc has been accomplished during Neogene and Early Pleistocene by large and opposite vertical axis rotations along the two arms of the Arc. Clockwise (CW) rotations have been systematically registered in Sicily and Calabria, whereas counterclockwise (CCW) rotations were measured in Southern Apennines. Such opposite vertical axis rotations ceased in the uppermost part of the Lower Pleistocene (about 1 Ma ago) along almost the entire Calabrian Arc and are not observed in the present-day GPS velocity field. The end of the Calabrian Arc bending during the Quaternary marks a decrease in the efficiency of the tectonic processes related to the long-lived subduction of the Ionian slab, which caused the halting of the back-arc opening in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Description: 259-274
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Calabrian Arc ; subduction ; paleomagnetism ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 26
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    Estimates of slip weakening distance for different dynamic rupture models (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We model the dynamic propagation of a 2-D in-plane crack obeying to either slip weakening (SW) or rate- and state-dependent friction laws (R&S). We compare the value of slip weakening distance (Dc), adopted or estimated from the traction versus slip curves, with the critical slip distance measured as the slip at the time of peak slip velocity (Dc'). The adopted friction law and the constitutive parameters control the slip acceleration as well as the timing and the amplitude of peak slip velocity. Our simulations with R&S show that the direct effect of friction and the friction behavior at high slip rates affect the timing of peak slip velocity and thus control the ratio Dc' /Dc. The difference observed in this study between the Dc values and the inferred Dc' can range between few percent up to 50%.
    Description: Published
    Description: L02611
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Modeling ; Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 27
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    Ground deformation and gravity changes on the Island of Pantelleria in the geodynamic framework of the Sicily Channel (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The island of Pantelleria is an active volcano located in the Sicily Channel (Southern Italy), in the middle of a continental rift system. Since the 1980s the island was periodically surveyed by using geodetic techniques (EDM, levelling, GPS and high precise gravimetry) to monitor the regional and local volcanic dynamics. Gravity data, collected between 1990 and 1998, show short and long wavelength changes due to the combined effect of shallow and deep sources. They reflect, to some degree, the structural setting of the island as delineated by the Bouguer anomaly field, which indicates that the island is broken up into two main basement blocks. The latter are bordered by two lineaments, probably regional faults related to the global geodynamics of the Sicily Channel Rift Zone. Moreover, the inverse correlation between the gravity and altimetric variations suggests that: i) Pantelleria is kinematically divided in two blocks; ii) the observed behaviour is strongly influenced by the geodynamics of the Sicily Channel. A new interpretation of the fully reprocessed data sets is presented, focusing on the spatial–temporal features of the horizontal ground deformation and gravity changes compared to the Bouguer anomaly and altimetric data. This leads to conclude that volcanism on the island has been probably strongly influenced by the global geodynamics of the Sicily Channel, and future eruptions are most likely to occur at the structural boundary separating the two blocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 146– 162
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pantelleria ; geodesy ; deformation ; gravity ; volcanism ; geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
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    Unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): a critical evaluation of source parameters from geodetic data inversion (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have analysed the deformation documented during unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy, between 1981 and 2001. Via inverse modelling, we constrain the location, geometry and size of the source responsible for the continuing period of surface deformation.We present a critical re-evaluation of results from previously published models and for the first time invert post-1994 data to infer source parameters. Our evaluation is based on constraints from additional horizontal displacement data, mechanical properties of the country rocks, effects of volcanic surface loading and on other geophysical and geochemical observations. We invert leveling and tide-gauge data for a spherical point (Mogi-model) source, a penny-shaped crack and finally a prolate spheroid. Despite the good qualities of fit of both the Mogi-model and the penny-shaped source to the vertical displacement data, our critical evaluation of the implied source properties forces us to reject these models. We propose instead a vertical prolate spheroid located about 800 m East of Pozzuoli at a depth of 2.9 km (95% confidence bound 2.0 to 4.2 km) with an aspect ratio of 0.51 (95% bounds 0.37–0.69) as a more appropriate source model. This model best accounts for the criteria employed and the observed deformation between 1981 and 2001. Combined with results from the inversion of gravity change data (1982–1984) for the spheroidal source, we infer a hybrid nature of the source including both magmatic and hydrothermal components.
    Description: Published
    Description: 132– 145
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: caldera unrest ; geodesy ; data inversion ; magma ; hydrothermal system ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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    An upper bound on the rate of strain in the Central Apennines, Italy, from triangulation measurements between 1869 and 1963 (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Italy is covered by a first-order triangulation network that was established between 1869 and 1908 and re-measured in patches between 1936 and 1963. We analyse the measurements made in the central part of Italy to form an estimate of the rate of strain in the Central Apennines. We conclude that the rate of strain in this region is too small to detect from the repeated triangulation measurement. This result places an upper bound of about 10(exp-7)/yr on the strain rate of the Central Apennines, and implies that the maximum rate of extension across the region is no higher than about 3 mm/yr.
    Description: Published
    Description: 261-267
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Apennines; strain; extension tectonics; triangulation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Physical interpretation of the breakdown process using a rate- and state-dependent friction law (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the dynamic traction and the slip velocity evolution within the cohesive zone during the propagation of a dynamic rupture using rate- and state-dependent constitutive laws. We solve the elastodynamic equation for a 2-D in-plane crack using a finite difference algorithm. We show that rate and state constitutive laws allow a quantitative description of the dynamic rupture growth. We confirm the findings of previous studies that slip weakening (SW) is a characteristic behavior of rate and state friction. Our simulations show that the state variable evolution controls the slip acceleration and the slip-weakening behavior. These modeling results help in understanding the physical interpretation of the breakdown process and the weakening mechanisms. We compare the time histories of slip velocity, state variable and total dynamic traction to investigate the temporal evolution of slip acceleration and stress drop during the breakdown time. Because the adopted analytical expression for the state variable evolution controls the slip velocity time histories, we test different evolution laws to investigate slip duration and the healing mechanisms. We show that the classic slowness or slip laws do not yield fast restrengthening or self-healing, although they appropriately describe rupture initiation, propagation and the long-term restrengthening during the interseismic period. Self-healing rupture mode, yielding to short slip durations, has been obtained for homogeneous faults by modifying the evolution law introducing a fast restrengthening of dynamic traction immediately after the weakening phase. In this study, we discuss how the direct effect of friction and the friction behavior at high slip rates affect the weakening and healing mechanisms.
    Description: Published
    Description: 241-262
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: fault friction ; earthquake rupture ; rate- ad state dependent constitutive laws ; cohesive zone ; slip weakening ; fracture energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    The dependence of traction evolution on the earthquake source time function adopted in kinematic rupture models (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We compute the temporal evolution of traction by solving the elasto-dynamic equation and by using the slip velocity history as a boundary condition on the fault plane. We use different source time functions to derive a suite of kinematic source models to image the spatial distribution of dynamic and breakdown stress drop, strength excess and critical slip weakening distance (Dc). Our results show that the source time functions, adopted in kinematic source models, affect the inferred dynamic parameters. The critical slip weakening distance, characterizing the constitutive relation, ranges between 30% and 80% of the total slip. The ratio between Dc and total slip depends on the adopted source time functions and, in these applications, is nearly constant over the fault. We propose that source time functions compatible with earthquake dynamics should be used to infer the traction time history.
    Description: Published
    Description: L04609
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake parameters ; Theory and modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 32
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    Crustal motion along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We investigate crustal deformation along the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary in Calabria and Sicily revealed by the GPS velocity field obtained by the combination of continuous site velocities with previous results from episodic campaigns. We recognize two distinct crustal domains characterized by different motions and styles of deformation. Convergence in Sicily is taken up by crustal shortening along the former Tyrrhenian back arc passive margin, in agreement with seismological data and geological evidence of recent cessation of deformation along the Plio-Pleistocene subduction front. The analysis of the GPS data and the consistency between earthquake slip vectors and convergence direction suggest that Eu-Nu convergence in Sicily does not require intermediate crustal blocks. Significant Eurasia ( 3 mm/yr to NNE) and Nubia-fixed ( 5 mm/yr to ESE) residual velocities in Calabria suggest instead the presence of an intermediate crustal block which can be interpreted as a forearc sliver or as an independent Ionian block. According to the first hypothesis, subduction is still active in the Ionian wedge, although we find no evidence for active back arc spreading in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The N115 E oriented Sicily-Calabria GPS relative motion is consistent with the extension observed during the 1908 Mw 7.1 Messina earthquake. We suggest that up to 3 mm/yr ( 80%) of this estimated relative motion between Sicily and the Calabrian Arc may be taken up in the Messina Straits.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-16
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Calabria, Sicily, Active tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 33
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    Active crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present the first GPS estimate of crustal extension in the central Apennines (Italy) through the analysis of the deformation of a sub-network of the National GPS Geodetic network IGM95 in the interval 1994–1999. The selected sub-network spans the entire active deformation belt perpendicularly to its axis and allows the evaluation of (1) the total extension rate absorbed in this sector of the Apennines and (2) the seismogenic potential of the normal faults active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval within the network. Results of this reoccupation are consistent with an extensional strain rate of 0.18×10−6 yr−1 concentrated in an area of about 35 km width, giving an average extension rate of 6±2 mm/yr across the central Apennines. The pattern of active deformation suggests active elastic strain accumulation on the westernmost of the two fault systems active in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene interval and may also suggest the presence of another active fault system not recognized so far.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2121-2124
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GPS ; Apennines, Active extension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 34
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    Dynamics of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano (Italy) investigated by a dense GPS network (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Mount Etna has developed at the intersection of two regional tectonic lineaments, the NNW–SSE trending Hybleo–Maltese escarpment, which separates the thick inland continental crust of the African platform from the Ionian Mesozoic oceanic crust, and the NE–SW Messina–Fiumefreddo fault that marks a rift zone between south Calabria and north-eastern Sicily, extending as far as the Mt. Etna area. All tectonic features affect, with outstanding surface features, the eastern side of the volcano. The eastern flank of the volcano is affected by a long-term motion toward ESE. In 1997, in order to increase the detail of the ground deformation pattern on the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna, a new GPS network, the “Ionica” network, was installed on this sector of the volcano. This GPS network consists of 24 stations and covers the lower eastern flank of the volcano from the town of Catania to Taormina and from the coastline up to an altitude of about 1300 m. All the new stations consist in self-centring benchmarks; this kind of benchmark allows all station set-up errors to be avoided. Before the merging of the Ionica network to the frame of the global GPS network of Mt. Etna (in June 2001), three surveys were carried out on this network: in September 1997, August 1998 and January 2001. From the ground deformation pattern, it is possible to distinguish two different sectors, showing different characteristics of deformation. The southern part of the network shows a more uniform distribution of the vertical motion with a mean SE-ward horizontal component while the northern one shows an heterogeneous vertical motion with a ESE-ward horizontal component. Furthermore, a higher velocity is detected between 1997 and 1998, due to the additional stress induced by a shallow intrusion on the NW flank of the volcano. The model resulting from data inversions defines a wide sliding plane beneath the entire eastern flank of the volcano with a low dip angle. The expected velocity vectors fit well the observed ones, even if the measured velocities are still quite higher than expected, at lowermost stations. The vertical inclination of the velocity vectors measured during the 1998–2001 period, gradually decreases from West to East suggesting a sort of rotational movement of the south-eastern flank, interrupted by some anomalous vectors on the lower part, that show higher vertical velocities. These anomalies, being located on a wedge defined by the intersection of the main NNW–SSE and NE–SW fault systems and near the Timpe faults, are probably due to the activity of the vertical faults cutting the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Stations lying on the hanging wall and on the footwall of the Timpe fault system are affected by similar horizontal displacements, meaning that these structures are moving eastwards together with the sliding flank; this evidence suggests that the Timpe faults are probably second order structures, with respect to the detachment surface. These results depict a structural framework of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna in which the low angle dislocation can be considered as a first order approximation of an actual listric plane and the current active part of the Timpe fault system is confined above the detachment surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 357-369
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ground deformation ; flank dynamics ; volcano–tectonics ; Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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    Evidence for departure in self-similarity: a new spectral ratio method using narrowband coda envelopes (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of local and regional S-wave coda is shown to provide stable amplitude ratios that better constrains source differences between event pairs. We first compared amplitude ratio performance between local and near regional S and coda waves in the San Francisco Bay region for moderate-sized events, then applied the coda spectral ratio method to the 1999 Hector Mine mainshock and its larger aftershocks. We find (1) average amplitude ratio standard deviations using coda are ~0.05 to 0.12, roughly a factor of 3 smaller than direct S-waves for 0.2 〈 f 〈 15.0 Hz; (2) coda spectral ratios for the Mw 7.0 Hector Mine earthquake and its aftershocks show a clear departure from self-similarity, consistent with other studies using the same datasets; and (3) event-pairs (Green’s function and target events) can be separated by ~25 km for coda amplitudes without any appreciable degradation, in sharp contrast to direct waves.
    Description: Published
    Description: L11303
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: non-self-similarity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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  • 36
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    A critical revision of the seismicity of Northern Apulia (Adriatic microplate - Southern Italy) and implications for the identification of seismogenic structures (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Northern Apulia is an emerged portion of the Adriatic microplate, representing the foreland–foredeep area of a stretch of the Apennine chain in southern Italy. The interaction between the relatively rigid microplate and the contiguous more deformable domains is responsible for the intense seismicity affecting the chain area. However strong, sometimes even disastrous, earthquakes have also hit northern Apulia on several occasions. The identification of the causative faults of such events is still unclear and different hypotheses have been reported in literature. In order to provide guidelines and constraints in the search for these structures, a comprehensive re-examination and reprocessing of all the available seismic data has been carried out taking into consideration 1) the characteristics of historical events, 2) the accurate relocation of events instrumentally recorded in the last 20 years, 3) the determination of focal mechanisms and of the regional stress tensor. The results obtained bring to light a distinction between the foreland and foredeep areas. In the first region there is evidence of a regional stress combining NWcompression and NE extension, thus structures responsible for major earthquakes should be searched for among strike–slip faults, possibly with a slight transpressive character. These structures could be either approximately N–S oriented sinistral or E–Wdextral faults. In the foredeep region there is a transition toward transtensive mechanisms,with strikes similar to those of the previous zone, or maybe also towardsNWoriented normal faults,more similar to those prevailing in the southern Apennine chain in relation to a dominant NE extension; this appears to be the effect of a reduction of the NW compression, probably due to a decrease in efficiency of stress transmission along the more tectonised border of the Adriatic microplate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9 - 35
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Northern Apulia ; Historical earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
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  • 37
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    Coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 earthquake sequence in Umbria-Marche (central Italy) (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the coseismic and postseismic displacements related with the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence by means of leveling lines along a deformed aqueduct located in the epicentral area. Comparing the 1960 and 10/1997 measurements we obtain 0.49 0.10 m of coseismic displacement distributed along 3 km across the normal fault zone. Modeling of the coseismic surface dislocation is obtained from a combination of low angle (38°) faults at depth and high angle (80°) upper fault branches. The best fit model indicates that the upper branches stop at 0.4 km below the ground surface and have 60% of slip with respect to the lower faults. The postseismic displacement measured during 1998 is 0.18 m and represents 36% of the apparent coseismic deformation. Moderate earthquakes in the Apennines and related surface deformation may thus result from curved faults that reflect the brittle-elastic properties of the uppermost crustal structures.
    Description: Data collection was made while both authors were at Istituto di Ricerca per la Tettonica Recente – CNR (GNDT Project), Roma, Italy. M. Copparoni (ASM, Foligno) and M. Raponi and S. Pacico (Studio Topografico s.n.c., Foligno) provided data about aqueduct and leveling lines. Analysis of data and modeling were done while RB was visiting EOST-IPG, Strasbourg, France. Preparation of the paper benefited from discussion with R. Armijo, S. Barba, P. Gomez and G. Valensise. A. Amato and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their constructive remarks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2695–2698
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Coseismic displacement ; postseismic displacement ; earthquake fault ; Colfiorito, Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 38
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    Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain — Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-18
    Description: We studied the surface deformations affecting the southeastern sector of the Po Plain sedimentary basin, in particular the area of Bologna. To this aim an advanced DInSAR technique, referred to as DInSAR–SBAS (Small BAseline Subset), has been applied. This technique allows monitoring the temporal evolution of a deformation phenomenon, via the generation of mean deformation velocity maps and displacement time series from a data set of acquired SAR images. In particular, we have processed a set of SAR data acquired by the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS) sensors and compared the achieved results with optical levelling measurements, assumed as reference. The surface displacements detected by DInSAR SBAS from 1992 to 2000 are between 10 mm/year in the historical part of Bologna town, and up to 59 mm/year in the NE industrial and agricultural areas. Former measurements from optical levelling referred to 1897 show 2–3 mm/year vertical movements. This trend of displacement increased in the second half of the 20th century and the subsidence rate reached 60 mm/year. We compared the more recent levelling campaigns (in 1992 and late 1999) and DInSAR results from 1992 to 1999. The standard deviation of the difference between levelling data, projected onto the satellite Line Of Sight, and DInSAR results is 2 mm/year. This highlights a good agreement between the measurements provided by two different techniques. The explanation of soil movements based on interferometric results, ground data and geological observations, allowed confirming the anthropogenic cause (surface effect due to the overexploitation of the aquifers) and highlights a natural, tectonic, subsidence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 304-316
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: InSAR ; surface deformation ; SAR interferometry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 39
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    Seismotectonics of the Southern Apennines and Adriatic foreland: insights on active regional E-W shear zones from analogue modeling (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The active tectonics at the front of the Southern Apennines and in the Adriatic foreland is characterized by E-W striking, right-lateral seismogenic faults, interpreted as reactivated inherited discontinuities. The best studied among these is the Molise-Gondola shear zone (MGsz). The interaction of these shear zones with the Apennines chain is not yet clear. To address this open question we developed a set of scaled analogue experiments, aimed at analyzing: 1) how dextral strike-slip motion along a pre-existing zone of weakness within the foreland propagates toward the surface and affects the orogenic wedge; 2) the propagation of deformation as a function of displacement; 3) any insights on the active tectonics of Southern Italy. Our results stress the primary role played by these inherited structures when reactivated, and confirm that regional E-W dextral shear zones are a plausible way of explaining the seismotectonic setting of the external areas of the Southern Apennines.
    Description: INGV, Università degli Studi di Pavia
    Description: Published
    Description: 21
    Description: open
    Keywords: Active strike-slip fault ; sandbox model ; southern Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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    Great Sumatra Earthquake Registers on Electrostatic Sensor (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Strong electrical signals that correspond to the Mw = 9.3 earthquake of 26 December 2004, which occurred at 0058:50.7 UTC off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, were recorded by an electrostatic sensor (a device that detects short-term variations in Earth’s electrostatic fi eld) at a seismic station in Italy, which had been installed to study the infl uence of local earthquakes on a new landslide monitoring system. Electrical signals arrived at the station practically instantaneously and were detected up to several hours before the onset of the Sumatra earthquake (Figure 1) as well as before local quakes. The corresponding seismic signals (p-waves) arrived 740 seconds after the start of the earthquake. Because the electrical signals travel at the speed of light, electrical monitoring for the global detection of very strong earthquakes could be an important tool in signifi cantly increasing the hazard alert window.
    Description: Published
    Description: 445-460
    Description: open
    Keywords: Sumatra earthquake ; electrostatic signals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
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    Volcanic spreading of Vesuvius, a new paradigm for interpreting its volcanic activity (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We integrate geologic, structural, leveling and Differential SAR Interferometry data to show that Vesuvius began to spread onto its sedimentary substratum about 3,600 years ago. Moreover, we model the detected deformation with a solution of the lubrication approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations to show that spreading may continue for about 7,200 years more. Correlation of volcanic spreading with phases of the eruptive activity suggests that Plinian eruptions, which are thought to pose the major hazard, are less likely to occur in the near future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-4
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; volcanic activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models
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  • 42
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    Source parameters of the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence, southeastern France) earthquake: a reappraisal based on macroseismic, seismological and geodetic observations (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: Destructive earthquakes are rare in France yet pose a sizable seismic hazard, especially when critical infrastructures are concerned. Only a few destructive events have occurred within the instrumental period, the most important being the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence) earthquake. With a magnitude estimated at 6.2 [Rothé, 1942], the event was recorded by 30 observatories and produced intensity IX effects in the epicentral area, ~30 km north of Marseille. We collected 30 seismograms, leveling data and earthquake intensities to assess the magnitude and possibly the focal mechanism of this event. Following this multidisciplinary approach, we propose a source model where all relevant parameters are constrained by at least two of the input datasets. Our reappraisal of the seismological data yielded Mw 5.8-6.1 (6.0 preferred) and Ms 6.0, consistent with the magnitude from intensity data (Me 5.8) and with constraints derived from modeling of coseismic elevation changes. Hence, we found the Lambesc earthquake to have been somewhat smaller than previously reported. Our datasets also constrain the geometry and kinematics of faulting, suggesting that the earthquake was generated by reverse-right lateral slip on a WNW-striking, steeply north-dipping fault beneath the western part of the Trévaresse fold. This result suggests that the fold, located in front of the Lubéron thrust, plays a significant role in the region’s recent tectonic evolution. The sense of slip obtained for the 1909 rupture also agrees with the regional stress field obtained from earthquake focal mechanisms and microtectonic data as well as recent GPS data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2454
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Lambesc earthquake ; France ; historical seismograms ; displacement modeling ; macroseismic data ; geodetic data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 43
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    Structural and rheological constraints on source depth and overpressure estimates at the Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 1982-84 unrest episode at Campi Flegrei (CF) caldera, Italy, was characterized by huge deformation (more than 1.5 m uplift) concentrated inside the caldera. According to point source isotropic models in homogeneous elastic and visco-elastic half-spaces, the source depth is very shallow (about 3 km). If the source radius is about 1 km this implies that magma is at a depth of 2 km depth. However, several independent observations show that the top of the magma chamber at CF must be deeper than 4 km. This paper investigates how the inferred source depth increases when rigidity heterogeneities (obtained through seismic tomography at CF) are considered and when the long-term deformation takes place under drained conditions. Finite element models indicate that overpressure needed at the source to reproduce the 1.5 m maximum uplift is however beyond typical rock strength values. This evidence, together with the high thermal anomalies, the presence of fluids and the low cohesion of tuffs filling the caldera, suggests the use of elastoplastic constitutive laws. For elastoplastic behavior, the same deformation is obtained using a deeper source (with center at 5 km depth) and a lower overpressure (than required by elastic models). The plastic deformation concentrates both at the source boundaries and above the source, where seismic activity has been recorded. These results indicate that the rheological properties of the shallow crust of CF have important implications for hazard estimate during unrest episodes.
    Description: INGV-Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia; Ministero dell'Istruzione Università e Ricerca- FIRB Project
    Description: Published
    Description: 14
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: finite element modelling ; Campi Flegrei ; surface deformation ; plasticity ; rheological layering ; overpressure source ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 44
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    The use of IFSAR and classical geodetic techniques for caldera unrest episodes: application to the Campi Flegrei uplift event of 2000 (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Campi Flegrei caldera has a long history of large surface deformation,with isplacements of several meters in the 1970s and early 1980s. Its location within a densely populated urban area underscores the importance of understanding the relationship between large and episodic deformation events and their source mechanisms. The primary observable of the caldera’s activity is its surface deformation. Classical geodetic approaches such as leveling, have been complemented by the more advanced measurements of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry. In this work we focus on the Campi Flegrei caldera uplift event that occurred from early spring to late summer 2000. Our goal is to highlight the potential to integrate interferometric SAR (IFSAR),GPS, and classical leveling data for ground deformation studies and source modeling. We compare models for the deformation source constrained by inversion of the differential IFSAR data (DIFSAR) with the model’s prediction for the GPS and leveling data. Resolution of possible changes in the source mechanism for Campi Flegrei caldera are limited by differences in the temporal,spatial and deformation component strengths of each data set. In the future,overcoming these data deficiencies will be important for resolving the dynamics of volcano systems and for volcanic hazard mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 247-260
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Caldera unrest ; Global positioning system ; SAR interferometry ; Volcano deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 45
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    On the slip-weakening behavior of rate- and state-dependent constitutive laws (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the dynamic traction behavior within the cohesive zone during the propagation of earthquake ruptures adopting rate and state dependent constitutive relations. The resulting slip weakening curve displays an equivalent slip weakening distance (D0_eq), which is different from the parameter L controlling the state variable evolution. The adopted constitutive parameters (a, b, L) control the slip weakening behavior and the absorbed fracture energy. The dimension of the nucleation patch scales with L and not with D0_eq. We propose a scaling relation between these two lengthscale parameters which prescribes that D0_eq/L ~ 15.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-4
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Earthquake parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 46
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    Slow rupture of an aseismic fault in a seismogenic region of Central Italy (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Slow earthquakes and afterslips prove that the Earth does not have just two response time scales, i.e. that of tectonic loading and that of regular earthquakes. A swarm of slow earthquakes, with time constants of the order of hundreds of seconds, has been detected by a laser interferometer below the Gran Sasso massif (Italy). We analyse and model these observations to identify a very plausible source in a local fault, with no historic seismic behavior. While slow earthquakes occurring in subduction zones, and at the transition between locked and stably sliding segments of the San Andreas fault, are often associated with seismic events, in the case of the Apennines there is no correlation between local seismicity and slow earthquakes. Slow earthquakes, therefore, may also represent a specific failure behavior for a seismically locked fault, adding further complexity to the interpretation of geologic data for seismic hazard estimates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2219
    Description: open
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics and mechanics ; Seismic hazard assessment and prediction ; Seismicity and seismotectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article , article
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    Geochemical evidence of seismogenic-induced anomalies in the dissolved gases of thermal waters: A case study of Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) both during and after the 1997-1998 seismic swarm (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we present the first geochemical data set regarding long-term monitoring of dissolved gases in thermal waters from a seismic area. Three sites in Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) were studied both for the chemical and for the helium isotopic composition of the dissolved gases. Data were collected during and after the seismic crisis that struck the region in 1997â 1998. The chemical composition of the dissolved gases revealed that a CO2-rich gas phase was always mixed with an atmospheric-derived component dominated by N2. A normal faulting marked the beginning of the seismic activity enhancing the release of CO2 on a regional scale. Variations in both the chemical and isotopic compositions of the dissolved gases were also observed as preseismic, synseismic, and postseismic phenomena related to the seismic shock of March 1998. Those geochemical modifications were interpreted as being the consequence of a drop in the CO2 degassing rate, in good agreement with the compressive focal mechanism of that seismic event. Furthermore, this interpretation was also consistent with the geologic and tectonic setting of the study area and induced us to postulate that changes in the local rock permeability, due to crustal deformations (i.e., coseismic deformation and postseismic release), were responsible for the geochemical modifications observed. On the basis of the foregoing, we have concluded that the geochemistry of dissolved gases in groundwaters represents a useful tool for the investigation of the relationships between circulating fluids and seismic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: dissolved gases ; geochemistry ; seismic areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.04. Hydrogeological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Intrinsic and scattering attenuation from observed seismic codas in Southeastern Sicily (Italy) (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyzed about 150 local earthquakes recorded in Southeastern Sicily from 1994 to 2001 and estimated coda- Q, intrinsic and scattering attenuation. We used the single scattering assumption to fit the amplitude envelopes of the coda at different frequency bands, obtaining a Qc varying with frequency as generally observed in tectonically active areas. Lapse time dependence has been also studied for the area, with the coda waves analyzed at window lengths ranging from 15 to 50 s, provided the coda duration permitted it. We found that Q0 ( Qc at 1 Hz) increases with lapse time and we interpreted this as due to increasing Qc with depth. Conversely, the frequency dependence coefficient n is mostly stationary at all the lapse time window lengths. Finally, using the independent estimates of Qc and the total Q ( QT) previously obtained for the area by other authors from direct S-waves of the same data set, we separated the intrinsic ( ) from the scattering ( ) attenuation factor. The results suggest that in Southeastern Sicily intrinsic dissipation plays a predominant role with respect to scattering phenomena.
    Description: Published
    Description: 55-66
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Coda waves ; Intrinsic attenuation ; Scattering ; Frequency dependence and Southeastern Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 520 bytes
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