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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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  • 6
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    Small business economics 14 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Keywords: growth ; manufacturing ; performance ; product innovation ; small firms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper considers the relative performance [along a number of parameters] of a sample of 228 small manufacturing firms categorised by level of innovation. Whilst innovators appear no more likely to have experienced some form of sales or employment growth, they are significantly more likely to have grown more. In other words, the innovators' growth rate distributions are highly negatively skewed. With regards to export intensities, profitability and productivity levels, the findings are less clear. On the whole, the results reported here are similar to those of other small firm studies, yet vary markedly from large firm equivalents; suggesting that the nature of the returns to innovation may be contingent, at least in part, upon firm size. Moreover, the high levels of variation in firm performance should caution us against proffering innovative imperatives. If we are to counsel firms to "innovate at all costs", we must be clear about, and clearly demonstrate, the nature of the returns they may reasonably expect and the processes through which these may be optimised.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: winter wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; autumn dressing ; split-dressing ; growth ; grain yield ; protein content ; harvest-index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring. Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m2, grain weight (mg) and grain number per m2 increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m2. The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth. Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N. An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: growth ; differentiation ; mammary epithelium ; collagen gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mammary glands are enzymatically dissociated and the resulting tissue digest enriched for epithelial cells by isopycnic banding on a density gradient of Percoll. The cells are embedded within a rat tail collagen gel matrix and fed with the appropriate medium. Growth and differentiation are superior in such a system when compared to culture on plastic, using identical media.
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  • 10
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    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
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  • 11
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    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; catfish (Mystus nemurus) ; feeding rate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 10 week experiment was conducted to determine theeffects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of the tropical bagrid catfish,Mystus nemurus. Catfish fingerlings with anaverage initial body weight of 12 g were fed apractical diet (36.2% protein, 16.5 kJ/g diet) atrates of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 or 5% of their bodyweight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Watertemperature was approximately 29 °C throughoutthe experiment. Percent weight gain increased almostlinearly with increasing feeding rates up to 2.5%BW/day beyond which no significant (P 〉 0.05)improvement in weight gain was observed. The specificgrowth rate of catfish fed rations of 1% BW/day was0.72%/day and this increased significantly to anaverage of 1.39%/day for catfish fed 2.5% BW/day andbeyond. Feed utilization did not differ significantly(P 〉 0.05) between fish fed 1.0 to 2.5%BW/day but decreased when rations were increased to3.0% BW/day and above. Feed efficiency ratio was0.79 for catfish fed 1.0% BW/day compared to a ratioof 0.27 for fish fed at 5% BW/day. Catfish fed 1.0%BW/day had the lowest condition factor, hepato- andviscerosomatic indices, but the highest carcass tobody weight ratio. These fish also had lowerproportions of whole body dry matter, lipid andprotein, carcass dry matter and lipid, and visceraldry matter and lipid than fish in other groups. Therewere no significant differences in either conditionindices or relative body composition of fish fedrations of 2.0 to 5.0% BW/day. Based on the growth,feed efficiency and body composition data obtained, afeeding rate of 2.5% BW per day is recommended forM. nemurus fingerlings raised at 29 °C.
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  • 13
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 531-542 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; protein utilisation ; proximate ; composition ; rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew from 44 to 326 g in 96days when held at ∼12 °C. Fish were fed to satiation twice dailywith either high (L1: 30.8%, L2:31.4%) or lower-lipid feeds (C1: 18.8%,C2: 21.8%). Four feeding treatments were studied.Group C1C2 received feed C1 for 43 days(days 0–43) and C2 thereafter (days 44–96).Groups L1L2, L1C2 andC1L2 were subjected to dietary changes asindicated by the feed designations. After a short period of feedadaptation, fish ingested similar amounts of feed energy i.e., they ateless by weight of the lipid-rich (L) feeds. Feed lipid content did notaffect growth but fish fed L-feed had reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR) compared to fish fed C-feed (0.731 vs. 0.773) during days0–43 (P 〈 0.01). After 96 days,L1L2-fish were lower in body protein(15.8%) than the C1C2-fish (16.8%)(P 〈 0.01). L-feeds also tended to increase percentage lipidand reduce percentage whole body moisture and ash. A higher net proteinutilisation (NPU) was recorded in fish fed L-feeds (43.6%)compared to fish fed C-feeds (38.8%) in days 0–43(P 〈 0.05). This seemed to be the result of a lower proteinintake rather than a protein-sparing effect of feed lipid. Above athreshold value of approximately 6.5 mg protein eaten·g bodywtminus 1·day−1, NPU decreased.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: aggression ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; dominance ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aggression in groups of 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was monitoredat weekly intervals in two tanks containing 100 fish each. Three 1 + salmonparr were added to one of these. After 5 weeks, fish weights were measuredin both tanks and the conditions reversed. At ten weeks, weights of fish inboth tanks were measured again. In both populations, levels of aggressionamong the smaller fish were significantly lower and growth ratessignificantly higher when the large fish were present. Although the largefish attacked the small ones, the rate at which they did so was an order ofmagnitude lower that the rate at which small fish attacked each other in theabsence of larger conspecifics. This raises the possibility that levels ofaggression among farmed salmon might be reduced by the addition of a fewlarge conspecifics.
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  • 15
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    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2015-2023 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; growth ; phenolics ; Hebeloma ; Hymenoscyphus ; Picea abies ; Vaccinium myrtillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathy due to humus phenolics is a cause of natural regeneration deficiency in subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. If inhibition of spruce germination and seedling growth due to allelochemicals is generally accepted, in contrast there is a lack of knowledge about phenolic effects on mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, this work tested effects of a humic solution and its naturally occurring phenolics on the growth and respiration of two mycorrhizal fungi: Hymenoscyphus ericae (symbiont of Vaccinium myrtillus, the main allelochemical-producing plant) and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (symbiont of P. abies, the target plant). Growth and respiration of H. crustuliniforme were inhibited by growth medium with the original humic solution (−6% and −30%), respectively, whereas the same humic solution did not affect growth but decreased respiration of H. ericae (−55%). When naturally occurring phenolics (same chemicals and concentrations in the original humic solution) were added to the growth medium, growth of H. crustuliniforme was not affected, whereas that of H. ericae significantly increased (+10%). We conclude that H. ericae is better adapted to the allelopathic constraints of this forest soil than H. crustuliniforme and that the dominance of V. myrtillus among understory species could be explained in this way.
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  • 16
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; fertilizer mixes ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potato plants and yield of tubers were poor in plots fertilized with rock phosphate alone but the addition of pyrites so improved its efficacy that it outyielded superphosphate in one season. A mixture of rock phosphate and superphosphate, in equal proportions on a P basis, was found to be 85–93% as effective as suerphosphate in increasing tuber yield.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Keywords: poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; temperature ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative investigation of the intracellular content of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid showed that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains accumulated, on the average, lower amounts of this reserve substance than Listeria monocytogenes strains. The intracellular pool of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid was responsible for the growth of the bacteria at low temperatures (4–6°C) in the absence of any exogenous carbon and energy source.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: Scenedesmus quadricauda ; growth ; cell size ; photosynthetic activity ; imazalil sulfate ; three-phase dose response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three-phase dose responses of biological systems of different levels of organization are often called “paradoxical” because the biological effects are clearly manifested under low- and high-intensity treatments, but are absent during moderate-strength treatments. In this work, we found anomalous changes in the cell number of a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. grown in the presence of the fungicide imazalil sulfate. At low imazalil concentrations (2.5 × 10–9–2.5 × 10–6 M), the slow increase in the cell number as compared to an untreated culture was not related to cell death. As seen by the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis, thermal stability of photosynthetic membranes, etc.), the decrease in the growth rate at low concentrations of imazalil (2–10 × 10–9 M) was due to a long-term arrest of cell division in a fraction of the cell population rather than to a decrease in the rate of division. The absence of a toxic effect or even a slight stimulation of culture growth at moderate concentrations (0.05–1.25 × 10–6 M) was due to the resumption of cell division after a temporal cessation. At these concentrations, imazalil induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance to the fungicide (acclimation). Cell death was observed only at a high fungicide content in the medium (6.25 × 10–6 and higher). Thus, the three-phase (bimodal) dose response corresponds to two regimes (steady-states) of cell functioning which differ in cell sensitivity to external stimuli. The low-sensitivity state, which is characteristic of cells that have experienced stress, is likely to be the state known as “hormesis.”
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    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; carbon dioxide ; culture ; growth ; Nostocflagelliforme ; rehydration, watering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The terrestrial blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Nostoc flagelliforme, was cultured in air at variouslevels of CO2, light and watering to see theireffects on its growth. The alga showed the highestrelative growth rate at the conditions of highCO2 (1500 ppm), high light regime (219–414μmol m-2s-1) and twice daily watering,but the lowest rate at the conditions of low light(58–114 μmol m-2s-1) and daily twicewatering. Increased watering had little effect ongrowth rate at 350 ppm CO2, but increased byabout 70% at 1500ppm CO2 under high lightconditions. It was concluded that enriched CO2could enhance the growth of N. flagelliformewhen sufficient light and water was supplied.
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  • 20
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    Aquatic ecology 34 (2000), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: adaptation ; fitness ; food quality ; growth ; reproduction ; temporary ponds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temporary pond Daphnia flourish on relatively poor-quality food, suggesting adaptation to stringent temporary pond conditions. We conducted laboratory life history experiments on populations of Daphnia obtusa from a shaded woodland temporary pond (short hydroperiod, dystrophic) and an open farmland temporary pond (long hydroperiod, eutrophic), and compared a suite of physical/chemical conditions in the ponds to evaluate habitat conditions. We hypothesized that the shaded woodland pond population would be more fit in terms of life history variables for individuals (age and size at first reproduction, mean brood size, mean number of neonates) and populations (generation time, net reproductive rate R 0, and intrinsic reproductive rate r) given a standard, low-quality food (trout chow and yeast). Life history traits of woodland pond animals were mixed, relative to farm pond animals, and consistent with bet-hedging for an unpredictable habitat. Values of life history traits rivaled or exceeded those of other studies using phytoplankton as food, and were influenced by the pond water used for our study. Life histories clearly differ among local and regional temporary pond Daphnia obtusa populations, and should be valuable for examining the relative influences of local selection and metapopulation dynamics on population structure.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: desiccation ; growth ; growth model ; inorganic carbon ; nutrients ; photoperiod ; photosynthesis ; pigments ; Porphyra linearis ; PPF ; respiration ; temperature ; water velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of environmental parameters on the growthof Porphyra linearis gametophytes was examinedunder controlled conditions, and related to themultilinear regression growth model recently developedfor this seaweed under coastal conditions in theeastern Mediterranean. Growth chambers, a gradienttable, special culture devices and analytical methodswere combined for this culture study.The major factors significantly controlling thegrowth rate of the P. linearis gametophytein glass dishes were: photoperiod, temperature, agein culture, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), salinityand water dynamics. Maximal growth occurred underdaylength of 12 h, medium temperature (15–20 °C), low PPF (70–140 μmol photon m-2s-1), ambient salinity (30–40 ppt), 1–3 h ofdaily air exposure, and water velocity of 4 cm s-1.Photosynthesis and respiration rates weredominantly affected by daylength and temperature,while the concentration of pigments was dominantlyaffected by PPF and temperature.These conditions correspond well to the optimalnatural growth environment of this local species andare in agreement with the optimum estimated throughthe recently developed outdoor mathematical growthmodel.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: crayfish ; Procambarus alleni ; growth ; Florida Everglades ; hydroperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Environmental conditions influence crustacean growth by affecting molt intervals and incremental increases in length and weight. In the seasonally-flooded marl prairie wetlands of eastern Everglades National Park, U.S.A., hydropattern exerts considerable influence on aquatic primary productivity, and so may influence the availability of food resources for higher trophic levels. The seasonal hydroperiod has been drastically altered by anthropogenic factors, but the impacts on the aquatic community are not well known. We studied whether differences in growth of crayfish Procambarus alleni could be detected in habitats with different hydroperiods. We first described growth patterns based on incremental increases in length and weight of crayfish on a high protein diet in the laboratory. Regression analyses indicated that growth patterns in males and females were similar. Although the intermolt period increased with age, the proportional increases in length and weight were similar through successive molts. The relationship between length and weight of crayfish was best described by a power equation for allometric growth. We then compared growth curves for crayfish subpopulations from different areas of the marl prairie. In habitats with the longest hydroperiods, crayfish weight-at-size was not significantly different from that in laboratory crayfish on the high protein diet. However, weight gain per unit increase in length in short hydroperiod sites was significantly less than in long hydroperiod sites or in the laboratory. These results indicate that crayfish productivity may be associated with hydroperiod in these stressed wetlands, and this may contribute to observed source-sink population regulation.
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  • 23
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: motor response ; growth ; catecholamines
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 24
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; growth ; literature growth ; logistic function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The literature growth in pharmacokinetics and bioavailability between the years 1964 and 1980 is analyzed. During much of this period, the literature doubled approximately every 1.6 years. However, during the period 1978–1980, little or no growth was observed. During the period 1950–1967, the total chemical literature increased exponentially with a half-life of 8.28 years; between 1968 and 1980, the half-life was 12.4 years. Thus, the pharmacokinetic literature increased at a much more rapid pace than did the total chemical literature in general. The subject of growth is considered in a general context, particularly as influenced by psychological, sociological, political, and economic factors. It is concluded that while mathematical functions may adequately describe past literature trends, they have little if any utility in predicting future trends in specific research areas such as pharmacokinetics.
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: emersion ; growth ; Pecten maximus ; scallop spat ; survival ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scallop spat production normally requires transfer between growthsystems. Simulated transport experiments were carried out in April, June,December and February to evaluate effects of transport time on greatscallop (Pecten maximus) spat growth and survival. The spat (1.7–1.8 mm in shell-height and 21–25 µg ash free dry weight [AFDW]) wereheld in moist coffee filters at a temperature of 10 °C for up to 24 h,before being replaced into sieves in rearing tanks at 15 °C. The studyshowed that by increasing air emersion time, survival and growthdecreased. No significant difference in the results between 0 and 4 h of airemersion was found, while the effects after 12 and 24 h differed betweenspat groups. Survival and growth rates showed seasonal differences. Meansurvival was 35–71% in April and 77–99% from June to February. In Junemean growth rates attained were 115–128 µm shell-height and 15–18µg AFDW per day compared with 49–69 µm and 3.8–7.0 µgper day for the other spat groups. Great scallop spat may survive atransfer time of 24 h, but transportation for longer than 12 h is notrecommended if subsequent high survival and growth rates are to beensured.
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  • 26
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 207-225 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; mortality ; Pecten maximus ; suspended culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and mortality of the king scallop, Pecten maximus, werecompared when grown in cages and by ear hanging in suspended culturein Fuengirola, Malaga, in southern Spain. Seed (juveniles) used in theexperiment was collected in September 1997 that had settled on collectorsin April-June, of that year. Culture in suspended cages began in January1998 when the seed measured 42.7 (3.3) mm shell height and ended inFebruary 1999. Significantly faster growth was found at a minimum culturedensity (16 scallops/cage) than at two other densities (24 and 36scallops/cage). Depth (1, 5 and 10 m from the bottom) influenced growth,poorest growth occurred closest to the bottom. Under optimum growingconditions, 16 scallops/cage suspended 10 m from the bottom, scallops grewto 10 cm shell length (legal size) by February 1999.In ear hanging culture, ropes were moored in April (51.3 (4.5) mm),June (58.2 (4.5) mm) and November 1998 (64.3 (4.9) mm).Initially, rapid shell growth was observed in all three cultures.Subsequently, the shells became covered with barnacles, Balanus sp.,that possibly caused total mortality of the April culture and led to highmortalities in the two other cultures.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) ; size grading ; size variation
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study presents two experiments addressing growth and size variation in fingerling silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus. In the first experiment, fish close to mean population size were raised either in the presence or absence of five larger fish for 60 days. Mean specific growth rate (SGR) and increases in the coefficient of variation and skewness were lower in the presence of larger fish, indicating a negative effect of large fish on the growth of smaller ones. In the second experiment, fingerlings were graded into groups smaller and larger than the median size of the population and raised in size-sorted groups of 60 large or small fish and mixed groups of 30 fish of each size category, for 60 days. There was no difference in mean SGR among groups, nor between the mixed group ad the weighted mean of the small and large groups. Biomass gain was higher in the mixed groups than in the weighted small-and-large groups, probably due to a slightly lower survival in the groups comprised of large fish. The fact that the effect of large fingerlings on the growth of smaller ones was evident in the first, but not the second, experiment may be attributed to higher size disparity between large and small fingerlings in the first experiment.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: 17 β-estradiol ; fish meal ; gonadal development ; growth ; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ; plant proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate theeffect of plant protein‐based diets on gonadaldevelopment and plasma 17 β-estradiol (E2) levelin female Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.Fish with a mean body weight of 6.7 (0.1) g were fedfour different diets with the same digestible protein(DP) and digestible energy (DE) containing gradedlevels of a mixture of plant ingredients as partial ortotal replacement of fish meal protein for 20 weeks.The control diet (D0) was based on fish meal, twodiets containing 33% (D33) and 66% (D66) of plantprotein, and one diet containing only plant protein(D100). Fish were sampled at 12 and 20 weeks. Nosignificant differences were found in different stagesof oocyte development and plasma E2 levels betweentilapia fed diets D0 and D100 at 12 weeks. Eight weekslater tilapia fed diet D0 showed a higher (P 〈 0.05)level of E2 than the D100 group. This difference andthe reduced proportion of vitellogenic and matureoocytes demonstrated that diets containing only plantprotein are less efficient in terms of tilapia growthand consequently ovarian development.
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 455-461 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: floating cages ; growth ; pink dentex (Dentex gibbosus) ; sparids (Dentex dentex, Sparus aurata, Spondyliosoma cantharus, Diplodus puntazzo)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Aquaculture international 7 (2000), S. 369-382 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) ; larvae ; light intensity ; photperiod ; tank colour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two separate experiments, haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae were raised under different photoperiods (24L : 0D or 15L : 9D), or different combinations of tank colour (black or white) and light intensity (1.1 μmol s−1 m−2 or 18 μmol s−1 m−2). Growth (0.8% day−1 in standard length; 2.9% day−1 in body area) and survival (2%) were not significantly different between photoperiod treatments after 35 days. Larval survival was greater in white versus black tanks after 41 days (2% versus l%, respectively). Growth of larvae was impaired in black tanks at low (1.1 μmol s−1 m−2) light intensity (0.8% day−1 in standard length and 2.2% day−1 in body area versus 1.1% day 21 in standard length and 3.1% day−1 in body area, for all other treatments). Transmission and reflection of light was low in black tanks at low incident light, and there was very little upwelling light. The resultant poor prey to background contrast probably resulted in larvae being unable to consume sufficient food to sustain a level of growth comparable to that in other treatments.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bivalve ; fouling ; growth ; Newfoundland ; nursery ; sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) ; spat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hatchery-reared sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) spat weremonitored for growth and recovery in three experiments to determine themost suitable system for nursery culture. In Experiment I, four size classesof nursery-sized spat held at two depths from October to July exhibiteddeclining growth rates over the winter period and increased growth ratesin the spring. Overall, season, depth and initial size had a significantinfluence on the absolute and specific growth rates of scallops. Recovery,defined as number of scallops remaining after mortality and loss of spatthrough gear mesh, was influenced by season and initial size, but notdepth. Scallops in the 3.0 mm+ size class had higher growth rates andrecovery than those in the 1.4–1.6 mm, 1.7–1.9 mm and 2.0–2.9 mm sizeclasses. In Experiment II, two gear types containing similar size spat werecompared. Growth rates were significantly higher in 3.0 mm pearl nets thanin 3.0 mm collector bags, although recovery was similar between the twoequipment types. Experiment III, two stocking densities of nursery-sizedspat were compared in collector bags. Neither growth rate nor recoverywere significantly different for the two densities (2600 and 5200spat/collector bag) tested. Overall, these studies indicated that importantparameters for optimizing the growth and recovery of scallops in a farm-based nursery system include season, initial spat size, deployment depthand gear type.
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  • 32
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) ; growth ; low temperature ; stocking density ; time restricted feeding,/kwd〉
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of time restricted feeding, possibility of bottomfeeding and stocking density on the growth of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus L.) were examined in fish held at lowtemperature (〈2 °C). Fish fed for a restricted time (1 h) hadsignificantly (p 〈 0.05) lower specific growth rate (0.15 vs0.32% per day) than those fed the same ration over an extendedtime period (12 h). Increasing stocking densities had a positive andsignificant effect (p 〈 0.05) on growth with SGR increasing from 0.27to 0.52% per day at 2–30 kg m-3. Fish withaccess to feed on the tank floor had a significantly higher (p 〈0.05) growth rate (0.3 vs 0.13% per day) than those without thepossibility to feed from the bottom. When fish were held underconditions without access to the bottom a doubling of the feed rationdid not result in a significant (p 〉 0.05) increase in growth rate(0.13 vs 0.12%percnt; per day).
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1981), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: children ; growth ; high protein rice ; nitrogen retention ; rice-based diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of high protein milled rices (IR480-5-9 and IR2153-338-3, 10% protein) on the nitrogen retention and growth of preschool Indian children was assessed in two feeding trials in a residential home. The children were offered, ad libitum, a rice-based diet in four meals daily without vitamin and mineral supplement. The children in the experimental group were given the high protein rice; those in the control group were given a local rice (7% protein). The groups had similar percent apparent digestibility and retention of dietary nitrogen. Statistically significant differences in increase in height and weight between the two groups were not consistently observed at the end of 4.5 to 5 months or 1 year. Possible factors contributing to these results are discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; inflow ; magnesium ; potassium ; (Prunus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects (and interaction) of two solution concentrations of Mg (50, 500, μM) and two of K (250, 4250 μM) on the growth of micropropagated plants of “F. 12/1” and “Colt” were investigated using a flowing solution culture system. Magnesium inflow and growth of “Colt” and “F. 12/1” were inhibited to a similar extent by an increased concentration of K in the nutrient solution. However, the consequences of this inhibition were different. Reduced inflow of Mg in “F. 12/1” caused Mg deficiency symptoms at high and low concentrations of K, whereas this only occurred with a combination of high K concentration and low Mg concentration in “Colt”. The distribution of dry matter within the plant was significant in determining susceptibility to Mg deficiency. Since “F. 12/1” has a smaller root:shoot ratio than Colt it is unable to sustain the same concentration of Mg in leaves as “Colt” irrespective of external K concentration. The molar ratio of K:Mg in soil solutions should remain 〈8.5:1 in order to ensure maximum growth of “F. 12/1” and “Colt”.
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    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; growth ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of biomass and N accumulation following defoliation of alfalfa and the application of N fertilization has rarely been studied under field conditions, particularly in the seeding year. Our objectives were to determine the effect of N fertilization on the dynamics of biomass and N accumulation during the first regrowth of alfalfa in the seeding year, and to determine if a model describing critical N concentration developed for established stands could be used in the seeding year. In two separate experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993, the biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa grown with three N rates (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha-1) were determined weekly. Maximum shoot growth was reached with 40 kg N ha-1 in 1992, and maximum shoot growth was not reached with the highest N fertilization rate in 1993. Nitrogen fixation, root N reserves and soil inorganic N uptake when no N was applied were, therefore, not sufficient to ensure non-limiting N conditions, particularly when growth rates were the highest between 14 to 21 d after defoliation. Nitrogen fertilization increased shoot biomass accumulation in the first 21 d of regrowth, biomass partitioning to the shoots and shoot and taproot N concentrations. The model parameters of critical N concentration developed by Lemaire et al. (1985) for established stands of alfalfa were not adequate in the seeding year. The N requirements per unit of shoot biomass produced are greater in the seeding year than on established stands, and this was attributed to a greater proportion of leaves in the seeding year.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light intensity ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; phosphorus–zinc interaction ; photosynthesis ; yield ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three Zn levels (0, 10 and 40 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and two P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg-1 soil). Experiment 1 was carried out during winter in a heated glasshouse, and experiment 2 during summer under a rain shelter. Plants of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Borlotto nano) were grown in pots filled with sandy soil. In both experiments, leaf Zn concentration was reduced by the addition of P to plants grown at low Zn supply. However, leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level was observed only during experiment 2, and the main effects of low Zn were reductions of internode length, light use efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate. In plants with leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level, saturating irradiance levels fell from ∼1000 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD to ∼300–400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. Reduction of net photosynthesis was observed from the beginning of flowering and led to decreased seed production.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: AM fungi ; colonisation ; growth ; mineral nutrition ; red raspberry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth, development and nutrient status of micropropagated Rubus idaeus cv. Glen Prosen in response to inoculation with nine species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from three different genera was investigated. The nine species of AM fungi included, Glomus clarum, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, Gigaspora rosea, Gi. gigantea, Gi. margarita, Scutellospora calospora, S. heterogama and S. persica. Plant responses to AM fungi varied from growth enhancement to growth depression. Depressive growth effects were specific to Gigaspora species. Furthermore, particular species of AM fungi had unique effects on the mineral status of the raspberry plants. Importance of isolate selection for inoculation of micropropagated raspberry plants is discussed.
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    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; growth ; nutrition ; nutrient deficiency ; plant stress ; respiration ; root ; root:shoot ratio ; root respiration ; source-sink relationship ; stress ; stress physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root respiration of kohlrabi (Brassica oleraceavar. gongylodes) was measured non-destructivelyin vivo by infrared gas analysis of completeroot systems, using potted plants in sand culture andnutrient solutions, for six weeks under (a) nutrientsufficiency, (b) deficiency of all mineral nutrients,(c) potassium deficiency or (d) phosphorus deficiency.This was to study the adaptation to nutrient stress interms of changes in root growth, root respiration,assimilate allocation and energy requirement fornutrient uptake. Both deficiencies of phosphorus andpotassium increased the root:shoot-ratio. This wasattributed to the plants transferring a largerrelative proportion of assimilates to the roots thanto the shoots relative to nutrient-sufficient plants.Roots of nutrient-sufficient kohlrabi respired 1.7 or7.7 mg CO2 h−1 per g fresh or dry matter, respectively. However, potassiumdeficiency enhanced root respiration to 2.4 mgCO2 h−1 or 12.2 mg CO2 h−1 on a per g fresh or dry weight basis respectively. This originated from an additional2.6 mg glucose g−1 dry matter h−1 allocated to the roots and provided 50 Joule additional energy(150 versus 100 Joule g−1 dry matter h−1)which may become available for the proposedK+:H+ symporter for potassium uptake.
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  • 39
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; pearl oyster ; feeding ; growth ; Red Sea ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plankton samples and gut contents of P. margaritifera were analysed monthly from April 1972 to March 1973. Coscinodiscus sp. was the most ingested food by pearl oysters of all ages. However, food variety increased as the oyster grew older. Experiments confirmed the absence of food selectivity in P. margaritifera. Unlike the young ones, the adult showed reduced growth during summer (July–September), which coincides with its spawning season.
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemerella subvaria ; autochthonous ; allochthonous ; algae ; diatoms ; macrophytes ; organic matter ; diet ; growth ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In two laboratory tests at 15 °C early-instar nymphs of the mayfly, Ephemerella subvaria were kept on different diets and their survival and growth recorded. The diets were either conditioned maple leaf discs; maple leaf disc remnants + Gammarus faecal material; maple leaf disc remnants + Hesperophylax faecal material; a clump of Cladophora strands or periphytic growth on small stones. A control group received no food. In both the tests, nymphs kept on Cladophora showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.05 or P ⩽ 0.01) higher percentage survival than for those on any other diet and the growth of these nymphs was second only to nymphs given periphyton as a diet. Although the nymphs on a diet of periphyton showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.01) higher growth as compared to those on other food sources, the survival percentage of these nymphs was the poorest, presumably because of food limitation. As expected, a diet of maple leaf discs resulted in significantly higher survival and growth of nymphs as compared to the nymphs not given any food. The results clearly demonstrated that autochthonous sources of organic matter can serve as excellent food for stream invertebrates.
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    Hydrobiologia 111 (1984), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic pressure ; aquatic macrophyte ; growth ; depth distribution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method was tested for growing aquatic vascular plants at elevated hydrostatic pressure so that the influence of other factors will not mask the specific plant-pressure interaction. Eighteen species of submersed vascular plants, belonging to twelve families and several distinct growth forms, were subjected to series of hydrostatic pressures including those well in excess of those encountered by the species when growing at its normal depths in lakes. Under no circumstances was the form of the plant altered even at the highest pressures, equivalent to that at a water depth of 23 m. The removal of confounding extraneous factors depends upon controlling competing algae, on raising the pressure in a series of steps, on maintaining the pressure without fluctuations during the growing period, on suiting the light and temperature conditions to the species and maintaining aquasoil air spaces or allowing them to develop. These preliminary data suggest that the level of hydrostatic pressure in the depth distribution of aquatic plants cannot be either a necessary or a sufficient controlling factor.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life cycles ; flight-periods ; growth ; production
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and production of Tinodes waeneri (L.) was examined at five shallow littoral localities in Lake Esrom, Denmark, during 1979/80. Five larval instars were demonstrated. The differences in temporal composition of instars indicated three different life cycles. A bivoltine strategy was shown for the most exposed locality which also had the highest average abundance equal to 11 500 ind. m−2. A univoltine population was found in the more sheltered NW part of the lake with an average density of 1 500 ind. m−2. At the three remaining stations the life cycles were partly bivoltine with wintering populations of mixed cohorts and densities between 10 500 and 3 000 ind. m−3. Two distinct flight periods with maxima in June and August were demonstrated for bi- and partly bivoltine populations. Differences in rates of growth and elimination added to the variability in life cycle. Growth rates peaked in August (5.0–7.4% d−1) at an average temperature of 20°C. Estimates of production ranged from 1.9 to 17.5 g AFDW m−2 a−1 with an average of 8.0 g AFDW m−2. The P/B ratios, which were within the expected range for uni- and bivoltine populations of trichopterans, were 5.73 for the bivoltine population and 3.31 for the univoltine population. Estimates of consumption revealed that the populations could be sustained by autochthonous epilithic production in the habitats. Variability in the quality and seasonal availability of food were judged to influence the type of life cycle.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: modeling ; growth ; tropical fishes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth parameters of the Von Bertalanffy equation have been computed by two methods for 24 populations of Tilapia in Malagasy lakes. The results obtained by the two technics are compared and the possible reasons of the observed differences are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Enteromorpha ; sewage treatment ; nutrient accumulation ; growth ; effect of salinity ; light and temperature
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  • 45
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis pyrifera ; giant kelp ; yield ; productivity ; growth ; biomass
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  • 46
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; benthic algae ; diesel oil ; growth ; recolonization
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  • 47
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    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATPase ; bioenergetics ; Fragaria ananassa Duch ; growth ; ion transport ; photosynthesis ; proton transport ; respiration ; source-sink ; strawberry
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical, physiological and anatomical properties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cv. 'Cambridge Favourite' stolons were studied during growth. ATPase activity was measured, in microsomal and plasma membrane fractions, along with chlorophyll determination, in-situ photosynthesis measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis of stolon cross-sections. Potassium-stimulated ATPase activity and proton-pumping, both together indicating the presence of plasma membrane ATPase, was greatest in the stolon tip, the tissue with the fastest growth and respiratory activity. The enzyme activity and respiration gradient from the tip of the stolon to the base was concomitant with xylem development which was more differentiated in the base than in the tip. These cross-sections also showed 30% greater amounts of calcium and potassium of the cryo-preserved basal part relative to the stolon tip. This gradient existed independent of the presence of daughter plants. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that for the long-distance longitudinal transport of nutrients this gradient between stolon tip and base is likely to be involved in stolon growth.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Biomphalaria ; growth ; sexual maturity ; reproductive apparatus ; reproduction ; starvation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Starvation of immature snails of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and B. glabrata results in an arrest of growth and animals remain immature. Spermatogenesis is limited to spermatogonia (B.g.) or spermatocytes 1 (B.p.). The number and the size of oocytes remain inferior to that of controls. Animals show reduced genital tracts. Once feeding is restored, growth is resumed but wet weight and shell diameter do not reach the same level as in controls. Fecundity and gametogenesis do not differ from that in controls. Genital tracts weight is proportional to body weight.
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  • 49
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Alestes ; growth ; feeding ; Nile
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The food, feeding habits and growth of 0+ Alestes nurse (Rüppel) from the Blue Nile near Khartoum, was investigated. 0+ A. nurse were observed to change their food from phytoplankton and small zooplankton during their pre-metamorphosis stages, to larger zooplankton (Daphnia spp., Chydorus sp.) and insects (larvae, pupae and imagines) during their post-metamorphosis stage. Their growth in length and weight was characterized by two distinct stanzas; during the first stanza, the fish increased in total length at a rate of 0.196 mm mm−1 wk−1, and in wet weight at a rate of 0.430 g g−1 wk−1. These rates were reduced during the second stanza to 0.046 mm mm−1 and 0.080 g g−1 wk−1, respectively. The calculated value of the exponent b in their length-weight relationship suggested that their growth was allometric.
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  • 50
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Clarias ; breeding ; maturation ; hormones ; growth ; cultivation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal abundance, population structure, reproduction, feeding, respiratory adaptations and tolerance were studied in the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) in the reservoir of Jebel Aulia on the White Nile, and in the Green-Belt canals near Khartoum. Continuous monitoring of the ripe, spent and spawning females and immature fish in the population revealed that C. lazera breed synchronously in the autumn in the reservoir and rather sporadically in the canals. Medium-sized females were more fecund than old and young females. Administration of pituitary extract enhanced maturation, induced spawning in mature fish, stimulated body growth, especially in maturing specimens, and produced, as a side-effect, a diuretic response. Mature fish depended on pulmonary respiration for about 45% of the total oxygen requirement. C. lazera fed preferentially on its fry and on decayed proteinaceous food. The suitability of this species for economic cultivation is discussed.
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  • 51
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Naididae ; growth ; experimental
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peculiarities of the growth in weight and length of Stylaria lacustris (L.) on the basis of observations in experimental vessels are considered. The growth of this species fits a parabolic curve. The equations relating weight to absolute growth rate as well as weight to duration of life are given.
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  • 52
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Psammoryctides barbatus ; growth ; cocoon production
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tubificid Psammoryctides barbatus is common in the sediments of English chalk streams. The species is primarily a spring and summer breeder with the most intense period of reproduction from April to June throughout its distribution in the river. Recruitment of juveniles takes place chiefly from June to August and most of the worms attain maturity in the following spring. In culture at 15 °C worms had attained 38 mm within 90 days of hatching and showed early signs of maturity. Growth rates and rates of cocoon production in culture are presented.
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  • 53
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 456-462 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; light ; growth ; biomass production
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  • 54
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis ; Phaeophyta ; growth ; nutrients ; composition ; morphology ; mariculture
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  • 55
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 547-550 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Sargassum ; alginate ; growth ; seasonality ; fertility ; yield
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  • 56
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life-history ; production ; growth ; Chironomus riparius ; Glyptotendipes paripes ; Chironomidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C. riparius and G. paripes exhibited univoltine life-cycles in Stephenson Pond; pupation, emergence and oviposition occurred mainly during May, and both species overwintered as mature fourth instar larvae. The marjority of larval growth for both species took place during the fourth instar stage (August–October), and growth and production were very low during late May to mid July when only young instars were present. Low production occurred during an interval when sestonic chlorophyll a concentration was very low, and the high production period corresponded to the Aphanizomenon bloom (August) and the autumn diatom pulse. None of the growth and production parameters investigated were correlated with temperature at the mud-water interface. Tube structure and behavior of the larvae indicate that G. paripes larvae are filter-feeders, whereas, C. riparius larvae are deposit-feeders.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; secondary production ; Cerastoderma edule ; stable isotope ratios ; microphytobenthos ; intertidal ; Marennes-Oléron Bay
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of natural food sources to the growth and secondary production of the suspension feeding bivalve Cerastoderma edule (L.) was estimated under field conditions in the Marennes-Oléron Bay (Atlantic coast, France). Monthly estimates of abundance, biomass and cockle growth were combined with seasonal analyses of δ13C and δ15N ratios of juvenile and adult cockles, together with their potential food sources [i.e. suspended particulate organic matter (POM), microphytobenthos, macroalgae and seagrass] sampled at mid-tide level in a muddy sandflat. Adult cockles grew mainly in spring, whereas juveniles grew in summer and autumn, following spat recruitment in early summer. Total annual production and elimination of cockles were estimated to be 32.5 and 34.7 g AFDW m−2 yr−1. Relative contributions of each year class to production were ca 40, 41, 11 and 6% for 0-group, 1-, 3- and 4-yr-old cockles in 1995, respectively. Quantitative assessment of proportions of food sources to the annual secondary production of cockles was obtained by using a simple carbon isotope-mixing model with microphytobenthos (δ13C = −16.0±0.6‰) and POM (δ13C = −22.2±1.1‰) as end-members. On average, more than 70% of the total annual cockle production originated from microphytobenthos, with a much higher contribution for the 0-group (88%) than for adult cockles (60%). The between-age difference was induced mainly by changes in the availability of food resources (benthic versus planktonic) during the non-synchronous growing seasons of juvenile and adult cockles.
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  • 58
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    Hydrobiologia 72 (1980), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; growth ; feedback mechanism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the eutrophic Bautzen reservoir (German Democratic Republic) the compensation light intensities (photosynthesis = respiration of the phytoplankton) have been found to be extremely low if no free carbon dioxide is available. This result is interpreted as a minimization of the cell respiration under CO2-limitation of the photosynthesis.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: catfish ; feeding rates ; growth ; body composition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food intake, growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of the non-air breathing catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch) were studied in relation to different feeding levels. Fish weighing 817.9 ± 104.00 mg was found to consume a maximum of 156.0 mg live Tubifex worm/g day-1. Geometrically derived feeding rates of 6.75, 23.00 and 26.00 mg dry food/g live fish day-1 represent the maintenance, optimum and maximum levels respectively. The SDA increased from 6.75 mg/g day-1 at maintenance to 13.50 mg/g day-1 at maximum feeding rate. Starvation brougt about increase in body water content, while there was concomitant decrease in fat and crude protein.
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  • 60
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    Hydrobiologia 79 (1981), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic pressure ; depth distribution ; growth ; Myriophyllum ; Watermilfoil
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract These experimental studies have shown that this plant will grow successfully at pressures encountered in water at depths as great as 17 m. When there were suitable levels of light, temperature, nutrients and aeration, the plants grown under constant hydrostatic pressure for three weeks showed variations in the measured amounts of new growth but no measure could be associated with the constant increased hydrostatic pressure. Sudden changes in pressure are thought to play a significant role in aquatic plant growth under experimental conditions.
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  • 61
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    Environmental biology of fishes 58 (2000), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: competition ; substrate ; habitat preferences ; growth ; foraging efficiency
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The substrate preferences, growth rates and foraging efficiency of two small benthic fish species, juvenile burbot, Lota lota, and stone loach, Barbatula barbatula, were compared in combined outdoor mesocosm and indoor laboratory experiments. Both species preferred the same stony substrate when alone, but significant differences in habitat selection were found between the two species under food deprivation and competition conditions. In burbot, preference for the stony habitat was reinforced under food-deprivation conditions and became even stronger when a potential competitor, the stone loach, was present. In contrast, stone loach switched to the gravel substrate when either starving or in the presence of a heterospecific competitor. Growth rates and foraging efficiency of burbot were significantly highest in the stony substrate and decreased with finer substrates. In stone loach, neither growth rates nor foraging efficiency were significantly different among the different substrates. The results provide an example of habitat partitioning by means of different competition styles, with a stenoecious, dominant style of the burbot and an euryoecious, evasive style of stone loach allowing coexistence of two sympatric fish species by graded interactions at an individual level in the littoral zone of a large lake.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: activity patterns ; foraging behaviour ; growth ; oxygen content ; predation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory experiments were set up to obtain data on the reasons for different habitat selection of Enallagma cyathigerum and Platycnemis pennipes. (1) Rearing of larvae in two different ponds showed that while P. pennipes was not able to survive conditions of low oxygen content, 50% of the E. cyathigerum larvae survived. (2) In field predation experiments with sticklebacks and dragonflies as predators, we found that E. cyathigerum suffered highest predation by the fish. In P. pennipes, mortality was highest with Anax imperator. (3) Experiments regarding larval behaviour showed that E. cyathigerum was generally more active and had higher foraging success than P. pennipes. Both species reduced activity in the presence of fish, but E. cyathigerum did so to a minor extent. In contrast to P. pennipes, E. cyathigerum showed escaping behaviour. (4) In the laboratory, the growth of E. cyathigerum was faster than that of P. pennipes.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sargochromis codringtonii ; growth ; reproduction ; Lake Kariba
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Age determination of Sargochromis codringtonii was undertaken using scalimetry. Marginal scale analysis, used for age validation, indicated that annulus formation occurred in October and November. The possible reasons for this are discussed. S. codringtonii is relatively long-lived, surviving up to 8 years. It is sexually dimorphic with males growing at a faster rate and attaining a larger size than females. It is suggested that the mouth brooding habits of the female fish is one possible reason for sexual dimorphism. A higher total mortality rate (Z) was recorded for females as compared to males. S. codringtonii reproduces throughout the year, but with a peak during the hot wet months. The right ovary is atrophied and the possible significance of this is discussed.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomus tentans ; culture ; toxicity testing ; growth ; emergence ; density
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The midge Chironomus tentans Fabricius is a commonly used freshwater invertebrate in sediment toxicity tests. Rigorous laboratory culturing techniques are needed to provide organisms of uniform quality and known age for use in testing and for the continuation of the culture itself. This study was conducted to determine the effect of initial culture stocking density on: (1) post-hatch (larval) dry weight, body length and head-capsule width at 10 and 20 days; (2) time to emergence; (3) number and sex of emergent adults; (4) number of larvae and pupae at test termination (day 42 post hatch); and (5) adult dry weight. Three egg stocking densities were used 690 (1.1 eggs cm−2), 1043 (1.7 eggs cm−2) and 1463 (2.4 eggs cm−2). Mean weight of larvae at 10 days in high density tanks (0.13 mg/organism) was significantly higher (P=0.003) than both the medium and low density tanks (0.10 and 0.09 mg/organism, respectively). No significant differences between the three stocking densities were observed for the body length or head-capsule width at either 10 or 20 days post-hatch. Although not statistically significant, larval dry weight decreased with increased stocking density at day 20. A significantly (P=0.02) greater number of females (173±28) emerged from the low stocking density compared to both the medium and high stocking densities (123±45 and 118±54, respectively). Peak adult emergence for the low and medium stocking densities occurred between days 22 and 25 post-hatch, whereas peak adult emergence occurred between days 30 and 33 for the high stocking density. Survival relative to the initial number of eggs stocked was significantly greater (P=0.007) in the low density treatment compared to that in either the medium or the high density treatments. Mean adult weight exhibited an inverse relationship with initial stocking densities. At test end, there was not a significant difference in the mean number of organisms surviving and emerging in the three density levels. The central tendency for number of organisms surviving for all three treatments was 504 organisms per tank (0.82 organisms cm−2). The results of this experiment suggest that an optimal egg stocking density of 1.0 egg cm−2 (∼600 eggs/tank) be used with the feeding rate identified. This would ensure uniform larvae at the appropriate developmental stage (2nd–3rd instar) needed for toxicological research/testing (e.g. 10 days post-hatch), as well as producing sufficient emergence of males and females for future culture establishment.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Macrobrachium ; eyestalk ablation ; growth ; Conversion of food
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bilateral eyestalk ablation in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri results in high mortality, while unilateral eyestalk ablated prawns exhibited a high survival rate. There was marked increase in the growth of bilateral eyestalk-ablated prawns (47.70 mg/prawn) as compared to those that were unilaterally ablated (19.19 mg/prawn).
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 79 (1981), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mineral nutrition ; growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of composition of the medium and pH on the growth of Pediastrum duplex Meyen and Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood was studied. Both species showed preference to alkaline conditions. The ammonium nitrate grown colonies of D. pulchellum lacked mucilage and showed a more compact form, resembling D. pulchellum var. minitum Deflandre. From this it appears that D. pulchellum var. minitum is a nutritional variant of the species and not a stable variety.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Salamandra ; Urodela ; metamorphosis ; growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salamandra salamandra larvae originating from a single batch (layed by one female) were raised at different temperatures and on ion-rich or distilled water. Temperature, but not the presence or absence of ions affected growth. Larvae originating from one batch or from several batches born on the same day, were kept without food for long periods of several months in order to observe cannibalistic predation under such conditions. This phenomenon is known in natural populations of salamanders inhabitating either rain pools in rocks or permanent springs poor in aquatic life. It was found that cannibalism increased under experimental conditions proportionally to the increase in size between the larvae.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bream ; growth ; condition ; fecundity ; zooplankton ; chironomids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bream (Abramis brama L.) population of Tjeukemeer was studied for three successive years. The growth, condition, gonad development, diet and feeding conditions of the fish are described. Food competition for two years with the then abundant young planktivorous smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) resulted in a decreased growth rate, condition and gonad development of the larger bream. The biomass of chironomids was too small in relation to that of the zooplankton to be important for the bream population, although they were eaten more efficiently.
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  • 69
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    Environmental biology of fishes 59 (2000), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: age ; growth ; reproduction ; mortality ; fish
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atherina presbyter is a common fish off the Canary Islands. Age, growth, reproduction, and mortality of the species are studied based on sampling carried out from July 1995 to June 1996. The parameters of the total length–total weight relationship are: a=0.004521, and b=3.0771. Otoliths age readings indicate that the sampled population consists of four age groups (0–III years). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all individuals are: L∞=122 mm total length, k=0.79 year−1, and t0=−0.21 years. Individuals grow quickly in their immature first year, attaining approximately 60% of their maximum length. After the first year, the annual growth rate drops rapidly, because the energy is probably diverted to reproduction. It is a gonochoristic species with no evidence of sexual dimorphism. The gonad is present as a single diffuse testis in males and as a single discrete ovary in females. The overall ratio of males to females is not significantly different from 1:1. The reproductive period of the species is protacted (February to June). The peak of the reproductive effort occurs in April–May. The size at first maturity is 68 mm. The population is being heavily exploited.
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  • 70
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    Environmental biology of fishes 59 (2000), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: fish behavior ; schooling ; size disparity ; density ; growth ; food availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Group membership can confer both advantages and disadvantages to growth in juvenile fishes. The balance between costs and benefits of social interactions can shift depending on such factors as the composition of the group (density and size disparity) and the availability of food. We examined the effect of these factors on absolute growth and growth depensation in juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. Increasing density and increasing size disparity had little influence on absolute growth rates of juvenile sablefish and the effects of these social factors were not modified by ration level. In experiments testing density effects, absolute growth did not differ among groups of 1, 3, or 10 fish held at high rations, but at low rations single fish exhibited a different pattern of size-dependent growth compared to fish in groups. In experiments testing disparity effects, absolute growth did not differ between groups with an even size distribution and groups with a mixed size distribution. The relative size of an individual within a group, i.e., small, medium, or large, also did not modify growth, despite evidence of higher chasing behavior in mixed size distributions. Although the growth of small fish was not diminished in the presence of large fish, negative impacts of size disparity were expressed in high levels of cannibalism, which occurred in 42% of groups with a mixed size distribution. Significant growth depensation over time occurred in the density experiment, but not in the size disparity experiment, possibly due to the shorter duration of the latter experiment. We suggest that growth depensation was generated by individual variability in growth capacity rather than social effects on growth rates. Schooling behavior, measured by group cohesion indices, increased with fish size and was higher in groups with an even vs. a mixed size distribution. These results for sablefish are consistent with other schooling species in which growth variability is determined by exploitative competition and/or genetic variability in growth capacity rather than interference competition.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: behavior ; grass shrimp ; growth ; longevity ; mummichog ; neurotransmitter ; predator ; prey ; serotonin ; top-down
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavior can demonstrate linkages ofcontaminant effects at different levels oforganization from the biochemical/cellular to theorganism, population, and community levels.Mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, from acontaminated area were previously found to havereduced condition, growth, and longevity, comparedwith conspecifics from clean sites. Thispopulation-level observation may be due to theirimpaired predator/prey behavior, which is associatedwith altered levels of serotonin in their brains. Theyare slow, less able to capture live food, and eat muchnon-nutritious detritus, which may contribute to theirdecreased growth and condition. They are also lessable to avoid being captured by blue crabs, which canalso contribute to their reduced life span andsize-structure. Grass shrimp, Palaemonetespugio, a major prey species, are not behaviorallyimpaired at this polluted site, but are more numerousand larger in size than at the reference site,probably due to reduced mummichog predation.
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  • 72
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Carnitine ; diet ; growth ; hybrid striped bass ; lipid ; Morone ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of graded dietary levels and different types of carnitine on hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂ %) fed different levels of lipid. An incomplete factorial design was utilized in which diets containing lipid at either 5 or 10% were supplemented with l-carnitine at 0, 500, or 1000 mg kg−1 diet, dl-carnitine at 1000 mg kg−1 diet, or carnitine chloride to provide 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 diet. Juvenile hybrid striped bass (3.3 g fish−1) were stocked into individual 38-l aquaria connected as a brackish water (6‰), recirculating system and fed each diet in triplicate for 9 weeks. Supplementation of the diet with 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 increased muscle carnitine from 35.5 to 47.7 μg g−1 tissue. Carnitine supplementation did not result in increased weight gain regardless of carnitine level or type; however, weight gain showed a significant (p〈0.05) response to dietary lipid with fish fed diets containing 10% lipid growing 34% more than fish fed diets with 5% lipid. The hepatosomatic index also was unaffected by diet, but the intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was significantly elevated (5.1 vs 3.2%) in fish fed diets with 10% lipid compared to those fed diets with 5% lipid. Fish fed diets containing 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 had increased IPF ratio values at 4.7% compared to 3.9% for fish fed the basal diet. Liver lipid also was responsive to dietary treatment, increasing from 6.7 to 8.8% of wet weight as dietary lipid increased from 5 to 10%. The relative quantities of triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids in muscle and liver were not influenced by carnitine level, carnitine type or dietary lipid level. Supplementation of carnitine does not appear to be beneficial to hybrid striped bass based on either growth performance or body composition.
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    Plant molecular biology 43 (2000), S. 569-581 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle cell differentiation ; cell proliferation ; growth ; shoot apical meristem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The shoot apical meristem is a group of rapidly dividing cells that generate all aerial parts of the plant. It is a highly organised structure, which can be divided into functionally distinct domains, characterised by specific proliferation rates of the individual cells. Genetic studies have enabled the identification of regulators of meristem function. These factors are involved in the formation and maintenance of the meristem, as well as in the formation of the primordia. Somehow, they must also govern cell proliferation rates within the shoot apex. Possible links between meristem regulators and the cell cycle machinery will be discussed. In order to analyse the role of cell proliferation in development, cell cycle gene expression has been perturbed using transgenic approaches and mutation. The effect of these alterations on growth and development at the shoot apex will be presented. Together, these studies give a first insight into the regulatory networks controlling the cell cycle and into the significance of cell proliferation in plant development.
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  • 74
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: food competition ; growth ; size matching ; Sparus aurata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of food competition and relative size of group members on growth of sea bream, Sparus aurata were tested in groups composed of four fish. Each group consisted of a medium sized test fish (approximately 250 mg) and three fish larger or smaller than the test fish. In the first experiment food competition was addressed directly by contrasting its presence with its absence. Neither food competition nor relative size of school members had a significant effect on growth. However, there was a highly significant interaction between these two main effects. Under conditions of food competition the medium sized test fish had a three times higher specific growth rate when surrounded by small vs large fish. Under conditions of no food competition when the test fish were separated during feeding a similar but reverse pattern occurred due to differences in food conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, the effects of food quantity and relative size of group members were tested. Both main effects and their interaction were highly significant. Under conditions of low food competition (i.e., surplus food supply) fish grew again better when surrounded by larger fish as compared to their growth rate when surrounded by smaller ones. Size matching via a differential growth rate in a schooling species such as sea bream was suggested to increase the confusion effect by reducing the ability of a predator to focus on an odd sized fish. The implications of direct competition for food for the efficient culture of this species are discussed.
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  • 75
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: CHD3 ; cell culture ; complement ; differential mRNA display polymerase chain reaction ; growth ; nucleolin ; protein kinase ; rainbow trout ; RTG-2 cell ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The direct effect of osmolality on growth and mRNA population were investigated in the rainbow trout cell line (RTG-2). These cells can grow in the media of osmolalities ranging from 200 to 600 mosmol kg-1. With two-dimensional electrophoresis, the in vitro translation of poly(A+) RNA isolated from these cells showed osmoresponsive changes in the population of translatable mRNAs. Using differential mRNA display polymerase chain reaction, however, we identified inducible cDNA products in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media as third component of complement, and as homologues of known genes: an atypical protein kinase regulated by the thyrotropin-dependent mitogenic pathway, nucleolin and CHD3. The remaining cDNAs have no significant homology in GenBank. Northern blots demonstrate that their mRNA levels were induced in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media, but not by other stresses. The expressed proteins of these mRNAs may be involved directly or indirectly in the adaptation of RTG-2 cells to different osmolalities probably through the osmotic signal transduction and adjustment in cellular metabolism to osmotic stress.
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  • 76
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: swimming velocity ; thermal tolerance ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; metabolism ; food consumption ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although thermal influences on the physiology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been widely studied, there is little information about the responses of different genetic strains to temperatures. The effects of water temperature (10, 14, 19, 22, and 25 °C) on food consumption rate, growth rate, gross conversion efficiency, resting routine oxygen consumption rate, upper critical thermal tolerance and critical swimming velocity were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout of the Eagle Lake (O. m. aquilarum) subspecies and the Mt. Shasta strain. No strain-related differences in conversion efficiency, oxygen consumption rates, thermal tolerance or swimming performance were observed in 1995 (19, 22, and 25 °C) or 1996 (10, 14, and 19 °C), but Mt. Shasta strain trout grew faster at highest temperatures than did Eagle Lake trout. Food consumption rates, growth rates, conversion efficiency, and oxygen consumption rates declined at the extreme temperatures (10 and 25 °C) in both Eagle Lake and Mt. Shasta trout. Swimming performance was temperature-independent between 10 and 19 °C (overall mean: 5.43 body lengths s−1).
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 5-32 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: inequality ; growth ; Kuznets curve ; Gini coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Evidence from a broad panel of countries shows little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment. For growth, higher inequality tends to retard growth in poor countries and encourage growth in richer places. The Kuznets curve—whereby inequality first increases and later decreases during the process of economic development—emerges as a clear empirical regularity. However, this relation does not explain the bulk of variations in inequality across countries or over time.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 185-206 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: innovation ; growth ; inequality ; hierarchic demand ; multiple equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article analyzes the impactof inequality on growth when consumers have hierarchic preferencesand technical progress is driven by innovations. With hierarchicpreferences, the poor consume predominantly basic goods, whereasthe rich consume also luxury goods. Inequality has an impacton growth because it affects the level and the dynamics of aninnovator's demand. It is shown that redistribution from veryrich to very poor consumers can be beneficial for growth. Ingeneral, the growth effect depends on the nature of redistribution.Due to a demand externality from R&D activities, multipleequilibria are possible.
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  • 79
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 341-360 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; investment ; human capital ; financial development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Thisarticle decomposes the well-documented relationship between financialdevelopment and growth. We examine whether financial developmentaffects growth solely through its contribution to growth in ``primitives'' or factor accumulation rates or whether it alsohas a positive impact on total factor productivity growth. Ourresults suggest that indicators of financial development arecorrelated with both total factor productivity growth and investment.However, the indicators that are correlated with total factorproductivity growth differ from those that encourage investment.In addition, many of the results are sensitive to the inclusionof country fixed effects, which may indicate that the financialdevelopment indicators are proxying for broader country characteristics.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 361-384 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: capital ; growth ; productivity ; public sector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The cost of public investment is not the increment to the value ofpublic capital. Unlike with private investors, there is no plausiblebehavioral model in which every dollar that the public sectorspends as ``investment'' creates economically valuable ``capital.''While this simple analytic point is obvious, it has so far beenuniformly ignored in the empirical literature on economic growth,which uses—at best—cumulated, depreciated, investmenteffort (CUDIE) as a proxy for capital stocks. However, particularlyfor developing countries the difference between investment costand capital value is of first-order empirical importance: governmentinvestment is half of more of total investment, and calculationspresented here suggest that in many countries government investmentspending has created little useful capital. This has implicationsin three broad areas. First, none of the existing empirical estimatesof the impact of public spending has identified the productivityof public capital. Even where public capital has a potentiallylarge contribution to production, public-investment spendingmay have had a low impact. Second, it implies that all estimatesof total factor productivity in developing countries are deeplysuspect as there is no way to empirically distinguish betweenlow growth because of investments that create no factors andlow growth due to slow productivity growth. Third, multivariateregressions to date have not adequately controlled for capitalstock growth, which leads to erroneous interpretations of regressioncoefficients.
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    Journal of economic growth 5 (2000), S. 253-275 
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: knowledge ; ideas ; growth ; knowledge set ; paradigm ; combination of ideas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This articlepresents a model of knowledge, seen as a set of ideas definedin a multidimensional idea space. Knowledge is created throughconvex combinations of older ideas and through paradigm shifts.When normal science has made the knowledge set convex, scientificopportunity is exhausted. Individual countries are endowed withdifferent knowledge sets, which gives rise to idea gaps. Thegrowth of a country's knowledge depends on diffusion from othercountries, on own production, and on the state of its human capitaland institutions. In the long run, economic growth will dependon knowledge growth, but only paradigm shifts can save R&Dfrom diminishing returns
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    Review of industrial organization 17 (2000), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Age ; firms' ; growth ; jobs ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper relates recent empiricalresearch on the growth of U.K. companies to the maineconomic theories of firms' growth and to empiricalresults for the U.S.A. Smaller and younger firms havebeen growing more quickly than larger and older firms, thus generating proportionately more new jobs. Theseresults do not support the various theories of staticand dynamic economies of scale. Serial correlation ofgrowth is very low, so success does not persist. Thesystematic tendency for small and younger firms togrow more quickly is the main reason why firm growthis not entirely stochastic.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: growth ; interspecific interactions ; patch structure ; seagrass ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seagrass beds in South-east Asia sometimes consist of a mosaic of different species in monospecific patches. We examined whether the magnitude of within-patch variation in the seagrass Halophila ovalis is affected by the presence or absence of surrounding vegetation consisting of another seagrass species Thalassia hemprichii in an intertidal flat in Thailand waters. We measured biomass and growth rates of H. ovalis at the edges and centers of two different types of patches: (i) H. ovalis patches adjoining T. hemprichii vegetation (HT patches), and (ii) H. ovalis patches adjoining unvegetated sand flats (HS patches). Furthermore, we examined the possible effects of interspecific interactions on the growth of H. ovalis by experimentally removing adjoining T. hemprichii at the edges of HT patches. The biomass of H. ovalis was greater at the patch centre than the patch edge in both types of patches. For the growth rate of H. ovalis, significant interactions were detected between patch types and positions in patches. The difference in growth was significant and more than 4-fold between edges and centers of the HS patches, whereas the growth was not significantly different between edges and centers of the HT patches. The removal of T. hemprichii did not significantly affect the growth rate of H. ovalis at the edge of the HT patches. These findings demonstrate that the magnitude of within-patch variation in H. ovalis growth is affected by the conditions of adjoining habitats. However, any effects of local competition with T. hemprichii on H. ovalis growth were not evident in this short-term manipulative experiment.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
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    Environmental and resource economics 17 (2000), S. 353-373 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environmental transition ; growth ; Kuznets ; pollution ; transboundary externalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a hypothesis which implies that it is possible to “grow out of environmental degradation”. Most theoretical models of the EKC relation have not accounted for transboundary and intergenerational externalities nor have empirical studies provided evidence that validates an inverted U shaped relation between environmental degradation and economic growth for pollution problems where the effects are far-displaced or are long-delayed. This paper integrates the theory of transboundary externalities into the most common theoretical framework applied to the EKC hypothesis. It shows that where a significant proportion of the environmental impacts of economic activity occurs outside the territories in which those activities take place, the de-linking of growth and environmental degradation is less likely to happen. This proposition is demonstrated by assuming that decisionmakers have a Nash-type non cooperative strategic behavior.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nicotiana sylvestris ; nitrogen ; nicotine ; allocation ; growth ; reproduction ; induced defenses ; costs of defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present the first evidence for a fitness cost of an inducible response that is detectable in a nitrogen (N) currency. Nicotine is an induced defense in Nicotiana sylvestris that can utilize 5–8% of the plant's total N, an investment that apparently cannot be recouped by metabolism. Induced nicotine production is endogenously regulated by jasmonic acid (JA), and we treated leaves with the methyl ester of this wound hormone (MeJA) in quantities (0, 25, 250 μg) known to elicit changes in endogenous JA and subsequent nicotine responses comparable to those elicited by mechanical wounding and herbivory in this species. We grew plants in competition chambers (CCs) in which three same-sized plants could compete for a communal but fixed pool of 15NO3 to quantify the outcome of competition for this fitness-limiting resource that is used both in defense and seed production. Competition profoundly increased all measures of growth and reproductive performance measured per milligram of N acquired. While plants acquired all the N supplied to them in the hydroponic solution, plants grown in CCs (as compared those grown in individual chambers—ICs) retained more of this N and produced more biomass, had larger nicotine contents, allocated less of their N to nicotine, produced larger floral stalks with more flowers, aborted fewer flowers, matured more capsules, and produced a greater mass of seed. Plants grown in ICs produced heavier seed, but this difference did not translate into a difference in seed viability. MeJA treatment increased nicotine concentrations in proportion to the amount applied and significantly reduced growth (13–23%) and reproductive (31–44%) performance for plants grown with uninduced competitors, reflecting a large opportunity cost of induction. The effects of MeJA treatment on growth and reproduction were significantly less pronounced for plants grown in ICs. MeJA treatment significantly reduced the ability of plants to compete for [15N]KNO3 (reducing uptake by 9.5% and 23.7% for 25- and 250-μg MeJA-treated plants, respectively); no reductions in N acquisition were found in IC grown plants treated with MeJA. This impairment of competitive ability could account for 41–47% of the jasmonate-induced reductions in biomass by the day 15 harvest and 12–20% of the reductions in seed set and, in addition, created by "opportunity benefit" for neighboring uninduced plants, which grew larger, aborted fewer flowers, and matured more seed (a 28% increase) than did uninduced plants competing with similarly uninduced plants. Competition dramatically increased plant growth and reproductive performance, and MeJA treatment of these high-performing plants significantly reduced their competitive ability, which translated into opportunity costs for induced plants and opportunity benefits for neighboring uninduced plants. Induced plants minimized these fitness costs by reducing their use of recently acquired N for nicotine biosynthesis when growing with competitors. MeJA treatments also altered stalk length, flower production, flower abortion, and allocation to seed mass. In spite of all this plasticity, induced responses incur large fitness costs, costs that could be in part attributed to reductions in competitive ability for N. We conclude that inducibility functions to minimize these costs.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Gallotia ; Lacertidae ; Ophionyssus ; parasitic mites ; ontogeny ; growth ; Canary Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wild-caught specimens of the lacertid lizard Gallotia galloti eisentrauti from the Canary Island of Tenerife were checked for ectoparasites. The parasitic gamasid mite Ophionyssus galloticolus Fain and Bannert (2000) was very abundant on these lizards. Additionally, parasitism by larvae of two species of Trombiculidae (Prostigmata: Parasitengona) was observed. O. galloticolus was reared in the laboratory on its natural host in order to investigate its life cycle, reproductive biology, and development. The life history of O. galloticolus is documented in detail and compared to literature data of other Ophionyssus species. O. galloticolus was found to be similar to other species of the same genus with respect to the duration of development, the precopulatory association of protonymphs, and the arrhenotokous development of eggs. However, it seems to be more tolerant towards low relative humidity and longer starvation periods than other Ophionyssus species. Evolutionary transformations of the life-history pattern of this genus and other parasitic mites in comparison to its predatory precursors involve a reduction or partial suppression of ontogenetic instars in order to decrease mortality during host-seeking phases, and a compensating increase in growth capacity of the remaining feeding instars facilitated by replacement of sclerites through elastic cuticle or by growth of new cuticle unrelated to a moult (neosomy).
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: betaine ; ethanolamine ; growth ; Helianthus annuus L. ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of compatible solutes is one of the strategies that plants have developed to tolerate salt stress. Proline and betaine are the main metabolites that accumulate in various species of higher plants in response to salt stress. In Helianthus annuus L., pre-treatment of seeds with ethanolamine led to enhanced seedling tolerance to conditions of saline stress during germination, as evidenced by the greater growth of pretreated seedlings (EAS group) versus untreated seedlings (S group), evaluated through such parameters as length, water and chlorophyll content. During the germination period, a considerable increase was observed in proline levels (up to 300%) in seedlings subjected to saline stress, whereas in the EAS group, the proline increment was much smaller (20%). Starting from the fourth day of germination, betaine levels in seedlings pretreated with ethanolamine and then with water (EAW group) and in EAS showed a significant increase versus C (control) and S seedlings, possibly because such a precursor promotes betaine biosynthesis. This could be responsible for the enhanced growth observed in EAS versus S seedlings, as well as for preventing the decrease in chlorophyll content in the EAS group. The accumulation of betaine seems to correlate with the greater tolerance of these seedlings against stress induced by sodium chloride.
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; water hyacinth ; nutrients ; P, N, Fe ; growth ; White Nile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that the stunted growth of the water hyacinth in Bahr el Ghazal river in Sudan is influenced by nutrient elements is considered. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effects of deficiency and mineral nutrient additions on the growth of this plant. The water hyacinth was found to grow at a wide range of nutrient levels. Maximum growth was recorded at 21 mg l−1 N, 62 mg l−1 P, and 0.60 mg l−1 Fe.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 1 (1981), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: colchicine ; callus tissue ; adenylates ; growth ; O2 uptake ; Daucus carota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Colchicine effects on growth, oxygen uptake, and adenosine phosphates level of carrot (Daucus carota L.) callus tissue were determined over a period of 18 days after subculture. Colchicine at 10−3 and 10−4 M inhibited the increase in oxygen consumption which was observed with the initiation of callus tissue. Initially the same levels of colchicine stimulated AMP and ADP levels above those of the control, but later the levels returned to those of the control. Colchicine at 10−4 and 10−6 M reduced ATP levels; however, at 10−3 M there was no effect. Growth was not severely affected by the same concentrations during the same treatment period. Oxygen consumption and nucleotide metabolism were more sensitive to colchicine than was growth. Energy charge was calculated to be 0.7–0.8 in both treated and control tissue during 3–15 days in culture.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; fieldbean ; genetic variation ; stomatal characteristics ; water use ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five genotypes of Vicia faba L. with contrasting frequencies were grown in a controlled environment in soil moisture regimes of 100%, 78% and 61% of field capacity. Growth, water use and leaf conductance characteristics were measured. Stomata were more frequent on abaxial than adaxial surfaces, the abaxial/adaxial ratio ranging from 1.12 to 1.34. There were significant (P〈0.001) correlations between calculated stomatal conductance, based on measurements of stomatal frequency and length, and leaf conductance measured with a diffusion porometer, in the two higher soil moisture treatments. In the 100% regime only, abaxial stomata opened wider than adaxial. Ranking of the genotypes for leaf conductance and plant transpiration was similar in all three regimes with large leaved types having the lowest conductance and greatest water use efficiency. Growing plants with reduced soil moisture availability improved water use efficiency, the ranking for which was also similar in all treatments. Relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were greatest with full watering, less in the 78% and least in the 61% regime. Leaf area ratio was less affected by available soil moisture and only in some genotypes.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; ion-uptake ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; sugarcane ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of salinity on leaf growth, initiation and senescence, on transpiration rates, on leaf water potential and on uptake and distribution of several ions were studied in two sugarcane cultivars differing in salinity sensitivity. Plants, growing in a growing mixture in pots, were exposed to salinized irrigation water for 68 days, starting 60 days after planting. EC values of the irrigation water were 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12 dS/m, obtained by using a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. Plants were also grown in nutrient solution and were at a similar age when exposed to a salinity level of 3 dS/m for 30 days followed by 6.0 dS/m for an additional 30 days. Two Na:Ca ratios of 18:1 and 1:2 were used for salinization of the nutrient solution. Both leaf dry weight and area decreased with increasing salinity, but in the more salinity tolerant cultivar H69-8235, the decrease was moderate. Salinity hardly reduced average area per leaf in H69-8235, while the number of leaves declined sharply. This decline was caused by enhanced senescence of mature leaves and not by a decreased rate of leaf initiation. In the more sensitive cultivar, H65-7052, leaf area and initiation of new leaves were sharply reduced by salinity while leaf senescence was less affected. Leaf water potential decreased during the early stages of salinity exposure, and the reduction in water potential was larger in H69-8235. Salinity also decreased the rate of transpiration rate but to a lesser extent than leaf development and growth. The accumulation of Cl and Na in the TVD (top visible dewlap) leaf of the tolerant cultivar H69-8235 was greater than in the sensitive cultivar H65-7052. The concentration of Cl in the TVD leaf was more than 10 times that of Na in both cultivars. The concentration of both ions, but not of K, increased during the early stages of salinity exposure and then remained constant. A gradient in concentration of Cl and Na over the plant was found in both cultivars at all salinity levels, and was steepest between the TVD and younger leaves. No specific Na effect on leaf growth or transpiration could be detected. The accumulation of Cl and Na but not of K occurred primarily in the roots rather than in the leaves and stalks.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbon source ; grape berries ; in vitro culture ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using in vitro culture of isolated small berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana, it was possible to study the effect of different carbon sources and sucrose concentration on fruit growth, hexose accumulation and soluble invertase activity during the first stage of berry development by eliminating the source tissue. Berries cultured in vitro lack stage III of berry development which is characterised by massive accumulation of water and sugars, and thereby berries reached only 30% of the weight of those grown in the plant. Sucrose and glucose were both good carbon sources for berry growth, while fructose was not as good. Berry growth, hexose accumulation and invertase activity increased as sucrose concentration increased up to 15% in the medium. Furthermore, the onset of hexose accumulation in cultured berries depended on the concentration of sucrose in the medium, starting earlier at higher concentrations.
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  • 94
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    Photosynthesis research 1 (1981), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: growth ; maintenance ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; reserve materials ; respiration ; structural dry matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of the CO2 exchange of single vegetative bean plants were monitored during steady state exchange and after lowering the irradiance, the CO2 concentration, or the temperature. The measured patterns were used to calculate the dynamics of the rate of synthesis of structural dry matter and of the amount of the reserve materials during the experiments. The rate of synthesis of structural dry matter was assumed to be proportional to growth respiration (total minus maintenance). The growth conversion efficiency was assumed to be independent of the treatments. The maintenance respiration coefficient was taken to be dependent only on the temperature. Change in the amounts of reserve materials was calculated as a difference between the net CO2 input and the amount converted into new structural dry matter. During the first day of a low CO2 uptake a substantial depletion of reserve materials took place also during light hours, since the rate of synthesis of structural dry matter lagged behind the decrease of photosynthesis. On the second day the rate of synthesis was adapted to the low CO2 input and there occurred little change in the amount of reserve materials. There was a rapid increase in the amount of reserve materials after the irradiance was increased again or after temperature was lowered. A saturating dependence of the specific growth rate on the content of reserve materials was found to exist irrespective of the mode of changing the content of reserve materials. A hysteresis-like retardation of the specific growth rate took place after the reserve had already been exhausted for some time. During retardation a replenishment of reserve materials took place. It is suggested that adaptation processes tend to keep the content of reserve materials within a certain (probably optimal) range.
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  • 95
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    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic hyphomycetes ; temperature and light effect ; growth ; sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine isolates of the aquatic hyphomycetes Dactylella aquatica, Flagellospora penicillioides, Flagellospora saccata, Helicomyces sp., Lunulospora curvula, Phalangispora constricta, Tetracladium setigerum, Vermispora cauveriana and Wiesneriomyces laurinus were incubated at different temperatures (5–35 °C) to study their growth on MEA medium. Maximum growth was observed between 20 and 30 °C. Growth rate was highest in Vermispora cauveriana and lowest in Tetracladium setigerum. Colonies on submerged leaves showed maximum spore production at 25 °C. Light was confirmed as a stimulus to sporulation.
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  • 96
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    Hydrobiologia 70 (1980), S. 37-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; Alloxan ; growth ; pigments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of Alloxan was studied on a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga: Westiellopsis prolifica in pure cultures. Concentrations of Alloxan, 10 μg to 50 μg/ml stimulate the growth of the alga and increase the chlorophyll, carotin and phycocyanin content of the cultures.
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 71 (1980), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chara ; rubidium ; caesium ; requirement of nutrients ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le rubidium et le césium introduits à l'état de chlorure dans le milieu de culture ont à faible dose un effet stimulant sur la croissance de Chara fragilis et de Chara vulgaris. La résistance de ces végétaux à l'action toxique des deux ions est accrue par l'addition de potassium au milieu. Les analyses chimiques confirment que le rubidium et le césium sont antagonistes vis-à-vis du potassium et du sodium alors qu'ils ne modifient pas de manière significative le taux de calcium.
    Notes: Abstract Chara fragilis and Chara vulgaris were cultivated in a natural medium containing rubidium and caesium as chloride. The growth of Characeae was increased after culture in the solutions containing Rb and Cs in small amount. The resistance to the toxic effects of these two ions is enhanced if potassium chloride is added to the medium. Quantitative analyses indicate that Rb and Cs decrease the rate of Na and K but have no significative influence on the rate of Ca.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Dugesia ; cell types ; growth ; degrowth ; regneration ; maceration-technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method of tissue maceration (dissociation) of planarian tissues into single cells was used to characterize the basic cell types in the planarians Dugesia mediterranea and Dugesia tigrina, and to determine the total cell number and distribution of cell types during growth, degrowth and regeneration. Using this method, 13 basic cell types have been determined for both species. The total number of cells increases with body length and volume whereas the distribution of cell types is only slightly affected. Growth and degrowth occur mainly through changes in total cell number leaving cell distribution only moderately affected. During regeneration, an increase in neoblast density in the blastema followed later on by increases in nerve cells are the more significant changes detected. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms of cell renewal, blastema formation and maintenance of tissue polarity.
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  • 99
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    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; Sacramento blackfish ; Orthodon ; Cyprinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth rates of juvenile (1–8 g) Sacramento blackfish, an omnivorous California cyprinid which grows to 〉1.5 kg, were measured at three temperature ranges in laboratory aquaria where several diets were offeredad lib. and at four stocking densities in small ponds where natural food was available. Growth rates generally increased with elevations in environmental temperature. Growth in aquaria was possible with strictly plant-based diets, but was faster with pelleted diets higher in protein, lipids, and total calories. Growth rates in ponds increased with decreased stocking densities and approximated or exceeded those measured in laboratory aquaria for blackfish fed pelleted diets. The data also support the importance of energy-rich food organisms (e.g., zooplankton) in the diet of young-of-the-year blackfish in Clear Lake, California.
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  • 100
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    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: forest water ecosystems ; perch ; growth ; forest lake ; population density ; bottom fauna ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth patterns and food composition of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., was studied in two small forest lake populations in southern Finland. Size and morphometry of the lakes and physical and chemical properties of water are similar. There is a clear difference in the growth rates of perch between the two lakes. The difference in growth is highly significant in all age groups. In the first lake there is a perch population of 2 000 (1750 ind · ha−1) adult fishes. In the second lake there is a small population of pike, that keeps the perch population down: 200 adult perch (530 ind · ha-1). The main food items of perch are crustacean zooplankton, Asellus aquaticus L. and Trichoptera larvae in the first lake and zooplankton, Odonata larvae, Ephemeroptera larvae and Heteroptera in the second. It is concluded that the main reason for the growth difference of studied perch populations is the different population density. There are also differences in species composition of bottom fauna of the lakes, maybe owing to the floating Sphagnum peat moss vegetation in the second lake. This can also affect the growth difference between the two populations of perch.
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