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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3.277)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (3.123)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (6.400)
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  • 101
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    Mapping of glacial landforms from Seasat radar images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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  • 102
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    Temperature measurements during the CAMP program (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The Cold Arctic Mesopause Program (CAMP) was conducted at ESRANGE, Sweden, in July/August 1982. During the time period of several weeks, the temperature was monitored by ground-based OH emission spectrometers and by satellite radiance measurements. Rocket launchings occurred on the nights of 3/4 and 11/12 August. On 3/4 August, seven rocket payloads were launched during a period of noctilucent cloud sighting over ESRANGE. The presence of the NLC was confirmed by several rocket-borne photometer profiles. The temperature measurements showed that the temperature profiles in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere were near the expected values of high latitude summer models. A large amplitude wave structure with three temperature minima of 139K, 114K and 111K were observed at altitudes between 83 and 94 km. The temperature minimum at 83 km was the location of the observed NLC. The temperature minima caused by the growth of the gravity wave amplitude in the highly stable mesosphere provide the regions for the growth of particles by nucleation to optical scattering size, as well as regions where the nuclei for condensation can be formed through ion chemistry paths.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 4, 19
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  • 103
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    Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ocean floor basalts studied from the Galapagos Ridge, FAMOUS area, Cayman Trough and Kilauea east rift contain 20-200 ppm carbon and 0.3-2.8 ppn nitrogen as sums of the vesicle-filling gases CO2 and N2 and dissolved species. The wide range of carbon contents found is due partly to the different extent of outgassing of vesicle-filling gases and partly to depth dependency of dissolved CO2 in the basalts. Sulfate commonly exists with sulfide in these basalts, and the sulfate/sulfide ratio increases with increasing water content, perhaps reflecting the higher oxidation potential in basalt melt of the higher water content.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 48; 2433-244
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  • 104
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    Plasma entry into the distant tail lobes - ISEE-3 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: ISEE-3 measurements indicate that a broad mantle-like boundary layer plasma often exists within the distant geomagnetic tail lobes at all latitudes, directly adjacent to the tail magnetopause. The presence of this boundary layer at large tail distances indicates that plasma from the magnetosheath often crosses the magnetopause locally along much of the length of the tail, and is evidence that the tail is 'open'.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1078-108
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  • 105
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    Statistical analysis of Thematic Mapper Simulator data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types in southwest Oregon (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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  • 106
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    Feature selection and the information content of Thematic Mapper simulator data for forest structural assessment (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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  • 107
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    A summary of the history of the development of automated remote sensing for agricultural applications (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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  • 108
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    Stratospheric HNO3 quantification from line-by-line nonlinear least-squares analysis of high-resolution balloon-borne solar absorption spectra in the 870/cm region (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Line parameters for the nu(5) and 2nu(9) bands and associated hot bands of HNO3 have been calculated and compared with laboratory spectra, and the results are presented. Spectral intervals near 870/cm for which best agreement was obtained are used to quantitatively analyze HNO3 absorption features in 0.02/cm resolution stratospheric solar absorption spectra.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 3252-325
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  • 109
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    Measurements of free tropospheric ozone - An aircraft survey from 44 degrees north to 46 south latitude (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ozone data were obtained in the free troposphere at altitudes of 5 to 7.5 km and at latitudes from 44 degrees N to 46 degrees S during a 3-week period from October 19 to November 4, 1982. Flight trajectories included the continental U.S., Central America, and the western coast of South America. Maximum observed ozone was 110 ppb at about 41 degrees S latitude and at an altitude of 7.3 km (msl). Analysis of the data as a function of latitude showed a region of elevated ozone in the southern latitudes extending from about 2 degrees to 30 degrees in which latitudinal ozone averages (2 degree bands) peaked at about 80 ppb. Ozone concentrations, measured at northern latitudes, were lower, averaging about 35 ppb. A discussion of the data, including comparison with other ozone data sets, is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9642-964
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  • 110
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    Diurnal variations of atmospheric nitric oxide - Ground-based infrared spectroscopic measurements and their interpretation with time-dependent photochemical model calculations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Total vertical column amounts of NO have been derived from infrared solar absorption spectra recorded near sunrise and sunset with the 0.01 per cm resolution Fourier transform interferometer at the national Solar Observatory on Kitt peak (elevation 2095 m, latitude 31.9 degrees N) on February 23, 1981. The results show an increase in NO concentration in the morning, late afternoon values about 40 percent higher than in the morning, and a decrease in NO concentration prior to sunset. The measured diurnal changes in the total vertical column amount are compared with values obtained from time-dependent photochemical calculations.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9613-962
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  • 111
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    Sulfur dioxide and particles in quiescent volcanic plumes from Poas, Arenal, and Colima volcanos, Costa Rica and Mexico (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Measurements of SO2 emission rates and concentrations and of particle distribution, size, shape, and composition were made in quiescent volcanic plumes emitted into the troposphere from Poas and Arenal volcanos, Costa Rica, and Colima volcano, Mexico. SO2 emission rates were 700 + or - 180 metric tons per day (t/d) for Poas, 210 + or - 30 t/d for Arenal, and 320 + or - 50 t/d for Colima. The concentrations of SO2 calculated from the COSPEC/lidar data were 5-380 ppb. Concentrations of SO2 measured directly by flame photometry were 10-250 ppb. Particles collected in the plumes with a quartz crystal microbalance impactor were mostly less than 3 microns in diameter and consisted of droplets of dilute sulfur-bearing solutions and minor amounts of layer silicate particles coated with a sulfur-bearing film or crust. Total particle concentrations were 4.7 micrograms per cu.m for Poas and 18.8 micrograms per cu.m for Colima. Comparison of concentrations of SO2 in the plumes with gas samples collected at fumaroles on the ground suggests that the plumes are diluted by the atmosphere by factors of up to 100,000.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9633-964
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  • 112
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    A diabatic circulation experiment in a two-dimensional photochemical model (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A two-dimensional photochemical model based on diabatic circulation has been used to simulate the behavior of N2O, CFCl3(F-11) and CF2Cl2(F-12) The circulation is based on estimates of net heating from the ground to 60 km. Eddy diffusion has been reduced with respect to other model studies with Kzz = 2000 sq cm/s everywhere bove 100 mbar. Resulting tracer profiles show reasonable agreement with measured profiles in the tropics and fall off much more sharply with altitude than those produced by models using larger values of Kzz. The agreement obtained is at least as good as that obtained with adjustable, eddy diffusion parameters. The diabatic circulation treatment is more closely related to related to real physical processes and thus more easily interpreted. Diffusive mixing appears to be more important in determining the details of the tracer distributions than the basic morphology.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9589-960
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  • 113
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    An analysis of the annual cycle in upper stratospheric ozone (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The mid-latitude upper stratospheric ozone profiles obtained by the solar backscatter ultraviolet instrument on the Nimbus 7 satellite show a clear annual cycle both in the absolute ozone amounts between 0.98 and 15.6 mbar and in the magnitude of disturbances that reveal themselves as longitudinal structure. At the lowest pressure analyzed a winter maximum in ozone exists, but as one progresses downward in altitude a shift in the temporal phase of the annual cycle occurs in the vicinity of 3 to 4 mbar. Comparison of the observed behavior with the predictions of a one-dimensional photochemical model shows a systematic tendency for calculated ozone amount to be 20-27 percent below the data for pressures less than 7.8 mbar. The chemical model successfully predicts the change in phase of the annual cycle, although at a pressure greater than observed. Diagnosis of model results shows the observed shift to be closely coupled to the magnitude of the ozone column density near 3-4 mbar. The wavelength-dependent attenuation of the solar radiation field by ozone alters the relative magnitude of the molecular oxygen and ozone dissociation rates, leading to a change in the temporal phase of the annual cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9547-955
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  • 114
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    Effects of high CO2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early earth (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: One-dimensional radiative and photochemical models are used to determine how much CO2 must have been present to maintain a temperate early climate and to examine the consequences that are implied for the controls on atmospheric oxidation state. It is shown that CO2 concentrations of the order of 1000 PAL are required to keep the average surface temperature close to the present value, if albedo changes and heating by reduced greenhouse gases were relatively unimportant. The oxidation state of such a high-CO2, prebiotic atmosphere should have been largely determined by the balance between the H2O2 rainout rate and the rate at which hydrogen escaped to space, with only a weak dependence on the volcanic outgassing rate or on other speculative sources of H2. The implied upper limit on the ground-level O2 mixing ratio is approximately 10 to the -11th and is subject to less uncertainty than the results of previous models.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (ISSN 0167-7764); 1; 4, 19
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  • 115
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    Use of Landsat-derived profile features for spring small-grains classification (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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  • 116
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    A one-dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere with planetary boundary-layer parameterization (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A time-dependent, one-dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere is used to describe the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace constituents for summer-time conditions at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The model incorporates a planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrization and a detailed chemical mechanism that includes the photochemistry of important nonmethane hydrocarbon species formed during the oxidation process. One result of the parametrized PBL is that the concentrations of some trace species in the free troposphere are 20-30 percent higher than when mixing processes are described by a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient which is held constant with respect to height and time. The lifetime of the oxides of nitrogen against photochemical conversion to nitric acid during summertime conditions is on the order of six hours. This lifetime is short enough to deplete most of the NO(x) in the PBL so that other reactive nitrogen species are more abundant than NO(x) throughout the free troposphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry (ISSN 0167-7764); 1; 4, 19
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  • 117
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    Improved classification of small-scale urban watersheds using thematic mapper simulator data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 118
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    Spring wheat-leaf phytomass and yield estimates from airborne scanner and hand-held radiometer measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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  • 119
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    Petrologic model of the northern Mississippi Embayment based on satellite magnetic and ground-based geophysical data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A petrologic model of the northern Mississippi Embayment, derived from gravity, seismic and rift data, is evaluated by converting the model to a magnetization model which is compared with satellite magnetic anomaly models. A magnetization contrast of approximately -0.54 A/m, determined from the petrologic model of the embayment compares favorably to values of -0.62 A/m and -0.45 A/m from a Magsat United States Apparent Magnetization Contrast Map and a published POGO magnetization contrast model, respectively. The petrologic model suggests that the magnetic anomaly low associated with the Mississippi Embayment may be largely due to the intrusion under non-oxidizing conditions of low Curie temperature gabbroic material at the base of the crust of the embayment. Near-surface mafic plutons, bordering the Mississippi Valley Graben, appear from aeromagnetic data to have higher magnetizations than the deeper gabbroic material; however, it is impossible to ascertain if this is due to compositional differences or similar material at shallower (lower temperature) depths. These results indicate that variations in the Curie temperatures of intrusions accompanying rifting may account for a large part of the wide range of magnetic anomalies associated with presently inactive rifts with normal heat flow.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X); 70; 1, Se
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  • 120
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    Granitic terrains viewed remotely by Shuttle infrared radiometry - Some compositional predictions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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  • 121
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    Water and the photochemistry of the troposphere (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A discussion is presented concerning the role of water in its liquid and gaseous states in the chemistry and photochemistry of the earth's troposphere, with attention to the formation of the hydroxyl radical, oxidation chains involving the gases methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia, the atmospheric chemistry of the sulfur, hydrogen, halogen and nitrogen species, and the function of lightning as a source of tropospheric species. The phenomena of 'rainout', 'washout', and the aqueous chemistry of cloud an rain droplets and of water-covered aerosols, are noted. A section is devoted to the past and anticipated impact of anthropogenic activities on the chemistry and composition of the earth's atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 122
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    A revised thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data - MSIS-83 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is noted that the model presented here extends the previous description of neutral parameters to the base of the thermosphere in a continuous manner while maintaining the basic structure of the MSIS model at higher altitudes. As the altitude decreases, the composition approaches lower atmosphere values, whereas yearly, and to a lesser extent daily, variations in temperature and density are in reasonable agreement with earlier results for the lower thermosphere. An alternate description is given of magnetic storm variations on the basis of the three hour ap indices and an 8- to 10-hour exponential decay in thermospheric density and temperature response after a heating event. Additional coefficients are included for the time independent and magnetic activity terms, among them a longitudinally dependent seasonal magnetic activity effect. The description of molecular oxygen derives from mass spectrometer and EUV absorption measurements rather than ion chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10170-10
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  • 123
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    Response of the mobile VLBI design to error sources (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The response of Mobile VLBI design to error sources is addressed. The sensitivity of the hydrogen maser to variations in ambient temperature is discussed, with an example of drifts in the frequency system causing excursions in the time-delay observable exceeding + or - 200 cm. It is shown that baselines determined only from S-band data can contain errors in excess of 30 cm during periods of high ionospheric activity. The effect of the troposphere on baseline solutions is examined by comparing calibrations from the Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) to those from a surface model. The apparent ability of the WVR to track relatively short-period fluctuations in water vapor is noted. Finally, consideration is given to the effects of source structure and the technique of monitoring closure of the time-delay observable around a closed figure of baselines.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 124
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    Stratospheric condensation nuclei and possible solar influences (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Balloon-borne measurements of condensation nuclei and H2SO4 molecules in large negative ion clusters have been made in the stratosphere at around 30 km altitude. The nuclei observed were in the 0.01-0.1 micron diameter range. Consideration was given to sunspot activity as a triggering event for ionization of upper atmospheric H2SO4 species and subsequent formation of the nuclei. A numerical model was defined for a steady state between the H2SO4 association and ion recombination in order to determine a critical nucleation rate. It is concluded that condensation nuclei are produced in ion nucleation in an H2SO4 supersaturated polar cloud chamber, with the process being initiated by solar flare particle ionization.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 125
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    A study of solar activity-ozone relationship from Nimbus-4 BUV data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The total O3 and the O3 mixing ratio at various pressure levels in the stratosphere measured from the Nimbus-4 BUV experiment over a 7-yr period (1970 to 1977) comprises a comprehensive data base available to study the possible effects of solar variability on stratospheric O3. It is shown that with the decrease in solar activity from 1970 to 1976, the globally averaged O3 inferred from Nimbus-4 data decreases from about 10 to 12 percent in the upper stratosphere to about 1 to 3 percent in the lower stratosphere. The systematic decrease in O3 seems to be correlated with the conventional indices of solar activity; however, it is difficult to account for the observed changes at various pressure levels with the current understanding of the photochemical models and the solar UV flux variations over a solar cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 126
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    Delta function excitation of waves in the earth's ionosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Excitation of the earth's ionosphere by delta function current sheets is considered, and the temporal and spatial evolution of wave packets is analyzed for a two-component collisional F2 layer. Approximations of an inverse Fourier-Laplace transform via saddle point methods provide plots of typical wave packets. These illustrate cold plasma wave theory and may be used as a diagnostic tool since it is possible to relate specific features, e.g., the frequency of a modulation envelope, to plasma parameters such as the electron cyclotron frequency. It is also possible to deduce the propagation path length and orientation of a remote radio beacon.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 18; 1337-135
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  • 127
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, MT (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectral bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25602
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 128
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    Normal mode study of the earth's rigid body motions (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper it is shown that the earth's rigid body (rb) motions can be represented by an analytical set of eigensolutions to the equation of motion for elastic-gravitational free oscillations. Thus each degree of freedom in the rb motion is associated with a rb normal mode. Cases of both nonrotating and rotating earth models are studied, and it is shown that the rb modes do incorporate neatly into the earth's system of normal modes of free oscillation. The excitation formula for the rb modes are also obtained, based on normal mode theory. Physical implications of the results are summarized and the fundamental differences between rb modes and seismic modes are emphasized. In particular, it is ascertained that the Chandler wobble, being one of the rb modes belonging to the rotating earth, can be studied using the established theory of normal modes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9437-944
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  • 129
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    Profile modeling for crop discrimination (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A complete automatic unsupervised classification approach has been developed to estimate the proportion of corn, soybeans, and other crops in a Landsat 5-by-6-nanometer segment. The technique involves extracting crop growth variables that are predictable from agromet models, it provides a signature extension not possible before. The technique has been applied in 3 years (1978-1980) for 56 segments and shows neither a year-to-year effect nor any geographic effect. The results to date are considered far better than those obtainable from any other currently available technique. Nontheless, the technique can be improved to reduce the bias.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 130
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    A comparison of simulated thematic mapper data and multispectral scanner data for Kingsbury County, South Dakota (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 131
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    Satellite remote sensing - An integral tool in acquiring global crop production information (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 132
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    Remote sensing technology transfer at the NASA Technology Application Center, University of New Mexico (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 133
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    Segmentation of remotely sensed data using parallel region growing (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 134
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    A mechanism for plasma waves at the harmonics of the plasma frequency in the electron foreshock boundary (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A bump-on-tail unstable reduced velocity distribution, constructed from data obtained at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock by the GSFC electron spectrometer experiment on the ISEE-1 satellite, is used as the initial plasma state for a numerical integration of the 1D-Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations. The integration is carried through the growth of the instability, beyond its saturation, and well into the stabilized plasma regime. A power spectrum computed for the electric field of the stabilized plasma is dominated by a narrow peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency of the unstable field mode but also contains significant power at the harmonics of the Bohm-Gross frequency. The harmonic power is in sharp peaks which are split into closely spaced doublets. The fundamental peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency is split into a closely spaced triplet. The mechanism for excitation of the second harmonic is shown to be second order wave-wave coupling. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17315
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9081-909
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  • 135
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    Medium scale disturbances in total ozone during Southern Hemisphere summer (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Distinct medium scale disturbances in Southern Hemisphere total ozone were observed by the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during the 1979 FGGE observing period. These disturbances are shown to be a result of advection by the zonal harmonic wave five which is centered near the tropopause (Salby, 1982). The contribution to the total ozone field by vertical advection due to this wave is shown to be nearly equal to that due to horizontal advection.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1358-136
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  • 136
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    The SIR-A radar of the American Space Shuttle - Technical characteristics and overview of French experiments (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 137
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    Isotopic evidence from the eastern Canadian shield for geochemical discontinuity in the Proterozoic mantle (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions presently reported for anorthosites and related rocks from the Grenville and Nain Provinces of the eastern Canadian shield indicate that the massifs were delivered from at least two distinct mantle source regions which were established before 1650 Myr ago. These regions were episodically involved in magmatism over about 500 Myr. One reservoir was isotopically similar to the depleted, modern midocean ridge basalt source. The other reservoir was chondritic-to-moderately-enriched, and is most easily identified in the Nain Province, but may have occurred scattered throughout Superior Province, as well.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 306; 679
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  • 138
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    Distribution, abundance and carbon isotopic composition of gaseous hydrocarbons in Big Soda Lake, Nevada - An alkaline, meromictic lake (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The study of the distribution and isotopic composition of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases at the Big Soda Lake, Nevada, has shown that while neither ethylene nor propylene were found in the lake, ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane concentrations all increased with water column depth. It is concluded that methane has a biogenic origin in both the sediments and the anoxic water column, and that C2-C4 alkanes have biogenic origins in the monimolimnion water and shallow sediments. The changes observed in delta C-13/CH4/ and CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) with depth in the water column and sedimeents are probably due to bacterial processes, which may include anaerobic methane oxidation and different rates of methanogenesis, and C2-to-C4 alkane production by microorganisms.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 47; 2107-211
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  • 139
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    Autoregressive harmonic analysis of the earth's polar motion using homogeneous International Latitude Service data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The homogeneous set of 80-year-long (1900-1979) International Latitude Service (ILS) polar motion data is analyzed using the autoregressive method (Chao and Gilbert, 1980), which resolves and produces estimates for the complex frequency (or frequency and Q) and complex amplitude (or amplitude and phase) of each harmonic component in the data. The ILS data support the multiple-component hypothesis of the Chandler wobble. It is found that the Chandler wobble can be adequately modeled as a linear combination of four (coherent) harmonic components, each of which represents a steady, nearly circular, prograde motion. The four-component Chandler wobble model 'explains' the apparent phase reversal during 1920-1940 and the pre-1950 empirical period-amplitude relation. The annual wobble is shown to be rather stationary over the years both in amplitude and in phase, and no evidence is found to support the large variations reported by earlier investigations. The Markowitz wobble is found to be marginally retrograde and appears to have a complicated behavior which cannot be resolved because of the shortness of the data set.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10299-10
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  • 140
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    Comparison of Yamato and Victoria Land polymict eucrites - A view from mineralogical and isotopic studies (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: New interior samples of four Yamato polymict eucrites (Y74159, Y74450, Y75011, and Y75015) have been studied by electron microprobe, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction techniques, and compared with several samples of the Victoria Land polymict eucrites. These same samples have been analysed using Rb-Sr and Nd-Sm isotopic systematics. Several grains of inverted pigeonite, with blebby augite similar to those in Binda and Moama, have been identified in all four Yamato eucrites. Coarse-grained meso-stasis-rich subophitic basalts, which contain Mg-rich pigeonite (with Fe-rich olivine veinlets) zoned outward to a subcalcic ferroaugite rims, have also been found. These unique clasts were not found in ALH76005, 77302, 78040, 7858, and 78165 and EET eucrites. The tight grouping of Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratos, and similar modal compositions of the Yamato group indicate that they are most likely to be pieces from a single fall, and distinct from the ALH and EET groups. However, the Yamato, Allan Hills, and Elephant Moraine groups may sample a few distinct magmas or similar but different source regions on the same parent body.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B245-B25
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  • 141
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    SERIES - Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (SERIES) concept is based on the utilization of NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) radio transmissions without any satellite modifications and in a totally passive mode. The SERIES stations are equipped with lightweight 1.5 m diameter dish antennas mounted on trailers. A series baseline measurement accuracy demonstration is considered, taking into account a 100 meter baseline estimation from approximately one hour of differential Doppler data. It is planned to conduct the next phase of experiments on a 150 m baseline. Attention is given to details regarding future baseline measurement accuracy demonstrations, aspects of ionospheric calibration in connection with subdecimeter baseline accuracy requirements of geodesy, and advantages related to the use of the differential Doppler or pseudoranging mode.
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  • 142
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    Calculated stormtime variations in plasmaspheric thermal ion composition (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Model calculations describing stormtime variations in the earth's dayside plasmasphere are used to examine variations in ion composition. The model storm is initiated by high-latitude thermospheric heating that generates meridional winds that carry neutral species, momentum, and energy equatorward. The thermosphere acts on the plasmasphere through collisional transfer of momentum and through chemical reactions between neutral species and ions. Over latitudes near the region of thermospheric heating, the thermosphere-plasmasphere coupling processes cause enhancement in the density of oxygen ions while protons are being lost. Meanwhile, densities of oxygen ions and protons near the equator are increasing together, almost in phase. The largest enhancements in ion density develop at latitudes near 45 deg invariant for both oxygen and hydrogen.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10233-10
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  • 143
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    Remote sensing for exploration - An overview (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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  • 144
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of soil moisture variation on the microwave emission from soils (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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  • 145
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    Research in satellite-aided crop inventory and monitoring (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Automated information extraction procedures for analysis of multitemporal Landsat data in non-U.S. crop inventory and monitoring are reviewed. Experiments to develop and evaluate crop area estimation technologies for spring small grains, summer crops, corn, and soybeans are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-32793
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  • 146
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    A Landsat-based inventory procedure for agriculture in California (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Agriculture, which occupies a vital position in the economy of the State of California, depends crucially on the available water. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is, therefore, greatly concerned with the total water requirements for agricultural applications. In view of the limitations of an area-limited, single-date survey system, the DWR has been cooperating with NASA and the University of California in a study of the applicability of Landsat imagery and digital data as an aid in making decisions concerning the management of water resources. Attention is given to a statewide inventory of irrigated land, computer-assisted estimation and mapping of irrigated land, and a crop type analysis using Landsat digital data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 147
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    Development of the JSC Thematic Mapper quick-look preprocessing capability (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The development of a preprocessing unit for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the Earth Observations Data Laboratory at Johnson Space Center is reported. The background of the project is sketched, including the greatly increased data-handling requirements compared to MSS, the influence of the JPL VICAR system on the system design, and the completeness of the GSFC SCROUNGE (LASLIB) TM data tapes. The design approach and realization are discussed, and the performance and transportability of the preprocessor programs (totaling about 2000 lines of source code in FORTRAN and IBM Assembly languages) are indicated. The system is able to read the TM image tapes, extract areas of interest to particular studies, and register the extracted imagery to suitable references. Ancillary programs include image enhancement, rotation, filtering and pixel-size modification.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 148
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    NASA technology transfer in the southwest states - Arizona, Colorado, Nevada and Utah (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Features of the NASA Regional Application Program for providing state and local land management agencies an opportunity to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technology are described. The Program guidelines necessitated configuring software for local facilities, assuring that the aggncy involved furnished manpower, and applying the technology to local needs. The study focused on the southwestern U.S., particularly for purposes of water management, federal/state ownership/policy, energy development, environmental impact issues, timber and range inventory, fire control, and urban expansion. Demonstration projects were conducted in various topics, according to the state surveyed, with the success of the projects determined by the willingness of the agencies to continue with the technology, which happened in several cases.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 149
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    A model study of the effects of intermittent loss on odd nitrogen concentrations in the lower troposphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A time-dependent box model of the lower troposphere which includes a description of photochemical and physical processes has been developed. This model has been applied to the calculation of nitric acid and NO(x)(NO + NO2) concentrations over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Nitric acid concentrations and the HNO3/NO(x) ratio are found to be highly variable under the assumptions regarding the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation employed in this model. The chemistry of odd nitrogen compounds during the night is potentially important in establishing the level of nitric acid in the lower troposphere. These calculations also indicate that relatively large errors may occur when the continuity equation describing nitric acid variations is averaged over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Interpretation of simultaneous measurements of HNO3 and NO(x) will require some knowledge of the history of the observed air mass and may require an improved understanding of nighttime odd nitrogen chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10697-10
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  • 150
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    Observation of wave-wave interactions in the stratosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data from the LIMS instrument for January 1979 are used to provide further evidence for the often observed vacillation between the amplitudes of waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere. The vacillation is shown to result primarily from nonlinear wave-wave interactions within the stratosphere. Two ways of interpreting nonlinearity are discussed. In the first, the basic state is defined to include large amplitude waves as well as the mean zonal wind. A forced wave propagates with respect to this asymmetric basic state, which can lead to changes in the conventional zonal wavenumber measured at one latitude. The other view of nonlinearity, interaction of wave with the zonal flow and with other wavenumbers are considered separately. Wave-wave interactions among waves 1, 2 and 3 are calculated. The derivation and computation of wave-wave interaction terms in the potential enstrophy balance are given. The observations indicate that enstrophy transfer among waves can be substantial even when the amplitude of one of the contributing waves is small. The computed enstrophy balance also demonstrates that wave-wave interactions can have a large effect on the interaction of waves with the mean flow.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2484-249
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  • 151
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    Stratospheric temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4-micron band of CO2 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The technique of nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive the stratospheric vertical temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4 micron band of CO2. The spectral data were obtained at sunset with the approximately 0.02 per cm resolution University of Denver interferometer system from a float altitude of 33.5 km near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 23 March 1981. The r.m.s. deviation between the retrieved temperature profile and correlative radiosonde measurements is 2.2 K.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 30; 327-334
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  • 152
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    Electric field measurements at the magnetopause. I Observation of large convective velocities at rotational magnetopause discontinuities (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Large convective electric fields of the order of 10 mV/m (sometimes as high as 22 mV/m) are observed at rotational magnetopause discontinuities. These observations were made with the long cylindrical (179-m base line) probes carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. These electric field observations yield convective velocity magnitudes (equal to the cross product of the vector E and the vector B, the latter divided by the square of the magnitude of B) of the order of 150 km/s. In this format for the convective velocity magnitudes, some of these observations are similar to the high speed plasma velocity observations that were made at the magnetopause with the plasma experiment carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. It is shown that, for many of these magnetopause crossings, there exists a special moving coordinate system where the observed electric fields vanish. Such a unique reference system is often used in theoretical studies of magnetic discontinuities. This special coordinate system does not move at the local plasma velocity but moves instead at a velocity intermediate between the convective velocity and the local Alfven velocity. It is used here as a diagnostic tool for the experimental investigation of rotational discontinuities at the magnetopause.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10000-10
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  • 153
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    Retrieval of vertical moisture profiles with microwave radiometry (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. Only an optimum subset of available radiometer channels is selected for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to 50 independent tropical radiosondes over a sea surface. It was also used to retrieve continuous sequences of atmospheric moisture profiles from a set of data obtained with a 4-channel microwave radiometer carried aboard an aircraft over a land surface.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 449-451
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  • 154
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    Comparison of sea surface wind speed fields by SEASAT radar altimeter, scatterometer and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer with an emphasis on the Southern Ocean (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The SEASAT altimeter (ALT), scatterometer (SASS), and scanning microwave multichannel radiometer (SMMR) measured sea surface wind speed. During the satellite lifetime from June to October 1978, the Austral winter, the highest wind speeds were recorded in the Southern Ocean. Three-month, monthly, and three-day surface wind speed fields deduced from the three Seasat wind speed sensors are compared. The monthly and three-day fields show a pronounced mesoscale (1000 km) variability in wind speed. At all space and time scales analyzed, differences of 40% are found in the magnitude of the wind speed features, with the ALT consistently yielding the lowest wind speed and the SMMR the highest.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 403-409
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  • 155
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    Passive microwave characteristics of the Bering Sea ice cover during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) West (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
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  • 156
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    Observation of variations in the composition of sea ice in the Greenland MIZ during early summer 1983 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
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  • 157
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    Updating Landsat-derived land-cover maps using change detection and masking techniques (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The California Integrated Remote Sensing System's San Bernardino County Project was devised to study the utilization of a data base at a number of jurisdictional levels. The present paper discusses the implementation of change-detection and masking techniques in the updating of Landsat-derived land-cover maps. A baseline landcover classification was first created from a 1976 image, then the adjusted 1976 image was compared with a 1979 scene by the techniques of (1) multidate image classification, (2) difference image-distribution tails thresholding, (3) difference image classification, and (4) multi-dimensional chi-square analysis of a difference image. The union of the results of methods 1, 3 and 4 was used to create a mask of possible change areas between 1976 and 1979, which served to limit analysis of the update image and reduce comparison errors in unchanged areas. The techniques of spatial smoothing of change-detection products, and of combining results of difference change-detection algorithms are also shown to improve Landsat change-detection accuracies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 158
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    Evaluating the radiance transformation for normalizing Landsat data (1982)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique is examined for improving the comparability of Landsat multisppectral scanner (MSS) data acquired on different dates. The technique involves conversion of digital brightness counts to relative radiance values measured in energy units (milliwatts per square centimeter-steradian). The statistical data of signature from 23 land cover (or biomass) classifications derived from all three Landsats were compared before and after the radiance normalization. Significant convergence occurred among the data sets for mean spectral values and the variances associated with each of seven major land cover types for MSS bands 4, 5, and 7. Overall, the variance attributed to the sensor component was reduced from 5.39 to 2.69 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in band 4 (14.4 percent to 3.7 percent).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 159
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    Soil moisture from temperature measurements at the Earth's surface, update (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Soil moisture budgets at the Earth's surface were investigated based on soil and atmospheric temperature variations. A number of data sets were plotted and statistically analyzed in order to accentuate the existence and the characteristics of mesoscale soil temperature extrema variations and their relations to other parameters. The correlations between diurnal temperature extrema for air and soil in drought and non-drought periods appear to follow different characteristic patterns, allowing an inference of soil moisture content from temperature data. The recovery of temperature extrema after a precipitation event also follows a characteristic power curve rise between two limiting values which is an indicator of evaporation rates. If these indicators are applied universally to regional temperature data, soil moisture content or drought conditions can be inferred directly from temperature measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 160
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    Accuracy of mapping the Earth's gravity field fine structure with a spaceborne gravity gradiometer mission (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The spaceborne gravity gradiometer is a potential sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth's gravity field. Error analyses were performed to investigate the accuracy of the determination of the Earth's gravity field from a gravity field satellite mission. The orbital height of the spacecraft is the dominating parameter as far as gravity field resolution and accuracies are concerned.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 161
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    SEASAT altimetry for surface height of inland seas (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The capability of spaceborne altimetry to record the level, or monitor changes in the level, of inland seas was assessed. SEASAT altimetry data from Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas in the southern Soviet Union; the Great Salt Lake in the United States; lakes and reservoirs in northwestern and central China; and snow cover in northwestern India and on the Tibetan Plateau were examined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 162
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    Impact of prescribed diabatic heating on short range weather forecasts (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Using the 9 layer general circulation model developed at the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS), several 4 to 5 day integrations were made to assess the impact that latent heating processes (supersaturation and moist convective) have on the model forecasts. In an earlier study by Shukla (1981) it was hypothesized that because of strong interaction between dynamics and moist convection, small initial errors grow very fast and make short range forecasting difficult. The purpose of this study was to examine if prescribed heating rates can improve the forecasts for a few days.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Res. Rev., 1983; p 312-322
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  • 163
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    Time dependent land and vegetation canopy temperatures (1984)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Res. Rev., 1983; p 285-291
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  • 164
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    Satellite mission analysis (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 217-218
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  • 165
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    Modeling studies related to stratospheric measurements and data analysis (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 215-216
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  • 166
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    Data survey and evaluation (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 214
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  • 167
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    UARS definition study (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 209
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  • 168
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    Upper Atmosphere Research Satellites (UARS) working group and definition study (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 210
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  • 169
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    National Academy sensitivity studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 207
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  • 170
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    Ozone data processing and analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 203-204
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  • 171
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    ATMOS Spacelab science investigation (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 201-202
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  • 172
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    Empirical stratospheric models (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 199-200
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  • 173
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    Rocket ozone data in support of Nimbus-7 and SAGE (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 196-197
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  • 174
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    Effects of solar variability on terrestrial upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 188
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  • 175
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    Analysis of GASP carbon monoxide data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 189-190
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  • 176
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    Analysis of GASP ozone data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 186-187
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  • 177
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    Evaluate atmospheric trace gas and particle data obtained from B-747 commerical airliners (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 185
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  • 178
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    Satellite Ozone Analysis (SOAC/DMSP) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 191-192
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  • 179
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    A study of the relationship between solar activity and terrestrial ozone fluctuations (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program p179-180 (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 180
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    Studies of equatorial stratospheric ozone (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 178
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  • 181
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    Study of the observed and theoretical distribution of atmospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 176-177
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  • 182
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    Ozone data analysis and interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 183
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    Refinement of 2-D stratospheric model for aerosol dispersion (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 171
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  • 184
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    Computational investigation of reactive molecules (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 172
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  • 185
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    Stratospheric aerosol model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 170
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  • 186
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    Stratospheric and mesospheric dynamics (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 167-168
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  • 187
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    Transport of trace constituents in the stratosphere (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 169
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  • 188
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    Stratospheric dynamics (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 166
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  • 189
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    Support of university stratospheric research (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 165
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  • 190
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    Methane and stratospheric water (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 156-157
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  • 191
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    Analysis of atmospheric reaction schemes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 160
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  • 192
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    Upper atmosphere theoretical studies (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 154-155
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  • 193
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    A program of stratospheric research (1980)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 150-151
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  • 194
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    Theoretical studies of the atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 152-153
    Format: text
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  • 195
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    Molecular properties of stratospheric constituents (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 122
    Format: text
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  • 196
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    A possible new atmospheric OH source (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 120-121
    Format: text
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  • 197
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    Photochemical and kinetic measurements of atmospheric constituents vis-a-vis their role in controlling stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 113-115
    Format: text
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  • 198
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    Ionic processes in the upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 107
    Format: text
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  • 199
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    Reaction rate measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 103-104
    Format: text
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  • 200
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    Homogeneous and heterogeneous rate constants of atmospheric interest (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 105-106
    Format: text
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