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  • 2005-2009  (8,871)
  • 1995-1999  (5,735)
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  • 1
    Unknown
    Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-27843-8
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Blooms of toxic or harmful microalgae, commonly called "red tides," represent a significant and expanding threat to human health and fisheries resources throughout the United States and the world. Ecological, aesthetic, and public health impacts include: mass mortalities of wild and farmed fish and shellfish, human intoxication and death from the consumption of contaminated shellfish or fish, alterations of marine food webs through adverse effects on larvae and other life history stages of commercial fish species, the noxious smell and appearance of algae accumulated in nearshore waters or deposited on beaches, and mass mortalities of marine mammals, seabirds, and other animals. In this report, we provide an estimate of the economic impacts of HABs in the United States from events where such impacts were measurable with a fair degree of confidence during the interval 1987-92. The total economic impact averaged $49 million per year, with public health impacts representing the largest component (45 percent). Commercial fisheries impacts were the next largest (37 percent of the total), while recreation/tourism accounted for 13 percent, and monitoring/management impacts 4 percent. These estimates are highly conservative, as many economic costs or impacts from HABs could not be estimated.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grants No. NA46RG0470 and NA90AA-D-SG480, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-9321244, and the Johnson Endowment of the Marine Policy Center.
    Keywords: Harmful algal blooms ; HABs ; Red tides ; Economic impacts ; Brown tides ; United States
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 8091490 bytes
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  • 3
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    Developing a national marine electronics agenda : proceedings of the Marine Instrumentation Panel meeting, September 12-14, 1989 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Thirteen short papers address aspects of competitiveness in the marine electronics instrumentation industry. Topics include activity and status of government initiatives in Japan and Europe to promote this industry; and the possible role of federal-state collaboration in the U.S. Papers address technology transfer between research institutions and the commercial sector; the role of "strategic alliances" in this process; and the "dual-use" concept in effective technology development and commercialization. Other papers address electronic technology applications in speific marine areas, such as the use and implications of the COMSAT mobile satellite communication infrastructure; electronic charts and safety of tanker operations; and instrumentation applications in aquaculture and environmental monitoring.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through a grant to the Massachusetts Centers of Excellence Corporation, grant No. NA87-AA-D-M00037.
    Keywords: Marine electronics ; Marine instruments ; Competitiveness ; Commercialization ; Marine economics ; State economic initiatives ; Technology transfer ; R&D ; Japan ; Europe ; United States ; Massachusetts ; Hawaii ; Aquaculture ; Tanker safety
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 7040644 bytes
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  • 4
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    Data file : continental margin program : Atlantic coast of the United States: vol. 1: sample collection data; supplement 1 (2008)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 67-21
    Description: This supplement to Volume I of the Data File, Continental Margin, Atlantic Coast of the United States (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ref. No. 66-8) consists of three parts: 1. Errata for Volume I, 2. New station and sample data added to the file, and 3. Miscellaneous tables of information pertaining to the file. The user is referred to Volume I for explanation of the headings and abbreviations used and for a discussion of the structure of the file.
    Description: Submitted to the U.S. Geological Survey under Contract No. 14-08-0001-8358.
    Keywords: Continental margins ; Oceanography ; United States
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating nineteenth-century Canadian and American census data sets (1996)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: comparative demographic history ; census ; data set integration ; ICAPUMS ; IPUMS ; coding schemes ; Canada ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054021
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L3T4(CD4)-, Lyt-2(CD8)- and Mac-1(CD11b)-phenotypic leukocytes in murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 131 (1995), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Immunity ; Immunohistology ; Meningoencephalitis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistological study of L3T4(CD4)+ and LYT-2(CD8)+ lymphocytes, Mac-1(CD11b)+ monocytes and granulocytes in experimental murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis was conducted. To assess the concomitant inflammatory reaction in an extracerebral site, livers were examined in parallel. Mice were infected i.v. withCryptococcus neoformans, group A/D, and organs were examined immunohistologically for CD4-, CD8- and monocyteand granulocyte-specific CD11b-phenotypic leukocytes over a period of 60 days. Intracerebrally, agglomerations of cryptococci formed pseudocysts that were surrounded by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes at the end of the second week post-infection, followed by the invasion of monocytes and granulocytes into the lesions. After the fourth week post-infection, most of the invaded lesions were transformed into glious scars. Meningitis was usually marked and showed a homogenous distribution of CD4-, CD8- and CD11b-phenotypic cells, with a predominance of monocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates in the liver were found already 4 days post-infection. CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes were distributed homogenously in the infiltrates, with a lower number of CD8+ lymphocytes being located rather in the periphery of the infiltrates. Comparing leukocyte kinetics in brain and liver, an important observation was the delayed immigration of immune cells at the intracerebral cryptococcal lesions as compared with the liver, and the different migration patterns of T-lymphocyte subgroups and macrophages. These results suggest that there are differential leukocyte migration patterns in the liver and brain following disseminated cryptococcosis. The immunological aspects of the observed leukocyte kinetics are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102895
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is the Place of Christian Wolff in the History of the Social Sciences? (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of law and economics 4 (1997), S. 147-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9990
    Keywords: Methodology ; history of social science ; economists ; political economy ; history ; historical school ; Germany ; England ; United States ; historicism ; economics ; philosophy ; Wolff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the place of Christian Wolff in the history of social science in English. The "Introduction" places Wolff in the context of the pre-history of modern social science. Samples are given of the great range of subjects on which he wrote. The importance of the German context is stressed. The second part is devoted to a sample of what the literature contains by and about Wolff. It emphasizes philosophy and science. Part three is a survey of works in the history of the social sciences that mention Wolff. He has a substantial place in political science and psychology, a much smaller place in economics and history, virtually none in anthropology, geography, and sociology. In the applied social sciences, he is found in the history of education. Possible reasons are given. Part four is devoted to the relationships of philosophy and philosophers in the pre-history of the social sciences. They were important in several different ways because they both shaped and reflected how many people thought about science and social problems. The “Summary and Conclusion” describes the present status. His contributions are summarized. He was a pivotal figure in the making of the German conception of social science. This is a preliminary study emphasizing the issues and problems that a more detailed examination would require. Several conventional judgments are challenged and possibilities for further research suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008679326854
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeing Patterns: Models, Visual Evidence and Pictorial Communication in the Work of Barbara McClintock (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 163-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; diagrams ; genetics ; illustrations ; McClintock ; models ; molecular biology ; photographs ; twentieth-century ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944, and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels, “seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual, both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve greater scrutiny by historians of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004420726771
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating birth frequencies and embryonic lethality in transgenesis following pronuclear injection of HIV DNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 2 (1995), S. 146-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Transgene ; Mice ; Embryogenesis ; HIV ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The likelihood that expression of a foreign gene in a mammalian cell is deleterious to viability is confronted whenever novel transgenic animals are made. A pathological response to transgene expression is even desired in transgenic mouse models of human disease. The derivation of HIV-transgenic mice in our laboratory using multiple recombinant forms of an HIV provirus has resulted in mixed success best explained by the variable toxicity of the different transgenes. Employing a standardized approach to pronuclear injections, experimental variation amongst recombinant HIV transgenes was documented in terms of the percentage of pregnancies following embryo transfer into pseudopregnant mice and the percentage of transplanted embryos leading to term births in these pregnant females (giving rise to an index of birth success, SI). Results compiled over 5 years suggested that the SI reflected transgene toxicity, in this case of HIV gene products early in embryogenesis. These observations have guided the design of productive transgenes for mouse models of HIV-related diseases and may be generally applicable in transgenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253065
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; United States ; sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; costs ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs. This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693019
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union, the Conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027388.65532.60
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term restricted index selection in mice designed to change fat content without changing body size (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Restricted index ; Fat ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if low secondary selection differentials, caused by selecting within full-sib families, may have accounted for the failure of an intended restricted selection index to reduce epididymal fat pad weight (EF) without changing body weight (BW) in mice. Replicate lines that had been selected within full-sib families for high (HE) or low (LE) EF, while holding BW constant, were crossed. After two generations of random mating, two replicates were sampled and selection initiated for the same restricted index criteria except that mass selection was used to increase the selection differentials. In both phases of selection the HE restricted index selection, designed to increase EF without altering BW, was in agreement with expectation. In contrast, the LE index, designed to decrease EF without changing BW, did not agree with theory since BW increased while EF decreased only slightly. Therefore, reduced selection differentials could not explain the deviation from theory. A possible explanation may reside in the restricted selection index being more sensitive to changes in genetic parameters due to shifts in gene frequency as a consequence of the selection applied. However, linkage disequilibrium and genetic drift can not be ruled out as contributing factors to the asymmetry of response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220897
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retarded myogenic cell replication in regenerating skeletal muscles of old mice: an autoradiographic study in young and old BALBc and SJL/J mice (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Skeletal muscle ; Regeneration ; Ageing ; Strain-specific muscle precursor replication ; Autoradiography ; Mice ; BALBc (SJL/J)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The patterns of skeletal muscle precursor cell replication after crush injury were compared by the use of autoradiographic techniques, in young (4-week-old) and old (39-week-old) BALBc and SJL/J mice. Similar comparisons were made between cut and crush lesions in old BALBc muscle. Muscle precursor cell replication commenced at 18–24 h after injury in both young and old muscles from both strains of mice. In young BALBc muscle the peak of myogenic activity at 60 h was 36 h earlier than in old mice. SJL/J muscle responded more rapidly than did BALBc: in young SJL/J the peak myogenic activity was at 46 h (14 h earlier than in young BALBc muscle), and in old SJL/J muscle the peak activity at 72 h was 24 h earlier than in old BALBc muscle. In all mice (both young and old) myogenic cell replication was substantially reduced by 120 h after injury. A comparison of the timing of muscle precursor cell replication in cut and crush lesions in old BALBc mice revealed a more rapid response in the cut lesion; this difference between the lesions is comparable with data from identical lesions in 6–8-week-old BALBc mice (McGeachie and Grounds 1987). However, the peak of myogenic replication in the older mice in the present study was some 26–36 h later than in the younger 6–8-week-old mice. These experiments show that, whilst muscle precursor cell replication commences at approximately the same time (about 24 h) after injury in young and old mice, the peak level of activity is delayed by some 24–36 h in old mice. In addition, the SJL/J mouse strain responds more rapidly and prolifically to muscle injury than does the BALBc strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307799
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 139 (1998), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009730702302
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 118 (1995), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Definition ; United States ; Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045196
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Issues in the genetics of social behavior: Revisited (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; agonistic behavior ; aggression ; homogeneous set ; standard tester ; social behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Though social behavior has not been overlooked by behavior geneticists, the number of studies is small when compared to those on individual traits. One reason for the neglect may be the difficulty of making connections between genes and social behaviors, which by definition involve the interaction of two or more organisms. Fuller and Hahn (1976) addressed this issue and described three means of establishing social groups that would facilitate genetic analysis. We survey the literature on agonistic behavior in mice from 1976 through 1994 and describe interesting uses of those three methods. One of those methods (the standard tester design) often employs a “noninteractive” social partner. We present data showing that the standard tester design may be more valuable when using an evocative and interactive standard tester.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359750
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antimerger policy in the United States: History and lessons (1996)
    Springer
    Empirica 23 (1996), S. 229-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Antimerger policy ; United States ; Europe ; efficiency ; L41 ; G34 ; L21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the history of US antimerger policy. This history is divided into three periods: a period in which there was almost no effective antimerger policy at all from 1890 up to 1959, a period of vigorous antimerger policy from 1950 up through 1973, and a period of lax enforcement from 1974 to the present. The paper accounts for these shifts in antimerger policy and discusses their effects. After reviewing the logic and consequences of US antimerger policy, a critique of its permises is offered, particularly as these premises apply to the recent era of lax enforcement. The paper closes with suggestions for an alternative approach to antimerger policy that is consistent with the empirical evidence on why mergers occur and their effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00924972
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial carbon dynamics: Case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (=uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (-37) and Brazil (-16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (=emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU -342; U.S. -243; Mexico -35; and Brazil -235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464888
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    Acidification Trends in Surface Waters in the International Program on Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme forAcidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changesin surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes totrends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO 3 - concentrations predominated at European sites in theFederal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sitesin Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Otherpredominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of thesites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO 3 - were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in theAdirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increasedoccurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack ofdocumented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in severalvariables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changesin deposition were found using these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022126704750
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    Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO4 2− concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3 − were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404746
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    Compatibility of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352210
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    Masthead (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352301
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    Effects of mixing porcedures on properties of compatibilized polypropylene/nylon 6 blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352302
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    A hybrid numerical technique to model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer molding processes (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352303
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    Theory of competition between breakup and coalescence of droplets in flowing polymer blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352306
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    Performance of reprocessed multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 film (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352307
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    Assessment of residual stresses during cure and cooling of epoxy resins (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352309
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    Study of reaction injection molding of polyurethane microcellular foam (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352310
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    Modeling the mechanical properties in polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends with core shell morphology (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352402
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    Creep analysis of thermiplastics using stress relaxation data (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Predatory aggression in male mice selectively bred for isolation-induced intermale aggression (1995)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 25 (1995), S. 361-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; aggression ; isolation-induced aggression ; predatory aggression ; selected lines ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male mice differing in their genetically determined disposition for isolation-induced intermale aggression were compared on behaviors related to predatory aggression. An ongoing sequence of selective breeding established high-aggressive (Turku Aggressive: TA) and low-aggressive (Turku Non-Aggressive: TNA) lines from an outbred Swiss albino foundation stock. The parental strain, designated the Normal (N) strain, has been kept as a control line and is bred without regard to aggressiveness. Testing consisted of dropping a live cricket into the home cage of the individually housed experimental mice. Results showed that the TA males displayed shorter latencies to attack and spent more time in chasing, attacking, and consuming crickets than did TNA and N males. The TNA males displayed significantly less predatory aggression than both the TA and N males. When brothers of the males tested for predatory aggression were tested for intermale aggression, a similarly significant effect of breeding line was obtained for the latency to attack. Testing consisted of placing an intact male mouse into the cage of the male to be tested. The results suggest that there may be parallels in genetic variation between intermale and predatory attacking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197286
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    Genetic and Developmental Influences on Infant Mouse Ultrasonic Calling. II. Developmental Patterns in the Calls of Mice 2–12 Days of Age (1998)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; ultrasonic calls ; infants ; individual differences ; signatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Infant house mice, Mus musculus, produce ultrasonic calls that reliably lead to retrieval by adult mice. While individual differences in calls have been demonstrated both among and within species, the influences of age and sex on call characteristics have not been systematically investigated in mice. This study examined the influences of age, sex, and genotype (inbred versus hybrid) on the rate, length, and frequency characteristics of the calls of 486 male and female mice from 2 to 12 days of age. Rate of calling followed a shallow inverted U-shaped function across days. Call lengths decreased and call frequency characteristics increased, in a linear manner, with age. Females emitted fewer calls, with a smaller bandwidth, at some ages than males. Hybrid pups produced more calls of greater length and a lower frequency than inbred pups. These results indicate the presence of cues that could allow adult mice to behave differentially toward pups as a function of their age and sex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021679615792
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    Genetic and Developmental Influences on Infant Mouse Ultrasonic Calling. I. A Diallel Analysis of the Calls of 3-Day Olds (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; ultrasounds ; ultrasonic calls ; infants ; diallel cross ; individual differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic calls produced by young mice reliably elicit investigation and retrieval by adults. While there are large individual differences in the characteristics of these calls, little work has been done to partition that variation. We completed a 4 × 4 diallel cross and Hayman analyses on several characteristics of these cries. The major result was the detection of directional dominance toward a higher rate of calling, longer calls, and calls of lower overall frequency with a greater bandwidth. Within the context of biometrical genetic theory, we conclude that calls with such characteristics may have important fitness value. Extending this idea, we propose that within the population sampled for this study (the animals of the four inbred strains and 12 F1 hybrid groups), the calls most effectively eliciting investigation and retrieval would be calls with the average hybrid values of the diallel cross.
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410301
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    AIChE journal: More diverse and timely (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 445-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410302
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    Habituating control strategies for process control (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 604-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By “reverse engineering” the functions of a specific biological system, habituating control strategies are developed for process control applications. A habituating control system has the distinguishing property of more more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs; with the inputs differing significantly in their dynamic effect on the outputs and in the relative costs of manipulating each one. A habituating controller coordinates the use of all the available inputs to achieve high-performance output objectives while simulatneously minimizing the cost of taking control action.The “baroreceptor reflex,” the control system responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation, provides the biological paradigm for the analysis and design of the habituating control structure. Its main characteristics are discussed from a process control perspective, indicating that the robust, high-performance control, characteristic of biological systems is partly due to such habituating control architectures. The broad range of potential process applications is illustrated with two examples. Two basic strategies are presented for the design of habituating controllers for linear systems with two inputs and one output: the direct synthesis approach and the model predictive approach. Compared to previous techniques for multiple-input, single-output systems, the direct synthesis strategy is straightforward and systematic. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of habituating control compared to conventional techniques for which the number of inputs and outputs are equal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410318
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    Residence time distribution in three-phase monolith reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 649-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution of the liquid phase within a three-phase monlith reactor is determined using tracer studies. The actual liquid residence time in the monolith, relevant for reactor design purposes, is calculated from overall residence time measurements using deconvolution by Fourier transform. The liquid-phase residence time decreases as liquid or gas flow rates increase, but the reactor Peclet number remains approximately constant. The residence time distribution and calculated values of the Peclet number reveal that the liquid phase is substantially well-mixed. Comparison with results from experiments in a single glass capillary reveals that the monolith channels become predominantly liquid-filled, particularly as the liquid flow rate becomes a significant fraction of the total flow rate.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410321
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    Shear thinning in ternary bicontinuous and water-in-oil microemulsions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410324
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    Convective diffusion from a dissolving polymeric particle (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 666-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for describing the process of dissolution of a spherical polymeric particle in a convective field is developed. It includes the process of glass transition, reptation of macromolecules, disengagement of these molecules from the gel-liquid interface, and diffusion in the boundary layer surrounding the gel-liquid interface. Different controlling regimes for the dissolution process are identified and quantitatively delineated in this moving boundary problem. Analytical solutions for the estimation of dissolution time for various limiting cases are presented. Key predictions from the model are verified by comparison with preliminary experimental data. A novel feature of a particle-size-independent dissolution of polymeric particles below a critical size brought out by the model is verified experimentally. The findings have pragmatic implications in diverse areas, such as polymerization, drag reduction, and microlithography.
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    High-temperature kinetic study for the reactive ion etching of InP in BCl3/Ar/O2 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 658-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactive ion etching kinetics of InP studied uses BCl3/Ar and BCl3/Ar/O2 as etchants. High-temperature etching using BCl3 and Ar increases the etch rate negligibly. However, the addition of 30% oxygen in the gas feed increases etch rates by a factor of 10,000 up to 1.5 micron/min at wafer temperatures of 250°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that oxygen removes the boron species adsorbing on the InP surface by scavenging the boron to form volatile boron oxides. To study the gas-phase chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy is used to monitor atomic chlorine intensity at different gas mixtures. The chlorine intensity shows a Gaussian-type dependence with oxygen addition, which is similar to the etch rate dependence. Two regimes of etching found are: at temperatures below 150°C, the etching is limited by the removal of indium chlorides; above 180°C, the etching is reaction-limited. The surface morphology shows that the etch profile becomes rougher as a result of increased chemical etching. At high power densities (0.21 W/cm2) and intermediate temperatures (150°C), near vertical wall shapes are obtained. A kinetic model for the high-temperature etching is developed, as well as a rate law based on the InCl formation reaction. The rate law compares favorably with experimental etch rate results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410322
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    Reformulation of Wong-Sandler mixing rule for cubic equations of state (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 683-690 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic equation of state mixing rule of Wong and Sandler is reformulated in a way that eliminates one of its parameters and so that it can go smoothly from activity coefficient-like behavior to the classical van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule merely by variation of its parameters. The parameters in the reformulated mixing rule can be obtained from correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data or from the two infinite dilution activity coefficients for each binary pair in the mixture. When these activity coefficients are estimated from the UNIFAC group contribution model, the mixing rule becomes completely predictive. The correlative and completely predictive forms of this mixing rule are tested here and shown to be accurate for five difficult binary systems and one ternary mixture over large ranges of temperature and pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410325
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    Aspects of flow of power-law fluids in porous media (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1099-1112 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is encountered in a variety of applications. Aspects of single-phase flow of power-law fluids in porous media are examined. First, homogenization theory is used to derive a macroscopic law. It is shown that the single-capillary power law between flow rate and pressure gradient also applies at the macroscopic scale, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently small. Homogenization theory confirms the validity of the use of pore network models to describe flow of power-law fluids, although not necessarily of fluids of a more general rheology. Flow in pore networks is next used to explore various pore geometry effects. Numerical simulations show that approaches based on an effective medium or on the existence of a critical path, which carries most of the flow, are valid in narrow- or wide-pore-size distributions, respectively. The corresponding expressions agreed well with the numerical results in the respective ranges. An analysis presented for Bethe lattices leads to closed-form expressions in two limits: for an effective medium and near percolation. The behavior near percolation generalizes the results of Stinchcombe (1974) for the linear (Newtonian) case.
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    Convective diffusion and adsorption in a swarm of spheroidal particles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1122-1134 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer from a Newtonian fluid to a swarm of spheroidal adsorbers under creeping flow conditions is considered using the spheroid-in-cell model to represent the swarm. The flow field within the fluid envelope for the Kuwabara type of boundary conditions is obtained form the analytical solution of Dassios et al. (1994). The complete convective diffusion equation is used to describe mass transport within the envelope so that moderate and strong diffusional terms can be taken into account. A new set of boundary conditions is used that respects mass flux and concentration continuity across the outer surface of the cell and maximizes the applicability of the spheroid-in-cell model in the convection-to-diffusion transition regime. The resulting elliptic problem in two dimensions is solved numerically. Results for the upstream and downstream concentration profiles reveal that tangential diffusion is very significant and should not be neglected for moderate and low Peclet number values. Also, the classical Levich-type of formulation, which is theoretically valid for very weak diffusional terms only, can in practice be modified to predict with fair accuracy the overall Sherwood number and the adsorption efficiency of prolate and oblate spheroids-in-cell even in moderate Peclet number cases.
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    Role of porosity in filtration: XII. Filtration with sedimentation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1153-1164 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration on horizontal surfaces facing upward is accompanied by sedimentation. Material balances that are based solely on the volume of filtrate and neglect sedimentation flux lead to an understatement of the solids deposited in the cake and potentially large errors in calculated values of the average specific resistance αav. In a gravitational sedimentation experiment with kaolin, the value of αav neglecting sedimentation was 3.75 times greater than the value including the effect of sedimentation. In addition to errors due to neglect of sedimentation, CATSCAN studies show that the slurry concentration above the cake increases with time, contrary to usual assumptions. In a manner similar to batch sedimentation in a closed cylinder, characteristics of constant composition arose from the cake surface. Approximate predictions based on a combination of traditional sedimentation and filtration theory were in accord with the CATSCAN data. Existing filtration theory must be substantially modified to account for the effect of sedimentation.
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    Copper selective adsorption with a microemulsion-based resin (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1165-1170 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cross-linked terpolymers of allyl acetylacetone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized in the oil phase of a bicontinuous microemulsion stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The resulting material is porous, with a surface area of 58 m2/dry g. It selectively adsorbs copper, picking up 0.07 meq/dry g from a 0.1-M solution. This is less than the total apparent capacity of 0.65 meq/dry g inferred from titration with base and much less than the amount in conventional, nonselective resins, which is typically 5 meq/dry g. Breakthrough curves in packed beds and across membranes of this material seem consistent with uptake controlled by chemical reaction compromised by dispersion. Nonporous membranes of this material do not show facilitated transport.
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    Numerical studies of multicomponent chromatography using pH gradients (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1171-1183 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general numerical method is developed for multicomponent chromatography for the case where a pH gradient occurs and several buffering species are present that become adsorbed together with the components being separated through an ion-exchange mechanism. Acid-base equilibrium relations are used to determine the ionic compositions in the liquid and adsorbed phases and are solved using a single-variable Newton's method. The differential material-balance relations are integrated numerically using the method of characteristics. The transport relations are incorporated using a matrix analog of the linear-driving-force approximation. The resulting method accounts for the adsorption of each ionic form of each buffering species, for multicomponent diffusional interactions arising from induced electric fields, for volume and concentration overloading of proteins, and for changes in the adsorption capacity caused by pH variations. Numerical calculations illustrate factors govening the selection of the adsorbent and buffer components for use in separating mixtures of proteins using retained, internally generated pH gradients.
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    Numerical computation of turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a 90° bend (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2187-2197 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical computation of the LDV results of Kliafas and Holt is reported for a turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a square-sectioned 90° bend. A Eulerian model with generalized Eulerian solid surface boundary conditions for the particulate-phase momentum exchanges with solid walls are included. The turbulent closure is effected by using the gas-phase RNG-based k-∊ turbulence model, and the particulate turbulence diffusivity is related to the turbulent viscosity of the gas phase. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the mean streamwise velocities of both phases, the streamwise turbulence intensity of the gas phase, and the particulate concentration distribution in the bend. The localized high particulate concentration near the outer curve of the bend that occurs at large Stokes number is accurately predicted. Empirical computational evidence is presented for a relaxation of the minimum particle number density required to allow the use of a continuum model.
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    Multiple roll systems: Residence times and dynamic response (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
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    Analysis of multidimensional models of monolith catalysts for hybrid combustors (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2250-2260 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributed parameter models of the single channel of a monolith combustor have been derived from progressively simplified assumptions. Simulation results are compared to assess the importance of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring in the combustor and to identify the simplest adequate model. For typical operating conditions of the hybrid combustor (gas and wall temperature not exceeding 1,073 and 1,273 K, respectively, high flow rate and pressure, natural gas as fuel), the results show that variations of gas properties have to be considered while homogeneous combustion can be neglected. Assumption of the approximate radial profile of axial velocity with invariant parabolic shape, rather than the rigorous solution of momentum balance and the continuity equation, provides accurate results. Moreover, for simulation of ceramic monoliths, backward heat transmission by wall conduction can be neglected with a substantial saving of computational labor.
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    Wetting of fiber mats for composites manufacturing: II. Air entrapment model (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2274-2281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work the experimental observations are explained with the aid of a simple air-entrapment model based on the concept of two levels of porosity of fiber mats. A simple model that includes liquid bypassing with initial air trapping, subsequent capillary invasion of regular fiber bundles with air compression, and finally mobilization is proposed to explain air-entrapment phenomena. The simple model successfully rationalizes the observed air trapping and compression during initial liquid-fiber contact. An empirical equation for the mobilization efficiency is adapted to the model to estimate void content. The velocity dependence of the trapped void content predicted by the model is in good agreement with observations.
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    Nitridation and CVD reactions with hydazine (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2282-2291 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The low-temperature nitridation of gallium arsenide, silicon and transition metals was investigated using hydrazine. Gallium nitride films were grown on gallium arsenide (GaAs) by direct reaction of the semiconductor surface layers with hydrazine et 200-400°C. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses show that the films are primarily gallium nitride with a small oxide impurity. Thin nitride films (∼15 Å) were grown on silicon by reaction with hydrazine at 300-500°C. Ellipsometry results suggest that the film growth goes through different phases following linear, parabolic and logarithmic functions with time. XPS analysis shows that the nitride films could be formed at much lower temperatures than possible with ammonia (300 vs. 600°C). The formation of numerous transition metal nitrides (Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Si, Ta, Ti, V, and W) by reaction with hydrazine at 400°C is demonstrated, as well as the chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride films from diborane and hydrazine reactants. The temperature at the mixing point was critical in determining the final composition of the film. A 1-D transport model suggests that the reaction rate at 400°C was kinetically limited. The results also agree qualitatively with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
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    Second law analysis on fractal-like fin under crossflow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2314-2317 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411015
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    Analysis of fiber formation during air-gap wet spinning (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1281-1294 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady formation of fibers in the air-gap wet-spinning process is analyzed, in which solidification of the fiber material is brought about by the diffusional exchange of solvent and nonsolvent in a coagulation bath. The concentration profile within the fiber is determined, and a simple model is given for the change of the material behavior with changing concentration. The material behavior of the uncoagulated spinning solution is described by a constitutive model for viscoelastic liquids that allows the incorporation of a relaxation-time spectrum. The behavior of the solidified fiber is described by a model for rubberlike elastic solids. The effects of variable fiber temperature and skin friction on the fiber motion are also taken into account. The computed velocity profiles are compared to experimental data. These data were obtained by spinning three samples of nominally identical spinning solutions. Even though the theoretically predicted profiles agree well with those obtained with the first two samples, they completely fail to do so for the third. This failure is attributed to the unexpected extreme sensitivity of the model predictions to the width of the dynamic spectrum that is used to infer the relaxation-time spectrum. It is also found that the velocity profile depends rather strongly on the initial conditions for the stress.
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    Solvation effects on reactions of triplet benzophenone in supercritical fluids (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1306-1318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of triplet benzophenone (3BP) from 2-propanol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene in supercritical ethane and fluoroform was investigate. Bimolecular rate constants based on bulk concentrations decrease with an increase in pressure along both isotherms studied. These results corroborate our previous studies in CO2 that show increased reaction rates due to enhanced local compositions of cosolvent around the 3BP solute. Analysis of the results includes prediction of the thermodynamic pressure effect on the rate constant, which suggests an increase in the rate constant with pressure, as well as the effects of increased local cosolvent concentrations about 3BP. Spectroscopic measurements of the local composition of 2-propanol about a solute in supercritical CO2 are used to explain the apparent discrepancy between experiment and prediction, providing reasonable evidence that the local environment can influence kinetically controlled reactions in supercritical fluids.
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    Direct observation of hindered brownian motion (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1324-1328 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Cautious on-line correction of batch process operation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1337-1340 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Convergence of a series of well-stirred reactors to plug-flow reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1346-1348 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Nonlinear dynamics and chaos (with applications to Physics; Biology; Chemistry; and engineering). By S. H. Strogatz; addison-wesley; reading; MA; 1994; 498 pp.; $51.95 (hard cover) (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1353-1354 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410535
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    Newtonian drop impact with a solid surface (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1357-1367 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The spreading of Newtonian liquid drops after impact with a solid surface is reproted for a range of liquid and surface proeprties, drop diameters, and impact velocities. Results for liquid viscosities up to 300 mPa.s are given. For a given drop diameter and velocity, a range of liquid viscosities result in splashing even for smooth surfaces. The maximum spread radius, made dimensionless with the drop radius, is correlated as Rmax* = 0.61(Re2Oh)0.166, where Re and Oh are the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers. respectively. A model is proposed to account for inertial, viscous, and surface tension forces on the maximum spread radius. Good agreement is found between the model and experimental data from several sources.
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    Dilute turbulent gas-solid flow in risers with particle-particle interactions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1375-1388 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Earlier work of Sinclair and Jackson that treats the laminar flow of gas-solid suspensions is extended to model dilute turbulent flow. The random particle motion, often exceeding the turbulent flucutations in the gas, is obtained using a model based on the kinetic theory of granular materials. A two-equation low Reynolds number turbulence model is modified to account for the presence of the dilute particle phase. Comparisons of the model predictions with available experimental data for the mean and fluctuating velocity profiles for both phases indicate that the resulting theory captures many of the flow features observed in the pneumatic transport of large particles. THe model predictions did not manifest an exterme sensitivity to the degree of inelasticity in the particle-particle collisions for the range of solid loading ratios investigated.
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    Fractional crystallization: Design alternatives and tradeoffs (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2427-2438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Guildlines for the design of fractional crystallization processes to separate two-and three-solute mixtures are presented. By using solvent addition/removal, stream combination, and cooling/heating, these processes bypass regions of multiple saturation in the phase diagram and recover purse solutes. Design equations are formulated, and the constraints on the design variables are identified. also included is a discussion of the effect on recyle flows of changes in the design variables and an estimate of the cost of a fractional crystallization separation.
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    An introduction to coal technology. By Norbert Berkowitz, Academic Press, New York, 1994, 2nd ed., 398 pp (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 201-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410123
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    Multicomponent mass transfer. By Ross Taylor and R. Krishna, Wiley, New York, 1993, 579 pp (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 202-203 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410124
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410201
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    Use of optical probes to characterize bubble behavior in gas-solid fluidized beds (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optical probes are used to study gas-solid fluidized-bed hydrodynamics. The probes each consisting of a light source and photodetector separated by a gap are suitable for use at combustion-level temperatures. The methodology to process the signal for calculation of bubble properties such as bubble frequency, local bubble residence time, bubble velocity, pierced length, bubble size, and visible bubble flow is presented. The signal processing technique is independent of bed operating conditions. The probe signal processing methodology is validated by comparing calculated bubble properties based on the probe signal with properties observed on videotapes of a 2-D bed.
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    Instability phenomenon in an external-loop three-phase gas-liquid airlift reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2508-2511 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411116
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    Mechanistic description and experimental studies of electrochromatography of proteins (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2499-2507 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrochromatography is a form of gradient liquid chromatography in which an axial electric potential is applied to columns packed with gel-filtration media. Experimental methodology and a mechanistic model are further developed for a system that minimizes Joule heating at electric field strengths of 100 V/cm by dissipating heat through a cooling jacket and use of a cooled, low ionic strength eluting buffer. Focusing of proteins can be achieved in a 15-mm-dia. Column by the interplay of eluent velocity, electrophoretic migration rate, and electrically induced concentration polarization when the stationary phase is more conductive than the mobile phase. Voltage gradients of up to 125 V/cm for eluent velocities at 18-25 cm/h separate binary protein mixtures of Bhb-α-lactalbumin, BSA-myoglobin, and α-lactalbumin-myoglobin over Sephadex G-100 and G-50. Retention times are consistent with values obtained from a mechanistic nonlinear model.
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    Theory of gas diffusion and permeation in inorganic molecular-sieve membranes (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 58-67 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical models of gas diffusion and permeation in microporous molecularsieve membranes are presented. The effect of the adsorbed diffusant on the total transmembrane flow is insignificant for permanent gases. For highly adsorbable gases the effect of the adsorbed molecules on the total transmembrane flux may be high at low temperatures. The activation energy of diffusion increases when the kinetic diameter of the diffusant increases. The activation energy of gas diffusion compares well with the values calculated based on the Lennard-Jones potential. Maximum possible permeability coefficients calculated for He in the molecular-sieve membranes do not exceed ˜30,000 Barrer at room temperature. The experimentally observed value for He permeability is ˜1,000 Barrer (T=30°C) because of the high tortuosity (τ≍ 25) and low porosity (θ = 0.22) of the membrane porous structure.
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    Nucleation, agglomeration and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 68-77 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pH-stat MSMPR crystallizer is used to obtain the nucleation rate equation of calcite formed in the Na2CO3-CaCl2 reacting system. The experiments are conducted for seeded and unseeded runs. Effects of breakage and agglomeration on the crystalsize distribution are demonstrated. In a continuous operation, the agglomeration of nuclei followed by the breakage of agglomerates occurs at the transient state, while the agglomeration is significant at the steady state. Taking crystal agglomeration into account, the corrected nucleation rate and agglomeration rate are obtained simultaneously. The agglomeration rate is a function of relative supersaturation and magma density, and the corrected nucleation rate is approximately two- to five-fold of the apparent nucleation rate, which is the nucleation rate without considering the agglomeration effect. Discussed also is the formation of calcium carbonate polymorphism.
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    Separation vector formulation for the synthesis of multicomponent separation sequences (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 78-96 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new separation system representation uses stream separation vectors in the separation space. The characteristics of a separation sequence are clarified by its separation base vectors that form the sequence basis and those of a separation system by the geometrical properties of separation vectors. The optimal flowsheet of each sequence under separation vector formulation can be obtained as the solution of a linearly-constrained optimization problem. A set of simple rules determines the minimum separation loads of any sharp separation sequence by inspection. A modified cost measure, which combines the separation cost with the savings due to stream bypass, can be used to select the optimal sequence without the overall cost analysis.The optimal separation sequence is obtained first by identifying the best sequence configuration according to modified cost measures and then by finding the actual costs of maximum-bypass and its neighboring sequence configurations. For the nonlinear objective function, the exact optimal flowsheet is determined by solving a linearly-constrained optimization problem. Since this procedure is a linearly-constrained optimization problem, the mathematical programming solution is not likely to lead to a local minimum.
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    Model-based approach to automated hazard identification of chemical plants (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 97-109 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A prototype hazard identification system, qualitative hazard identifier (QHI), works by exhaustively positing possible faults, automatically building qualitative process models, simulating them, and checking for hazards. QHI matches a library of general faults such as leaks, broken filters, blocked pipes, and controller failures against the physical description of the plant to determine all specific instances of faults that can occur in the plant. Faults may perturb variables in the original design model or may require building a new model. Fault models are automatically generated using the qualitative process compiler and simulated using QSIM. Hazards including overpressure, overtemperature, controller saturation, and explosion are identified in the reactor section of a nitric acid plant using QHI.
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    Diffusion in heterogeneous media: Application to immobilized cell systems (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 691-700 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transport of small molecules in heterogeneous materials can be an important factor in many engineering and biological applications. This study focuses on the diffusion of cellular nutrients in an immobilized cell system. A Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to describe the diffusion of small molecules in a variety of simulated cellular structures. Diffusivity predictions are in close agreement with experimental values as well as with theoretical bounds reported in the literature. It is revealed that effective diffusivities are highly dependent on the diffusivities of the species in the various phases and on the volume fraction of cells. The spatial arrangement of the cells, however, has no apparent effect on the predicted diffusivity for the range of conditions investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410326
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    Measurement of protein diffusion in Dextran solutions by holographic interferometry (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 701-711 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theories and experimental measurements related to the diffusion of globular macromolecules and small spheres in polymer solutions are discussed. It is shown that the Kirkwood-Riseman point scatterer and Brinkman models, two theoretical approaches that lead to hydrodynamic screening, are equivalent. Holographic interferometry is presented as a new method for measuring gradient diffusion of proteins in transparent polymer solutions and gels. This method is used to examine the effect of ionic strength, polymer concentration and polymer molecular weight on the diffusion of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in dextran solutions. The data are interpreted in light of the hydrodynamic screening and Stokes-Einstein models of diffusion. In particular, it is shown that while the Stokes-Einstein equation may be appropriate for the diffusion of relatively large latex spheres in polymer solutions, it is inappropriate for predicting diffusion coefficients of BSA and comparable proteins in such solutions.
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    Axial dispersion in Taylor-Couette flow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 723-727 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO2 -NOx emission Control Agent (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 712-722 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an effective dual SO2-NOx emission control agent. Laboratory-scale experiments with dry injected particles at a Ca/S molar ratio of 2 [or (Ca + Mg)/S ratio of 6] resulted in SO2 and NOx removal efficiencies of over 90% at gas temperatures of 950 - 1,250°C in atmospheres containing 12% CO2, 3% oxygen, 2,000 ppm SO2, and 1,000 ppm NOx during a 1-s residence time in an isothermal cavity followed by injection of after-fire air. During the experiments, SO2 reacted with the porous, thin-walled CaO, CaCO3 and MgO cenospheres, formed when CMA calcined, while NOx was reduced by hydrocarbon radicals from the organic acetate decomposition. While Ca was the dominant contributor to SO2 reduction by CMA in the isothermal furnace zone, Mg also contributed to SO2 reduction. At gas temperatures ≤ 950°C, Mg reacted directly with SO2 in the isothermal furnace zone and was the dominant SO2 remover in the post-furnace quenching zone while indirectly SO2 at higher isothermal zone temperatures by precluding pore-mouth plugging when CaSO4 formed. Interactions among hydrocarbons, SO2, and NOx are important but not fully understood.
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    Drag on spheroidal particles in dilatant fluids (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 728-731 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Modeling segregation of solute material during drying of liquid foods (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 732-736 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Letters to the Editor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 737-740 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410332
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    Paste flow and extrusion. By J. Benbow and J. Bridgwater, Oxford series on advanced manufacturing, Oxford, 1993, 153 pp. (hard cover), $56.50 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 741-741 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410333
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    Scaleup and design of industrial mixing processes. By Gary B. Tatterson, McGraw Hill, New York, 312 pp., 1994 $56 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 741-742 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410334
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    Macrotransport processes. By H. Brenner and D. A. Edwards, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, 1993, 714 pp., $75 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 742-743 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410335
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    Surface and colloid science. Edited by Egon Matijevic, Vol. 15, Plenum, New York, 1993, 276 pp. (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 743-745 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410336
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    Protein purification process engineering. Edited by R. G. Harrison, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, $155 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 745-746 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410337
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410401
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    Fractal nature of viscous fingering in two-dimensional pore level models (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 749-763 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Use of saturation-dependent relative mobilities leads to linear flow; however, experiment and theory show that, in the limit of very large viscosity ratio, the flow is not linear but fractal. Generally, fractional flows and relative mobilities depend on both saturation and time. Use of a standard pore-level model of 2-D flow in the limit of infinite capillary number shows that this flow is fractal for large viscosity ratios (M = 10,000) and the sauration and fractional flows agree with the results of our general arguments. For realistic viscosities (M = 3 → 300), our modeling of the unstable flow shows that, although the flows are initially fractal, they become linear on a time scale, τ increasing as τ = τ0M0.17. Once linear, the saturation front advances as x ≈ v0M0.068 t; the factor M0.068 acts as a 2-D Koval factor.
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    Characterization of lignosulfonate-modified hydrated lime powders (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 435-438 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410225
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    Modeling of a monolithic catalyst with reciprocating flow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1229-1234 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several methods have been proposed to improve the conversion of catalytic oxidation reactions. Gases with low enthalpy contents or gases that contain small amounts of combustible compounds can be converted much more efficiently in a reactor with reciprocating flow. The solid phase exhibits an inertia behavior insofar as it does not reach equilibrium with the gas temperature at the reactor ends. The solid-phase temperature at the center of the bed is considerably higher than in the unidirectional case. Results for the oxidation of CO at different inlet gas temperatures and switching periods are presented. An optimum period is found at which maximum conversion occurs. An estimate of the maximum temperature in the reactor is derived.
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    Modeling molecular weight development of gas-phase α-olefin copolymerization (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1251-1265 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive kinetic model developed for molecular weight calculations of ethylene axsnd α-olefin copolymerizations in the context of a terminal model accounts for multiple-type active centers of the catalyst, detailed elementary chemical reactions, and catalyst composition. The moments of copolymer chain distributions are defined considering molecular weights of comonomer units so that copolymer molecular weight averages can be directly calculated from those moments. A double Z-transformation is introduced for the derivation of differential equations of the moments. Model simulations are carried out based on ethylene and 1-butene copolymerizations in a gas-phase fluidized-bed reactor. Polydisperity of accumulated copolymer depends on catalyst composition and kinetic characteristics of the catalyst. For a catalyst with specified kinetic characteristics, the polydispersity depends on the mole fraction of each type of active center. For a catalyst with two types of active centers, the maximum polydispersity of copolymer occurs at 50 wt. % of the total copolymer if polydispersities of the copolymers generated at each active site are the same. Polydispersity of accumulated copolymer is sensitive to propagation reactions and chain transfer to hydrogen reactions. Differences in chain transfer to cocatalyst and monomers and in spontaneous deactivation rates for different types of active centers may play minor roles in controlling molecular weight development in the presence of hydrogen. This model can be used for catalyst composition design, simulation of commercial olefin copolymerization processes, and kinetic parameter estimation.
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    Ternary microemulsions as model disordered media (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1295-1305 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ternary microemulsion systems alkane/water/DDAB (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide) form ideal model-disordered media. The static microstructure is described by a simple parameter-free model that can be predetermined and agrees with SAXS and SANS scattering experiments. The component volume fraction can be varied to exhibit bicontinuous random structures with a predicted percolation transition to disconnected water-in-oil droplets. Structural transitions are analyzed in the context of theories of percolative phenomena. Experimental transport properties agree well with model predictions based on an effective medium approximation. Critical exponents that describe the scaling of the transport properties near percolation are consistent with theoretical expectations near a static percolation transition. Through variation of component volume fractions a medium of known microstructure can be prescribed, so that independent measurement of transport and mechanical properties is possible.
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    Continuum random walk simulations of diffusion and reaction in catalyst particles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 880-893 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To predict the effect of pore structure on the performance of heterogeneous catalysts, a realistic model of the catalyst particle is required. Lattice-based models in which the diffusion and reaction phenomena are restricted to sites and bonds within a regular or irregular lattice are widely used. However, for the realistic simulation of diffusion and reaction in amorphous catalyst supports, such as alumina or silica, a continuum model, which does not artificially restrict the domain in which the reactants are allowed to diffuse, is required.An efficient method based on a “first passage time” approach is developed for the simulation of diffusion and reaction in a supported catalyst. The model catalyst is composed of spheres representing the support and active sites. By varying the algorithm used to generate the model catalyst, a range of structures can be created. The effect of the structure, and the size and distribution of active sites on the reaction rate is studied.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410415
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    Effects of operating conditions on stability of gas-phase polyethylene reactors (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 868-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluidized-bed polyethylene reactors are prone to unstable behavior and temperature oscillations (Choi and Ray, 1985b). Their work is extended to show the effects of ethylene feed system operation, reactor cooling system design, catalyst properties, and gas composition on reactor stability and dynamics. The analysis is performed using a well-mixed model, because heat- and mass-transfer resistances between multiple phases are small and are not required to account for the observed bifurcation phenomena. The addition of a gas recycle and heat exchanger system to the model significantly affects dynamic performance, including the formation of limit cycles. The size and dynamics of the heat exchanger, however, have little effect on the overall stability. In contrast, automation of the ethylene feed system to replace the monomer in the reactor as it is consumed leads to substantially different dynamic behavior than if the ethylene feed is maintained at a constant rate. Catalyst properties (multiple sites, activation energy, and deactivation) significantly affect dynamics and stability, whereas comonomer and other gases affect them only mildly. The results confirm that without proper temperature control, gas-phase polyethylene reactors are prone to instability, limit cycles, and excursions towards unacceptable high-temperature steady states.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410414
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  • 92
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    Organic microporous materials made by bicontinuous microemulsion polymerization (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 907-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microporous solids made by polymerizing the organic phase of bicontinuous microemulsions stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide show surface areas as high as 70 m2/g. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements on microporous copolymers containing polymethylmethacrylate show that these areas result from structures larger than 250 Å that are generated during polymerization. These X-rays measurements also show that the 17-Å structures characteristics of the original microemulsion are retained during polymerization, but destroyed when the detergent is extracted and the solid is dried.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410417
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  • 93
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    Controlled drop tensiometer for measuring dynamic interfacial and film tension (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 915-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic interfacial tensiometer described measures the tension of stressed liquid-liquid interfaces. In this accurate and controlled method, the time-dependent pressure difference across the curved interface of a spherical drop, immersed in a second immiscible phase, is measured as a function of time. Dynamic experiments are conducted by varying the drop size, therby stressing the interface. The technique is eminently suited for the measurement of static and dynamic interfacial tensions, the study of the diffusion, adsorption, and desorption kinetics of surfactants, and the rheological behavior of liquid films. These capabilities are demonstrated for n-dodecane contacted with an aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant. To explain the phenomena, diffusion models are developed that compare well with the experimental data. The noninvasiveness and versatility make this instrument a useful tool.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410418
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  • 94
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    Binary activity coefficients from microdroplet evaporation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 938-947 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method-based on evaporation of a constant-composition droplet containing two components that differ markedly in volatility accurately estimates activity coefficients of both components. This new technique is developed to simultaneously determine the evaporation rate and composition of a droplet from intensity peaks observed in the light scattered by the droplet. It has no upper or lower limits on the relative volatility of the system and is particularly suitable for systems containing one relatively nonvolatile component. The data on the glycerol-ethanol system, obtained from evaporation of glycerol droplets in ethanol vapor and correlated with Margules and Wilson equations, are thermodynamically consistent. The results of this study agree with ethanol activity coefficients calculated from the total pressure vs. solution composition data previously reported.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410421
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  • 95
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    Introduction to Cohn & Edsall symposium articles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 948-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410423
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  • 96
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    On the laboratory that produced the book proteins, amino acids and peptides (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 949-953 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410424
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  • 97
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    Partitioning of proteins using two-phase aqueous surfactant systems (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 991-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410429
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  • 98
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    Development and validation of a simple antigen-antibody model (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 974-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model for investigating physical phenomena underlying immune complex formation was developed, based on the statistical mechanical theory of associating fluids that identifies each molecule as a hard sphere with a nested point charge and vector dipole. The interaction between binding molecules (epitope-paratope binding) is represented as a cone truncated by two concentric spheres in which the potential energy is a modified square well with respect to particle separation and a square well with respect to mutual molecular orientation. Equilibrium binding results predicted by the model show good agreement with results obtained experimentally for a model system containing a single antigen and a single monoclonal antibody [bovine serum albumin (BSA) - anti-BSA antibody]. Moreover, values obtained for the system isothermal compressibility and the second virial coefficient by both the model and light scattering experiments also show good agreement with one another.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410427
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  • 99
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    Excluded volume contribution to the osmotic second virial coefficient for proteins (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1010-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410432
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  • 100
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    Molecular thermodynamic model for Helix-Helix docking and protein aggregation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1015-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aggregates, rather than correctly folded polypeptide chains, is a pressing problem in biotechnology that has been difficult to approach quantitatively. The competition between folding and aggregation has been carefully analyzed for bovine growth hormone (bGH) and can be attributed to incorrect helix-helix docking for this four-helix bundle protein. An extended molecular thermodynamic model reported here represents Gibbs energy changes associated with intramolecular and intermolecular helix-helix dockings occurring during protein folding and protein aggregation. The model incorporates (1) a semiempirical local composition Gibbs energy expression to account for the helix-helix hydrophobic interactions, which favor helix-helix docking and aggregation and (2) a Flory-Huggins-type Gibbs energy expression to describe the configurational entropy of the polypeptide backbone conformation, which favors disaggregation. For the folding and aggregation of bGH, the molecular thermodynamic model provides estimates for the Gibbs energies and thermodynamic stabilities of various conformations of bGH and qualitatively accounts for the competition between aggregation and productive folding. It also successfully describes the inhibition of aggregation found with peptides corresponding to bGH helical sequences and the effect of site-directed mutagenesis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410433
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