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  • Ultrastructure  (190)
  • calcium  (147)
  • nitrogen  (140)
  • Springer  (471)
  • Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research & German Society of Polar Research
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (471)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Dystrophin ; calcium ; skeletal muscle ; muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is suggested that in Duchenne muscular dystrophy the absence of dystrophin, which is probably a cytoskeletal protein underlying the sarcolemma, causes changes in stretch-activated cation channels rather than direct mechanical tearing of the surface membrane.
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Baboon ; 133xenon ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebrovascular resistance ; autoregulation ; nimodipine ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In normal baboons cerebrovascular resistance changed along with blood pressure to maintain blood flow constant. This ‘autoregulation’ was not significantly altered in animals treated with a dose of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine causing selective cerebral vasodilation.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 377-378 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chromatoid body ; spermatids ; calcium ; microtubules ; morphology ; pyroantimonate ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological evidence for probable Ca2+ storage in the vesicular elements of the rat spermatid chromatoid body is documented using the K-pyroantimonate method, combined with EDTA chelation. Some vesicles are related to the microtubules associated with the chromatoid body. A possible involvement of Ca2+ in the intracellular movement and/or structural integrity of the chromatoid body is discussed.
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  • 5
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    Mycopathologia 108 (1989), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; dimorphism ; yeast-mycelium transition ; calcium ; calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A yeast-mycelium (Y-M) transition of Candida albicans (3153A) was induced by 1.5 mM CaCl2 · 2H2O in defined liquid medium, pH 7, at 25 °C. Germ tube formation was detected after approximately 8 h and peaks of maximum germination occurred at approximately 20 h in all experimental treatments. Non-toxic concentrations of the calmodulin inhibitor R24571 almost completely suppressed germ tube formation whereas trifluoperazine (TFP) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were only about half as effective. Further Ca2+ addition failed to reverse the inhibitory effect of R24571 and induced only about 10% of the cells inhibited by TFP or A23187 to germinate.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 92-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Xenopus oocyte ; Yolk-platelet membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk platelets ofXenopus laevis have been studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to characterize the boundary membrane during yolk formation. Throughout vitellogenesis, large yolk platelets are in close contact with smaller nascent yolk organelles. Two types of primordial yolk platelets (I and II) have been discriminated. After membrane fusion these precursors can be completely incorporated into the main body of existing platelets, numerous yolk crystals then merge and form one uniformly stratified core. Lipid droplets are tightly attached to the membrane at all developmental stages of yolk platelets. A direct connection of endoplasmic reticulum to the membranes of yolk platelets was not observed. On freezeetching replicas, yolk-platelet membranes present fracture faces with intramembranous particles (IMP) of various sizes and a heterogeneous distribution of approximately 200–600 IMP/μm2 at the E face, and 1200–2100 IMP/μm2 at the P face. Again, this presentation of the membrane exhibits neither anastomoses to the endoplasmic reticulum, nor caveolae that exclude the uptake of yolk-containing vesicles into these yolk organelles. Proteinaceous yolk platelets tend to fracture along their periphery through the superficial layers.
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  • 7
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 154-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; Unfertilized ovule culture ; Parthenogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Proembryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies have been conducted on the parthenogenesis induced by in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In comparison with the state of the egg prior to inoculation, some eggs 5 days after culture show striking ultrastructural changes, which include, among others, nuclear migration, an increase in the number and activity of the organelles, a loss of polarity and wall formation at the chalazal end of the cell. Most of these changes are similar to those that occur normally in the zygote, indicating that parthenogenic development has been triggered in these eggs. Such eggs have been termed activated and are presumed to be capable of undergoing parthenogenesis. The parthenogenic proembryos which result share some features in common with zygotic proembryos. In addition, some parthenogenic proembryos exhibit unique properties not found in zygotic proembryos. These include embryos that consist of two parts differing markedly in density, an inversion of polarity, the frequent occurrence of autophagic vacuoles, the thickening of cell walls, a centripetal growth mode of wall formation, the appearance of an incomplete cell wall, free nuclear division, amitosis and degeneration. We believe that these ultrastructural peculiarities are the effects of in vitro culture.
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  • 8
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Pollen grains ; Canna indica L ; Tannin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our investigations on Canna indica L. indicate that the pollen of this species is polymorphic: there are two types of pollen — a larger type and a comparatively smaller type. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of small vacuoles containing tannic substances in the generative cell (GC) of the larger grains: the GC of the mature grain contained a higher quantity of tannins than the GC of the immature grain. Mitochondria, lipid bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and microtubular bundles were present in the cytoplasm of the GC. Numerous mitochondria, lipid bodies and plastids were also present in the vegetative cell (VC), with the mitochondria clustered around the vegetative nucleus. The plastids were observed to be associated with the RER cisterns. During the maturation process, the number of starch grains contained in the plastids decreased.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium formicicum ; Formate dehydrogenase ; F420-hydrogenase ; Immunogold ; Ultrastructure ; Methanogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural locations of the coenzyme F420-reducing formate dehydrogenase and coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase of Methanobacterium formicicum were determined using immunogold labeling of thin-sectioned, Lowicryl-embedded cells. Both enzymes were located predominantly at the cell membrane. Whole cells displayed minimal F420-dependent formate dehydrogenase activity or F420-dependent hydrogenase activity, and little activity was released upon osmotic shock treatment, suggesting that these enzymes are not soluble periplasmic proteins. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the formate dehydrogenase subunits revealed no hydrophobic regions that could qualify as putative membrane-spanning domains.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gallionella ferruginea ; Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Iron bacteria ; Chemolithoautotrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-etching ; Cell wall organization ; Intracytoplasmic membranes ; Carboxysomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By using sodium thioglycolate to dissolve the high amount of excreted stalk material in axenic cultures of the chemolithoautotrophic iron bacterium Gallionella ferruginea, the ultrastructure of Gallionella cells from pure cell suspensions could be studied without any loss of viability or disturbance by dense ferric stalk fibers, and compared with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, also grown chemolithoautotrophically with ferrous iron as energy source. Both organisms were chemically fixed or freeze-etched. Particular structural differences between these iron-bacteria could be ascertained. G. ferruginea possesses intracytoplasmic membranes and soluble d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase, whereas T. ferrooxidans contains carboxysomes but no intracytoplasmic membranes; Gallionella forms poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and glycogen as storage material; T. ferrooxidans produces only glycogen. Both organisms also differ from each other with respect to the freeze fracture behaviour of the cell envelope layers. Whereas the cells of T. ferrooxidans exhibit a characteristic double cleavage, exposing the plasmic fracture face and exoplasmic fracture face of the outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane, the exceptionally thin multilayered cell envelope of G. ferruginea revealed a particularly intimate association between the layers, resulting in a visualisation of the supramolecular organisation of only the inner fracture face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The results are discussed predominantly in relation to the extremely distinct environments of both organisms.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiothrix sp. ; Beggiatoa sp. ; Sulfideoxidizing ; Polyunsaturated ; Fatty acids ; Inclusions ; Sheath ; Southern California ; Ultrastructure ; Sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microscopic examination of the whitish mat that covered the substrata around subtidal hydrothermal vents at White Point in southern California revealed a “Thiothrix-like” bacterium containing sulfur inclusions as the dominant filamentous form in this microbial community. The matlike appearance developed as a result of the closely-packed manner inwhich the basal ends of the filaments were anchored to the substrate. The dominant phospholipid fatty acids of these filaments (16:0, 16:1w7c, 18:0, 18:1w7c) were similar to those recovered from a sample of Beggiatoa isolated from a spring in Florida. Filaments from both sources contained small quantities of C18 and C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well. A larger but less abundant sheathless, filamentous form, which also contained sulfur inclusions and displayed a cell wall structure similar to a previously described Thioploca strain, also colonized the substrata around the subtidal mat. The preservation methods used in the preparation of thin-sections of the subtidal mat material were found to be inadequate for defining some key cellular structures of the large filaments. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that the filamentous bacteria comprising the microbial mat in the vicinity of the subtidal vents exhibit some of the features of the free-living filamentous microorganisms found in deep-water hydrothermal areas.
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  • 12
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; relaxation ; calcium ; sodium-calcium exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transsarcolemmal calcium movements are closely related to force generation in the heart. It is important to understand the transport pathways that control these movements of calcium across the sarcolemmal membrane. In the normal, beating heart, sodium-calcium exchange appears to be an important mechanism for the extrusion of calcium from the cell. The kinetics of this exchange are dependent upon the characteristics of the cell action potential. Calcium efflux via sodium-calcium exchange may be sufficient to balance calcium entry through calcium channels during the action potential.
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  • 13
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; sodium ; fura-2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Membrane currents and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been recorded that can be attributed to the operation of an electrogenic, voltage-dependent sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger in mammalian heart cells. Single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes under voltage clamp were perfused internally with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, fura-2, and changes in [Ca2+]i and membrane current that resulted from Na-Ca exchange were isolated through the use of various organic channel blockers (verapamil, TTX), impermeant ions (Cs+, Ni2+), and inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine). The I-V relation of Na-Ca exchange was obtained from the Ni2+-sensitive current elicited by ramp repolarization from +90 mV to −80 mV. Ramps were sufficiently rapid that little change in [Ca2+]i occured during the ramp. The (constant) [Ca2+]i during the ramp was varied over the range 100 nM to 1000 nM by varying the amplitude and duration of a pre-pulse to the ramp. The reversal potential of the Ni2+-sensitive ramp current varied linearly with 1n([Ca2+])i. The I-V relations at different [Ca2+]i over the range −60 mV to +140 mV were in reasonable accord with the predictions of a simple, simultaneous scheme of Na-Ca exchange, on the basis that only [Ca2+]i had changed. The relationship between [Ca2+]i and current at a constant membrane voltage was also in accord with this scheme. We suggest that Ca2+-fluxes through the exchanger during the cardiac action potential can be understood quantitatively by considering the binding of Ca2+ to the exchanger during the [Ca2+]i-transient and the effects of membrane voltage on the exchanger.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; heart ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; excitation-contraction coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies correlating the calcium current with, respectively, the clamp-imposed voltage and the calcium current in intact isolated mammalian cardiac myocytes are reviewed. The major findings are the following: [1] With the exception of one group, all investigators agree that a calcium transient is never observed in the absence of a calcium current. In addition, there is a good correlation between voltage dependence of the calcium current and that of the calcium transient, although this correlation may vary among the cardiac tissues from different animal species. [2] Repolarization clamp pulses from highly positive potentials produce a ‘tail current’ which is associated with a ‘tail calcium transient’. [3] The calcium transient is inhibited when the calcium current is blocked by calcium deprivation or substitution, or by the addition of calcium current antagonists, despite the fact that sarcoplasmic reticulum still contains calcium that can be released by caffeine (with inhibition of this release by ryanodine). These three findings are strongly in favor of a calcium-induced release of calcium and against the hypothesis of charge-movement-coupled release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [4] The only finding that would be more in favor of the latter hypothesis (although till reconciliable with the former) is that repolarization occurring before the rapid rise of calcium transient is complete curtails the calcium transient. Thus, the possibility that charge movement might somehow regulate calcium-induced release of calcium cannot be excluded.
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  • 15
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pH ; calcium ; heart muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The contractile response to acidosis is the final product of a number of different changes in the excitation-contraction coupling pathway: (i) Cai increases and subsequently decreases during acidosis; (ii) the action potential becomes longer; (iii) the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+ decreases. The increase of Cai and the lengthening of the action potential may help to maintain contractile function, although this advantage may be offset if spontaneous Ca2− release from the s.r. occurs, secondary to the increase of Cai. The recovery of force shown in figure 1 occurs at a time when the calcium transient is decreasing, and therefore represents an increasing sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Cai, probably due to a recovery of intracellular pH(6), although it is also possible that a disappearance of spontaneous Ca2+ releases from the s.r. may be contributing [2].
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  • 16
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; calcium ; myocytes ; caffeine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and release to contractile phenomena has been investigated. Two intracellular fractions of Ca2+ sequestration can be identified in cardiac myocytes, one ascribed to mitochondria. Two modes of Ca2+ transport exist within the mitochondrial fraction, one dependent upon mitochondrial respiration and the other upon extramitochondrial [Na+]. Experiments with trabeculae show that under appropriate conditions, the rate of relaxation and the amount of tension developed is dependent on these two modes of Ca2+ transport. A model is presented quantifying the contribution of the mitochondria to relaxation.
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  • 17
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart muscle ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of Ca2+ in the initiation and maintenance of contraction has been extensively studies. Many of these studies have focused on how Ca2+ influx and efflux affect cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Cai) and, therefore, contraction in cardiac muscle. However, it has recently become apparent that Cai itself may play a major role in the control of Ca2+ influx and efflux from cardiac muscle. Here we review current ideas on the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiac muscle, with specific attention to how Cai may control Ca2+ influx, both under normal and pathological conditions.
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  • 18
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 90 (1989), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: polyvanadate ; mitochondria ; calcium ; pyruvate dehydrogenase ; receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitochondria isolated from the livers of rats administered with sodium meta-, ortho-, or polyvanadate, but not vanadyl sulphate, exhibited enhanced Ca2+ — stimulated respiration and uptake of calcium. These effects were shown also by mitochondria isolated from livers perfused with polyvanadate. The concentration of acid-soluble calcium decreased significantly in the mitochondrial fraction on vanadate treatment, while that in the cytosol showed a corresponding increase. Phenoxybenzamine, an antagonist to a-adrenergic receptors, effectively inhibited vanadate-induced Ca2+ mobilization, but surgical sympathectomy was without effect. This is the first demonstration of vanadate mimicking α-adrenergic agonists in vivo.
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  • 19
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: mast cells ; exocytosis ; G-protein ; GE ; calcium ; ATP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract ATP is not required for exocytosis from permeabilised mast cells, and therefore there is no direct role for protein phosphorylation in the late stages of the activation pathway. We have measured the timecourse of exocytosis from permeabilised cells triggered to release hexosaminidase following addition of Ca2+ to cells equilibrated for 2 min with GTP-γ-S. If ATP is included at the time of permeabilisation, then exocytosis commences after a delay, the duration of which depends on the square root of the product [Ca2+][GTP-γ-S], and which may extend to beyond 3 min. When ATP is excluded then the maximal rate of exocytosis is established within 3 secs of completing the effector combination. These results suggest that the achievement of a new steady-state, induced by Ca2+ and GTP-γ-S, and required for exocytosis is inhibited by ATP. From this we conclude that dephosphorylation of an unknown regulator protein may comprise a step in the exocytotic pathway.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: secretion ; exocytosis ; chromaffin cell ; calcium ; bradykinin ; angiotensin II, muscarinic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bradykinin, angiotensin II and a mascarnic agonist, acetyl-B-methacholine (methacholine) were all found to elict catecholamine release from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Bradykinin was the most potent of these secretagogues and methacholine the weakest, with angiotenin II intermediate in efficacy. All three secretagogues were much less effective than nicotinic stimulation. The three secretagogues all produced a rise in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), measured with the fluorescent indicator fura2, which was partially independent of external calcium. In the case of bradykinin the full rise in ([Ca2+]i) may involve a component of calcium entry in addition to release of calcium from an internal store. Secretion was also found to be partially independent of external calcium. The different efficacies of the three secretagogues in elicting secretion were correlated with the rise in ([Ca2+]i) produced. The differeing efficacies of the three secretagogues may be due to the extent of release of calcium from an intracellular store which itself is less effective in eliciting secretion than a rise in [Ca2+]i following calcium entry due to nicotine. Bradykinin also stimulates calcium entry, and this may increase the efficacy of the initial rise in [Ca2+]i. Treatment with pertussis toxin resulted in an enhancement of secretion in response to all of the secretagogues.
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  • 22
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    The journal of membrane biology 107 (1989), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: stretch-activated channel ; calcium ; oocyte ; development ; patch clamp ; tunicate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Cell-attached patch clamp recordings from unfertilized oocytes of the ascidianBoltenia villosa reveal an ion channel which is activated by mechanical deformation of the membrane. These channels are seen when suction is applied to the patch pipette, but not in the absence of suction or during voltage steps. The estimated density of these stretch-activated channels is about 1.5/μm2, a figure equal to or greater than the density of known voltage-dependent channels in the oocyte. Ion substitution experiments done with combined whole-cell and attached patch recording, so absolute potentials are known, indicate that the channel passes Na+, Ca2+ and K+, but not Cl−. The channel has at least two open and two closed states, with the rate constant that leaves the longer-lived closed state being the primary site of stretch sensitivity. External Ca2+ concentration affects channel kinetics: at low calcium levels, long openings predominate, whereas at high calcium virtually all openings are to the short-lived open state. In multiple channel patches, the response to a step change in suction is highly phasic, with channel open probability decreasing over several hundred milliseconds to a nonzero steady-state level after an initial rapid increase. This channel may play a role in the physiological response of cells of the early embryo to the membrane strains associated with morphogenetic events.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: calcium ; calmodulin ; absorption ; ileum ; brush-border vesicle ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In rabbit ileum, Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) appears to be involved in physiologically inhibiting the linked NaCl absorptive process, since inhibitors of Ca2+/CaM stimulate linked Na+ and Cl− absorption. The role of Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation in regulation of the brush-border Na+/H+ antiporter, which is believed to be part of the neutral linked NaCl absorptive process, was studied using purified brush-border membrane vesicles, which contain both the Na+/H+ antiporter and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase(s) and its phosphoprotein substrates. Rabbit ileal villus cell brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared by Mg precipitation and depleted of ATP. Using a freezethaw technique, the ATP-depleted vesicles were loaded with Ca2+, CaM, ATP and an ATP-regenerating system consisting of creatine kinase and creatine phosphate. The combination of Ca2+/CaM and ATP inhibited Na+/H+ exchange by 45±13%. This effect was specific since Ca2+/CaM and ATP did not alter diffusive Na+ uptake, Na+-dependent glucose entry, or Na+ or glucose equilibrium volumes. The inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger by Ca2+/CaM/ATP was due to an effect on theV max and not on theK m for Na+. In the presence of CaM and ATP, Ca2+ caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of Na+ uptake, with an effect 50% of maximum occurring at 120nm. This Ca2+ concentration dependence was similar to the Ca2+ concentration dependence of Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of specific proteins in the vesicles. The Ca2+/CaM/ATP-inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange was reversed by W13, a Ca2+/CaM antagonist, but not by a hydrophobic control, W12, or by H-7, a protein kinase C antagonist. we conclude that Ca2+, acting through CaM, regulates ileal brush-border Na+/H+ exchange, and that this may be involved in the regulation of neutral linked NaCl absorption.
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  • 24
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: loop of Henle ; potassium secretion ; channels ; acid/base balance ; thick ascending limb ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ca2+-activated K+ channels were studied in cultured medullary thick ascending limb cells (MTAL) using the patch-clamp technique. The purpose was to determine the effect of acidic pH on channel properties in excised patches of apical cell membrane. At pH 7.4, increasing Ca2+ on the intracellular side or applying positive voltages increases channel open probability. Reducing pH to 5.8 on the intracellular face of the channel decreases channel open probability at each voltage and Ca2+ concentration. Channel mean open times display two distributions and mean closed times display three distributions. Increasing Ca2+ or applying depolarizing voltages lengthens each of the mean open times and shortens each of the closed times. Lowering pH to 5.8 decreases the mean open times and increases mean closed times at each Ca2+ and voltage with the greatest effect on the mean closed times. In contrast, both single-channel conductance and channel kinetics are unaffected when pH is reduced to 5.8 on the extracellular face of the membrane. We conclude that protons interfere with Ca2+ binding to the gate of Ca2+-activated K+ channels reducing the probability of channel opening.
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  • 25
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: colon ; ion transport ; ion channel ; cyclic nucleotides ; calcium ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Using patch-clamp techniques, we have studied Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of freshly isolated epithelial cells from rabbit distal colon. Epithelial cell clusters were obtained from distal colon by gentle mechanical disruption of isolated crypts. Gigaohm seals were obtained on the basolateral surface of the cell clusters. At the resting potential (approximately −45 mV), with NaCl Ringer's bathing the cell, the predominant channels had a conductance of 131±25 pS. Channel activity depended on voltage as depolarization of the membrane increased the open probability. In excised inside-out patches, channels were found to be selective for K+ over Na+. Channel activity correlated directly with bath Ca2+ concentration in the excised patches. Channel currents were blocked by 5mm TEA+ and 1mm Ba2+. In cell-attached patches, after addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, which increases intracellular Ca2+, open probability was markedly increased. Channel activity was also regulated by cAMP as addition of 1mm dibutyryl-cAMP in the bath solution in cell-attached patches increased channel open probability over 20-fold. Channels that had been activated by cAMP were further activated by Ca2+. We conclude that the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells from descending colon contains a class of potassium channels, which are regulated by intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora allata ; Ultrastructure ; Precocenes ; Juvenile hormone ; Blattella germanica (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on corpora allata (CA) from different stages during the first gonadotropic cycle of the cockroach Blattella germanica have shown well defined changes which have a correspondence with oocyte length, CA volume and juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis. The most significant variations concern the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Topically applied precocene II (P II) at a dose of 200 ⧎g induced a transient arrest of CA function, although cytotoxic effects were occasionally observed. When CA were maintained in vitro with 10-3 M of P II, a relationship between the time of treatment (3, 6 or 9 h) and the intensity of the effects was apparent. The 9-h treatment led to an irreversible inhibition of JH production which parallels the severe damages observed in the CA (membrane lysis, nuclear pyknosis, vacuolization). Equivalent studies performed with the chroman derivative 3,4-dihydroprecocene II (DHP II) showed that it is less active than P II. Only treatments as severe as 12 h of incubation with a 10-3 M concentration elicited cytotoxic effects which could be due to radical species involved in the in situ oxidative bioactivation of DHP II. Thus, this compound could be regarded as a new type of pro-allatocidin.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ductus epididymidis of the marsupial mouse Antechinus stuartii was divided into caput, corpus, and caudal regions using several constant morphological landmarks. Tubule diameter and epithelial height increased gradually from caput to cauda. In contrast, the surface area of the lumen of the ductus epididymidis increased to a maximum in the distal caput region, but decreased markedly in the distal cauda in association with characteristic changes in lumen shape (from circular to slit-shaped) and epithelial height. Epithelial cells of the ductus epididymidis were generally similar in structure to those described in other mammalian species. Principal and basal cells were common throughout the epithelium. Clear and mitochondria-rich cells were also identified, but occurred less frequently. Regional variations in cell ultrastructure were observed only in principal cells. Numerous vesicular inclusions occurred in the apical cytoplasm of cells in caput segments, membrane-bounded, electron-dense bodies were common in distal corpus regions, and a brush border of microvilli characterized the luminal surface of principal cells in caudal segments. Sperm index increased in the proximal caput, declined to basal levels in the distal caput and proximal corpus, and then increased to a maximum in segment 9 of the distal corpus and remained at about this level throughout the cauda epididymidis. Nuclear rotation, loss of cytoplasmic droplets, and other sperm maturational changes were observed along the epididymis. Discarded cytoplasmic droplets collected in large masses interspersed between aggregates of spermatozoa throughout the distal regions of the duct. There was no evidence of phagocytosis by principal cells of cytoplasmic droplets. The epididymis of A. stuartii differs from that of other mammals. The unusual caudal region, which has little storage capacity for sperm, is an unusual adaptation in a species in which the male is known to be polygamous.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zinc ; Timm method ; Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Avian brain ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of young domestic chicks was investigated using a Timm sulfide silver method. Serial Vibratome sections were analyzed under the light microscope, and the localization of zinc-positive structures in selected areas was determined at the ultrastructural level. Both strong and differential staining was visible in the avian telencephalon whereas most subtelencephalic structures showed a pale reaction. The highest staining intensity was found in the nonprimary sensory regions of the telencephalon such as the hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, hippocampus, palaeostriatum augmentatum, lobus parolfactorius and caudal parts of neostriatum. There was an overall gradient of staining intensity in neostriatal areas from rostral to caudal with the heaviest zinc deposits in the caudal neostriatum. Primary sensory projection areas, such as the ectostriatum (visual), hyperstriatum intercalatum superius (visual), nucleus basalis (beak representation), the input layer L2 of the auditory field L and the somatosensory area rostral to field L were selectively left unstained. Fiber tracts throughout the brain were free of zinc deposits except for glial cells. In electron micrographs of stained regions, silver grains were localized in some presynaptic boutons of asymmetric synapses (Gray type I), within the cytoplasm of neuronal somata and sporadically in the nucleus. The possible involvement of zinc in synaptic transmission and other processes is discussed.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin-like cells ; Ultrastructure ; Hypertrophy ; Hypergastrinaemia ; Gastrin infusion ; Omeprazole ; Rat (Sprague Dawley) ; Syrian hamster ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the ultrastructure of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach of the rat, hamster and guinea pig, and the ultrastructural consequences of long-term hypergastrinaemia evoked either by continuous infusion of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17 for 4 weeks (rats) or by daily treatment with large doses of the antisecretory agent omeprazole for 2–10 weeks (rats, hamsters and guinea pigs). As a result, the ECL cells increased greatly in size (maximal effect after 2 weeks of omeprazole treatment, no further gain in size after 4 or 10 weeks). Also the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi area were enlarged. The most conspicuous feature of the ECL cells is the cytoplasmic vesicles, which are of varying size and either devoid of a dense core or with a small, often eccentrically located dense core. The vesicles probably represent the main storage site of the secretory products of the ECL cell. In addition, the cytoplasm contains granules, which differ from the vesicles in that they possess a more or less electron-dense core, surrounded by a narrow halo. The size of the vesicles ranged from small to very large, while the granules were uniformly small. Many vesicles were seen to lie very close together, some displaying an irregular outline (vacuole-like vesicles), at times giving the impression that they were undergoing fusion. The profile size (median value) of the vesicles was unaffected by gastrin infusion for 4 weeks. However, there was a tendency to a relative increase in the number of very small vesicles. In contrast, the vesicles became larger during the omeprazole treatment. Also, the number of vesicles that seemed to be engaged in fusion increased after omeprazole treatment but not after gastrin infusion. The observations support the view that ECL cells are influenced by gastrin. The effects of gastrin infusion and of omeprazole treatment on ECL cell ultrastructure were not completely identical. It cannot be excluded that the omeprazole-evoked achlorhydria evokes effects unrelated to those of hypergastrinaemia on the ECL cells, or that endogenous gastrins may evoke effects that are in some ways distinct from those of synthetic human (Leu15)-gastrin-17. Alternatively, the additional effects seen after long-term omeprazole treatment may reflect simply the duration of the hypergastrinaemic stimulus.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arachnoid cells ; Tight and gap junctions ; Cold injury ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The junctional complexes of cells in the outer arachnoid layer overlying the cerebral cortex of 2-week-old rats were examined with freeze-fracture electron microscopy up to 60 min after transcranial cold injury to the dorsal surface of the brain. Within 30 min after injury, areas of gap and tight junctions with morphological features characteristic of junction formation and/or junction disruption were found scattered among normal junctional complexes in some arachnoid cells. Within 60 min after injury, tight junctions with features typical of less leaky zonulae occludentes were present in all arachnoid cells examined. These morphological features include increases in the number of tight junctional strands and the number of strand-to-strand anatomoses. Gap junctions were interspersed among the tight junctional strands, and many were completely encircled by the strands. The increase in the number and complexity of the tight junctional strands in response to brain injury may be the morphological basis for the maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid-blood dural barrier.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Lipoproteins ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the effects of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol on the ACTH-induced differentiation of cultured fetal rat adrenocortical cells. For this purpose human plasma high-density lipoprotein3 (HDL3) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was added to culture media devoid of cholesterol, and thereafter the morphological changes in cells were monitored and the amounts of steroids synthesized were measured. It could be demonstrated that, ultrastructurally, upon ACTH-stimulation the adrenocortical cells differentiated into fasciculata-like cells even in the absence of lipoproteins in the culture medium. The addition of either HDL3 or LDL caused an increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic lipid droplets suggesting uptake and deposition of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol into the differentiating cells. The amount of steroids secreted from cells differentiating in media devoid of cholesterol was only half that observed in cells differentiating in serum-supplemented medium. Addition of either HDL3 or LDL increased the ACTH-stimulated steroid synthesis to the levels observed in serum-supplemented medium. This study demonstrates that both HDL3 and LDL are able to provide cholesterol for steroid synthesis accompanying the ACTH-induced differentiation of fetal rat adrenocortical cells.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Bromocriptine ; Secretory granules ; Golgi apparatus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological effect of chronic synthetic and secretory inhibition of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary induced by bromocriptine treatment was studied using morphometric techniques in combination with electron microscopy. On the basis of granule diameters, a heterogeneous cell population was shown in the normal intermediate lobe. Bromocriptine treatment did not induce any change in the volume fraction, number or location of electron-dense secretory granules. Instead, there was a shift toward a more homogeneous cell population containing smaller granules, the mean granule volume being reduced by ∼30%. The volume fraction of electron-lucent granules or vacuoles was markedly reduced, indicating a functional significance of these organelles. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was not significantly altered, but the number of condensing granules within the Golgi area was reduced. The volume of the intermediate lobe was decreased, apparently due to a decrease in the mean cell volume.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endostyle ; Peroxidase cytochemistry ; Autora diography ; Ultrastructure ; Oikopleura albicans, Oikopleura longicauda (Appendicularia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oikopleura albicans and O. longicauda belong to the two subgenera Vexillaria and Coecaria, respectively. The morphology and ultrastructure of their endostyles were investigated with conventional microscopic procedures as well as with DAB cytochemistry and 125I autoradiography at both light- and electron-microscopic levels. As expected, the general morphology of these endostyles is similar to all hitherto examined endostyles. They possess a ventral portion consisting of alternating glandular and ciliated cell zones, probably serving food capture, and a dorsal region, the corridor. Autoradiographic grains were found mainly in the corridor lumen associated with the apical surface of the two central rows of corridor cells. The same cells also gave strong positive reactions for peroxidase, the iodinating enzyme. Peroxidase activity was found in the apical plasma membrane as well as in the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi area and cytoplasmic vesicles. Definitive conclusions concerning an apical uptake and subsequent release into the body fluid of iodinated material could not be made from the present experiments. Our investigations indicate that the two central rows of corridor cells in both subgenera of oikopleurids constitute the protothyroid region, possibly homologous to the vertebrate thyroid gland.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Meninges ; Mesenchyme ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The meninges of albino Wistar rat embryos, aged between the 11th embryonic day (ED) and birth, were sectioned using a specially constructed device. This technique permits optimal microanatomical preservation of all tissues covering the convexity of the brain: skin, muscle, cartilage or bone, and the meninges. At ED11, the zone situated between the epidermis and the brain is occupied by a mesenchymal network. At ED12, part of this delicate network develops as a dense outer cellular layer, while the remainder retains its reticular appearance, thus forming an inner layer (the future meningeal tissue). At ED13, the dura mater starts to differentiate. At ED14, the bony anlage of the skull can be identified, and along with the proceeding maturation of dura mater some fibrillar structures resembling skeletal muscle fibers appear in the developing arachnoid space. At ED15–17, a primitive interface zone — dura mater/ arachnoid — is formed, comprised by an outer electronlucent and an inner electron-dense layer marking the outer aspect of the arachnoidal space. At ED18–19, the innermost cellular row of the inner durai layer transforms into neurothelium, which is separated from the darker arachnoidal cells by an electron-dense band. The arachnoidal trabecular zone with the leptomeningeal cells is formed at ED19. By the end of the prenatal period (ED20–21), its innermost part organizes into an inner arachnoidal layer and an outer and inner pial layer. The results from this study indicate (i) that dura mater and leptomeninges develop from an embryonic network of connective tissue-forming cells, and (ii) that the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-containing spaces accompanies the differentiation of the meningeal cellular layers.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-containing cells ; Urophysis ; Spinal Cord ; Ultrastructure ; Leptomeninges ; Poecilia latipinna (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal neurosecretory complex of poeciliids has previously been shown to be innervated by extranuclear and intrinsic serotonergic projections. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize fibers originating from serotonin neurons intrinsic to the caudal spinal cord. Bipolar and multipolar neurons were oriented ventromedially, and contained numerous large granular vesicles. Three types of serotonergic fibers were distinguished based on their distribution and morphology. Intrinsic Type-A fibers branched into varicose segments near the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord and contacted the basal lamina beneath the leptomeninges. Type-B fibers coursed longitudinally to enter the urophysis, where they diverged and terminated around fenestrated capillaries. Labelled vesicles in Type-A and Type-B terminals were the same size as those in labelled cells and in unlabelled neurosecretory terminals in the urophysis. Type-C small varicose fibers branched within the neuropil of the caudal neurosecretory complex. Serotonin may be secreted into the submeningeal cerebrospinal fluid, the urophysis, and the caudal vein by Type-A and Type-B fibers, whereas, Type-C fibers may be processes of serotonergic interneurons in the neuroendocrine nucleus. The possibility that urotensins I and II or arginine vasotocin were colocalized in the processes of the intrinsic serotonin neurons was investigated immunohistochemically. The negative results of these experiments suggest that serotonin-containing neurons may represent a neurochemically distinct subpopulation in the caudal neurosecretory complex.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect muscle ; Denervation ; Ultrastructure ; Development, ontogenetic ; Neoconocephalus robustus (Insecto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The singing muscles of the katydid Neoconocephalus robustus develop adult ultrastructure late in the last nymphal instar and during the first few days of adult life. The ultrastructural changes during early adulthood were not affected by unilateral axotomy shortly after the adult molt. Both denervated and innervated muscles developed adult proportions of mitochondria, myofibril, and sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zona pellucida ; Ovarian follicles ; Atresia ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study provides further details on the fine-structural three-dimensional architecture of the zona pellucida (ZP) in growing and atretic follicles of mice by use of ruthenium red in combination with the detergents Triton X100 and saponin. These detergents were used for extraction of the “soluble” fraction of the zonal proteins in an attempt to expose the “structural” zonal glycoproteins, which in turn can be viewed as minute three-dimensional networks upon transmission- and scanning electron-microscopic examination. By use of these methods, the ZP of growing follicles appeared to be formed by interconnected filaments which also bind to globular structures building up a three-dimensional lattice. In contrast, the ZP of stage I as well as other (II and III) stages of atretic follicles showed a structure characterized by the presence of closely packed granules connected with short filaments to form a close-mesh reticulum. This structural change of the ZP, which in the present study is also associated with the disappearance of “gap junctions” within the granulosa and cumulus cell population, might represent one of the early events involved in the onset of atresia. These changes, most probably depending on an altered secretory activity of both oocytes and follicle cells, might lead to a degradation of the ZP network structure and to its subsequent increased density (condensation). All these morphodynamic events eventually contribute to a sequestration of the oocyte in the early stage of atresia.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mollusc ; Ultrastructure ; Musculature ; Hydroskeleton ; Retraction reflex ; Clione limacina (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wing (parapodial) retraction in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina is a reflex triggered by tactile stimulation. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed three groups of smooth muscles in the wing hemocoel that participate in retraction movements: transverse, longitudinal, and dorsoventral. Among these, two subtypes of muscle cells were identified. The first (type A) appears in all three groups and forms a well-organized lattice-like structure. The second (type B) is the major component of transverse muscles and runs in one direction only. Quantitative ultrastructural comparisons of dimensions, abundance, and organization of dense bodies, thick and thin filaments, membrane invaginations, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria suggest that type A cells are able to contract and relax more quickly with less endurance whereas type B cells are capable of generating stronger contractions with more endurance and slower relaxation speed. Furthermore, type A cells have a unique pattern of thick filament organization, here referred to as pseudosarcomeres. The roles played by the different cell types in wing retraction are discussed.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Mossy fibers ; Picrotoxin ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in hippocampal granule cells, mossy fibers and mossy fiber boutons were examined following the administration of picrotoxin in adult rats. Generalized seizures occurred within 5–10 min after the intraperitoneal injection of picrotoxin. The electron-microscopic examination of hippocampal tissues from rats that had been perfused with fixative during the seizure revealed that the large dense-core vesicles increased in number and accumulated on the presynaptic membranes of mossy fiber boutons; some of these vesicles appeared to be fused with the membranes, and omega-shaped exocytotic profiles were frequently seen. Furthermore, greatly increased numbers of coated vesicles (60–90 nm in diameter) were observed on the maturing faces of Golgi fields of granule cells. Thus, our study not only indicates an increased incidence of exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles during picrotoxin-induced seizures, but also suggests that these vesicles are replaced in excess from the perikaryon of the granule cell.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adhesion ; Carbohydrates ; Exocytosis ; K-bodies ; Lectins ; Saprolegnia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron and fluorescence microscopy were used to identify organelles involved in attachment of secondary zoospores ofSaprolegnia ferax as they were transformed into secondary cysts. When secondary zoospores were exposed to 1.0% peptone in the absence or presence of a substrate, they began to encyst. If substrates were present when encystment was induced, the groove surface of the secondary zoospores adhered to them. The first event in attachment was secretion of contents of the kinetosome-associated organelle (K-body), which was typically oriented with the tubule-filled cavity positioned toward the cell surface of the groove region in the zoospore. The tubules which contained carbohydrates became coarsely granular, the matrix became more fibrous, and the shell remained along the membrane concavity that was formed as the K-body fused with the plasma membrane. Five minutes later, a cyst coat appeared, and cysts were not readily dislodged from a substrate. The concavity was no longer found, presumably because it had evaginated; but a layered pad of adhesion material was between the cyst coat and substrate. The layers of the adhesion pad corresponded to the structure of the matrix of K-bodies. As with the tubules of the K-body, the coarsely granular portion at the edge of the pad stained for carbohydrates. Similarly, the lectins WGA and GS-II labeled with fluorescein stained the rim of the adhesion pad on cysts, indicating the presence of glycoconjugates containing N-acetylglucosamines. Because globular areas near the kinetosomes and groove of zoospores (where K-bodies were located) also bound WGA and GS-II, K-bodies contained the same carbohydrates as the adhesion pad. We conclude that K-bodies function in the attachment of encysting zoospores to substrates as the cell differentiates. The tubular portion of the K-body matrix contains carbohydrates which might assist in the adhesion process.
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  • 41
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    Protoplasma 150 (1989), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster embryo ; Cellularization ; Cleavage furrow ; Ultrastructure ; Cytoskeleton ; Mitosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution and arrangement of cytoskeletal components in the early embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined by thin-section electron microscopy to elucidate their involvement in the formation of the cellular blastoderm, a process called cellularization. During the final nuclear division in the cortex of the syncytial blastoderm bundles of astral microtubules were closely associated with the surface plasma membrane along the midline where a new gutter was initiated. Thus the new gutter together with the pre-formed ones compartmentalized the embryo surface to reflect underlying individual daughter nuclei. Subsequently such gutters became deeper by further invagination of the plasma membrane between adjacent nuclei to form so-called cleavage furrows. Nuclei simultaneously elongated in the direction perpendicular to the embryo surface and numerous microtubules from the centrosomes ran longitudinally between the nucleus and the cleavage furrow. Microtubules often appeared to be in close association with the nuclear envelope and the cleavage furrow membrane. The plasma membrane at the advancing tip of the furrow was always undercoated with an electron-dense layer, which could be shown to be mainly composed of 5–6 nm microfilaments. These microfilaments were decorated with H-meromyosin to be identified as actin filaments. As cleavage proceeded, each nucleus with its perikaryon became demarcated by the furrow membrane, which then extended laterally to constrict the cytoplasmic connection between each newly forming cell and the central yolk region. The cytoplasmic strand thus formed possessed a prominent circular bundle of microfilaments which were also decorated with H-meromyosin and bidirectionally arranged, similar in structure to the contractile ring in cytokinesis. These observations strongly suggest that both microtubules and actin filaments play a crucial role in cellularization ofDrosophila embryos.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plectonema boryanum ; Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen starvation ; Immunogold localization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of fructose-supplemented and unsupplemented nitrogen-fixing (fix +) and nonfixing (fix −)Plectonema boryanum UTEX 581 cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The most prominent structural differences included the arrangement and morphology of the thylakoids and alterations in the appearance of the interthylakoidal spaces. These ultrastructural differences, together with other observations such as glycogen content and presence of nitrogenase (using acetylene reduction assay and immunogold localization), readily distinguished nonfixingP. boryanum from nitrogen-fixing cells.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Apiaceae ; Apium nodiflorum ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Pollen grain ; Polysaccharide particles ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural events in 3-cellular pollen grains ofApium nodiflorum L. are investigated during pollen maturation. Three distinct developmental stages are distinguished from the formation of sperm cells up to anthesis, whereby the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is mainly involved. The most conspicious form is the highly dilated RER in the vegetative cytoplasm of the youngest pollen grains, which changes to vesicular RER in the following stage. In mature pollen grains the RER has a narrow cisternal configuration and often forms stacks. Pollen activation is preceded by the accumulation of polysaccharide particles.
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  • 44
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    Protoplasma 151 (1989), S. 47-56 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Scenedesmus ; Fuel oil ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Characteristic changes in the ultrastructure of the green algaScenedesmus armatus, grown in batch culture in the presence of aqueous fuel-oil extract (AFOE) have been observed. The changes affected mainly chloroplasts and mitochondria. The regular arrangement of the thylakoid stacks became distorted and the whole chloroplast lobed. Plastoglobules were more numerous in the treated cells than in the controls, especially after long-term exposure to AFOE. The mitochondrial matrix cells exposed to AFOE were more electron-translucent. An increase in the number of small mitochondrial profiles was observed after prolonged treatment with AFOE. The number and size of osmophilic bodies increased markedly in the cytoplasm of the treated cells. The cytochemical reaction of these bodies with Sudan black B indicated their lipid composition. Plasmalemma invagination into the cytoplasm and vacuoles, cytoplasmic “layers”, and an increase in size of the vacuolar compartment were observed in cells exposed to AFOE for a long time. The possibility that detoxification, involving microbody activity, may have occurred inScenedesmus is suggested.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bryophyte ; Notothylas ; Nuclear metamorphosis ; Phaeoceros ; Posterior mitochondrion ; Spermatogenesis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural observations reveal that the spermatozoids of the hornwortsNotothylas andPhaeoceros contain two mitochondria and not one as described previously. Mitochondrial ontogeny and nuclear metamorphosis during spermiogenesis in these plants differ from all other archegoniates. The discovery that the posterior region of the coiled nucleus (when viewed from the anterior aspect) lies to the left of the anterior, in striking contrast to the dextral coiling of the nucleus of spermatozoids of other embryophytes, underlines the isolated nature of the hornworts among land plants. As the blepharoplast develops, the numerous ovoid mitochondria initially present in the nascent spermatid fuse to form a single elongated organelle which is positioned subjacent to the MLS and extends down between the nucleus and plastid. At the onset of nuclear metamorphosis, the solitary mitochondrion has separated into a larger anterior mitochondrion (AM) associated with the MLS and a much smaller posterior mitochondrion (PM) adjacent to the plastid. The PM retains its association with the plastid and both organelles migrate around the periphery of the cell as the spline MTs elongate. By contrast, in moss spermatids, where mitochondria undergo similar fusion and division, the AM is approximately the same size as the PM and the latter is never associated with the spline. As in other archegoniates, except mosses, spline elongation precedes nuclear metamorphosis in hornworts. Irregular strands of condensed chromatin compact basipetally to produce an elongated cylindrical nucleus which is narrower in its mid-region. During this process excess nucleoplasm moves rearward. It eventually overarches the inner surface of the plastid and entirely covers the PM.
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  • 46
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    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 14-21 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Heterochronic lysis ; Polarity ; Root protophloem sieve elements ; Triticum aestivum ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developing protophloem sieve elements in roots of wheat are arranged in single vertical files. In the last immature differentiating sieve element bearing ribosomes the proximal end of the cytoplasm displays a diluted appearance in contrast to the distal end where the cytoplasm exhibits a considerably increased electron density. Differences can also be observed in ribosome quantity, organelle ultrastructure and the time of initiation of cell component degradation, those at the proximal end disorganizing first, suggesting a nonsimultaneous disorganization of the cell components in the two areas. This phenomenon, termedheterochronic lysis, is presumably an expression of an existing polarity not detectable in younger stages, but it might also be the result of an asynchronous enzymatic activity.
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  • 47
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    Protoplasma 153 (1989), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nicotiana sylvestris ; Pollen tube growth ; Heat shock ; Ultrastructure ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Mitochondria ; Golgi apparatus
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of elevated temperatures on semivivo growth and ultrastructure of tobacco pollen tubes was investigated. Tube growth was decreased by about 50% at 35 °C, independent of the duration of treatment, and at 40 °C and above there was no growth of tubes. Heat treatment caused ultrastructural changes like accumulation of membranous materials, concentric stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum, reduction in vesicle production by dictyosomes, increase in the fenestrated regions of the Golgi cisternae, swelling of mitochondrial saccules and increase in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. Furthermore, the dictyosomes of the treated tubes showed significant increase in the number of cisternae from 30 to 45 °C. The temperature induced changes were persistant at least for 24 h in 35 °C grown pollen tubes. The possible reasons for the tube growth inhibition are discussed on the basis of the ultrastructural alterations caused by elevated temperatures.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: c-src locus ; calcium ; Na+, K+-cotransport
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 49
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 9 (1989), S. 141-178 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: specific desensitization ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; molecular mechanisms ; affinity transitions ; modulators of desensitization ; noncompetitive blockers ; calcium ; substance P ; thymic hormones ; thymopoietin ; thymopentin ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; receptor phosphorylation ; receptor methylation ; myasthenia gravis
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    Notes: Summary 1. Loss of response after prolonged or repeated application of stimulus is generally termed desensitization. A wide variety of phenomena occurring in living organisms falls under this general definition of desensitization. There are two main types of desensitization processes: specific and non-specific. 2. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is triggered by prolonged or repeated exposure to agonists and results in inactivation of its ion channel. It is a case of specific desensitization and is an intrinsic molecular property of the receptor. 3. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction was first reported by Katz and Thesleff in 1957. Desensitization of the receptor has been demonstrated by rapid kinetic techniques and also by the characteristic “burst kinetics” obtained from single-channel recordings of receptor activity in native as well as in reconstituted membranes. In spite of a number of studies, the detailed molecular mechanism of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization is not known with certainty. The progress of desensitization is accompanied by an increase in affinity of the receptor for its agonist. This change in affinity is attributed to a conformational change of the receptor, as detected by spectroscopic and kinetic studies. A four-state general model is consistent with the major experimental observations. 4. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor can be potentially modulated by exogenous and endogenous substances and by covalent modifications of the receptor structure. Modulators include the noncompetitive blockers, calcium, the thymic hormone peptides (thymopoietin and thymopentin), substanceP, the calcitonin gene-related peptide, and receptor phosphorylation. Phosphorylation is an important posttranslational covalent modification that is correlated with the regulation and desensitization of the receptor through various protein kinases. 5. Although the physiological significance of desensitization of the nicotinic receptor is not yet fully understood, desensitization of receptors probably plays a significant role in the operation of the neuronal networks associated in memory and learning processes. Desensitization of the nicotinic receptor could also possibly be related to the neuromuscular disease, myasthenia gravis.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcium ; magnesium ; manure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition of poultry manure was significantly reduced through additions of calcium and magnesium salts. The percentage reduction in ammonia loss decreased during the 48 day decomposition period from 85–100% in the first 2–3 weeks, to 23–52% at the end of the experiment. The maximum amount of ammonia which was retained (i.e. maximum reduction in ammonia loss) through addition of the chloride salts of Mg2+ or Ca2+ was independent of the type of cation. However, CaCl2 released some of the ammonia initially retained as production of CO2 and NH3 from the manure decreased after 3 weeks of decomposition, whereas both MgCl2 and MgSO4 did not release any of the initially retained ammonia over the 7 week incubation period. Over the entire incubation period MgCl2 therefore retained more ammonia than CaCl2. Magnesium sulphate was considerably less effective in retaining ammonia than either chloride salts.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; manganese ; needles ; soil solution ; spruce ; toxicity
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil solution and needles of three mature spruce stands in Upper Austria were analysed in order to investigate the uptake and possible toxic effects of Mn and Al, as these two elements become highly mobilised in the soil due to increasing acidity. The Ca/Al molar ratio in the soil solution was below 0.2 in the most damaged stand during almost the whole vegetation period. Despite different dynamics, Al reaches almost identical values in all stands at the end of the vegetation period in both 1-year (current) and 2-year-old needles, respectively. Therefore, needle analysis is not a useful tool for estimation of free Al in the soil. Needle contents of other elements could provide a better information for understanding the forest decline. Mn in the needles correlates significantly with Mn concentrations in the soil solution. As soil Mn will be mobilised by acidic input, Mn needle content can increase to very high levels. Manganese distribution, its interaction with calcium, and possible toxic effects are discussed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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  • 55
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; calcium ; honeylocust ; root biomass ; root branching ; soil acidification
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Honeylocust (Gleditsia triancanthos L.) root growth response to varying levels of Al and Ca in soil solutions was examined in two horizons each of two forest soils. With results from all four horizons combined, multiple regression analysis indicated that both Ca and Al were significant (p〈0.01) factors affecting root elongation, branching and biomass production. Over a wide range of Al and Ca concentrations in soil solutions from four different soil horizons, the Ca:Al ratio was a significantly better predictor of honeylocust root response to acid soils than Al or Ca alone.
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  • 56
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    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: calcium ; phosphatidate ; DPH ; phase fluorometry ; distributional analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Calcium interaction with phospholipid membranes containing phosphatidic acid is studied by multifrequency phase fluorometry, using DPH as fluorescent molecule. DPH decay is analysed by a continuous distribution of lifetimes. The results suggest an increase of membrane heterogeneity at low calcium concentrations, without changes in the polarity of the environment surrounding the probe.
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  • 57
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 17 (1989), S. 631-644 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: calcium ; absorption ; efficiency ; dosing ; regimens
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of calcium involves a saturable (active) and a nonsaturable (passive) component. The work of several investigators indicates that an inverse relationship exists between calcium intake and absorption efficiency. Human calcium absorption data from the literature were analyzed using a model which included both an active and a passive absorption component. Simulations were provided to illustrate the suitability of this model, and another previously reported model, to fit the data and to estimate the absorption efficiency of calcium when using different dosing regimens. Comparisons of the values predicted in this study with some literature values are provided and some assumptions and potential limitations associated with the use of this method are discussed. The division of the daily dose into equal increments taken at equally spaced intervals over the course of the day is recommended as a useful procedure for increasing the absorption efficiency and efficacy of calcium.
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  • 58
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    Plant systematics and evolution 164 (1989), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Glaucocystophyceae ; Cyanoptyche gloeocystis f.dispersa ; Ultrastructure ; endocytobiosis ; cyanelles
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanoptyche gloeocystis f.dispersa (Geitler)Starmach is a palmelloid colonial alga that contains prokaryotic blue-green endocytobionts (cyanelles) instead of chloroplasts. The periphery of the host cell shows a peculiar lacunae system with underlying microtubules. Vegetative cells possess two rudimentary flagella. Zoospores are dorsiventrally shaped with two heterokont and heterodynamic flagella which originate from a subapical depression. This depression can also be seen in vegetative cells. Both flagella possess non-tubular mastigonemes. Main reserve product is starch lying freely in the cytoplasm. Cyanelles, enclosed singly in a host vesicle, are provided with a remnant cell wall. Thylakoids are arranged concentrically. The central part of each cyanelle harbours its DNA and one large polyhedral body, probably a carboxysome.Cyanoptyche gloeocystis f.dispersa shares all taxonomically essential characters with the monadoidCyanophora, the palmelloidGloeochaete, and the coccoidGlaucocystis. All of them are members of the cyanelle-bearing small algal classGlaucocystophyceae. Members of this class serve as model organisms for the evolution of chloroplasts from cyanophycean ancestors.
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  • 59
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    Plant systematics and evolution 164 (1989), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chlorophyta ; Desmidiaceae ; Micrasterias ; Ultrastructure ; electron microscopy ; cell multiplication ; salt stress
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells ofMicrasterias denticulata Bréb. were kept in nutrient solution of high osmolality (salt stress) for four weeks. In a special cell multiplication test it was established that cell division is gradually inhibited at increasing salt concentrations and totally arrested at the highest concentration (26 mosm/kg). “Recovery studies” proved that even cells from the highest concentration range start dividing immediately after being placed in aqua bidest. thus indicating the full reversibility of the inhibiting effect. — Cells of the highest concentration range show marked ultrastructural changes. Besides an enormous accumulation of starch and oil bodies and a condensed appearance of the ground plasma, a reduction of mitochondria, ER and the Golgi-system is found. The most striking effect occurs on the vacuolar system which appears extremely reduced and condensed. The cell wall is thickened by the formation of an additional cell wall layer with a “spongy” electron microscopical appearance. Through the cell wall many droplets of a probably fat-like substance are excreted. — In summary, salt stress induces growth-inhibited “akinete” cells in the sense ofFritsch; these can be reactivated by decreasing the salt concentration. The salt-induced “akinete state” seems to be an ecological adaption to unfavourable conditions rather than a degeneration of the cells.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 195-219 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chlorophyta ; Chlorophyceae ; Pleurastrophyceae ; Hydrodictyon ; Neochloris ; Pediastrum ; Sphaeroplea ; Ultrastructure ; flagellar apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine species ofNeochloris can be divided into three groups on the basis of comparative ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus, the cell wall and the pyrenoid of zoospores. In Group I,N. wimmeri andN. minuta, zoospores are thin-walled, pyrenoids are penetrated by stromal channels, and the basal bodies are in the clockwise absolute orientation and connected by the distal and two proximal fibers. In Group II,N. aquatica, N. vigenis, N. terrestris, N. pyenoidosa, andN. pseudostigmatica, zoospores are naked or covered by fuzzy material, pyrenoids are covered by a continuous starch sheath or invaginated by cytoplasmic channels, basal bodies are directly opposed, the distal fiber is differentiated into a ribbed structure at the central region, a striated microtubule-associated component (SMAC) is continuous between opposite two-membered rootlets and connected to the ribbed structure, proximal ends of basal bodies are covered by partial caps, each two-membered rootlet and a basal body are connected by a striated fiber to the X-membered rootlet associated with the opposite basal body, and the basal bodies, when oriented at wide angles, are joined at their proximal ends by core extensions. In Group III,N. pseudoalveolaris andN. cohaerens, zoospores are naked, pyrenoids are traversed by parallel thylakoids, basal bodies are in the counterclockwise absolute orientation and overlapped, and each X-membered rootlet is connected to the end of the opposite basal body by a terminal cap. It is suggested that the genusChlorococcopsis gen. nov. be erected for the Group I species. Group II, which includes the type species,N. aquatica, should be preserved asNeochloris. The group appears to be closely related to the coenobial generaPediastrum, Hydrodictyon, andSorastrum, and to have affinities with the coenocytic generaSphaeroplea andAtractomorpha as well. It is also suggested that the genusParietochloris gen. nov. be erected in thePleurastrophyceae for the species of Group III.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; chlorine ; ion selectivity ; injury ; Picea ; potassium ; retranslocation ; sodium ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Among the inorganic chloride salts, NaCl, CaCl2 and in a minor proportion KCl and MgCl2 are used as deicing agents. Mixturs of these salts were merely applied with respect to their physico-chemical properties, but their effect on roadside vegetation has never been studied so far. From a screening of different salt mixtures on ion accumulation in needles and twigs of spruce tress (Picea abies sp.) it was shown that the presence of a small amount of calcium in the salt treatments had some beneficial effects on ion regulation. In the presence of calcium, sodium accumulation could be reduced. But more straightforward was its effect on the selectivity between sodium and potasium in favour of the latter. Chloride concentrations did not alter very much; their role in the presence of monovalent cations is nevertheless obvious and is discussed. The study also confirms the presence of potassium retranslocation in conifer trees. The ion characteristics are briefly discussed with respect to the ecological effects of chloride salts on tress.
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: strontium ; calcium ; coprecipitation ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contents of Sr and Ca were measured weekly in Lake Constance in 1986. Epilimnetic concentrations of Ca changed between 1.30 × 10-3 mol l-1 (during homothermy) and 0.9 × 10 -3 mol l-1 (during thermal stratification). The seasonal fluctuations of Ca were correlated with those of Sr (between 4.61 and 5.36 μmol l-1). The epilimnion was permanently oversaturated with respect to calcite but not with respect to SrCO3. Analysis of the settling process by use of sedimentation traps revealed two short episodes of very high authigenic settling fluxes of CaCO3, triggered by phytoplankton diatoms. Seasonal changes of the Ca contents (between 4.1 and 30.7 percent of the dry weight) and of the Sr concentrations (from 12 to 75 × 10-3 percent) in the settling material were closely correlated. This suggests a coprecipitation mechanism with a nearly constant stoichiometry of (atoms Sr/atoms Ca) × 1000 of 0.84. Coprecipitation of Sr or Ca with organic matter was insignificant. In the hypolimnion some Sr and Ca were released from the settling material. These results strongly suggest that the cycle of Sr in Lake Constance is driven predominantly by coprecipitation with calcite. The principal chemical mechanisms leading to coprecipitation are discussed.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; phytoplanktonic particulate phosphorus ; regulation ; calcium ; magnesium ; multiple regression analysis
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    Notes: Abstract At the heads of two river reservoirs, the Ishitegawa Dam and the Nomura Dam Reservoirs in Japan, the concentrations of phytoplanktonic particulate phosphorus (PP) were compared with those of dissolved calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), using multiple regression analyses on the data taken from samples which registered more than 6.0 µg l−1 in chlorophyll a concentration. Of the 27 monthly samples, 16 from the Ishitegawa Reservoir and 17 from the Nomura Reservoir were used. A significant regression line, logPP = k 1F + k 2, was obtained, where k 1 (〉 0) and k 2 were constants and F (named the Ca-Mg index) consisted of log(Ca/Mg) − 0.5 log(ca + Mg) in mol concentration in Ca and Mg, in common with the two reservoirs (r 2 = 0.730 & 0.913).
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Euchlanis ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (PO4-P) and nitrogen (NH4-N) excretion rates of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a rotifer, isolated from Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands) and cultured in the lake water at 18–19 °C, were measured in the laboratory. In a series of experiments, the effects of experiment duration on the P and N excretion rates were examined. The rates measured in the first half-hour were about 2 times higher for P and 2–4 times for N than the rates in the subsequent three successive hours which were quite comparable. Eight experiments were carried out in triplicate, 4 each for P and N excretion measurements, using animals of two size ranges: 60–125 µm and 〉 125 µm. The specific excretion rates varied from 0.06 to 0.18 µg P.mg−1 DW.h−1 and 0.21 to 0.76 µg N.mg−1 DW.h−1. Generally an inverse relationship was observed between the specific excretion rates and the mean individual weight. The excretion rates of Euchlanis measured by us are lower than those reported for several other rotifer species, most of which are much smaller than Euchlanis. Extrapolating the excretion rates of Euchlanis to the other rotifer species in Lake Loosdrecht, and accounting for their density, size and temperature, rotifer excretion appears to be a significant, potential nutrient (N,P) source for phytoplankton growth in the lake. The excretion rates for the rotifers appear to be about two thirds of the total zooplankton excretion, even though the computed rotifer mean biomass is about one-third of the total zooplankton biomass.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; models ; nutrients ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Chesapeake Bay ; Gunston Cove
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empirical models of sediment-water fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 − were and PO4 3− were formed based on published reports. The models were revised and parameters evaluated based on laboratory incubations of sediments collected from Gunston Cove, VA. Observed fluxes ranged from — 18 (sediments uptake) to 276 (sediment release) mg NH4 + m−2 day−1, −17 to −509 mg NO3 − m−2 day−1, and −16.4 to 8.9 mg PO4 3− m−2 day−1. The model and observations indicated release of NH4 + was enhanced by high temperature and by low DO. Uptake of NO3 − was enhanced primarily by high NO3 − concentration and to a lesser extent by high temperature and by low DO. Direction of PO4 3− flux depended on concentration in the water. Release was enhanced by low DO. No effect of temperature on PO4 3− flux was observed.
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  • 69
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays ; limiting nutrient factor ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and forty bioassays with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. as a test organism have been carried out with samples from canals and lakes in the western part of the Netherlands. The results are used to assess the algal growth potential (AGP) and to determine the limiting nutrient(s) for maximum biomass production. Special attention has been paid to the effects of deep-freezing and autoclaving as pretreatment of water samples on pH and nutrient concentrations. The AGP ranged from very low in the relatively isolated polder lakes to very high in canals and lakes, which form part of the basin system of Rijnland. The lowest yields are observed in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited waters, while the highest are found in waters limited by nitrogen alone. AGP proved to be primarily determined by the amount of nitrogen, especially nitrate, in the samples and only secondarily by the amount of phosphorus. The observed ranges indicating phosphorus limitation, 〉 50 for inorganic and 〉 30 for total N/P ratios, lie considerably higher than reported so far. It is concluded that, once the relations between AGP and nutrients are established, AGP tests do not have to be carried out routinely, but still can be very useful in special studies, e.g. in lake restoration projects.
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  • 70
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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  • 71
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium ; Antarctica ; blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-fixation ; organic nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many glacier meltwater streams of southern Victoria Land flow through catchments where life forms are almost entirely microbial. Allochthonous inputs of nitrogen from two study streams near McMurdo Sound were derived mostly from the melting glaciers (ca. 100–200 mg N m−3) with some originating from N2-fixation by heterocystous cyanobacteria (max. 939 mg N m−2 year−1). Thirty to fifty per cent of the glacier derived N was dissolved organic N and a major proportion of this was identified as urea N which was utilised by the rich algal and cyanobacterial mats in the streams. A nutrient budget for Fryxell Stream was estimated, quantifying uptake of urea-N and dissolved inorganic N and the release of dissolved organic (non urea) and particulate N by the stream communities. An index of in-stream nitrogen processing, the Net Uptake Length Constant in these streams was compared with that from temperate climates and was found to be similar. Despite the influence of low temperatures on microbial activity (mean daily water temperature = 5 °C) nutrient removal rates from these antarctic streams are high because of the large standing stock of microbial biomass there.
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  • 72
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    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; algae ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; stream ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four agricultural streams were examined to determine if nitrogen or phosphorus was limiting the growth of the attached algal communities. Experiments were conducted in situ using nutrient-diffusing artificial substrata. Experiments conducted over a 2-year period demonstrated that the benthic algal communities in these streams were seldom limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Nitrogen was, however, found limiting on two occasions when ambient nitrogen levels were reduced. These experiments were characterized by extended low flows and warm water temperatures. Large algal mats which proliferate during these periods may be responsible for reducing the available nitrogen to a limiting level. Major storm events are thought to interrupt the development of nitrogen limiting conditions by scouring the algae and increasing the nitrogen loading from the watershed. Water temperature was demonstrated as an important factor in controlling periphyton growth rates and may have influenced algal response to nutrient input. Ammonium additions often enhanced algal growth in the absence of nitrate stimulation.
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  • 73
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    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: floating macrophyte ; nitrogen ; roots ; laminae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient-enriched water hyacinths were stocked in outdoor tanks and cultured under both high nutrient (HN) and low nutrient (LN) regimes for 10 months. Seasonal changes in standing crop biomass and morphology of LN water hyacinths were similar to those of HN water hyacinths, despite a ten-fold between-treatment difference in N availability and a two-fold difference in average plant N concentrations (1.0 and 2.0% for LN and HN plants, respectively). Tissue N accumulated by the LN plants prior to stocking helped support standing crop development during the 10 month study. In both HN and LN treatments, the rate of detritus deposition, or the sloughing of dead plant tissues from the mat, was lower than the actual detritus production rate because of the retention of dead ‘aerial’ tissues (laminae and petioles) in the floating mat. The retention of laminae and petioles may serve as a nutrient conservation mechanism, since nutrients released from decomposing tissues in the mat-water environment may be assimilated by adjacent plants. The average rate of detritus deposition (both dry matter and N) by LN water hyacinths (1.2 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.017 g N m−2 day−1) was lower than that of HN plants (3.0 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.075 g N m−2 day−1) during the study. Low detrital N losses by the water hyacinth probably enhance the survival of this species in aquatic systems which receive nutrient inputs intermittently.
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  • 74
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Kattegat Sea ; mud blankets ; nitrogen ; denitrification ; resuspension ; sediment ; sediment traps ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen-limited due to efficient nitrogen sink pathways, which therefore limit further eutrophication. In this context, the significance of ephemeral mud blankets at shallow depth has been characterised using a simple computational box model. Bed materials from several synoptic grab-sample surveys in Laholmsbukten, a shallow embayment of the Kattegat Sea, were analysed. Sediment trap and current meter data provided an assessment of fine material transport; the frequency of loose mud resuspension was estimated to vary between three and ten events per month in the spring, depending on the wind conditions. Mud blankets appear to be deposited following major spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, they are only a few centimetres thick, they are composed mainly of pelletized organic material and detritus and they have a high water content (80% wet weight) and nitrogen content (0.5% dry weight). In the course of export from the bay, the muds undergo continuous resuspension, redeposition and biological breakdown. In one September day, the amount of particulate nitrogen redeposited in sediment traps was of equivalent magnitude to the entire mud blanket deposit (5 g N/m-2 or a 4 mm deposit as a bay-wide mean). The presence of mud blankets is believe to control the nitrogen budget and water quality in the bay. A simple model proved compatible with observed mud blanket presence and rates of denitrification. Calm conditions are conducive to the loss of bound nitrogen and free oxygen within the bay as a result of prolonged denitrification and pelagic and benthic nitrogen regeneration. If fine particulates are rapidly exported from shallow bottoms, as in windy periods, the water quality of the entire Kattegat Sea is likely to be impaired.
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    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nitrogen ; wetlands ; beaver ponds ; conifer swamp ; sedge fen ; Precambrian shield ; nutrient retention ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and nitrogen mass balances of five wetlands (two beaver ponds, two conifer-Sphagnum swamps and one sedge fen) situated in three catchments in central Ontario, Canada, were measured. Monthly and annual input-output budgets of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), ammonium ion (NH4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated for the five wetlands during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 water years. Except for the deepest beaver pond (3.2 m) which had annual TP retention of −44% (−0.030 ± 0.015 g m−2 yr−1), the wetlands retained 〈 0.001 to 0.015 g M−2 yr−1 ; however, this wasless than 20% of the inputs and the estimated budget uncertainties were equal to or greater than the retention rates. Annual TN retentions ranged from −0.44 to 0.56 g m−2 yr−1 (−12 to 4%) but were not significantly different from zero. The wetlands transformed nitrogen by retaining TIN (16 to 80% RT) and exporting an equivalent amount as TON (−7 to 102% RT). The beaver ponds, however, retained NO 3 − while NH 4 + was passed through or the outputs exceeded the inputs. In contrast, the conifer swamps retained both NH 4 + and NO 3 − . DOC fluxes into and out of the beaver ponds were equal (−18 and 4% RT) but output from the conifer swamps exceeded input by 〉 90%. Marked seasonal trends in nutrient retention were observed. Nutrient retention coincided with low stream flow, increased evapotranspiration and biotic uptake during the summer. Net nutrient export occurred during the winter and spring when stream flows were highest and biotic uptake was low.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: renin release ; aglomerular teleost ; toadfish ; isoproterenol ; cyclic AMP ; cyclic GMP ; calcium ; calcium channel ; K+ depolarization ; baroreceptor ; calcium channel antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toadfish,Opsanus tau, lacks renal glomeruli and macula densa, but has high renal renin activity and abundant granulated cells in renal arteries and arterioles. Reduction of blood pressure (BP) or blood volume by hemorrhage or vasodilatory drugs causes renin release, indicating that an intrarenal or extrarenal pressure- or volume-sensitive mechanism exists for controlling renin release in the toadfish. Thus, we examined whether 1) β-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of renin release, and 2) calcium influx which may underlie the baroreceptor mechanism are involved in the cellular control of renin release. Acute injection of isoproterenol (1 μg/kg, n = 6) decreased BP and increased plasma renin activity (PRA) 4–5 fold in unanesthetized toadfish. Propranolol abolished both effects, but did not decrease basal PRA levels.In vitro superfusion of renal slices with bicarbonate Ringer's solution showed a steady secretion of renin, and addition of 50 mM K+ (K+ methylsulfate replacing NaCl, n = 10) to the superfusate markedly suppressed renin secretion. Nifedipine (10−5 M, n = 8) completely restored the high K+-induced inhibition of renin secretion from renal slices, whereas isoproterenol (10−4 M, n = 6) neither increased basal renin secretion nor restored K+-induced renin suppression. These results suggest that calcium influx may mediate inhibitory messages for renin secretion, while the β-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of granulated cells appears absent in toadfish.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 367-374 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: teleocalcin ; calcium ; corpuscles of Stannius ; gill function ; prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure and physiology of salmon teleocalcin, a Ca+2 regulating hormone from the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) is reviewed. Teleocalcin is produced by the PAS+, type 1 cells in the CS. The hormone is a disulfide-linked homodimer, with a unique amino acid sequence and a carbohydrate moiety on residue 29. The teleocalcin monomer has a MW of 30 KD, whereas the pro-form of the monomer is 32 KD. The hormone is positively regulated by Ca+2 and its function is to slow the active transport of Ca+2 across the gill epithelium. In conjunction with prolactin, which stimulates Ca+2 transport, teleocalcin is one of the major factors involved in Ca+2 homeostasis in fish.
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; fatty acids ; immobilization ; nitrogen ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene inhibition ; denitrifiers ; geostatistics ; kriging ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nutrient cycling ; soil cores ; terrestrial ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core andin situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful. Discussions of the importance of denitrification have always focused on quantifying the process and whether particular measured quantities are judged to be a significant amount of nitrogen. A second line of evidence discussed here is the extant genetic record that results from natural selection. These analysis lead to the conclusion that strong selection for denitrification must currently be occurring, which implies that the process is of general significance in soils.
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; moisture ; peanut ; pod zone ; reproductive growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Very little research has been done to investigate the effect of a dry podding zone on reproductive development in peanut plants that are otherwise well hydrated via subsoil moisture extraction. The influence of podding zone moisture content on reproductive development and growth of three peanut cultivars (McCubbin, Gajah and Robut 33-1) was investigated in pots grown in the glasshouse. In two cultivars (McCubbin and Gajah) seed yield was reduced in a dry (air-dry) compared to a wet (field capacity) podding zone. Seed yield of Robut 33-1 was unaffected by podding zone moisture content, indicating that cultivar variation in reproductive performance in response to podding zone moisture may exist.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacterial adsorption ; calcium ; magnesium ; Medicago sativa ; pH ; Rhizobium meliloti ; root surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption ofRhizobium meliloti L5-30 in low numbers to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots was dependent on the presence of divalent cations, and required neutral pH. Adsorption was proportional to Ca and/or Mg concentrations up to 1.5 mM. Ca was not substituted by Sr, Ba or Mn. Adsorption was abolished and viability decreased at pH≤6. When lowering pH, higher Ca concentrations were required to attain similar adsorption levels, indicating a marked interactive effect between Ca and H ions. Pretreatment of the roots with Ca and low pH did not affect subsequent adsorption of the bacteria. However, Ca pretreatment ofR. meliloti sustained further adsorption at low Ca levels and low pH substantially affected their ability to adsorb. Low pH appears to affect the stability of binding causing desorption of the previously bound bacteria. The presence of saturating concentrations of heterologousR. leguminosarum bv.trifolii A118, did not prevent the expression of divalent cations and pH requirements, as well as their interaction. Our results suggest that rhizobial binding to the root surface already shows the Ca and pH dependence of alfalfa nodulation, which was generally associated to some event prior to rhizobial penetration of root hairs.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacteria ; legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several Indonesian and some imported Rhizobium strains were assessed for their effectiveness in nodulating four legume species in four soil types of Java. Naturally occurring Rhizobia formed effective symbioses onVigna unguiculata, Macroptilium atropurpureum andDesmodium heterocarpon in all four soils and the applied strains, with some exceptions, did not infect a majority of nodules of these legumes.Centrosema pubescens was more specific in its Rhizobia requirements and applied strains formed effective symbioses in two clay soils, but not in two sandy loam soils.
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  • 85
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exudation ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of inorganic nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. The release of soluble C compounds from roots is assumed to occur by one of two general processes: cortical cell death or exudation from intact cells. On the basis of several assumptions chosen to allow maximal amounts of N mineralisation to be calculated, greater amounts of net N mineralisation are theoretically possible at realistic soil C:N ratios of bacteria are grazed by predators such as protozoa, than if bacteria alone are active. More N is mineralised when the substrate released from the root has a high C:N ratio (as in cell death) than when it is relatively N-rich. The amounts of N that a root might realistically cause to be mineralised are unlikely to account entirely for high nitrate inflow rates that have been measured experimentally. However there are circumstances in which the loss of C from roots is essential if any N is to be mineralised and obtained by plants.
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  • 86
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
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  • 87
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; nitrogen ; nutrient losses ; prescribed fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Losses of N, P, K and Ca were measured during a prescribed burning in a French MediterraneanPinus halepensis forest, with understorey ofQuercus coccifera. Nutrient loss was measured by difference between the quantity of a nutrient in the fuel before burning and that found in the postfire remains which were harvested or recovered in small trays. Reduction in fuel weight amounted to 77%, losses from initial fuel elements amounted to 77% for N, 54% for K and 35% for P. No significative loss of Ca was measured. Burning resulted in 7 t ha−1 fuel reduction and in loss of 55 kg ha−1N, 8.5 kg ha−1K and 1.0 kg ha−1P.
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  • 88
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Vicia faba L. ; in vitro propagation ; temperature ; nitrogen ; activated charcoal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influences of nitrogen sources, culture temperature and activated charcoal supplements were studied in relation to the rooting ability of V. faba cuttings. The interaction of these factors led to quantitative and qualitative modifications of the culture responses. Low temperatures (14–18°C) were suitable for in vitro culture, limiting the formation of phenolics in plant material and making activated charcoal supplement unnecessary. Nitrogen supplements contributed in modifying the different plant responses, in accordance with temperature. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from the cotyledonary node and from the stem nodes cultivated in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). BAP at 4 mg l-1 was the most effective concentration in promoting high rates of shoot development. The original position of stem nodes was found to determine the explant response to plant growth regulator treatments, possibly due to the effect of residual apical dominance.
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  • 89
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 56 (1989), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: calcium ; conidiation ; nucleotides ; nucleotide charges ; Penicillium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of adenine and pyridine nucleotides and the associated charge values were examined in extracts of mycelium of Penicillium notatum during vegetative growth and reproductive development promoted by the addition of Ca2+ (10 mmol dm-3). The significant increase in adenylate energy charge promoted by Ca2+ was due to a fall in intracellular AMP and a concomitant rise in ATP concentration. Intracellular concentrations of NADH and NAD fell within 1 h of the addition of Ca2+. The catabolic reduction charge was unchanged by Ca2+ whilst the anabolic reduction charge increased in Ca2+-induced mycelium due to lowered intracellular NADP concentration. Reduced concentration of NADPH in Ca2+-induced mycelium, relative to the vegetative controls, lowered the phosphorylated nucleotide fraction. The results are discussed in relation to metabolic economy during morphogenesis in P. notatum.
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  • 90
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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  • 91
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 673-686 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: chlorofluorocarbons ; fluorocarbons ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a version of a transient hot-wire apparatus which employs an integrating digital voltmeter to measure the bridge out-of-balance signal. The integrating period of the voltmeter is variable and is routinely set equal to one 60-Hz power-line cycle, 16.67 ms. Use of measurement or integration periods less than an integral multiple of the power-line period results in substantially more electronic noise and a significant degradation in experimental precision. A correction to the working equation which accounts for the integration of the out-of-balance signal is also presented. The precision of the digital voltmeter used with the apparatus is ±0.1 μV, which translates into an ultimate precision of ±0.03 mK in the measured temperature rise. In practice the precision in the temperature rise is typically ±0.3 mK, which represents a moderate improvement over the precision generally obtained with transient techniques employing automatic bridge balancing schemes. Although the current apparatus is designed principally for measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids, it can been used for gas-phase measurements, with some decrease in accuracy due to the somewhat larger heat capacity correction which must be applied to the temperature rise measurements. The operation of the instrument was verified by measuring the thermal conductivities of toluene and nitrogen. Preliminary data are presented for the new environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons such as R-134a (CF3CH2F), R-123 (CHCl2CF3), and R-141b (CCl2FCH3).
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  • 92
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 805-818 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; transport properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two schemes for a theoretically based data assessment of the thermal conductivity of dilute polyatomic gases. The first employs the simplified Thijsse expression, combined with accurate experimental data obtained from a transient hot-wire apparatus, as reference. The second makes use of theoretical results for the temperature dependence of the ratio D int/D. Both methods lead to mutually consistent results for linear molecules and to useful criteria for discriminating between experimental data sets. The paper also demonstrates the influence of data burdened with systematic errors upon the final results of different correlation schemes.
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  • 93
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 983-993 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; effective collision cross sections ; methane ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; tetrafluoromethane ; transport properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of the correlation of thermal conductivities in the limit of zero density for dilute gases including nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and tetrafluoromethane. A theoretically based correlation scheme employing independent experimental information has been examined and found to be useful for the correlation of thermal conductivity data as well as for the evaluation of related quantities, e.g., effective collision cross sections. The latter provide the basis for further studies concerning the anisotropy of the intermolecular pair potential. The paper includes results regarding the simplified expression for the thermal conductivity proposed by Thijsse et al., which has been found to be especially useful for practical purposes.
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  • 94
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    New forests 3 (1989), S. 203-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: weeds ; Pinus radiata ; competition ; nitrogen ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pinus radiata trees were grown on a podzolized sandy soil at a second rotation site under the following treatments: total weed control, total weed control plus ammonium nitrate, strip weed control and no weed control. During the first two summers after planting the differences in needle water potential between trees under no, strip or total weed control were very small. Despite similar rates of net N-mineralization in strip and total weed control treatments, which averaged 64 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the 0–15 cm soil depth, weeds in the strip weed control treatment reduced soil mineral-N concentrations by 50–80%, leaching of N by the end of the first growing season by 45%, foliar-N concentrations by 4–14% and stem biomass at 20 months after planting by 46%. Although N-uptake by above-ground vegetation (trees plus weeds) was 49% higher in the strip weed control treatment, the amount of N apportioned to trees during the first 20 months after planting was reduced from 15.5 to 9.0 kg ha−1. These effects of weeds were even more pronounced in the no weed control treatment. Since weeds had little effect on the needle water potential of trees and the annual rates of N-mineralization, but adversely affected N-uptake by trees, results indicate that weeds directly competed with trees for N, and thereby aggravated N-deficiency in trees. Application of ammonium nitrate after complete weed control increased foliar-N concentrations, and N-uptake and growth of trees, but also induced severe stem deformation.
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  • 95
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mariculture ; rotifers ; batch culture ; nitrogen ; recycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model of nitrogen flow is presented through the Brachionus plicatilis/Chlorella saccharophila mass (batch) culture system, from the initial input of inorganic nitrogen to the algal culture medium to the final production of rotifers, dissolved nitrogen and particulate nitrogen. A nitrogen budget was first formulated for B. plicatilis relating ingestion, excretion, egestion, somatic growth and reproductive growth. Measurements were made on rotifers from 20° and 10° cultures. The calculated model of nitrogen flow through the rotifer/algal batch culture system estimates the percentages of the original input nitrogen which will be incorporated into algal nitrogen, rotifer nitrogen and the particulate and dissolved nitrogen pools. It is suggested that the dissolved nitrogen pool could be recycled directly for use in subsequent algal culture.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; breeding ; inbred backcross lines ; leghemoglobin ; nitrogen ; rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of lateral root nodules in N2 fixation and the relationships between total shoot N and several traits which influence or control N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)i.e., acetylene reduction value, specific nodule activity, leghemoglobin concentration, total leghemoglobin and nodule mass, were investigated in field studies. Significant variation among bean lines was observed for all the traits measured. Lines varied for the proportion of total N accumulated up to the R3 growth state, thus measurements of total shoot N near maturity (e.g., R7) provided a better estimate of total N2 fixation than measurements taken at an early growth stage. Nodule mass was correlated with acetylene reduction and total leghemoglobin, and total leghemoglobin was correlated with acetylene reduction value. Total shoot N at R7 was correlated with seasonal means of nodule mass and number, acetylene reduction value and total leghemoglobin. For all traits except total leghemoglobin, values for lateral roots were more highly correlated with total shoot N than were values for either crown roots or the whole root system. Seed yield was most highly correlated with nodule mass of the lateral roots. These results will be useful in devising breeding strategies for improved N2 fixation of the host plant.
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; interspecies transfer ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient cycling ; pH ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Walnut tree seedlings exhibited greater phosphorus (P) uptake from32P-labelled hydroxyapatite when interplanted with alfalfa than with other walnuts, black locust, or orchard grass. Three mechanisms are proposed as possible explanations of this enhnaced P uptake by walnut. In this study, diffusion of solubilized apatite-P to the roots of walnut at points of walnut-alfalfa root intersection is believed to be the operative mechanism. Phosphorus is solubilized due to rhizosphere acidification of alfalfa during nitrogen fixation. These results underscore the interdependence of nutrient cycles. Enhancement of the phosphorus cycle through manipulation of the nitrogen cycle has important implications for world food and fiber production.
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  • 98
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; foliar analysis ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutritional disturbance ; Pinus sylvestris L. ; potassium ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree decline has been observed recently in 25–30 year old pine stands inCladina andCalluna-type heath forests in the Hämeenkangas and Pohjankangas areas of southwestern Finland. The trees had grown more or less normally for 15 years. During the following 7 to 8 years increased growth occurred. From 1982 to 1984, however, the trees revealed a sudden reduction in height increment. Additionally, some trees were marked by poor apical shoot dominance. Occasionally complete crown dieback was observed. The trees retained only one to three years' needles. These needles often were characterized by a brownish yellow discoloration. Chemical foliar and soil analysis indicate both a nitrogen deficiency and a deficiency in calcium and magnesium related to the relatively high aluminium levels in the soil. In the needles of affected trees phosphorus and especially potassium concentrations were higher than normally. The low content of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium in the soil is related to the acidic, nutrient-poor bedrock, and the low cation exchange capacity. Also the leaching of nutrients, the shallow and poor quality of the humus layer, and the removal of nutrients by tree harvesting may have effected on the nutritional disturbances.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; apatite ; biotite ; carbon ; fertilization ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitroform ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; pH ; urea ; ureaformaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven years after fertilization the rate of CO2 production in the soil samples taken from the organic horizons of a poor pine forest site (Calluna vulgaris site type), treated with urea or ammonium nitrate with lime, was lower than that in the unfertilized soil. The same trend was also observed in samples of theEmpetrum-Calluna site type 14 years after fertilization. In the more fertileVaccinium myrtillus site type these rapidly-soluble N fertilizers had a long-term enhancing effect on the production of CO2. Apatite and biotite eliminated the decreasing effect of urea on the production of CO2. One reason for this might be the long-term increase in soil pH caused by apatite and biotite, or their constituents (Ca, Mg, K, P). Nitroform (a slow-releasing N fertilizer) had no statistically significant effect on the production of CO2 in soil samples from any of the forest types. Despite the high N mineralization in the samples from nitroform fertilized soils there was no nitrification, and the high content of total N indicated that after nitroform fertilization the losses of N were low. The correlation between the net mineralization values for C (CO2 production) and N was poor. However, multiple linear regression analysis, which also took into account the effect of nutrients and pH, indicated that there was a link between the mineralization of C and N.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth response ; inorganic fertilizer ; Lactuca sativa L. ; leaching loss ; nitrogen ; organic fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of pot grown lettuce to inorganic (ammonium nitrate) and organic (dried blood and Protox) N fertilizers was determined at two temperature regimes (15°C day/10°C night and 20°C day/15°C night) and related to the NH4−N and NO3−N release characteristics of each material. The N release characteristics of the organic materials matched the N requirements of lettuce more closely than the inorganic fertilizer. However, was rapidly released from the protein based materials such that composts were depleted of available fertilizer N at the same time irrespective of the form supplied. The warmer temperature regimes resulted in a more rapid depletion of the fertilizers due to biological immobilization such that N recoveries in shoots, roots and leachates were reduced. Approximately 20% of the N present in Protox (a material derived from activated sewage sludge, processed to reduce the heavy metal content to minimal levels) appeared to be resistant to microbial degradation and was unavailable to the plants. Therefore, the growth response of lettuce was slightly reduced with Protox compared to the other materials at similar rates of incorporation. The organic materials did not contribute NO3−N to the plant and small NO3−N concentrations in petioles were derived from the water used for irrigation. However, NO3−N levels in plants receiving inorganic ammonium nitrate were initially high but progressively declined as the fertilizer NO3−N became depleted.
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