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  • Articles  (15,948)
  • Springer  (15,948)
  • 2005-2009  (4,712)
  • 1980-1984  (6,113)
  • 1965-1969  (5,123)
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  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (15,948)
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  • Articles  (15,948)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restricted oxygen supply and excretion of metabolites (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of restricted oxygen supply on the excretion of metabolites was studied in Pseudomonas acidovorans (DSM 39), P. delafieldii (DSM 64) and a mutant strain of Paracoccus denitrificans unable to accumulate poly-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. Different metabolites were produced at distinct submaximum respiration rates by these strains. These metabolites were, in order of decreasing respiration rates; 2-oxoglutarate, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate, cisaconitate, 3-hydroxybutanoate, succinate, hydrogen gas, formate, acetate, butanoate, acetoin, meso- and D,L-2,3-butanediol, and ethanol. Poly-3-hydroxy-butanoic acid (PHB) accumulated intracellularly at almost the same respiration rates at which the excretion of 3-hydroxybutanoate occurred. The production of ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, butanoate, formate, and hydrogen gas indicate the function of enzymes such as ethanol and butanediol dehydrogenases, pyruvate formate lyase, formate hydrogen lyase, and butanoyl-CoA dehydrogenase. These enzymes are not expected to be present in strict aerobes at different degrees of restricted oxygen supply. Excreted metabolites are indicators of the degree to which the oxygen demand of cells is met. On the other hand, a fermentation process designed for the production of a distinct metabolite can be controlled by maintaining the appropriate oxygen supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499994
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast degradation of kraft lignin by bacteria (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Lignin degrading bacteria were isolated directly by an enrichment culture technique using an industrial kraft lignin (Indulin AT) as the sole carbon source. The lignin degrading ability of these isolates was assayed in pure cultures. One strain (Aeromonas sp.) had degraded 98% of the lignin (1 g/l) after 5 days of incubation. Different genera have been identified including Corynebacterium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, but also Klebsiella and Enterobacter. These strains were also able to assimilate different phenolic compounds considered as lignin related simple monomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500001
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation on degradation and in vitro digestibility of straw colonized by higher fungi (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The digestion of straw by nine higher fungi and the influence of ammonium nitrate supplementation was investigated using loss of organic matter, degradation of lignin and in vitro digestibility as indices of digestion. The decomposition rates of organic matter were influenced differently by ammonium nitrate supplementation. The rates of decomposition by Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus and Pleurotus eryngii decreased, while those of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’ increased at low NH4NO3 concentrations, but decreased at higher concentrations. The decomposition rates of Agrocybe aegerita, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, and Ganoderma applanatum were generally higher than those of the control at all NH4NO3 levels. The ability to degrade lignin varied greatly. Flammulina velutipes did not attack lignin at all while Agrocybe aegerita did only slightly. The highest lignin degradation rate was found with Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’. The lignin decomposition rates of Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus were depressed at all NH4NO3 levels. No correlation between lignin degradation and nitrogen supplementation was found with Ganoderma applanatum and Pleurotus sp. ‘Florida’. Only Agrocybe aegerita could be stimulated with NH4NO3. The in vitro digestibility of the substrate with and without nitrogen supplementation was decreased with Agrocybe aegerita, Flammulina velutipes, and Ganoderma applanatum. All the other fungi enhanced the in vitro digestibility when no NH4NO3 was added to the substrate. At all NH4NO3 levels, the in vitro digestibility was lower than that of the unsupplemented control. At 1.25% NH4NO3 it fell below the fungus free control value. The results are explained in terms of altered relative decomposition rates for organic matter and lignin after nitrogen supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500000
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between substrate feeding pattern and development of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge processes (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 63-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory scale activated sludge systems were operated under regimes of continuous or intermittent feeding of substrate. It was found that continuously fed systems repeatedly resulted in the development of filamentous bacteria and bulking of the sludge. Intermittently fed systems did form good settling sludges, without filamentous bacteria. The same results were found using different sludge loadings and different concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids. High dissolved oxygen concentration did not prevent bulking in continuous systems while low dissolved oxygen concentration resulted in bulking with intermittently fed systems. It was found that the substrate removal rate of intermittently operated systems was always higher than for continuously fed systems. The hypothesis is formulated that intermittent feeding leads to higher substrate removal rates by floc forming bacteria and their predominance in intermittently fed systems, which can be compared to plug flow systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasexual hybridisation and citric acid production by Aspergillus niger (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 117-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In this investigation hybridisation experiments were performed with two auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus niger. A heterozygous diploid was derived from them and it produced segregants including parental haploids and a recombinant. Their yield characters were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503506
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of denitrifying bacteria to utilize benzoic acid under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as the only terminal electron acceptor (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary (Ring-U)-14C-benzoate was not utilized by various denitrifying bacteria (pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp. and Moraxella sp. or a mixed population) in the presence of nitrate as the only electron acceptor (completely anaerobic conditions). In the presence of only traces of molecular oxygen (introduced by porous tubing), denitrification did occur under inappropriate experimental conditions. This indicates that an apparent anaerobic fission of the benzene nucleus may occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503509
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial viability and steady state chemostat culture (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A model of a two-stage chemostat incorporating cell viability as a function of the rate limiting substrate concentration was developed and compared with a model considering viability as a function of the dilution rate. Both models were applied to the data obtained from a chemostatic culture of Klebsiella pneumonia. Although both models successfully predicted the values of the biomass and substrate concentrations in the first stage, only the model relating viability to substrate concentration gave a satisfactory fit for the second stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504482
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on cellulase production by Clostridium thermocellum (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 (and its improved cellulase-producing mutant, AS-39) is an anaerobic thermophile that produces endo-β-glucanase and exo-β-glucanase when grown on cellobiose or cellulose as major carbon source (Shinmyo et al. 1979). The site of cellulase accumulation was at least 95% extracellular. Optimum conditions for endo-β-glucanase production in flasks included 1% (w/v) cellobiose, 0.2% (w/v) urea as a nitrogen source, 0.1 M morpholinopropane-sulfonic acid buffer, an initial pH of 7.4, and a yeast extract concentration of 0.6% (w/v). An improved medium (GS medium) was devised for future studies. Xylan was degraded by an extracellular enzyme (s) produced during cultivation on cellobiose, although C. thermocellum does not grow on xylan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504485
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth inhibition of Thiobacillus thiooxidans by metals and reductive detoxification of vanadium (V) (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Vanadium (V), molybdenum (VI), and chromium (VI) have all been found to inhibit the growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans ATCC 8085. Exponentially growing cultures of the microorganism effectively reduce vanadium (V) to the relatively inocuous vanadyl ion, vanadium (IV), by a first order process with a half-life of about 10 h. Concentrations above the reducing capacity of the culture subsequently prevent further microbial growth. The growth of T. thiooxidans is also inhibited by both molybdate and chromate which can prevent growth in the concentration range 2 to 5×10−4M. These metal toxicities may play a role in curtailing the growth of this organism in microbially assisted leaching operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499998
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of ammonium nitrate and organic supplements on the yield of Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr.) sing (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of supplementing the straw substrate of Pleurotus sajor caju with ammonium nitrate, alfalfa or soya bean meal on the decomposition speed of the substrate, the yield of fruiting bodies and their nitrogen content were measured. 2. Addition of ammonium nitrate increased the decomposition of organic matter in the substrate except at the two highest NH4NO3 concentrations. The yieled of fruiting bodies was reduced only at the highest NH4NO3 concentration. The yield of fruiting bodies and their nitrogen content increased more with addition of alfalfa and soya bean meal than with ammonium nitrate supplementation. 3. The lowest yield (3.50%) was obtained using wheat straw substrate and the highest (11.89%) after supplementation with 40% of alfalfa. The lowest nitrogen content in fruiting bodies was also found using wheat straw substrate not supplemented (4.10% nitrogen), and the highest after supplementation with 30% of soya bean meal (8.90%). 4. The yield coefficient (Yield of fruiting bodies/% Loss of organic matter) was higher in supplemented substrates (maximum 0.25) than in the unsupplemented control (wheat straw, 0.11).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499999
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of invertase and laminarinases from industrial waste broths of baker's yeast (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the recovery of invertase and three laminarinases from commercial waste broths of baker's yeast. The procedure includes adsorption steps on DEAE-Sephadex A50, on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, and an additional gel exclusion chromatography step on Sephacryl S-200. The isolated laminarinases were: laminarinase I (exo-β-D-glucanase), laminarinase II [endo-β-(1-3)-D-glucanase], and laminarinase III (exo-β-D-glucanase). The efficiency of the main concentration step (DEAE-Sephadex A50) depended on the predialysis of the crude broth. Thus, the recovery of invertase and laminarinase from nondialyzed samples was 7% and 16%, respectively. These values were increased to 62% and 100%, respectively, when the samples were previously dialyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499995
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cephalosporin acetylesterase activity of Fusaria (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 15-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cephalosporin acetylesterase activity was detected in a number of fusaria tested. Of these Fusarium oxysporum AY F-298 was found to be the most active. Deacetyl derivatives of cephalothin and phenoxymethyl cephalosporin prepared by hydrolysis of the parent compounds with AY F-298 showed low antimicrobial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499996
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cyclic pattern of hydrogen evolution by Anabaena flos-aquae (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 19-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Photoproduction of H2 from water by Anabaena flos-aquae in a batch reactor (flowing argon gas phase) followed a reproducible cyclic pattern. Chloramphenicol inhibited events in the cylce, indicating a requirement for protein synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499997
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micromethod for the quantitative determination of succinic acid in the fermentation media (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of succinic acid allowing direct application of the fermentation broth filtrate to TLC plate. Subsequent chromatographic separation on silica gel thin-layer and detection of succinic acid by a copper salt reagent, permits quantitative densitometric evaluation of succinic acid in the concentration range from 10 to 40 μg. The quantitative analyses are reproducible and the assay has a coefficient of variation of 3.2%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500002
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for turbidimetric measurement of bacterial growth in liquid cultures and agar plug diffusion cultures, using standard test tubes (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed for turbidimetric measurement of bacterial growth in standard inexpensive test tubes with closures in-place. Liquid cultures and agar plug diffusion cultures can be assayed using an unmodified spectrophotometer. Growth curves of replicate cultures grown in test tubes, are reproducible with respect to similarity of curve shape, onset of logarithmic growth phase, and maximum growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500003
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and characterization of a completely filled stirred bioreactor (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A newly designed bioreactor which is operated completely filled with a mixture of liquid and entrained gas has been compared with a classical stirred system. The completely filled stirred bioreactor (CFSB) consists essentially of a marine type propeller installed in a draft tube and a gas-liquid separator at the top of the vessel. The reactors have been compared on the basis of oxygen transfer rates, mixing times, power input, batch and chemostat experiments with yeasts and mycelial molds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503503
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of citric acid production by oxygen: Effect of dissolved oxygen tension on adenylate levels and respiration in Aspergillus niger (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 101-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of the control of citric acid accumulation by oxygen was investigated by means of pilot plant fermentation using Aspergillus niger. The critical dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) for oxygen uptake of this fungus was about 18–21 and 23–26 mbar for trophophase and idiophase, respectively. Minimal DOT for citric acid production was about 25 mbar. Citric acid production increased steadily between 40–150 mbar. Short time changes in the DOT produced immediate, irreversible changes in the rate of product formation. Adenine nucleotides paralleled growth but showed no evidence for control function in the oxygen effect on citric acid fermentation. A branched respiratory system was identified by experiments using specific inhibitors (antimycin, cyanide, azide, rotenone, amytal and salicylhydroxamic acid). Growth was sensitive towards inhibitors of the standard respiratory chain, but only slightly sensitive towards salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Citric acid synthesis was highly sensitive towards SHAM during trophophase, but sensitive towards antimycine during idiophase. Interruptions in aeration cause an impairment of the SHAM sensitive oxidase during trophophase, and of the antimycin sensitive oxidase during idiophase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503505
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medium optimization for a methanol utilizing bacterium based on chemostat theory (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the productions of biomass and vitamin B12 using methanol as the sole carbon source, it is necessary to use a medium in which methanol is the growth limiting substrate. Other inorganic salts should be in slight excess so that the yield of cells and the intracellular content of vitamin B12 do not vary. From basic principles of chemostat culture, a medium was optimized for Pseudomonas AM-1 a methanol utilizing bacterium, for the concentrations of various inorganic salts. This was done in a series of chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. Optimum amounts of NH4 +, PO4 3- and Mg2+ were estimated from the minimum concentration of the salt at which methanol became growth limiting. The optimum concentrations of Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ as a group were determined in the same way. Cu2+, Mo6+, Co2+ and B3+ are required at concentrations of μg/l and they were not studied as these very low level can be introduced as contaminants from other salts. The optimum medium composition (in g/l) was as follows: (NH4)2SO4, 1.0; H3PO4, 75×10−3; MgSO4 · 7H2O, 30×10−3; CaCl2 · 2H2O, 3.3×10−3; FeSO4 · 7H2O, 1.3×10−3, MnSO4 · 4H2O, 0.13×10−3; ZnSO4 · 7H2O, 0.13×10−3; CuSO4 · 5H2O, 40×10−6; Na2MoO4, 40×10−6; CoCl2 · 6H2O, 40×10−6; H3BO3, 30×10−6 and methanol 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503507
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  • 19
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    Relations between substrate feeding pattern and development of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge processes: (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Laboratory scale activated sludge systems were operated under regimes of continuous or intermittent feeding of substrate. In a previous paper it was shown that continuously operated systems resulted in the development of filamentous bacteria and bulking sludges. Intermittently fed sludges resulted in good settling. These results are now confirmed when substrates other than glucose are present in the influent, such as nutrient broth, acetate and starch. With casein deflocculation occurred. For intermittent systems the substrate removal rates were higher than for continuous systems. Based on the results a theory is presented to account for the growth of filamentous bacteria (and bulking) in continuous systems (completely mixed systems). This theory assumes that in intermittently fed systems (plug flow systems) floc forming bacteria become dominant as a result of higher substrate uptake rates and the possibility to survive a starvation phase by thriving on accumulated intracellular metabolites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503510
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  • 20
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    Effects of aeration and of corn steep concentration on L-asparaginase production in Escherichia coli (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 185-187 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of L-asparaginase was investigated in Escherichia coli, growing under different conditions of aeration in a medium containing 2% or 6% corn steep. At both concentrations, excessive aeration decreased enzyme production. In the medium with 2% corn steep, L-asparaginase activity began to decline as soon as the oxygen absorption exceeded 0.22 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, and when the oxygen absorption rate was 1.26 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, enzyme activity reached only about 5% of maximum. In the medium with 6% corn steep, a decline of L-asperaginase activity did not appear until the oxygen absorption rate value exceeded 0.54 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, at the oxygen absorption rate of 1.26 mmol O2 l−1 min−1, the enzyme activity still reached about 50% of maximum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504484
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    A cyto-biochemical study of the ‘canal’ formation in the yeast cell wall (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A distinction between the chemical composition of ultrastructurally modified regions and the rest of the cell wall (‘canals’) of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis was shown by cytochemical staining of cell wall polysaccharides. The formation of ‘canals’ was induced by cultivation of yeasts on hydrocarbons and was parallelled by the enhancement of β-glucosidase, β-glucanase and α-mannosidase activities which were all capable of degrading cell wall polysaccharides. The presence of cycloheximide prevented ‘canal’ formation. We assume that these hydrolases modified definite cell wall regions transforming them into ‘canals’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504487
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  • 22
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    Stalked bacteria in activated sludge (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 235-242 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A laboratory-scale activated sludge unit was fed continuously with a simulated industrial wastewater, consisting of a dilute solution of inorganic salts, at a rate giving a mean retention time of about 3 days. The system produced a well-settling sludge which on examination by electron microscopy was found to contain considerable numbers of stalked bacteria. These were identified as Caulobacter, which have the ability to attach to surfaces and other organisms by means of a prosthecal ‘holdfast’ and to flourish in waters with a low content of organic nutrients, and whose occurrence in activated sludge has not apparently been previously recorded. Conditions advantageous to Caulobacter generally prevail in activated sludge systems when these operate in growth phases tending to produce well-settling sludge. Since their ‘holdfast’ gives Caulobacter the ability to initiate and enlarge microbial clusters by attachment, it is suggested that Caulobacter contribute to microbial floc-formation in activated sludge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504490
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  • 23
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    Cytochemical localization of glucose oxidase in peroxisomes of Aspergillus niger (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The subcellular localization of glucose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.4) in mycelia of Aspergillus niger has been investigated using cytochemical staining techniques. Mycelia from fermenter cultures, which produced gluconic acid from glucose, contained elevated levels of glucose oxidase and catalase. Both enzymes were located in microbodies. In addition, when the organism was grown on glucose with methylamine as a nitrogen source, amine oxidase activity was detected in the microbodies. These organelles can therefore be designated as peroxisomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508104
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  • 24
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    Growth of Euglena gracilis on whey (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 295-303 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To extend the use of industrial wastes, we have studied the growth of Euglena cells on demineralized whey powder, an industrial dairy waste from cheese making. The demineralized whey powder was solubilized (15 g/l) in 0.04 N HCl and autoclaved for two hours at 120°C. The solution was then brought to pH 3.5 with NH4OH and tested for its ability to support Euglena growth. In the dark, cell densities of 4.5 to 5.5×106 cells/ml were obtained when vitamin B12, thiamine and minerals were added to the hydrolyzed whey solution. Although growth of Euglena is possible on whey, the industrial application may be limited due to the need to hydrolyze the whey and to the low utilization of carbon (20%) as the glucose, but not the galactose, released during hydrolysis is used.
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    Investigation on rate — Determining factors in the microbial reduction of azo dyes (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 325-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Investigations on the effects of pH, temperature, type and concentration of respiration substrates and oxygen tension on the reduction rate of derivatives of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol and of a variety of textile dyes served as a basis for establishing a bioassay for strictly reproducible measurements of the microbial reduction rate of azo dyes. Standard organism was a strain of Bacillus cereus isolated from soil. Dye reduction occurred with the standard organism and other facultatively or obligatory aerobic bacteria in exclusively anoxic conditions. In principle, first order kinetics of decolorization were found. Reduction products may however inhibit the reaction. All dyes not measurably reduced by living cells of B. cereus were decolorized by cell extracts of the same species. Dyes adsorbed by the cell walls were in most cases reduced at slow rates and did not influence the simultaneous reduction of non-adsorbable dyes in the medium. The observations confirm the hypothesis advanced by Gingell and Walker (1971) of an intracellular, non-enzymatic reduction of azo compounds by reduced flavin nucleotides. The rate of permeation of the dyes through the cell membrane is the primordial ratelimiting step in the microbial decolorization of azo dyes. Sulfonic acid substitution seems to be an effective inhibitor of permeation.
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    Methane production under pressure by fermentation of waste materials (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 79-81 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Methane production by fermentation under pressure is characterised by a reduction of the gas flowrate and a simultaneous increase in the pourcentage of methane. At between O and 4 effective bars, these competing effects give a practically constant production of methane.
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    Induction effect of PO 2 during continuous yeast production from ethanol in a multistage tower fermentor (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the periodic variation of the partial pressure of oxygen in the aeration gas on biomass concentrations, ethanol conversion, yield and productivity during continuous cultivations of the yeast Candida utilis in a multistage tower fermentor was studied. The results were compared with those obtained under aeration conditions with a constant PO 2 in the aeration gas. The results demonstrated that, with the optimum PO 2 in the aeration gas, the aeration procedure with the periodic variation of PO 2 in the gas phase permitted achievement of the same process parameters as those under constant PO 2. Using this new aeration procedure, the consumption of pure oxygen can be lowered by 55% to 60%. In addition, the significance of the induction effect of PO 2 on growth characteristics in the individual stages of the fermentor was proved.
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    Effect of medium composition on excretion and biosynthesis of the amylases of Schwanniomyces castellii (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 129-132 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of different salts on the excretion of amylases has been studied sodium and potassium phosphates were added to the basal YNB soluble starch medium. The effects of sodium and potassium (from 0.005 M to 0.2 M) and the two surfactants, Tween 80 and Triton X were tested. The effect of the excretion of the amylolytic enzymes on the biomass yield and growth rate are discussed.
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    Biocoenosis and degradation in model wastewater treatment plants (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 151-163 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bacteria and protozoa of laboratory models for wastewater treatment plants have been determined and compared to species from ordinary plants. A determination key specially designed for the bacteria of wastewater treatment plants has been developed. Large changes in the composition of the bacterial populations were found in the model open laboratory plant system. Tests with a model sterile closed plant and reproducible inoculum have been performed to get a constant bacteria population to improve the comparability and reproducibility for substance degradation test.
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    Optimization of whey fermentation in a jar fermenter (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 173-183 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of whey by Kluyveromyces fragilis IMAT 1872 was studied in a 15-l jar fermenter to assess the influence of temperature, lactose concentration, aeration and agitation on the biomass yield. Optimization of the operating parameters resulted in a 57.2% yield. The observations were analyzed in a ‘composite’ design. Canonical analysis and an F-test showed that only the first two principal axes (i.e., “oxygen transfer coefficient’ and ‘lactose inhibition’ factors) of the system under study were significant. Therefore, the observations were fitted to a quadratic expression, by using only these factors: 86% of the data fall within a 10% deviation band. This empirical model allowed the formulation of an operating strategy to select the set of conditions yielding the maximum value of biomass.
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    Culture method to study fungal growth in solid fermentation (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 199-209 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new culture method is described to study the growth of Aspergillus niger on cassava meal in the solid state. This method uses preparations of the cooked starchy substrate as a homogeneous granulated product containing spores, salts and water. An incubation device aerates the mass with humidified air at a controlled temperature. Homogeneous development of mycelia, without sporulation, occurred in the substrate mass. From physiological studies, optimal conditions for A. niger growth on cassava in the solid state were 50–55% moisture, 35°C, a nitrogen source comprising 60% ammonium and 40% urea (on a nitrogen basis) and 2×107 spores/g of substrate. Growth kinetics were established and changes in pH, protein, carbohydrate and water content were determined during the incubation. Growth rate and yield were quite similar to those described in the literature for A. niger cultivated in liquid media under optimal conditions.
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    A combination of methods for the on-line determination of alcohols in microbial cultures (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 227-233 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new method for the continuous on-line determination of methanol (range 0.2 to 10 gl−1) and ethanol (0.2 to 120 gl−1) is described. The rate limiting step is diffusion of the alcohol through the walls of a silicone tube immersed in the culture broth. A sintered SnO2 sensor was used instead of a Flame Ionization Detector for alcohol determination. Measurement is not affected by bioreactor aeration or agitation rates, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia or the concentration of cells in the medium. The assay system was tested in extended batch cultivation of Methylomonas sp. with methanol as the sole carbon source (final biomass concentration, 35 gl−1). Sensor readings agreed well with simultaneous off-line gas chromatographic methanol determination.
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    Bubble coalescence behaviour in biological media (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 249-260 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) were measured by a steady state method in a twin bubble column to characterize the coalescence behaviour of the medium. Employing Hansenula polymorpha cultivation broths, kLa values were compared with those measured in model media in the presence and absence of antifoam agents. The ratio of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the system investigated to that in water, $${\text{m = k}}_{\text{L}} {\text{a/(k}}_{\text{L}} {\text{a)H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}$$ , was employed to characterize the cultivation medium.
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    Influence of the growth substrate and the oxygen concentration in the medium on the cytochrome P-450 content in Candida guilliermondii (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 285-294 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The induction of cytochrome P-450 in Candida guilliermondii by different growth substrates was investigated. Hexadecane is a strong inducer, whereas its oxidation products induce only weakly. It could be shown that the oxygen concentration in the medium influences the cytochrome P-450 content in cells growing on hexadecane. At oxygen concentrations between 100% and 15% of saturation the cytochrome P-450 content reaches 25–35 nmol/g dry weight. Reducing the oxygen to lower concentrations increase the cytochrome P-450 content up to approximately 100 nmol/g dry weight.
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    Hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by selected fungi (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 317-323 
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    Notes: Summary Fungi which have been previously shown to hydrolyse glycocholic acid, with liberation of the free bile acid, have now been shown to be similarly capable of hydrolysing glycodeoxycholic acid. Sodium taurocholate, however, is much less susceptible and its hydrolysis has been demonstrated with only one of the selected fungi, Penicillium chrysogenum, growing in a medium containing the conjugate as the sole sulphur source. It is concluded that the nature of the amino acid moiety is important in determining the ease of hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by whole cells of the fungi under test.
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    Resolution of microbial mixtures by free flow electrophoresis (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 217-226 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The resolution of bacterial mixtures by free flow electrophoresis (FFE) was not affected by the position of the microbes on the growth curve and approximately 70% of the individual cells applied were recovered as viable cells. The dependence of bacterial electrophoretic mobility on the pH, salt concentration, and viscosity of the electrolyte was determined. Suspending media and running electrolyte were developed which allowed collection of samples of〉99% purity within two minutes of introduction of a mixture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Most bacterial strains migrated in a single band, although some migrated in more than one band. Escherichia coli was resolved from each of 10 different species. The considerable variation in mobility found in 21 different E. coli strains, however, appears to preclude use of FFE as a method of species identification.
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    Conversion of different plant waste into feed by basidiomycetes (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 243-248 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary 1. The solid state fermentation of beech sawdust, reed, rape and sunflower straw and rice husks by Stropharia rugosoannulata, Pleurotus sp. Florida, Pleurotus cornucopiae and Agrocybe aegerita at 25°C for periods of 0–60 days was examined. 2. All fungi tested can colonize the sterile substrates used. The highest decomposition rate was found with P. cornucopiae on rape (44.5%) and sunflower (43.2%). Relatively low decomposition activity was observed for A. aegerita. 3. On all substrates tested, the water soluble substances increase after 60 days of solid state fermentation. 4. Lignolitic activity and in vitro digestibility are strongly dependent on fungal species and the kind of plant waste substrate. Pleurotus sp. Florida and Stropharia rugosoannulata showed good lignin decomposition and increased the in vitro digestibility of all substrates except rice husks. Agrocybe aegerita decomposed lignin only to a small extent and decreased the in vitro digestibility. 5. All fungi tested decreased the digestibility of rice husks. This effect is probably caused by high incrustation of rice husks with SiO2.
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    Chemical oxygen demand reduction in a whey fermentation (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 261-274 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction η in the fermentation of whey by Kluyveromyces fragilis IMAT 1872 was studied at various temperatures, lactose concentrations, air dilution ratios and stirring speeds. Their effects on the biomass yield (y) has been determined previously (Moresi et al. in press). Two different optimal sets of these variables were found according to whether the objective was the production of cell mass or the reduction of COD. The two sets were then compared to establish a strategy for the industrial development of this fermentation process. The experimental efficiencies of COD removal were submitted to analysis in a composite design. Only the first two principal axes (i.e., the ‘oxygen transfer coefficient’ factor and the ‘stripping’ factor) of canonical analysis were found to be significant by an F-test. Therefore, the observations were fitted with a quadratic expression by using only these factors: the mean standard error was less than 6%. The yield of cells, expressed as g of dried cells/g of COD removed, varied in this fermentation, but this parameter may be particularly useful for analyzing and optimizing any fermentation process when the culture medium is a mixture of carbohydrates or the main substrate is fully utilized during the initial stages of fermentation.
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    A rapid electrochemical method for assimilation test of microorganisms (1980)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1980), S. 305-316 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A microbial electrode consisting of the immobilized microorganisms to be tested and an oxygen electrode was used to study the assimilation characteristics of microorganisms. When a sample solution containing a substrate was injected into the microbial sensor system, the current of the sensor markedly decreased with time if the microorganisms assimilated the substrate. On the other hand, no current decrease was observed if the microorganisms could not assimilate the substrate. Assimilation characteristics of various microorganisms such as molds, yeasts, bacteria, actinomycetes and activated sludges were tested with various substrates. The time required for a test was 30 min per substrate by the pulse method (sample injection period, 5 min). Good correlations were obtained between this electrochemical method and the conventional growth test. The fundamental differences between the two methods and the application of the electrochemical method are discussed.
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    End product inhibition in methane fermentations: Effects of carbon dioxide and methane on methanogenic bacteria utilizing acetate (1981)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1981), S. 236-241 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of pCO2 and pCH4 in the interval 0–1 bar on rates of acetate degradation and methane formation by methanogens as well as methane yields were studied in enrichment cultures in batch and continuous fermentations. In batch fermentations the rate of acetate utilization by methanogens was 1,000–1,500 mg/l · d at low levels of pCO2. CO2 was inhibitory and degradation rates were around 350 mg/l · d in 1 bar CO2. The degradation of acetate was almost linear. In continuous culture maximum rates of acetate utilization around 2,500 mg/l · d were obtained and the acetate concentration in the substrate was reduced by 98–99%. The yields of methane on acetate substrates were close to the theoretical value (1 mole CH4 per mole HAc) in the interval pCO2-0–0.5 bar. In 1 bar CO2 yields decreased by 20–30%. CH4 was found to be only slightly inhibitory; the inhibiting effects of 1 bar CH4 on acetate degradation rates were comparable to the effects of 0.3 bar CO2. Also gas sparging and rapid mixing had small effects compared with a non-sparged, slowly mixed culture. The redox potential was usually around −200 mV during fermentations and no connection was found between acetate degradation rate, Eh and pCO2. Acetate and propionate degradation were the reactions most sensitive to pCO2 and to obtain maximum rates as well as maximum methane yields pCO2-levels around 0.2 bar were found to be optimal.
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    Population shifts in activated sludge from sewage treatment plants of the chemical industry: A numerical cluster analysis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 97-104 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The numerical taxonomy of the bacterial flora in activated sludge from two sewage treatment plants of the chemical industry is described. The predominant taxa; Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas and Zoogloea could be devided into a total of 14 subclusters. A significant disturbance of the biocoenosis was manifested in a substantial drop in the plant efficiency and in defined population shifts. The bacterial groups which increase, as the process performance improves are indicated and their technological significance is discussed.
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    Production of single-cell protein from enzymatic hydrolyzate of rice straw (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 74-80 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The components of rice straw, pretreated with sodium chlorite, cellulose and hemicellulose were solubilized with culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa or Trichoderma reesei. The ratio of glucose to total sugar in the solution obtained from the cellulose component with the culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa was approximately twice that of Trichoderma reesei. Ten yeast strains (Candida utilis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, Torulopsis xylinus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Saccharomyces fragilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were cultivated as test organisms for single-cell protein (SCP) production on sugar solutions obtained from the straw, cellulose and hemicellulose components, pretreated with the culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa. Sugar consumption, in terms of total sugar and cell yield, of the culture with the sugar solution obtained from pretreated straw were; 70% and 6.8 g/l for Candida tropicalis, 56% and 6.4 g/l for Torulopsis xylinus, 76% and 10.1 g/l for Trichosporon cutaneum, and 74% and 7.6 g/l for Candida guilliermondii. In addition, the highest consumption with respect to total sugar (87%) and the best dry cell yield (15.6 g/l) were observed with the culture of Trichosporon cutaneum using the sugar solution obtained from the hemicellulose component.
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    Factors which influence the sedimentation characteristics of Torulopsis glabrata after growth in a recirculation system (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 91-96 
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    Notes: Summary Some environmental affects on cell aggregation described in the literature are briefly summarized. By means of a biomass recirculation culture (Contact system), using the yeast Torulopsis glabrata, the aggregation behavior of cells in static and in dynamic test systems is described. Sedimentation times required to obtain 50 g · l−1 yeast dry matter in static systems were always higher than in dynamic ones. In addition to, influencing the biomass yield, the specific growth rate of the yeast also affected cell aggregation. The specific growth rate and therefore the aggregation could be regulated by the biomass recirculation rate as well as by the sedimenter volume.
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    Degradation of extractive-free lignocelluloses by Coriolus versicolor and Poria placenta (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 165-168 
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    Notes: Summary The wood-decay fungi Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot fungus, and Poria placenta, a brown-rot fungus, were grown on an extractive-free lignocellulose prepared from quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Their abilities to decompose this lignocellulose were compared to their abilities to decompose softwood (Picea pungens) and hardwood (Acer rubrum) lignocelluloses. The two fungi were grown on malt-extract dampened lignocelluloses at 28°C for up to 12 weeks. Replicate cultures were periodically harvested and lignocellulose decomposition was followed by monitoring substrate weight loss, lignin loss, and carbohydrate loss. Coriolus versicolor decomposed the lignin and carbohydrate components of the grass lignocellulose as efficiently as the softwood and hardwood lignocelluloses. Poria placenta, however, was not an efficient degrader of either lignin or carbohydrate in the grass lignocellulose. Poria placenta readily decomposed carbohydrate components of the softwood lignocellulose but not the hardwood lignocellulose.
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    Oxygen availability for bacterial growth with a flow microcalorimeter (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 212-215 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enthalpy change associated with aerobic growth of E. coli K12 on minimal media with succinic acid as sole carbon and energy source, determined by flow microcalorimetry (with aerobic mixing cell) was 733.01±15.32 kJ·mol−1. Molar growth yield was 39.6±1.2 g·mol−1. When the microcalorimetric growth was limited by oxygen supply, the power-time curve was altered and the total heat evolved was less than the enthalpy change. The maximum thermal output corresponding to a fully aerobic growth in the calorimetric cell was 1.89×10−3 W·ml−1. Thus, the oxygen uptake rate was about 0.39 ml O2·h−1·ml−1.
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    Kinetic characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of glucokinase and fructokinase from Zymomonas mobilis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 241-246 
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    Notes: Summary Glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) exhibits two pH optima (pH 7.0 and 8.2), gives hyperbolic saturation curves and reacts equally with ATP, UTP, GTP, ITP and CTP. Inhibition occurs with high concentrations of these nucleotides and in addition with ADP, AMP and glucose 6-phosphate. No inhibition was observed with sucrose, glucose, fructose (11 mM), ethanol (542 mM), mannose, ribose, galactose, deoxy-glucose, lactose and gluconate and no reaction except with glucose. Fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4) exhibits one pH optimum (7.4), gives hyperbolic saturation curves and is highly specific towards ATP and fructose. Mannose, glucose, GTP and CTP do not react. Inhibition occurs with glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and mildly fructose 6-phosphate. ATP at high concentrations gives slight inhibition, ADP and AMP show differential effects, whereas all other above mentioned compounds do not inhibit. Regulatory mechanisms for sucrose, glucose and fructose metabolism are discussed.
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    Metabolic formation of dodecanedioic acid from n-dodecane by a mutant of Candida tropicalis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 254-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary These experiments studied the metabolic formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid using the mutant S 76 developed from the wild strain Candida tropicalis 1230 (capable of producing large amounts of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid). Our results show for the first time that 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid was excreted into the medium as a free acid. n-Dodecanol and n-dodecanoic acid were also detected in the n-dodecane medium. The mutant S 76 was able to produce a,ω-dodecanedioic acid using either n-dodecanol or dodecanoic acid as the sole carbon source. Quantitative cahnges in the concentrations of 12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid and other intermediates were recorded during the formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid. S 76 was rapidly able to convert large amounts of 12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid to a,ω-dodecanedioic acid. The formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid from n-dodecane via the sequence n-dodecanol→n-dodecanoic acid →12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid was confirmed.
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    Preparation and evaluation of an enzyme which degrades yeast cell walls (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 14-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method for the production and preparation of an enzyme which degrades yeast cell walls from a species of aRhizoctonia (tentatively identified asR. solani) was established on a commercial scale. The production of crude enzyme powder, having a lytic activity of 100 units/mg, in batches of 80 kg is feasible. The enzyme preparation was evaluated for industrial use. When yeast cells were treated with this enzyme, the digestibility of feed yeast was improved 1.4–2 fold in vitro; the efficiency of a mechanical disintegrator in extracting cellular substances was increased 35–50%; the release of soluble glucans having widely varying degrees of polymerization was induced; the extraction of cellular protein by alkali was facilitated 2–3 fold; an 80% release of cell-bound invertase was induced and 2–3 times more yeast extract could be prepared.
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    Microbial conversion of sterols (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 25-32 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract By preselection of microorganisms which preferentially attack the side chain of cholesterol we have been able to isolate a mutant of Corynebacterium spec. Chol 73 which forms 20-carboxy-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one (BNC) from cholesterol in nearly quantitative yields. The structure of this compound has been established by means of13C NMR-,1H NMR and CD spectroscopy.
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    Effect of ozone and sodium hydroxide treatments on the degradability of cotton straw monosaccharides by rumen microorganisms (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cotton straw (CS) was treated with ozone and sodium hydroxide and the effect of the treatments on the in vitro digestibility of monosaccharides in the whole material and in cell walls was studied. The digestibility of the major components — glucose and xylose in the untreated whole material was low, 26.3 and 14.3%, respectively, whereas that of the minor components was high, in the range of 60–70%. Ozonation resulted in an increase in digestibility of most of the sugars, with a particular effect on glucose and xylose, the digestibility of which was raised to 72 and 67%, respectively. Sodium hydroxide exerted a modest effect, increasing the in vitro digestibility values for glucose to 35.7% and for xylose to 32.3%. The digestibility of glucose, xylose and uronic acids in the cell wall of the untreated material was 19.7, 8.73 and 21.9%, respectively, whereas the values for the minor components ranged between 50 and 60%. The ozone treatment increased the in vitro degradability of the residual glucose, xylose and uronic acids to 63.7, 26.3 and 53.5%, respectively. There was a lag time of between 12 and 24 h before the rumen bacteria started to hydrolyse the cell wall glucose, xylose and uronic acids. The lag time for those cell wall sugars in the ozonated CS was the longest (24 h) but their rate of in vitro digestion during the last 24 h was higher in the ozonated than in the untreated or sodium hydroxide-treated cotton straw. The practical implications of the above-mentioned findings are discussed.
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    Membrane-associated myo-inositol dehydrogenase activity ofBacillus pumilus strain 5 (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 52-55 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enzyme characterized in this investigation was the myoinositol dehydrogenase in the membrane fraction of homogenates ofBacillus pumilus strain 5 which is a food spoilage/poisoning bacterium. The pH optimum of 6.3 for this enzyme is nearly the same as the previously reported value of 6.2 for another bacterium. Optimum activity was achieved at 35°C, a temperature higher than the upper limit of the local ambient range at which smoked meat is stored. The Michaelis constant, Km, with myo-inositol as substrate was 1.2×10−4 M while the maximum velocity, Vmax, was 0.43 ΔA600·min−1 mg membrane protein−1. This enzyme was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of either mannitol or benzoate.
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    Occurrence of cytochrome P450 in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 64-68 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cytochrome P450 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an inducible enzyme system. Hitherto, its induction was related to semi-anaerobic culture conditions and high glucose concentrations in the growth medium respectively. Since glucose and oxygen are main regulatory effectors in this yeast, the relationship between the occurrence of cytochrome P450 and these two effectors was established in continuous culture. At glucose-derepressed conditions it was not possible to induce the formation of cytochrome P450 by oxygen limitation alone. The oxygen supply had to be decreased to a level where glucose repression also became active. At glucose-repressed conditions cytochrome P450 was obtained in good yield (3 to 5 pmol per mg dry cell weight) below a dissolved oxygen tension of appproximately 15%. There was a correlation between the content of mitochondrial cytochromes and that of cytochrome P450. The presence of mitochondrial cytochromes was reciprocal with cytochrome P450 when its content was increased by lowering the dissolved oxygen tension.
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    Effect of hydrolysing and oxidizing agents on the composition and degradation of wheat straw monosaccharides (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Wheat straw (WS) was treated with 5% sodium hydroxide, ozone and 5% sulfur dioxide at 70°C for 72 h, and the effect of treatments on monosaccharide composition and in vitro degradability by rumen microorganisms was studied. The major sugars, glucose and xylose, comprising about 90% of the total monosaccharides in the untreated WS were mainly confined to the cell walls. SO2 exerted the greatest solubilizing effect, followed by ozone and NaOH; the respective values for the solubilized cell wall polysaccharides were: 26, 12 and 4.4%. One third of the total phenolics was oxidized by ozone, whereas, SO2 exerted mostly a solubilizing effect on this fraction, converting 75% of it into soluble phenolics. In the NaOH treated WS 41% of the total phenolics were soluble, as compared to 22% in the untreated. The in vitro digestibility of monosaccharides in the untreated WS were initially high: 50% and 58% for xylose and glucose, respectively and 63% to 80% for the minor sugars. The SO2 treatment resulted in an overall increase in digestibility of monosaccharides with values lying in the range of 90%. Sodium hydroxide was more efficient than ozone in enhancing the degradability of xylan and total sugars. The digestibility of cell wall sugars was increased from 52.4% to 84.4%, 63.4% and 72.3% by SO2, O3 and NaOH treatments respectively. Based on the present findings, it appears that wheat straw cell wall components are more sensitive to hydrolytic than to oxidative processes aimed at increasing its degradability by rumen microorganisms. SO2 exerted on WS a multi-effect which was particularly suitable for increasing the digestibility of monosaccharides.
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    Cell permeability as a rate limiting factor in the microbial reduction of sulfonated azo dyes (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary “Permeabilization” of cells of B. cereus and other bacterial strains by toluene treatment significantly increased the passage of sulfonated and carboxylated azo dyes from the external medium into the cells with a concomittant increase of the reduction rate of the dyes. Dyes which are not reduced at all by intact cells were readily decolorized. The reduction rate of sulfonated compounds was consistently larger than of their carboxylated analogues, once the dyes had entered the cells.
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    Systematics of the species of the yeast genus Saccharomyces associated with the fermentation industry (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 188-193 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The so-called wine yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. chevalieri, S. bayanus, S. italicus and S. uvarum are characterized by high ethanol tolerance and fermentation velocity. They are ecologically related, being predominantly associated with grape must and wine, and are taxonomically indistinguishable. The only significant physiological differences are between the ability to ferment certain sugars. A taxonomic revision of more than 1,000 strains isolated during the past 50 years and belonging to the above species showed extreme instability in the ability to ferment different sugars. The relationships between these yeasts were examined for DNA base composition and DNA-DNA reassociation. The G+C ranged from 37.6% to 39.0% while optical reassociation experiments defined a first group of species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. chevalieri and S. italicus) exhibiting high base sequence complementarity (〉90%). S. bayanus and S. uvarum also showed a high degree of relatedness. Low homology values (∼30%) indicate that the two groups of species are not closely related. While it is proposed to combine S. cerevisiae, S. chevalieri and S. italicus into one single species under the oldest epithet Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a study of a larger number of strains is recommended before considering the taxonomic position of S. bayanus and S. uvarum.
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    Biofilm build-up of Pseudomonas putida in a chemostat at different dilution rates (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 218-222 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A test system was set up where the build-up of a biofilm on a defined surface could be studied in a carbon source limited chemostat. The attachment of P. putida ATCC 11172 to glass when growing on L-asparagine was studied at different dilution rates (specific growth rates) from 0.1 to 1.5 h−1 The number of attached colony forming units (cfu) increased with dilution rate from 1×106 cfu/cm2 at 0.1 h−1 to 4×107 cfu/cm2 at 1.0 h−1 and then the attachment decreased to about 6×106 cfu/cm2 at higher dilution rates (1.1–1.5 h−1). The number of attached cfu was measured after 24 h exposure. The value of the maximum specific growth rate in batch culture was 0.6 h−1. The total amount of attached cell-mass followed roughly the same pattern as the viable count. The viable count of the cells suspended in the growth medium showed its lowest value at the same dilution rate as resulted in maximum adhesion. It was shown that the effect of growth rate on the biofilm build-up of P. putida is significant, and ought to be borne in mind when continuous culture systems are set up and results evaluated.
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    Improvement of Escherichia coli strains overproducing lysine using recombinant DNA techniques (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 227-231 
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    Notes: Summary Several genes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway were cloned separately on the high copy number plasmid pBR322 (Richaud et al. 1981). These hybrid plasmids were used to transform an Escherichia coli strain TOC R 21 that overproduces lysine due to mutations altering the aspartokinase reaction. The synthesis of lysine was studied in these different strains. It appears that only plasmids containing the dapA gene (encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthetase) lead to an increase in lysine production. This result allows us to identify this reaction as the limiting biosynthetic step in strain TOC R 21 and indicates that such a method of gene amplification can be used to improve strains overproducing metabolites.
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    Production of food yeast from starchy substrates (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 232-236 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen yeast strains were selected for the production of food yeast from starchy substrates. From comparison with the amylolytic yeasts, a strain of Schwanniomyces castellii was selected and its characteristics are described.
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    Production of vitamin B12 by immobilized cells of a propionic acid bacterium (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 70-74 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The ability of immobilized cells of propionic acid bacteria to form vitamin B12 has been investigated. Propionibacterium arl AKU 1251 having a considerable activity to produce the vitamin was selected as a test organism among six strains of propionic acid bacteria tested. The whole cells were entrapped with urethane prepolymers, photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers or several other materials such as κ-carrageenan, agar or sodium alginate, and their vitamin B12 productivity was compared. Based on the criteria of the convenience of preparation and the stability of the cell-entrapping gels, a hydrophilic urethane prepolymer, PU-9, was employed as gel material. Satisfactory vitamin B12 production was obtained when 5–10 g of wet cells precultured to the late exponential growth phase were entrapped with 1 g of the prepolymer. Addition of a suitable amount of cobaltous ion and of 5,6-dimethyl benzimidazole to the culture medium was effective for the production of the vitamin by the immobilized cells. The repeated use of the immobilized cells was successfully achieved when a suitable amount of cells were entrapped and allowed the proliferation of cells inside gel matrices.
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    Hydrogen production from glucose by immobilized growing cells ofClostridium butyricum (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 5-9 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Clostridium butyricum was immobilized in a porous carrier (acetylcellulose filter) with agar. Addition of peptone to the reaction mixture increased the hydrogen productivity from glucose. The number of cells in the agaracetylcellulose increased during incubation in the medium containing glucose and peptone, and the immobilized growing cells converted 45% of the glucose to hydrogen. Riboflavin enhanced the hydrogen productivity and the lactate produced by the native cells decreased remarkably. Therefore, the immobilized whole cells incubated with riboflavin were employed for repeated hydrogen production in the medium containing glucose and peptone. The hydrogen productivity of the immobilized cells increased markedly after repeated use, and the immobilized cells produced hydrogen in stoichiometric amounts from glucose.
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    A new technique for continuous measurement of the heat of fermentation (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 28-34 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A special temperature control system has been developed and applied to continuous measuring of the heat evolved during a fermentation process. In this system, the fermentation broth was overcooled by a given constant cooling water flow. The excess heat removed from the fermentor was then made up by an immersion electrical heater. The action of the temperature controller was precisely monitored as it varied in response to the amount of heat produced by the microbial activities. The technique was used for determining the heat evolution byEscherichia coli grown on glucose. The ratio between quantities of total heat release and total oxygen consumption has been determined to be 0.556 MJ/mol O2. The newly developed technique can be employed as an online sensor to monitor the microbial activities of either aerobic or anaerobic fermentation systems.
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    Silage fermentation of swine waste combined with corn (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 39-44 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobic fermentation of feedlot swine waste combined with corn was carried out in a newly designed laboratory silo. A lactic acid fermentation with rapid odor control resulted. Initial numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria (all per dry g) were 107. More than 75% of the initial total population were lactobacilli that increased 27-fold at 24 h and immediately entered a phase of decreasing viable numbers. The lactobacilli were largely the streptobacterium type. Lactobacilli were counted in both plates and roll tubes, and the counts in the roll tubes were as much as 100-fold greater; the difference was attributable to anaerobic lactobacilli. After 38 d, lactobacilli were no longer found in plates, but obligately anaerobic lactobacilli persisted at 103 through 90 d. Fecal coliform bacteria, initially present at 106, were not detected after 24 h. Yeast cells, starting at 106, decreased 100-fold at 3 d, and clostridia nerver exceeded 82 cells. Both groups were of minor importance in this fermentation. Virtually all the acid produced was lactic, measuring 3.83 (% dry matter) at 2 d and rising to a maximum of 12.45 at 69 d. In response, the starting pH of 6.80 decreased to 4.23 and then remained near 4 thereafter. Fumaric and succinic acid levels nerve exceeded 0.2 (% dry matter). Of the volatile fatty acids measured, acetic was maximum at 0.45 (% dry matter), but n-butyric and propionic were never more than 0.06. Fermenting a swine waste-corn mixture in a laboratory silo conferred preserved properties and diminished disease potential on a moist silage that can serve as a major component in an animal ration.
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    Microenvironmental effects on metabolic behaviour of immobilized cells a hypothesis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 52-55 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the microenvironment on the metabolic behaviour of immobilized cells is discussed in relation to literature data. A model is proposed in which decreased water activity and/or oxygen deficiency result in changed yields and/or new metabolic behaviour of the immobilized cells.
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    Transformation of steroids by fungal spores (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 63-69 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Treatment of Cunninghamella elegans sporangiospores with dilute KOH, EDTA or Helix pomatia digestive enzymes (HpE) followed by cortexolone transformation resulted in stimulation of cortisol and epicortisol formation. The increased ability to hydroxylate steroids was accompanied by swelling of spores and increased permeability of their envelopes to exogenous citrate. Activated spores, unlike the untreated controls, exhibited enhanced degradation of intracellular amino acids, especially alanine and glutamic acid-the main constituents of the amino acid pools. We also observed a higher NADPH: (NADP++NADPH) ratio probably due to the operation of more effective NADPH-generating system(s) in HpE, KOH or EDTA pre-treated spores.
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    The separation of solids from the liquefied mash of cassava tuber and continuous saccharification by immobilized glucoamylase (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 92-98 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The solid material in liquefied mash of cassava tuber was very efficiently separated by a mixture of Trichoderma cellulase and Aspergillus niger pectinase. The solid content of the residue after the treatment and centrifugation decreased from 29.5% to 7.0%. The transparent digested solution from cassava tuber after centrifugation was continuously saccharified by glucoamylase immobilized in a gel which was prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone and γ-ray irradiation. The addition of 50 ppm of sulfite ion completely prevented microbial contamination during the 18 days of operation. The final DE (dextrose equivalent), glucose content and disaccharide content in the hydrolyzate were 98, 94.4 and 3.3%, respectively.
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    Foaming in winemaking (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 110-113 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermented mineral medium in which a pure culture yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had been grown, was fractionated to find which components were responsible for foaminess. Very little of the foaminess was due to the yeast cells themselves. More than 80% of the foaminess of the supernatant was retained by an ultrafilter of nominal cut-off 10,000 daltons. The foaminess of this was found on chromatography to be due to three peaks of proteinaceous nature with molecular weights around 145×103, 125×103 and 100×103. Ethanol was found to affect the foaminess of these proteins: at concentrations above 8% it reduced foaminess, but at lower concentrations it enhanced foaminess with maximum enhancement at 5%.
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    Microbial transformation of α-pinene (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 174-178 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A bacterium capable of utilizing α-pinene as a sole carbon and energy source was isolated from soil. This strain, named strain S201-1, which was identified as Pseudomonas maltophilia on the basis of its taxonomical properties, accumulated limonene, borneol, camphor, perillic acid, and 2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexenylidene) propionic acid from α-pinene in the culture broth. It was demonstrated that α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol, camphor, and a number of p-menthane derivatives were oxidized by this strain. Relations between the protonation of α-pinene and the formation of the products by the microbe are discussed.
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    Extracellular proteinases of Claviceps purpurea. Isolation and characterization of an aspartic proteinase (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 129-132 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An aspartic proteinase was isolated from the culture filtrate of Claviceps purpurea by a method which includes affinity chromatography on immobilized inhibitor pepstatin, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated enzyme was electrophoretically homogenous, had a molecular weight between 41,000 and 43,000 and pI 4.60. It was most active toward hemoglobin at pH 3.5. The enzyme was unstable above pH 7. It was completely inhibited by pepstatin, whereas diazoacetyl norleucine methyl ester and epoxy(p-nitrophenoxy)propan inactivated the enzyme by 40%.
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    Increased degradation of straw by Pleurotus ostreatus sp. ‘florida’ (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 140-142 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth of Pleurotus ostreatus sp. ‘florida’ on cotton and wheat straw supplemented with cotton straw water extract was examined. It was found that degradation of cotton straw was superior to that of wheat straw and that addition of water extract of cotton straw increased the degradation of wheat straw. The growth enhancing effect of this water extract could be eliminated by prior treatment of the straw with polar solvents such as methanol or water but not with non-polar solvents. After separation using preparative thin layer chromotography, a biologically active fraction was isolated. This fraction's spectrum had a sodium methoxide shift characteristic of flavonones and dihydroxyflavonols.
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    Limitations of HPLC for the detection of β-exotoxin in culture filtrates of Bacillus thuringiensis (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify β-exotoxin, a phosphorylated adenine nucleotide derivative produced as an excreted metabolite by several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay was rapid and quantitative for purified β-exotoxin standards. However, peak height failed to correlate β-exotoxin concentration in crude culture filtrates with biological activity toward house fly larvae. Unrelated compounds (from non-β-exotoxin producers) co-eluted with β-exotoxin, thereby making the technique an unreliable method for toxin detection and quantification.
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    The use of Aspergillus niger for bioconversion of apple distillery waste (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 243-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The bioconversion of waste material remaining after apple brandy distillation was investigated. Different cellulolytic fungi were tested for their ability to convert the waste organic substances into microbial biomass. An Aspergillus niger strain was chosen as the most convenient microorganism. By growing this mold on the apple slop the following results were obtained: filtration time was shortened by 30 times, reduction of the chemical oxygen demand in the liquid phase in the range of 50–80% depending on the substrate dilution and a dry filter cake enriched with fungal biomass to about 12 g/l containing up to 22% raw proteins and certain amounts of cellulolytic enzymes in the filtrate. The influence of the initial pH, the salt addition and the dilution of the substrate were studied as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510423
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    Mixed culture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and Zymomonas mobilis on starch-use of oxygen as a regulator (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 269-274 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The conversion of starch to ethanol in a mixed culture of an amylolytic yeast, Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and an anaerobic bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, was studied. Interactions between the component cultures were commensalism and competition for glucose. Control of oxygen supply to the culture was used as an external regulator of growth and competition. No accumulation of reducing sugars was observed in the mixed culture when compared to a monoculture of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger grown on starch. The glucose formed was instantly used by Zymomonas mobilis for ethanol production and the glucose inhibition of hydrolysis of non-glucose reducting sugars was released. The final concentration of ethanol, 9.7 g·l−1, produced from 30 g·l−1 of starch, shows out that all the glucose available from starch hydrolysis was converted to ethanol. Glucose production from starch was the rate-limiting reaction in the system, causing a lower ethanol production rate in the mixed culture than in the monoculture of Zymomonas mobilis, grown on glucose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508019
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    Fermentation of xylose with the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 287-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pachysolen tannophilus IfGB 0101, is able to grow aerobically on xylose, glucose and fructose. Galactose too is assimilated after long adaption times. In the complete absence of oxygen, xylose is fermented, forming mainly xylitol, lower amounts of ethanol and CO2. According to the mass balance, it may be concluded that the pentose phosphate enzymes together with the oxidative phosphogluconate way are in action simultaneously. At semi-aerobic conditions (0.45 l air per liter, per hour) ethanol production is somewhat increased but no aeration conditions could as yet be found at which ethanol was the main fermentation product. The significance of xylitol formation seems to be mainly that of an electron sink of the phosphogluconate pathway.
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    Characterization of cellulases by HPLC separation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 314-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The proteins in the supernatant of Trichoderma reesei were separated by HPLC and exo-, endo-β 1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase activities for the various fractions obtained were measured. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), chymotrypsin, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase and other cellulase preparates were used as reference substrates.
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    The effect of carboxymethyl-cellulose addition on extracellular enzyme formation in Trichoderma pseudokoningii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 339-343 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) to a medium containing crystalline cellulose (avicel) as a carbon source resulted in increased production of β-glucosidase (up to 6-fold) and exo-β-1,3-glucanase (12-fold) by Trichoderma pseudokoningii. Less pronounced stimulation of production was observed for laminarinase (2-fold) and mannanase (2-fold), whereas other enzymes (filter-paper activity, amylase, amyloglucosidase, acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were only insignificantly influenced. In the case of β-glucosidase, the effect depended on the presence of high (2%, w/v) concentrations of cellulose and 0.2% (w/v) peptone. The stimulating effect of CMC was not observed when lactose was used as a carbon source. CMC could not relieve β-glucosidase from repression by glucose.
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    Isolation and partial characterization of large plasmids in hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 349-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The hydrogen-evolving bacterium Clostridium butyricum IFO 3847 was found to carry three plasmids: pSSK1, pSSK2, and pSSK3. The molecular weights of pSSK1, 2 and 3, determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy, were about 51, 32, and 9.4 megadaltons respectively. The two larger plasmids were analysed by digestion with several restriction enzymes such as AvaII, BamHl, EcoRl, Pst1, and Sall. With each enzyme, 10–20 fragments were produced from pSSK1 and five to six fragments from pSSK2. Since in each digestion some fragments were common to both plasmids, the two plasmids pSSK1 and pSSK2 must be related to each other to a high degree. The other small plasmid pSSK3 was digested by restriction endonucleases, EcoR1, Pst1, and Sall at single sites, so that this plasmid might be a candidate as a vector for gene cloning in Clostridium species.
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    Plasmid heterogeneity in various strains of Bacillus megaterium (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 248-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Seven different strains of Bacillus megaterium, obtained from strain collections, were investigated for the presence of plasmids. 6 of these contained up to four plasmids which although having identical buoyant density, could be attributed to at least 8 different size classes with contour lengths ranging from 0.63 to 8 μm. With one exception, an identity of these do not appear to the 10 previously described plasmids in strain 216 which until now was the only strain of B.megaterium to be analysed genetically. This is further indicated by the heterogeneity of the physical map of one of these plasmids to strain 216. One strain was found to contain no plasmids and thus may be used as an ideal recipient strain for molecular cloning within this species.
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    Foam behavior of biological media (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 258-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Potato protein liquor (PPL)+glucose solutions were heat treated and sterilized in the absence and presence of an antifoam agent at temperatures between 80 and 120 °C for a period of 5.0 s to 30 min. The foaminess, Σ, of nonsterile and sterile solutions was measured at different aeration rates. The foaminess of PPL solutions was negligible before sterilization. After sterilization at 120 °C for 30 min the foaminess increased by a factor of more than 2·103. With decreasing temperature and duration of heat treatment, with decreasing pH and increasing antifoam concentration the foaminess of the sterilized PPL solution diminishes considerably. Foam formation is caused by protein denaturation and by the Maillard reactions.
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    Utilization of glucose and cellobiose by Candida wickerhamii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida wickerhamii produced ethanol under aerated and nonaerated conditions when grown on glucose but only under non-aerated conditions when grown on cellobiose. When the yeast was grown on 20 g·l−1 glucose in fermentation flasks, the substrate was completely utilized and 9.2 g·l−1 ethanol was produced. When 100 g·l−1 glucose was used, only 60% of the substrate was consumed and 23.4 g·l−1 ethanol was produced fermentatively whereas 31 g·l−1 ethanol was produced in an aerated fermenter. Ethanol toxicity was confirmed by adding ethanol to the culture. No ethanol was produced at added ethanol concentrations of 24 g·l−1 or higher although growth occurred even in the presence of 74 g·l−1 ethanol. The fermentation of glucose and cellobiose (20 g·l−1) was completed in 24 h and 125 h with specific growth rates of 0.29 and 0.06 h−1 respectively. β-Glucosidase was produced when grown on either glucose or cellobiose but the differential rate of enzyme production was 64 fold higher on cellobiose. Increased aeration stimulated enzyme production. β-Glucosidase was present in the fermentation broth and associated with the cells under non-aerated conditions and almost exclusively cell-associated under aerated conditions.
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    The effect of avoparcin on laboratory cultures of rumen bacteria (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 292-297 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the feedlot antibiotic avoparcin (trade name Avotan) on pure and mixed cultures of rumen bacteria has been studied. Of the Gram negative bacteria tested, all except Bacteroides succinogenes were able to grow in the presence of 200 μg avoparcin ml−1. Some strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei also grew in the presence of high concentrations of avoparcin, but most Gram positive bacteria, even after adaptation, could not grow in the presence of 8 μg avoparcin ml−1. Of the cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens was most susceptible to growth inhibition by avoparcin and this organism, unlike the majority of Gram positive bacteria tested, failed to increase its avoparcin tolerance by adaptation. When added to a mixture of rumen contents and buffer in vitro at 5 and 10 μg ml−1, avoparcin had little effect on the digestion of dried grass and straw. The results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of avoparcin on the rumen bacterial flora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508023
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    The effect of temperature on spontaneous wine fermentation (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 311-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of mixed cultures of apiculate and Saccharomyces yests at various temperatures was studied employing a selective medium for wine yeasts. In mixed cultures, fermentation at low temperatures (10°C) did not permit suitable propagation of Saccharomyces yeast, contrary to pure culture fermentations. It is suspected that under these conditions the apiculate yeasts produce inhibitory substances that prevent normal reproduction of wine yeasts.
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    Nutritional, temperature, pH, and oxygen requirements of Candida wickerhamii (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1983), S. 334-338 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A defined growth medium was determined for the cellobiose fermenting yeast Candida wickerhamii. Biotin and calcium pantothenate were required for growth while thiamine stimulated growth and ethanol production. The optimum temperature and pH for growth and ethanol production were 30°C and between pH 3 and pH 5 respectively. Oxygen availability played an important role in the fermentation of cellobiose and glucose. The optimum oxygen transfer rate for maximum ethanol production from glucose was 1.75 mmol (g dry biomass · h)−1.
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    Production of glycosidase activity by Cellulomonas during growth on various carbohydrate substrates (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 100-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A Cellulomonas mutant previously shown to be improved over its parent with respect to cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, has now been shown to produce enhanced activity towards galactomannan. The mutant produced a range of glycosidase activities during growth on various carbohydrate substrates. Changes in the proportions of β-glucosidase, β-mannosidase, β-xylosidase and α-arabinosidase levels with variation in growth substrate indicate specific produciton patterns for these four enzymic activities.
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    Biosynthesis of flavor compounds by microorganisms 4. Characterization of the major principles of the odor of Pleurotus euosmus (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 124-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The volatile constituents of Pleurotus euosmus, grown on synthetic liquid medium, have been enriched and analysed by gas chromatography, sniffing analysis and coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linalool and coumarin were identified as main compounds (900 resp. 2460/ug/l), and were found to be responsible for the intensive sweet flowery odor of the cultures.
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    Direct monitoring of the liquid and gas phases during a fermentation in a computer-mass-spectrometer-fermentor system (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 135-140 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Measurement of chemical concentrations is a weak link in the monitoring of fermentations. The use of a computer-controlled mass spectrometer (MS) has made possible the measurement of one or more volatile compounds on an essentially continuous basis, both in the liquid (broth) and the gas (headspace) phases. For our purposes, the MS was used, not as a spectrometer for chemical identification, but as a programmable detector for measuring concentrations of different compounds. Specifically, a computer-controlled MS was employed during the fermentation of Saccharomyces italicus, to monitor N2, O2, and CO2 concentration in the gas phase, and N2, O2, CO2, and ethanol in the liquid phase. The performance of the MS was carefully analyzed.
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    Pore size and properties of spherical Ca-alginate biocatalysts (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 86-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method for the production of spherical alginate gels from few μm up to several mm diameter is described. Alginate beads with diameters from 0.5 to 3 mm are used to immobilize microorganisms as biocatalysts. Micro size alginate gels are used as column packing material for inverse steric exclusion chromatography to determine their pore sizes from dextran standards of known molecular weight. The results indicate that alginate gels have pores which are large enough to release catalytic acting enzymes out of the matrix.
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    Solid state fermentation and fractionation of oat straw by Basidiomycetes (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 120-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Seventee white-rot and brown-rot fungi were screened for their ability to fractionate the lignocellulose structure of oat straw through the preferential attack of lignin or cellulose. Fermentations were carried out under solid-state conditions with 25 g quantities of straw. The fermented straw was analyzed for weight loss, Klason lignin loss and cellulase digestion. All the fungi attacked both lignin and carbohydrate fractions causing 3–28% weight losses and 26–34 g/100 g enzymatic digestibility. Polyporus tulipiferae, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Polyporus sp. were tested for the effects of various nitrogen, phosphate and carbon levels, incubation temperatures and incubation time. The three fungi had different responses to these factors.
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    Influence of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide on Methylomonas clara in continuous culture (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 131-134 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effect of high partial pressures of O2 and CO2 on Methylomonas clara growing on methanol was assessed. Above a pO2 of 700 mbar and a pCO2 of 330 mbar the cell mass yield decreased with increasing pO2 and pCO2. No washout was observed even when pure oxygen was used, but the cell mass yield was very low. High pCO2 increased the aminoacid and nucleic acid content. CO2 fixation by this organism seems to be feasible, but it was not possible to determine if high pCO2 stimulates CO2 assimilation.
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    Determination of effectiveness factor for immobilized cells on solid supports (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 249-253 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A combination of Monod kinetics and diffusion equation was used for evaluating the effectiveness factor for immobilized cells on solid supports. This has revealed that there is an optimal value of biofilm thickness which results in a maximum for the effectiveness factor. The optimal value of biofilm thickness becomes smaller with increasing values for the Thiele modulus. The effectiveness factor increases as the saturation constant increases for a given value of the Thiele modulus. Furthermore, optimal range of biofilm thickness becomes broader with increasing values for the saturation constant. At large Thiele moduli, an analytical solution based on approximate kinetics is sufficiently accurate to permit a useful estimation of the effectiveness factor.
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    Morphological and physiological changes in bacterial cells treated with acrylamide (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 264-270 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary On exposure to acrylamide, in the course of immobilization in polyacrylamide gel and treatment with 10%–20% monomer or introduction of 1%–3% acrylamide into the growth medium, Escherichia coli cells undergo the following changes: blockage of cell division, elongation of cells, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (mostly DNA), decrease in osmotic stability and ultrastructural alterations of the outer membrane. Mg2+ ions have a protective effect on bacteria treated with monomeric acrylamide but are ineffective in the course of cell immobilizationin polyacrylamide. Clones of E. coli and Pseudo monas putida with an increased resistance to monomeric acrylamide and immobilization in polyacrylamide have been selected.
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    Interspecific protoplast fusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces mellis (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 320-322 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Protoplasts of auxotrophic mutants of the highly fermentative Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the osmotolerant S. mellis were fused. The frequency of appearance of prototrophic hybrids was 0.75–1.6 per 105 protoplasts. Biochemical analysis of the stable hybrids revealed the characteristics of both parents in about 50% of the recombinants. Fermentation at high glucose concentrations by some of the hybrids was considerably improved.
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    Purified penicillin acylase performance in a stabilized ultrafiltration membrane reactor (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 333-338 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new simplified technique is discussed for quantitative penicillin acylase extraction from mutant Escherichia coli cells which is based on freezing and thawing followed by an osmotic pressure shock. The purification steps are also briefly illustrated. Purified acylase was employed in an unstirred ultrafiltration membrane reactor. Different linear-chain soluble polymers were tested as potentially stabilizing macromolecules. Reference runs were performed both with homogeneous native enzyme when operating in the homogeneous phase and with the membrane reactor with one addition of other macromoleculars. Promising results were obtained in terms of enzyme stabilization, although considerable reduction in activity levels also occurred.
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    Production of itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus immobilized in polyacrylamide gels (1983)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 358-360 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Living Aspergillus terreus cells were entrapped in polyacrylamide gels and employed in both replacement batch and continuous column reactors to produce itaconic acid from glucose. With the replacement batch reactor, maximum itaconic acid productivity was observed under the following conditions: pH 2.50, temperature at 35°C, addition of NH4H2PO4 and MgSO4·7H2O. Using the continuous reactor, the maximum itaconic acid yield was 60 mg/h/40 g of gel. The biocatalyst activity or half-life was about 10 days.
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    Physiological requirements for degradation of lignin and lignin-related substances by Sporotrichum pulverulentum (1983)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 (1983), S. 374-380 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Vanillic and syringic acid metabolism in the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum Nov. at varied concentrations of glucose and nitrogen was investigated. Vanillic acid metabolism was stimulated by 20.6 mM nitrogen and repressed by 1% glucose when measured as formation of 14CO2 from 14C-labelled vanillic acids. Metabolism of 14C-methoxy labelled syringic acid was initially most rapid in the presence of 0.25% glucose and 20.6 mM nitrogen but total 14CO2 evolution was higher in cultures containing 1% glucose. The metabolism of veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether by S. pulverulentum was repressed by high nitrogen in the medium in the same way as lignin degradation. Conversion of labelled spruce and poplar lignins to 14CO2 by S. pulverulentum was highest in the presence of 1% glucose and 2.6 mM nitrogen, while 0.1% yeast extract had a repressive effect. The results indicate that monomers are degraded during both primary and secondary metabolism of the fungus, whereas dimers and more complex lignin structures are attacked during the secondary phase. The switch in metabolism of lignin degradation products seems to occur when these products have a structure between monomeric and dimeric forms.
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    Propylene oxide production from propylene by immobilized whole cells of Methylosinus sp. CRL 31 in a gas-solid bioreactor (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Methanotrophic bacteria have been shown to oxidize gaseous alkenes to the corresponding epoxides utilizing an NADH2-dependent methane monooxygenase. A cell paste of methane-grown methylotrophs was coated on porous glass beads. The production of propylene oxide from propylene was performed in a gas-solid bioreactor to ensure continuous production and removal of product epoxide from the microenvironment of the biocatalyst. The amount of propylene oxide produced before cofactor regeneration was between 120–145 μmoles/20 mg cells in about 10 h depending on the microbial strains used. The conversion rate for propylene was 2.7%. Regeneration of cofactor NADH2 was performed in the bioreactor with the vapor of a cosubstrate, methanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252808
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  • 96
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    Inexpensive media for mass cultivation of myxobacteria (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sixteen strains of myxobacteria were tested for their ability to grow on ten different protein-rich technical substrates. Myxobacteria seem to be very variable with respect to their growth requirements. All strains could grow well on at least two of the technical substrates, and often growth was superior to that on pure peptone. An excellent substrate for all non-cellulolytic myxobacteria was Probion (single cell protein preparation, Hoechst). This was the substrate chosen for the production of the antibiotic myxothiazol and was comparable with standard peptone medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252812
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  • 97
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    Transient behavior and time aspects of intermittently and continuously fed bacterial cultures with regard to filamentous bulking of activated sludge (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 44-52 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pure culture transient experiments with Arthrobacter globiformis and Sphaerotilus natans revealed that the floc-forming species A. globiformis can adapt better to intermittent feeding (I-feeding) than the filamentous species S. natans. The floc-forming bacterium showed a larger overcapacity for substrate uptake, a larger accumulation of reserves (polysaccharides and poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid) and a more efficient mobilization of these polymers. As a consequence A. globiformis became dominant in an I-fed dual culture of S. natans and A. globiformis. The transient behaviour of filamentous continuously fed (C-fed) sludge was similar to the response of S. natans. Consequently, I-feeding of activated sludge could prevent the excessive growth of filamentous bacteria. I-fed sludge, showed a higher overcapacity, the accumulation of more reserves and a shorter lag phase in protein synthesis than C-fed activated sludge, during the transient response, after a pulse dose of substrate. However, to be effective in the control of bulking, the frequency of I-feeding should allow for a sufficiently long endogenous phase. In addition the available fraction of the COD is important in the optimization of I-feeding as a control strategy for filamentous bulking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252815
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  • 98
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    The effect of water activity on growth and end-product formation of two Lactobacillus spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta ATCC 11509T (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of water activity (aw) on the growth and end-product formation of Lactobacillus viridescens SMRICC 174, Lactobacillus SMRICC 173 (homofermentative) and Brochothrix thermosphacta ATCC 11509T was studied. All strains orginated from meat or meat products. The aw was adjusted in the range 0.94–0.99 with NaCl or glycerol. A greater reduction in growth rates was found for L. viridescens and B. thermosphacta when aw was regulated with NaCl rather than with glycerol, the opposite was true for Lactobacillus 173. L. viridescens grew at aw 〉-0.94. At 0.94 aw B. thermosphacta was totally inhibited when NaCl was the solute and Lactobacillus 173 when glycerol was the solute. Only minor variations in the end-product formation of the Lactobacillus spp. were found at different aw values. In aerobic culture B. thermosphacta produced less l-lactic acid and more acetic acid as the aw was decreased with NaCl, while the yields were unaffected when glycerol was used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252810
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  • 99
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    Effect of monensin and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid on fatty acid metabolism and methane production from cattle manure (1984)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1984), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of monensin and 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) on methane production from cattle manure and on volatile fatty acids metabolism was tested. At 10 days retention time 0.81 biogas per liter cattle manure and day were produced. Methanogenesis was inhibited 20% by 3 mM BESA per liter and 45% by 2–5 mg monensin per liter. When the digestion was inhibited with either of the both drugs, the acetate pool increased drastically. Like in untreated fermentations the propionate pool increased in BESA-inhibited fermentations for several hours after substrate addition. After 24 h however it did not decrease to the low level reached in non-inhibited fermentations. When monensin was the inhibitor, the propionate pool did not change for 15 h, but then decreased with the same rate as in the control experiment. Adaptation processes or detoxification may be responsible for the delayed degradation. The degradation of low concentrations of buty-rate to acetate and the turn over rates of the butyrate pool are almost identical in cattle manure containing BESA, monensin, or no inhibitor. The turn over of 14C-acetate from butyrate degradation is delayed in BESA and monensin inhibited fermentations. From the data presented it can be concluded, that BESA mainly inhibits the methanogens, while monensin seems to inhibit both, methanogenic and nonmethanogenic organisms. However, a fast adaptation to or detoxification of the antibiotic seems to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302453
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  • 100
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    Modelling and off line optimization of batch gluconic acid fermentation (1980)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1980), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The role of mathematical modelling and off line optimization for a batch fermentation process is described. The fermentation of gluconic acid by Acetobacter suboxydans ATCC 621 was studied. The model is based on a series of batch experiments in which the temperature was the only variable. The differential equations of the models were derived from these experiments to give the kinetic parameters and the parametric models varying with the temperature. The fermentation was optimized using Pontryagin's maximum principle. This gave the temperature profile of fermentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504730
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