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  • Articles  (847)
  • Chemistry  (847)
  • 2010-2014
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hollow fibers have been produced and evaluated for use as membrane oxygenators in an artificial heart device. Gas permeable capillaries now commercially available are unsuitable for this use because of: (1) low percent open cross-sectional area, (2) large internal diameter, and (3) high cost. A number of polymers were initially selected for evaluation because of their reported high gas permeabilities. Those selected include a number of rubbers of various compositions, certain poly-α-olefins and an experimental thermoplastic silicone rubber copolymer. These materials were first evaluated as flat membranes (films) for their gas permeabilities and also for ease of preparation in hollow fiber form. Hollow fibers were prepared from the most promising of those studied, poly-4-methylpentene-1 and the thermoplastic polydimethylsiloxane copolymer. Fibers, ranging in the size from 30 to 300 μ ID, were spun with open cross-sectional areas of 40-65%. Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities measured on these fibers were compared to that of SilasticDow Corning medical grade poly (dimethylsiloxane). rubber membranes. These permeabilities range from 1/20 that of Silastic rubber for unmodified poly-4-methylpentene-1 to 2/3 for the thermoplastic silicone copolymer. Modification of poly-4-methylpentene-1 has made it possible to increase it's permeability by tenfold, while still maintaining physical properties necessary to spin and fabricate this material.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050214
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental carbon as a biomaterial (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Advanced forms of elemental carbon were identified as potential implantable prosthetic materials and a study was conducted to determine specific applications. A survey of the carbon industry established material sources and specifications on available types of material. Specimen materials were supplied to several research organizations for in-vivo evaluation and produced acceptable results. Specific designs have been generated for a broad range of implantable prosthetics and prototypes have been provided for preliminary evaluation. The feasibilty of an organic mechanical attachment between cortical bone tissues and elemental carbon has been successfully demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050607
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial surface interaction of blood and blood components with Al2O3 and TiO2 (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 69-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The success of material implants in the vascular system has been limited by the fact that the intial events of blood coagulation on foreign material surfaces are not understood. Many materials have been evaluated in the search for a suitable implant material in this system. Recent success of porous ceramic materials in bone-ceramic compatibility studies stimulated the feeling that these materials should be tested in other body tissues such as the blood.Ceramic disks of Al2O3 and TiO2 were evaluated using a contact angle measurement technique to determine the characteristics of these material surfaces before and after exposure to a blood environment. This technique involved measuring the contact angle of sessile drops of various liquids on these surfaces with a microscope fitted with a goniometer eyepiece. By plotting these contact angles according to the procedure of Zisman, the characteristics of the surfaces could be evaluated.The clean ceramic disks were found to be extremely wettable even after exposure to a physiological saline environment. On exposure of these disks to a blood environment, it was observed that some type of film was adsorbed from the blood onto the ceramic surface during the initial minutes of exposure. This film had wetting characteristics consistent with layers of fibrinogen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050609
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skeletal extension of limb prosthetic attachments-problems in tissue reaction (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 143-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The skeletal attachment of a limb prosthesis approaches two specific and separate problems in tissue reaction to prosthetic materials: Skeletal fixation and trancutaneous interface.The skeletal fixation problem must be looked upon as a method to distribute the stress concentration of prosthetic material in such a manner so that living tissue is not embarrassed by prolonged excessive pressures. One must consider the functional mechanical stresses separate from the toxicological reaction of living tissues to prosthetic materials. Our current experience identifies the fact that vitreous carbon is extremely benign from the standpoint of living tissue reaction. Moreover, when placed in the configuration of irregular surfaces, it apparently encourages bone growth contiguous with the material. To this point, however, the reaction of living material to broad surfaces contiguous with vitreous carbon has not placed under concentration of functional stresses. Porous ceramic to this date has not supplied an appropriate answer to this problem.Transcutaneous perforation is available in the clinical sense only when a method can be presented which requires no specific hygiene and dressing. No drainage at all must be the rule at a transcutaneous perforation. Vitreous carbon in our experience so far has made contiguous epithealization feasible down the neck of a skin perforation. Four millimeters, from our experience, seems to be an appropriate location of epithelial downgrowth before transition into non epithealized connective tissue is available. The use of fixation skirts is felt to be necessary to provide stable, transcutaneous perforation.This paper presents evidence of the favorable tissue reaction both from a skeletal and cutaneous standpoint to vitreous carbon materials. A specific design for the successful skeletal fixation limb prosthesis is as yet not currently available and must await further clinical experience with human skin reaction to transcutaneous devices.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramics in surgery (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 231-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the ceramic-epoxy composite “Cerosium.” Experiments were conducted to evaluate the tissue reaction to such material and the extent of bonding established between ceramic and the tissues in which it was implanted. It was found that this material was well tolerated by the body and obtained definite fixation within the tissues when implanted into both bone and tendon. This occurred, however, not by the active infiltration of tissue but by fibrous encapsulation and it is recommended that for more meaningful stabilization, material of larger pore size is required.When Cerosium was implanted into the knee joints of rabbits, it was found to be unsuitable for intra-articular use because of the abrasive effect on the opposing cartilage and bone surfaces and the susceptibility of the material itself to abrasive wear. Furthermore, a full mechanical evaluation of standard specimens of Cerosium showed it to be degraded within the body due to a breakdown of the impregnating polymer.Ceramic-epoxy composites require a strong matrix and a totally stable impregnating material. While mechanically suited to replacing weight bearing surfaces, a smooth surface glaze is essential to avoid abrasive effects upon the opposing bone surface. Further investigation is required before these materials can be fully accepted into the armamentarium of the implant surgeon.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramic tooth implants (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 281-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For many years man has engendered the idea of replacing lost or unserviceable teeth with natural or artificial substitutes has, however, only recently been shown to offer a viable alternative to externally attached prostheses. Ceramics were selected which have demonstrated compatibility with long bones and optimization of the ceramic properties was undertaken. Implants were made in the jawbones of adult dogs. Both tooth root replicas and crown-root combinations were employed. Anchorage of the implants was found to range from stable attachment to rapid exfoliation. The calcium aluminates were found to possess barely adequate mechanical strengths.This research suggests that these ceramics can function as effective tooth roots if the proper designs and surgical techniques are employed. Sufficient evidence of tissue compatibility has been amassed to warrant further study.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Bioceramics and dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metals and polymers have received considerable attention with respect to their potential use in human implantation. Serious study of the ceramics for this purpose has only recently begun. Materials for implantation in any body site must meet certain requirements. Each class of material has been found to have some highly desirable properties as well as some undesirable characteristics. Materials for use in dental implantation, particularly for the replacement of individual teeth, are subjected to environmental factors not generally existent in other implantation sites. Preliminary studies of the ceramics have suggested that, from the physiologic standpoint, they may be the best implantable substitute for hard tissues (bones and teeth) yet achieved. There are, however, many questions remaining to be answered concerning the selection of the most suitable material, its fabrication, and the reaction of tissues to it. These questions should serve to indicate future areas of exploration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Development of ceramic and ceramic composite devices for maxillofacial applicationsThese have been supported by Contract Numbers DADA 17-69-C-9118 and DADA 17-69-C-9181, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Dental Research Division, Colonel Robert M. Johnson, Chief. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 345-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramic and ceramic composite materials and devices were developed for specific maxillofacial applications. These applications included: (1) Replacement of hard tissue voids in low stress areas with a phosphate-bonded alumina-foamed ceramic and a calcium aluminate-bonded alumina foam; (2) development of porous ceramic-coated metallic devices for stabilization of mandibles with avulsed segments; (3) development of implantable ceramic tooth roots onto which more or less conventional crowns may be mounted.Efforts to date have been rewarding. Using the rhesus monkey for all experimental implant work, incorporation of porous ceramic foam prostheses to eliminate maxillary defects has been accomplished. Also, we have succeeded in stabilizing the mandible where segments of from 3 to 8 mm were removed. Bridging of the gap with new bone occurred within 6 weeks resulting in a total regeneration of the resected area with restoration of normal mandibular function. Finally, implantable tooth roots were developed. Three different surface treatment techniques have been used on a basic high-density alumina core. The first is a high-density matt finish which can only permit a fibrous tissue attachment or bony approximation but no ingrowth. The second is a porous alumina coating intended to permit bone ingrowth. The third is a rough surface consisting of particles of alumina sintered to the surface to maximize the bone/ceramic interface shear strength potential. Implantations of both anterior and posterior tooth roots with all three surface configurations have been successful for periods of up to six months.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060107
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060201
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  • 10
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    Co-permeant enhancement of drug transmission rates through silicone rubber (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vitro transmission rates of benzocaine were measured to determine the feasibility of augmenting the permeability of silicone rubber implants by introduction of co-permeant plasticizers into the systems. It was shown that permeation can be enhanced or inhibited depending on the co-permeant used, including increased mass transfer of methylene blue, previously reported to be a non-permeant. Factors influencing such potentiation or diminution are thought to be solubility relationships among all components present, diffusivity, molecular volumes and mobilities of the co-permeants, hydrogen bonding capabilities, and potential for internal segmental motion of polymeric plasticizers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060203
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  • 11
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    Hypoeutectic gold-cobalt alloys for dental castingsPresented at the Forty-eighth General Meeting of the International Association for Dental Research, Dental Materials Group, New York, N.Y., March 18, 1970. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hypoeutectic alloys of the Au-Co system were studied for use in dental castings. Microhardness and tensile data were determined for annealed and aged alloys of compositions from 0.5 to 10 at. % Co in Au. Maxima for this alloy of HK 119, elongation 23% in 10 mm, yield strength of 185 MN/m2 (0.2% offset) and tensile strength of 257 MN/m2 occurred following aging at 350°C for 15 min. The system is considered promising for use as a dental casting gold alloy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060205
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  • 12
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    An enzyme histochemical approach to the evaluation of polymers for tissue compatibility (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Nine samples of plastic, including PVC stabilized with various amounts of organotins, silicone rubber, PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, and a U.S.P. negative control high density polyethylene, were implanted in rat gluteal muscle. Frozen sections were cut in a cryostat microtome and treated for enzyme histochemical reactions. These included succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, aminopeptidase and adenosine triphosphatase. The results illustrate that enzyme histochemical data can be of value in supplementing other methods in the evaluation of polymers for tissue compatibility.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060210
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060301
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  • 14
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    The role of the porcelain inlay in restorative dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 405-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porcelain inlays coupled by a silane treatment to composite resins which were used as cementing media and in turn retained by an undercut were evaluated as to their marginal integrity and retention against conventionally restored teeth. These included restorations in teeth with undercuts of resins, composites, and porcelain inlays cemented with zinc oxyphosphate cements.The evaluations were determined by isotope penetration during thermal cycling (180 cycles from 12 to 50°C), scanning electron microscopy of sectioned restorations, and mechanical pull tests.The results showed improved retentive qualities and markedly improved resistance to marginal penetration. Improved adaptation of the composite to the tooth surface was produced by the mechanical action of seating the porcelain inlay.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060110
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  • 15
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    In vivo testing of silicone rubber joint implants for lipid absorptionThis study was supported by a grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 193-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Silicone rubber implants removed from patients undergoing revision arthroplasty were examined for breakage and cracks and analyzed for lipid content. No relationship was observed between lipids extracted from the implants and the implantation time. Neither was the absorption of lipids and the incidence of breakage of the implants found to be related. Various factors contributing to the possible failure and breakage of the joint implants are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060308
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  • 16
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    The complex factors in tooth implantation (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 297-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The criteria for an ideally successful tooth implant should inlcude: (1) stable physiologic retension, (2) non-toxicity, (3) durability and sound function in the oral cavity, (4) non-carcinogenicity, and (5) esthetic satisfaction.Many complex factors such as the anatomic site itself (the tooth socket), proper healing of the periodontium, viability of the periodontal membrane in tooth reimplants, the oral microbial flora, the general health of the implant recipient, non-traumatic occulsion, physical and chemical properties of artificial implant material, and adequate stabilization influence the success of a tooth implant.Initial results demonstrate that ceramic (calcium aluminate) tooth implants with a 50 to 75-μ porosity appear to more promisingly meet the criteria for successful artificial tooth implantation than implants fabricated from plastic (polymethylmethacrylate), which produced osteomyelitis in 5/21 jaw block specimens in baboons with complete lack of true periodontal attachment between alveolar bone of the implant socket and the plastic tooth implant, shown microscopically and ultramicroscopically.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060104
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  • 17
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    Interfacial stress in porcelain bodies bonded to metal prosthetic restorations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060109
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  • 18
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    Screening and evaluation of materials for thromboresistance (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are described for evaluating the thromboresistance of materials available as tubing. In the first method lengths of the tubing containing canine blood were incubated at 37°C, opened at timed intervals and examined for clots. For all materials tested, mean clotting times ranged from 5.2 min for glass to 〉 300 min for silicone rubber treated with GBH, TDMAC-heparin or TDMAN-heparin. For most materials, in vitro clotting times ranged from 20 to 60 min. Further testing in vitro indicated that heparin was more firmly bound to silicone rubber as TDMAC-heparin than as GBH. In the second method, short segments of tubing were surgically placed within the femoral veins of anesthetized dogs, examined for patency after 2 hr, removed and examined for thrombi. None of the materials tested appeared completely thromboresistant by the 2 hr in vitro method. Tubes of glass or unheparinized materials were usually completely occluded at the end of the test; silicone rubber treated with TDMAC-heparin apperared relatively thromboresistant. Results of in vitro and in vivo testing were generally in good agreement and were consistent with the known thromboresistant properties of materials.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060207
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  • 19
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    An improvement in the method of vena cava ring implantations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 143-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060212
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  • 20
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    Inorganic heparin complexes for the preparation of nonthrombogenic surfaces (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 115-141 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The surfaces of many plastics and other materials of interest in the fabrication of implants can be made nonthrombogenic by treating them with an inorganic heparin complex (IHC) system consisting essentially of a soluble metal salt, a solvent, and heparin. During complexing, the metal salt polymerizes at the same time it is trapped in the collapsing matrix of the surface; the entrapped inorganic polymer then reacts with heparin, probably by chelation. Treatment with an IHC system is not known to alter the mechanical or physical properties of the treated material. If desired, the surface can be made radiopaque by incorporating bismuth chloride or other contrast salts during complexing. After treatment, the surface can be autoclaved or sterilized with ethylene oxide. Materials that have been made nonthrombogenic by the IHC system include Silastic, polyurethane, cellulose acetobutyrate, polymethylmethacrylate, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene-vinyl acetate, polystyrene, natural rubber, and polyvinyl chloride.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060211
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  • 21
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    The dermal toxicity of isoamyl-2-cyanoacrylate (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 201-214 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060309
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  • 22
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    Factors influencing longevity of low-profile prosthetic heart valves (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abrasion and performance of artificial heart valves are related to geometrical configuration, blood flow dynamics, manufacturing techniques, and interaction of materials. Incidence of thromboembolism, valve insufficiency, and shortened longevity are critically dependent upon these factors. The effect of construction parameters on valve performance is discussed in general terms and illustrated from in vivo experience with a specific low-profile design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060307
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  • 23
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    Glass ceramic bone implantsSupport furnished by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Contract No. DADA17-70-C-001, and the Gainesville Veterans Administration Hospital, Gainesville, Florida.. A light microscopic study (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Glass ceramic implants containing 45% SiO2 with a Ca/P ration of 5 become firmly fixed to bone when placed in a cortical defect of an intact rat femur. The addition of fluoride ions to the implant prevents this fixation. The most significant difference between the two compositions is in their solubilites. The presence of high local concentractions of Ca and PO4 ions at the interface of the soluble non-fluoride containing implant, could account for the deposition of bone at its surface.It is not felt from these studies, however, that this model will be usable as a mass screening tecunique for evaluating materials variables. It is felt that other less laborous in vitro systems need to be devised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060312
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  • 24
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    Effect of pressure on heat transport in polymers used in dentistry (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 147-154 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The thermal properties of dental materials are important in certain aspects of tooth repair and the restoration of dental function. This is especially true for polymeric dental materials, for which low thermal conductivity is often considered an important asset. This paper contains a report on the surprisingly large effect that pressure (well with in the range encountered on the biting surfaces of teeth) can have on heat transfer in polymers that are widely used in dentistry. A sandwich type pressure-conductivity cell has been used to measure the thermal conductivity K of polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and poly-n-butyl methacrylate. The measurements span the range -50 to 50°C and pressures up to 2000 bar. For the polymers mentioned (and many others) K at a given temperature increases as pressure is increased. Initial increases in pressure to several hundred bars may typically increase the over-all heat transfer coefficient by a factor of two or more. At higher pressures, the relative slope (dK/dp)/K is typically about 10% per kilobar. Some comments are made about the thermal contact coefficient and the thermal diffusivity which are of more direct interest to dentists than K itself.
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    Use of magnetostrictive transducers for stress measurements within methylmethacrylate “bone cement”This investigation was aided by a grant from the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation. Technical assistance was provided by the transducer manufacturer, International Technical Industries, Santa Cruz, California. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060316
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    The elastic properties of hard tissues and apatitesContribution No. 45 from the Laboratory for Crystallographic Reserach, Department of Physics. (A preliminary version of this paper was presetned at the Engineering Foundation's Research Conference, “Bioceramics-Engineering in Medicine” Henniker, New Hampshire, August 3-7, 1970). (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 221-233 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The pressure dependence of the elastic constants of various halides, hard tissues and synthetic apatites have been examined in the 0- to 50-kilobar range using a solid media, pressure apparatus coupled with an ultrasonic interferometer. The samples includ: hydroxy-, fluor-, and chlor-apatite, NaCl, CaF2, mollusc shell (aragonite), ivory, dentin and enamel, and fish, bovine, and human bones. High pressures were used in order to assess the effects of porosity in aggregate samples and to make measurements on specimens of ideal density. Computer analysis of the measured longitudinal and shear ultrasonic velocities yields the pressure dependence of the bulk, shear, and Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio. Atmospheric pressure values at ideal density are obtained by back extrapolation from the high pressure measurements.
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    Masthead (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060401
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    Environmental fatigue testing of silastic finger joint prostheses (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 15-24 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Heat vulcanized silicone elastomer (Silastic-Dow) has been in clinical use as a prosthetic replacement material for over a decade. When subjected to operating stress in body fluids, as in cardiac poppet-valves, failure has occurred. Fractures of silastic finger-joint prosthesis have also been experienced.Chemical and fractographic analyses of such failed finger-joint prostheses raise the suspiciaon of failure. Severe discoloration of the implant at the point of maximal stress concentration, the presence of significant amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol on the fractured prostheses, and the pattern of fracture markings indicate that fracture was due to a combination of chemical surface deterioration and stress concentration.Study of the method of surgical insertion of these prostheses suggests failure to completely excise the volar plate and other palmar joint structures could create a step off and sufficiently increase the stress in the bending element of the device to cause fracture. In vitro cyclic testing at 37°C in serum failed to cause fracture of these devices after 10 million cycles, but did produce gradual discoloration of the entire prosthesis which began and was most noticeable at the point of bending. Although the prostheses adsorb lipid, which may produce surface deterioration, it is anticipated that properly inserted, the service life of these devices should be more than adequate for full clinical application.
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    Development of blood compatible elastomers. II. Performance of avcothane blood contact surfaces in experimental animal implantations (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 97-127 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A family of materials referred to as Avcothane elastomers has been developed. These materials have displayed a considerable degree of blood compatibility both in vitro and in vivo, althous they do not contain any added anticoagulant and are not equipped with any suface charges in any manner.A member of this family the Avcothane-51 elastomer, has rortinely delivered Lee-White clotting times whose mean is close to 60 min. Long-term aortic implantations of tubular prostheses made from this elastomer did not induce any pathological effects in swine. Results obtained in canine vena caval implantations and replacement appear to be consistent with the nonthrombogenic properties observed in vitro. This elastomer was utilized as the blood contact surface of the AERL Circular Assist Device which did not induce any significant intraluminal or intravascular thrombosis in acute implantations. An experimental model of a Left Heart Bypass Pump employing Avcothane-51 surfaces throughout was tested in completely nonanticoagulated dogs for bypass periods ranging from 2 to 24 hr. Hematologic studies performed during these bypass periods indicated no prohibitive changes in blood composition. In the form of tri-segmented Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps, the elastomer was chronically implanted in swine. The combined effects of the material and pumping of this device did not cause any significant thromboembolic or hemolytic effects which demonstrated its safe applicability to human implantations.
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    Development of blood-compatible elastomers. III. Hematologic effects of avcothane intra-aortic balloon pumps in cardiac patientsThe intra-aortic balloon pump treatment of cardiac patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Contract No. PH43-67-1443 (MIRU). (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 129-154 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: As of this date, tri-segmented intra-aortic balloons made from Avcothane-51 elastomer were applied in the counterpulsation treatment of about 80 cardiac patients. The combined effects induced by the implanted elastomer and the hemodynamics of pumping are analyzed by means of hematologic changes observed in a set of 28 patients who were treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital for an average period of about 4 days, and represent a widely diversified group in terms of their clinical conditions. In no case were, any significant adverse hematologic effects induced by this assist device whether the hosts had been anticoagulated or not heparinized at all. While platelet levels were somewhat affected by the assist device, the particular conditions of the patient appear to have an effect of at least, equal magnitude. In addition to platelet levels steadily decreasing with pumping time, changes in platelet levels similar to the pattern of “platelet tide” occurred with about equal frequency. Monitored in terms of erythrocyte counts and plasma hemoglobin levels, no significant degree of hemolysis could be detected. Leukocyte counts in patients having above-normal levels at the beginning of pumping returned to normal while in other cases there were no significant changes. Fibrinogen, one of the plasma proteins most sensitive to foreign surfaces, showed levels increasing from subnormal to normal as a function of pumping time. The overall in vivo performance of Avcothane-51 balloons appers to be consistent with the state of the surfaces of recovered devices, showing only the presence of occasional adherent platelets upon examination by scanning electron microscopy.
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    Tissue reaction to three ceramics of porous and non-porous structures (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 347-374 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this investigation, ceramics were studied to determine their role as rigid, abrasive implants in soft, living tissue. Discs and tubes of three ceramics, CaO·Al2O3, CaO·TiO2, and CaO·ZrO2, were introduced as porous and non-porous structures into muscle and connective tissue sites in rabbits. The animals were observed grossly to determine the duration of redness and swelling following surgery, and samples were retrieved at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months after implantation. A mild, acute inflammatory response immediately followed the implantation of all three materials in both the porous and non-porous forms. Histological sections of the ceramics and surrounding tissue, cut and stained for light microscopy, demonstrated the absence of inflammatory cells and revealed the normal morphology and organization of the cells present around all types of implants tested. Tissue around discs of porous ceramics healed faster and exhibited thinner fibrous encapsulations than with impervious discs of the same material. Healthy fibrous connective tissue with an ample blood supply occupied those implants with pores of 45-100 mμ, and even more rapidly filled the samples with a 100- to 150-μ pore size. The tissue ingrowth and tight adherence to the porous samples was believed responsible for the more moderate response to porous implants. No adverse responses of any kind were observed, except in a very few, atypical specimens.
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    Comment on “quantitative and qualitative changes of spherical gamma particles resulting from amalgamation” (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 471-472 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820060512
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    Reduction of tissue and bone adhesion to cobalt alloy fixation appliancesPresented at Western Orthopedic Association, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Sept. 29, 1969. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 451-464 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The cobalt-based alloy containing approximately 30% chromium and 5% molybdenum is widely used for the fabrication of internal fixation appliances. This alloy exhibits superior corrosion resistance in the presence of body fluid because of a durable and rapidly formed surface layer of chromium oxide. Although biocompatible, clinical use of this alloy appears to have been complicated by relatively great adhesion of tissue and bone to the metal. The adhesion engenders considerable difficulty when removal of an applicance should become necessary.It was hypothezied that this adhesion derives from the ceullular growth proceeding within the microporosity of the metal surface; the growth proceeds efficiently because of relatively low levels of cytotoxic metal ions released at the metal surface. In order to limit adhesion, polytetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE) was used to virtually eliminate surface microporosity and to substantially reduce metal surface free energy.1 One of the efficient techniques was to lap the metal surface with a solid piece of PTFE.A series of eighteen 12- to 22-kg dogs were used to evaluate the above thesis. Control and treated cobalt alloy plates and screws were used to fix induced longbone fractures in the same animal. Also, five animals received implants on decorticated iliac crests. The histological data for control (untreated) plates showed that in nine of the eleven experiments bone was demonstrated closely adjacent to the surface of the appliance. However, in seven of these cases fibrous tissue was also present to a substantial degree. The presence of bone correlated with generally increased difficulty in removal of the plate. On the other hand, the results with treated implants showed that in ten of eleven cases the appliances were grossly encapsulated with fibrous tissue and were relatively easy to remove.
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    Antithrombogenic characteristics of cathodically polarized copper prostheses (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 489-498 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In previous studies from our laboratories, it was shown that metals and alloys which register negative potentials in blood vs. the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) tend to be antithrombogenic, while those with positive potentials are invariably thrombogenic. Of the metals, only the corrodible ones fall in the first group and the noble ones in the second. Blood compatible metals appear to be essential for some types of medical devices. This paper deals with a novel approach of maintaining an implanted metallic prostheses at a negative potential. A copper vascular prostheses in a dog was made the cathode in a polarizing circuit, which in addition consists of a smal mercury battery, a resistor and an auxiliary electrode. Such experiments were conducted in three animals, and the potentials ranged from -60 to -160 mV/NHE. The three dogs were sacrificed after 6, 8, and 14 days and the tubes were examined. All tubes were free of thrombus deposits; minimal junctional thrombi were found. Two copper tubes with no polarizing circuit and registering positive potentials were occluded after 8 and 14 days, respectively. Histologic and electron-microscopic studies of the thrombus deposits in tubes at spontaneous potentials and of the junctional thrombus deposits in the tube at negative potentials showed similar structures. The present experiments further confirm the view that the potential across the conductive material-blood interface is a more basic parameter than the chemical nature of the surface in determining its blood-compatible characteristic.
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    Velour-lined silicone rubber as an artificial bladder material (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 533-543 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An ideal material for an artifical urinary bladder has not yet been designed. In order to study the effects of long-term exposure of urine to velour-lined Silastic silicone rubber, seven 80% cystectomized sheep had their natural bladders replaced with a Dacron velour-lined, Silastic prosthesis. Animals were sacrificed 1 week, 3, 6, 9, and 18 months postimplantation of their prosthesis.While the luminal surface of the prosthesis one week after implantation had small isolated patches of epithelium on it none of the remaining animals had any evidence of tissue growth on this surface. No stones or calcifications were found on the luminal surface of the prostheis in any of the animals except the 18-month survivor who had microscopic evidence of early calcification.The convex (serosal) surface of all the artifical bladders was covered with a thick connective tissue layer. At 9 months a muscle layer was seen in this tissue and it was clear the prosthesis was acting as a scaffold around which regeneration of the natural bladder was taking place. At 18 months after implantation regeneration of the natural bladder was complete and the prosthesis remained as a functionless, crumpled, hard foreign body in the lumin of the new bladder.It appears that velour-lined Silastic silicone rubber though not ideal may be an effective artificial bladder material as long as it remains functional.
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    Artificial skin I. Preparation and properties of pluronic F-127 gels for treatment of burnsPresented at the AIME Symposium on Artificial Organs, Symposium on Cardiovascular, Implantable and Dental Prosthesis, October 20, 1971, Detroit, Michigan. (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 6 (1972), S. 571-582 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The preparation of block polymer surface-active agents derived solely from propylene oxide and ethylene oxide is described. The physical properties of a nonionic surfactant of 12,500 molecular weight, Pluronic F-127, are presented. The toxicity data of the polymeric series is reviewed. The preparation of cold aqueous solutions of the F-127 solution, to which silver salts and other medicaments are then added, is described. By raising the temperature, these fluid liquids are then converted to strong “ringing” gels or viscous ointments which are suitable for application to a burn wound or abraded skin area. The factors involved in altering the yield strength of the gel are presented.
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    Transport through crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel membranes (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 353-367 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The transport of urea and other biologically interesting solutes in aqueous solution across poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA) hydrogel membranes has been studied. The results show that p-HEMA membranes have a high permeability to urea due to a strong interaction between the polymer and urea, and, in addition, they are consistent with a pore flow model in which solute transport takes place through water-filled regions essentially unaffected by the surrounding polymer matrix. The results indicate that such p-HEMA membranes might be suitable for hemodialysis applications.
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    Analyses of a silicone elastomer heart ball valve (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 405-418 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This work represents a preliminary study of one case history of a silicone heart valve. The laboratory techniques employed have proven useful in characterizing the polymer before and after implantation. Before any model explaining ball variance can be proposed it must be determined whether the polymer loses its integrity because specific constituents in the body fluids interact with primary valence bonds in the polymer chains, or if the fluids simply cause swelling and plasticization of the crosslinked system and the damage is the result of mechanical work on the weaker polymer system. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies are underway to answer these questions.The work summarized in this paper refers to the evaluation of only one specimen and should not be taken to mean that every silicone ball from a heart valve prosthesis will show this variance. The incidence of functionally variant silicone balls as reported to one manufacturer represents approximately 1.5% of the aortic and less than 0.05% of the mitral prostheses which have been supplied by this manufacturer. A small percent of valves of this type have the potential of becoming functionally variant and this is one failure mode which should be considered in the implantation of silicone ball valves.
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    Preparation of dental alloy by splat cooling (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 481-484 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Splat cooling has been used for the preparation of dental alloy in the form of ribbons of 5-25 μm in thickness. The powdered alloy was produced by shaking the ribbons with a dental pestle in a mechanical amalgamator. One minute shaking produced a powder all of which passed a standard 400 mesh sieve. Only phases expected at room temperature have been produced thus far.
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    Masthead (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820070601
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    Intravascular radiopaque catheters in the dog: Tissue reaction and possible lead lossThis represents part of the work done for the thesis requirement for a M.A. degree from the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Indiana University (Bloomington). (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 167-178 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Male mongrel dogs were divided into two groups and placed in urine collection cages for 24-hr urine samples. One group was implanted with sterile radiopaque polyethylene catheter and stainless steel guide wire fragments in the venous vasculature via an incision in the left femoral vein and the remaining group in the arterial vasculature via the left femoral artery. The catheter fragments, made radiopaque by an admixture of 25% lead oxide and 75% polyethylene, were located by roentgenograms and along with the guide wire fragments removed at necropsy 18-46 weeks following implantation. Gross and microscopic tissue lesions consisted of fibrous tissue tubes and slings which completely enclosed and anchored the fragments and intimal hyperplasia with fibrous tissue organization of thrombi, respectively. Tissue staining techniques for lead, catheter fragment weights, blood lead levels, and urine lead content all revealed no evidence of lead loss from the catheter fragment implants.
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    Diffusion of pyrimethamine from silicone rubber and flexible epoxy drug capsules (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The rate of diffusion of pyrimethamine, a pyrimidine-based antimalarial drug, from silicone rubber is compared to the diffusion of this drug from a flexible epoxy. Specific amounts of drug were mixed into the epoxy resin prior to the addition of an aliphatic diamine curing agent in the reparation of the epoxy-drug capsules and into the silicone rubber prior to vulcanization with stannous octoate in the preparation of silicone drug capsules. These capsules, in the form of discs, were separately immersed in water which was replenished at regular time intervals. The amount of drug released was determined spectrophotometrically (λ max = 275 mμ). Silicone rubber discs with 20 mg of drug incorporated/disc showed a much higher initial release rate than epoxy discs with an equivalent amount of drug incorporated. The rate of drug release is shown to be a nonlinear function of the amount of drug initially incorporated. The amine functional groups on pyrimethamine, and the possibility of its participation in the curing of the epoxy is noted. In silicone rubber, such interaction is not expected. The addition of a silica filler to the epoxy drug mixture is associated with greater uniformity in the observed drug release rates of capsules made from the same batch of polymer drug mixture. The Shore A durometer hardness of these drug capsules are 30 and 70 for silicone rubber and epoxy, respectively.
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    Surgical sutures and infection: A biomaterial evaluation (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 115-126 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A standardized readily reproducible experimental model has been developed to assess the relative importance of the chemical and physical configuration of sutures as determinants of early infection in contaminated wounds. The chemical structure of the suture appeared to be the most important factor in the development of surgical infection. The incidence of infection in contaminated tissues containing either polypropylene sutures or nylon sutures was lower than the infection rate of tissues subjected to any other nonabsorbable suture. Among the absorbable sutures, polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures evoked the least inflammatory response. The infection rate of contaminated tissues containing the PGA sutures was not significantly different from the incidence of infection of tissues subjected to the least reactive nonabsorbable sutures. The physical configuration of the suture played a relatively unimportant role in the development of early infection. The infection rate of contaminated tissues containing monofilament nonabsorbable sutures did not differ significantly from the incidence of infection of tissues subjected to multifilament sutures made from the same material. Coating the multifilament suture with either silicone, wax, or Teflon did not alter the incidence of early infection in the contaminated tissue. Finally, the presence of even the least reactive suture in contaminated subdermal tissue potentiated the development of infection.
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    Sheath formation in response to limited active gliding implants (animals) (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 163-173 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to further the understanding of tendon reconstructive surgery.A series of 20 dogs was used for replacement of the forepaw extensor carpi radialis tendon (a single tendon only is present in the dog) with active gliding tendon implants. The implants were attached distally and proximally so that new tendon prosthetic designs could be studied as well as new sheath development under gliding conditions.The results, recorded in this paper, show that a “gliding implant” can convert a nonspecific bed of connective tissue or scar into a specific living envelope comparable to a tendon sheath system. This system has been shown to be capable of lubricating and supporting a gliding artificial implant while augmenting normal tendon function. Degrees of active and passive gliding can take place for indefinite periods, providing the mechanical and dynamic capabilities of the new system are understood and controlled. The mature sheath will show a predictable physiologic response to unfavorable stimuli.Further evidence that the new gliding system functions as a physiologic sheath is borne out by the fact that the implant can be replaced in Stage II by a long free tendon graft. The graft is apparently supported in part by fluid nutrition and filmy adhesions between the distal and proximal anastomosis.
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    Studies on the skeletal attachment of experimental hip prostheses in the pygmy goat and the dogThis project was supported in part by the Educational Fund, Department of Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan and by the Pontiac Medical Sciences Laboratories, Pontiac, Michigan. (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Significant hazards to the use of femoral head prostheses-infection, corrosion, fatigue failure, interface motion, latent failure-dictate new standards for new prosthesis models. This study investigates ceramic-coated metal hip prostheses which have the theoretical advantage of tissue ingrowth. In long-term analysis, ingrowth did not occur in this study in the pygmy goat. Sintered metal prosteses were inserted in two dogs with bilateral congenital hip dysplasia. Excellent clinical results were obtained with radiologic evidence of bone envelopment of the sintered metal. Based on previous applications of silicone rubber to weight bearing by the author, the advantages of a silicone rubber prosthesis or silicone rubber-covered prosthesis are tissue compatibility, new bone formation, peak stress dispersal, and simulation of normal articular cartilage. A silicone rubber prosthesis was fabricated for the pygmy goat. It was inserted and initially has given good clinical results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820070312
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    The anchor oral endosteal implant (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 235-249 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Since the accidental rediscovery of the endosteal implant by Formaggini in the late 1940's, the field has witnessed a tremendous evolution in theory and clinical application. Chercheve, in his efforts to improve on earlier spiral designs, proposed several theories on the relationship of the metallic endosteal implant to its osseous environment. Some of the problems he experienced still have not been overcome in our present designs.The development of the blade implant marked a true advancement in endosteal design. This implant proved to be much more functional and reliable than the spiral concept; however, it too had certain disadvantages which became obvious after a relatively short period of clinical trial. The anchor endosteal implant was developed as a result of efforts to correct the various problems associated with the blade.Preliminary animal research using both anchor and blade implants was begun. Four dogs had each type of implant inserted in edentulous areas. The animals were sacrificed four months post insertion for histologic examination. More sophisticated animal implant studies are being performed at the Brookdale Hospital Medical Center.Clinical evaluation of the anchor implant over a 3-year period has been very encouraging. Results have indicated a higher level of clinical success than previously achieved with blade or spiral designs.
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    The fracture mechanics of bone - another look at composite modeling (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 383-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The energy absorbed in the impact fracture of bovine metatarsal and metacarpal bone was shown to depend on the aspect from which the inpact specimen was obtained. In a majority of cases caudad specimens were more than an order of magnitude tougher than cephalad specimens and the fracture surfaces of the tough specimens were fibrous or woody in appearance due to osteon pull out. This pull out phenomenon was identified as a major factor in determining the toughness of bone and is analogous to the toughening effect produced by fiber pull out in synthetic composites. Whenever a substantial component of the applied stress was resolved across the osteons, the fracture cracks were seen to propagate in an interosteonal mode similar to the delamination of synthetic composites with weak interfaces. Plastic deformation of the matrix is the third mechanism commonly employed to effect toughening in synthetic composites. Although no similar phenomenon was demonstrated in this study, it is probable that this also makes some contribution to the work-to-fracture of bone.
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    Announcement (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 273-273 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820070402
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    The mandibular staple implant for the atrophic mandible (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 365-371 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The mandibular staple is an endosseous implant that will permit the attachment of a lower deture in cases of severe alveolar bone atrophy. It is placed through a submental incision and inserted into seven parallel holes drilled into the mandible. A curved bar containing seven pins is inserted in the holes and is place against the inferior border of the mandibular symphysis. The two lateral most pins project into the mouth and the five retentive pins remain completely buried in bone. Two fasteners are screwed down on the threading of the intraoral pins. Later a bridge containing Dalbo attachments is cemented to the fasteners which allow attachment to a lower denture. A series of 25 patients have been completed with 20 successful patients for survival rate of 80%. The longest case has been in for five years and the average case has been in for 3 years. Stainless steel, titanium and ceramic coated titanium has been with apparently equal success. Patient acceptance has been excellent.
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    Development and evaluation of porous ceramic and titanium alloy dental anchors implanted in miniature swine (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research has as its major goal the development of easily fabricated and implantable dental anchors for replacement of missing or extracted teeth. Tissue ingrowth fixes the anchors in the mandibular or maxillary bone where they can serve as a base for future attachment of prefabricated dental caps, bridges, or other dental prostheses. More immediate objectives are to determine the suitability of specific porous titanium and ceramic materials for anchor applications, to develop satisfactory designs and fabrication procedures for producing these devices, and to define material/bone interface bonding characteristics through in vivo studies. The value of the Hanford Miniature Swine as a human analog for dental research is being assessed concurrently.
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    Histochemical responses at a biomaterial's interface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of nonporous glasses and glass materials designed with controlled surface ion activities to allow chemical bonding to bone are described. Surface reactivities of these materials in vitro are correlated with biological activities in vivo and in tissue culture. Direct chemical bonding of the materials to bone is demonstrated. The mechanism for development of this bond is through the production of an amorphous ion surface gel on the bioglass. This gel induces osteogenesis by a chemotactic response of osteoblasts.
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    Transcutaneous implants: Reactions of the skin-implant interface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 99-113 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: One method of providing an artificial limb for an amputee might be to attach the external prosthesis directly to the skeleton but a major problem is the behavior of the tissues at the point where the prosthesis penetrates the skin surface. Preliminary experiments have been carried out using small flexible implants in porcine skin to study the principles involved. It is confirmed that the epidermis grows down into the dermis around the nonporous materials and the implant-skin junction is unstable and readily becomes infected. It was found that polytetrafluorethylene with pores of 10 μm diameter and hydron sponge with pores of 40 μm diameter became invaded by fibrous tissue and this appeared to prevent the migration of epidermis alongside the implants and a stable ring of epidermal tissue was formed near the skin surface. A review of other situations where epidermal migration is taking place suggests that epidermis is able to migrate through damaged collagenous tissue, possibly with the help of leucocytic enzymes, but that epidermal cell movement is halted when the epidermal sheet is confronted by heathly collagen bundles.
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    The role of porous polymeric materials in prosthesis attachment (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 145-153 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymeric materials are becoming increasingly popular as prosthetic materials in orthopedic surgery. One of these materials, polyethylene, is capable of being fabricated in a porous form suitable for tissue ingrowth. Porous polyethylene appears to be well suited for prosthesis attachment when bonded to its solid form of other prosthetic materials. Extensive bone growth into porous cylindrical specimens implanted in the canine femur has occurred as early as four weeks. Ingrown tissues appear normal and there is minimal inflammatory response. Mechanical strength of the porous material, though not as great as that of the solid material, does appear to be sufficient for certain orthopedic applications. Current research is directed toward determining interfacial strengths and the mechanical properties of the porous polyethylene-bone composite.
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    Physical characteristics of setting of acrylic bone cements (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 185-196 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to determine the general physical characteristics of self-curing acrylic resin systems in terms of their potential utilization in total hip arthroplasty.Exothermic temperature, working and setting times were monitored with thermocouples placed in acrylic masses insulated via a Teflon mold. Mechanical strengths were run in an Instron testing machine. The same trends were noted in all systems studied.As thickness or mass increased, the maximum temperature and the setting time increased. As the powder to liquid ratio increased (thereby relatively less liquid), the maximum temperature, set times and dough times decreased, while the working time was essentially unaffected. As the ambient temperature decreased, the maximum temperature decreased while the dough, working and setting times increased.The mechanical strengths of the systems cured at one atmosphere are low compared to high temperature and pressure curing. Flowability of the materials decreases quickly as final set time is approached.Although trends are similar in many self-curing acylic systems minors shifts in complex proprietary compositions can produce a wide span or working and setting times. Because the surgical team controls such parameters as the mass employed, the amount of liquid introduced, and the ambient temperature it is important that they continuously re-evaluate their handling procedures particularly if new acrylic cements would be introduced.
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    Preface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080402
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    Evaluation of a total hip replacement (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 271-283 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Through a survey of hip replacement arthroplasty the paper establishes the case for objective evaluation of these joints in the patient. It then outlines a simple, non-invasive technique, based on Paul's (1967) locomotion studies, to assess pre- and postoperative functional capability. Preliminary results which establish viability of the procedure are presented.
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    Porous titanium alloy for fixation of knee prostheses (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 319-328 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A porous titanium alloy called void metal composite (VMC) was investigated for use in knee prosthesis fixation. The interfacial ingrowth fixation of VMC intrameduallary, subchondral, and variable density implants in goat femora was evaluated biomechanically and histologically at six weeks and five months. Biomechanical tests were done under static shear and dynamic, cyclic (fatigue) loading conditions. Readily identifiable bone, strong fixation, and excellent biocompatibility were typical. Some subarticular implants appeared to induce normal hyaline cartilage overgrowth.
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    The normal circulation of bone and its response to surgical intervention (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080111
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    Plastics and inflammation: An in vivo experimental study (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 97-117 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A significant variation occurred in the inflammatory response to polyethylene and polyurethane when embedded subcutaneously in experimental animals. This variation apparently is related to the composition of the plastic and adsorption of proteins. The attraction of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by plastics apparently is related to the electrostatic and/or electrokinetic imbalance that occurs at or near the site of implantation.Polyurethane and polyethylene were selected for this study since preliminary observations had shown a variation in inflammatory response when they were embedded subcutaneously in the mouse. From this study it is evident that: (1) variations occurred in the inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous tissue of mice and rabbits following the embedding of polyethylene and polyurethane; (2) polymorphonuclear leucocytes began to emigrate within hours after these two plastics were implanted, reaching their maximum number within 24 to 48 hr; (3) polymorphonuclear leucocytes usually were absent after the 6th experimental day in mice with polyurethane, but were present for 232 days in mice with polyethylene; (4) polymorphonuclear leucocytes were present in the rabbit for only a few days following subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene and polyurethane; and (5) leucocytes around the implanted polyurethane in the rabbit began to degenerate within 48 hr. The mechanism for this degeneration is not known.
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    Intergranular cracking of a weak two-phase polymethyl methacrylate (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 185-188 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Preface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. v 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080302
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    Experimental analysis of ceramic-tissue interactions. A morphologic, fluoroescenseoptic, and radiographic study on dense alumina oxide ceramic in various animals (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two types of dense Al2O3 ceramics (99.6% purity, 96% purity) were tested in the following fields of interest.1Wear resistibility using a pin and disk method under distilled water and human synovial fluid. Both types showed minimal initial corpuscular wear.2Biocompatibility of ceramic wear particles in mice and rats after injection by different ways. The crystal material is permanently deposited in macrophages, after transport via lymphpatic and blood vessels also in the RES without chronic inflammatory and progressive fibrotic response.3Under moderate stress conditions ceramic plates are fixed firmly by new bone formation within 2-3 months according to tetracycline label studies of bone growth in rats.4A new ceramic total hip prosthesis with two different socket designs for cement free fixation in bone is proposed and used in sheep experiments. The results of a 4 month experiment is presented showing firm fixation of the prosthesis under full stress conditions.
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    Effect of stress on tissue ingrowth into porous aluminum oxide (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 85-97 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study of the tissue compatibility of aluminum oxide implants under different stress conditions in rabbits was performed over four- and eight-week implantation periods. The specific objectives were to examine endosteal bone ingrowth into aluminum oxide coneshaped plugs in amputated tibiae, while additional pellet-shaped implants in the tibiae and femora of rabbits with amputated and nonamputated limbs were studied to determine: (1) if the degree of loading placed on the amputated limb was sufficient to promote bone activity, (2) the degree of inertness and/or toxicity of the aluminum oxide implants, and (3) a possible cause of bone spurs.The results of the radiographic, histologic and microradiographic analyses of the in vivo implants demonstrated that there was little mineralized bone ingrowth into the coneshaped aluminum oxide implants in the amputated tibiae. The study also showed that the aluminum oxide pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of the nonamputated limbs demonstrated excellent mineralized bone ingrowth into surface and internal pores. By comparing these results with the incomplete ingrowth into corresponding pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of amputated limbs, it was determined that a lack of weight bearing and damage to the musculature and vascularity following amputation were interfering with the normal bone activity and therefore bone ingrowth.Angiographs and radiographs of the amputated tibiae demonstrated that bone spurs were present and that they originated at the site of the periosteal damage. Their cause was believed to be associated with an increase in the vascularity of the adjacent tissues.
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    Calcium-phosphate magnesium-aluminate osteoceramics (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 137-144 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramic materials for permanent implantation in osseous tissue, called osteoceramics, were based on an equimolar mixture of Ca3(PO4)2 and MgAl2O4. Tooth roots with dense regions and with regions of controlled porosity for tissue ingrowth were made from the material. They were implanted submucosally in the mandible and maxilla of dogs. Tissue response was aceptable and strong attachment occurred. Thin sections are presented showing the interface of the alveolar bone and the prosthesis.
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    Study of early sheath development using static nongliding implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Clinical studies will permit only small sections of tendon sheaths to be removed for biopsy at restricted levels as the sheaths were to be used for tendon grafting. In active gliding programs, biopsy has been limited to small sheath sections in immediate relation to the distal or proximal anastomosis where gliding motion may be induced or minimal. In the passive gliding programs, biopsy has been limited to the most proximal segments where considerable folding of the sheath occurs or cul-de-sac buckling of the implant may produce irritation.As these were the only practical clinical sources of sheath sections for biopsy and study, the authors felt that a comparison study of sheath development in animals would broaden our understanding in humans. With this objective in mind, three canine laboratory studies were carried out where, for pure purposes of investigation, entire sheath sections were removed at designated time intervals for study.The flexible implants were well accepted, affording the opportunity to observe development of early sheaths in a controlled connective tissue environment, free from the stress of joint motion.The semi-rigid implants showed equal acceptance in side-by-side tissue level of the same dog as the flexible implant. This influenced changes in artificial tendon development from extrusion to the more exacting mold fabrication. It seemed evident that the degree of increase in stiffness of the new artificial tendons to gain a superior surface for gliding and increased strength would not change tissue acceptance providing flexibility was maintained.The cellular response in this study did not seem to represent a foreign body phenomena but an orderly acceptance of the soft tissue environment to the smooth surface of the inert implant.It is concluded that this study confirmed in animals the clinical findings of Mayer, Bunnell, Milgram, and Carroll.The consistent orderly development of the new sheaths formed in response to the static implants is impressive. The authors believe the appearance of these histologic sections are likely correlations with the development of new sheaths around the Hunter Tendon Prosthesis during the three-four week postoperative period when the hand is resting in a functional dressing.
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    The potential for poly-α-amino acids as biomaterials (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 197-207 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly-α-amino acids have been investigated for possible use in a wide variety of biomedical applications. These range from dialysis membranes to artificial skin substitutes to degradable sutures. The large number of available α-amino acids potentially provides an extremely large number of poly-α-amino acids. The majority of materials investigated to date are copolymers composed of two components, one of which usually provides the desired property for the given application.This paper deals with the further examination of a series of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate-L-leucine copolymers. Evidence is provided on the effect of these copolymers on the biological environment as determined by implantation in rats up to 200 days. In vitro tests were also performed and the effect of these tests on the stress-strain properties of one of the copolymers is presented.Preliminary evidence on biodegradable copolymer films is also included. These materials have free γ-carboxyl groups on the glutamate components.
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    The load-deformation characteristics of connective tissues (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Following the classification of tissues according to their “dominant” and “interactive” components the paper surveys their load-deformation behavior, highlighting in particular the significance of time dependence. This leads to a discussion of the implant/tissue interaction in which the complexity that could be created by varying load and deformation time rates at the interface is explored.
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    Abstracts of the proceedings of a workshop on “Standardization of metal surgical implants for orthopedic surgery” Presented by the Subcommittee on Surgical Devices of the Committee on the Skeletal System, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., May 17-18, 1968. (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 245-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820040205
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    Heparin sorptivity and blood compatibility of carbon surfaces (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 145-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The influences of the conditioning treatments, surface topography, and crystal structure of carbonaceous surfaces on their ability to sorb heparin and their in vivo compatibility with blood were investigated. The results of the sorption studies indicated that the adsorption of heparin on the surfaces of turbostratic and graphitic materials is not crystallographically selective and that the amount adsorbed on relatively smooth surfaces is near the amount expected for monolayer formation. Although the adsorption of heparin on relatively smooth carbon surfaces is not influenced by the presence of benzalkonium chloride, the sorption of heparin in porous carbons can be greatly increased by a pretreatment with benzalkonium chloride. This increase was found to be due to the formation and entrapment of the insoluble heparin-benzalkonium complex in the accessible porosity. Since the heparin sorptions in Dag-154 coatings were found to be enhanced by a pretreatment with benzalkonium chloride, it was inferred that these coatings contain accessible porosity and that their initial thromboresistance depends on the formation of the benzalkonium-heparin complex in pores. In vivo tests showed that polished and outgassed, impermeable isotropic carbons deposited at low temperatures were significantly thromboresistant without the exogenous application of heparin. There was no relationship between the amount of heparin sorbed on these materials and their compatibility with blood. Polishing, for example, which reduced heparin sorption, enhanced the thromboresistance of these carbons, and while chemisorption of oxygen markedly reduced their thromboresistance, it did not influence the amount of heparin that could be sorbed. Although the heparin-benzalkonium complex sorbed in a porous carbon conferred excellent thromoboresistance in a 2-hr test, the long-tern (14-day) compatibility was not as good as for carbon surfaces that were deposited at low temperatures and then polished and outgassed prior to implanting. In vivo tests of HTI carbon structures and annealed LTI carbons indicate that the blood compatibility of a turbostratic carbon is not significantly dependent on crystallite size, Le. Limited tests of surfaces that had a preponderance of c-faces oriented parallel to the blood-carbon interface at the surface suggest that orientations of this sort are better than others.
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    Adsorption of fibrinogen on modified polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of radiotagged fibrinogen on modified polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces was measured to shed light on the reason of reduced thrombogenicity. These measurements show that when fibrinogen is adsorbed from a solution in which the molecules are in a coiled, undenatured state, adsorption is greater on sulfonated, etched Teflon - a reduced thrombogenic surface, than on unsulfonated, etched Teflon - a thrombogenic surface. On the other hand, when fibrinogen is picked up from a water-air interface in the form of a monolayer consisting of denatured molecules, the pick-up is independent of the thrombogenicity of the surface.
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    Masthead (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820040301
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    Ag-Sn-Hg alloys as electron compounds (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The extraordinary stability of the γ1 phase of dental amalgam was believed to indicate that part of the Sn in dental amalgam was contained in this phase. By extending the Hume-Rothery “electron compound” ideas to the three component Ag-Sn-Hg system, an estimate was made of the amount of Sn which could be held in the γ1 structure.A Ag-Sn alloy containing 9.1 weight per cent Sn was prepared, spheroidized, and sized. Portions were amalgamated and molded into tensile specimens, parts of which were subjected to X-ray diffraction, corrosion tests, and tests to determine amalgamation rate and dimensional changes during setting.X-ray diffraction patterns showed a complete absence of the γ2 phase, (thus indicating that all Sn was in the γ1 phase) and a stability intermediate between γ Ag-Hg and the γ1 phase of dental amalgam. Physical tests showed a low amalgamation rate, low 1-hr strength, high 7-day strength, and high corrosion resistance.
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    Corrosion effects of three sterilization methods on experimental implant surfaces (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 275-277 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Autoclave sterilization of paper-wrapped stainless steel implants resulted in slight general surface corrosion and crystalline contamination. Such artifacts may produce microanodes which induce local tissue reactions, thereby lowering the pH and further activating the corrosion process. Implants sterilized in ethylene oxide or benzalkonium chloride did not show artifact corrosion or contamination. Mechanisms are presented to show the effects contaminants have upon both the corrosion behavior and the tissue reaction of implant materials.
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    Symposium on biomedical engineering materials American Institute of Chemical Engineers67th Annual Meeting, February 15 - 17, 1970. Materials Science and Engineering Symposia, Atlanta, Georgia. (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 279-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820040302
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    Parameters affecting preparation of nylon-based hemodialysis membranesThis study was supported by Contract No. PH43-66-545 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, NIH, USPHS, DHEW. It is presently under the supervision of Mr. Theodore Moller, Project Officer. (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Nylon-based membranes of greater dialyzing capacity than Cuprophan have been prepared by solution casting. Good permeability is being achieved by the use of diluents such as dimethylsulfoxide in the casting solution. Modifying resins, primarily epoxies, contribute to higher permeability, good aging stability, and heat-sealing properties. Drying time between film casting and water immersion as well as the temperature and composition of the immersion bath are important factors in membrane performance. Methods for attaching heparin to the film surface have been developed, thus imparting good blood compatibility to the membranes.
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    The absorption of carbon dioxide by thin films containing an ion exchange polymer (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 295-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A thin polymeric film, containing a basic polyelectrolyte, was developed with properties that potentially make it highly suitable for use in a membrane blood oxygenator. Its CO2 absorption capacity was correlated as a function of the CO2 partial pressure, temperature and relative humidity of the processed gas. The correlation showed a linear dependence with CO2 partial pressure and relative humidity and an Arrhenius dependence with temperature. A four-step mechanism for the absorption process was postulated and its parameters were evalutaed. The apparent diffusion constant for CO2 was five times that measured for an ion-exchange resin made from the polyelectrolyte. The capacity and mechanism correlations obtained are suitable for the design of a CO2 removal unit for a recirculated air atmosphere as well as for a blood oxygenator. The permeability of the film to CO2 and O2 was measured and the ratio was found to be far greater than that of most commercial materials. This suggests that a blood oxygenator utilizing such a film would have the controlling resistance to transfer on the oxygen side, rather than on the blood side, thus perhaps avoiding bubbling on the blood side altogether.
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    The physiological effects of fluorocarbon liquids in blood oxygenation (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 313-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a fluorocarbon liquid in a liquid-liquid contacting device for extracorporeal blood oxygenation. Extraction experiments were carried out wherein blood was gently contacted with FC-43 (a fluorinated tributyl amine) for up to 48 hr. The fluorocarbon caused no significant change in red cell volume, white cell count, plasma hemoglobin, platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, or the relative amounts of thirteen different plasma proteins. To determine toxicity, FC-43 slugs and emulsions were injected intravenously and intraaortically into dogs. No chemical toxicity has been found, but the fluorocarbon is intolerable above about 1.7 mg/kg because it retards the flow of blood through pulmonary capillaries. FC-43 was used for several in vivo tests of a vertical cylindrical blood oxygenator. The hemolysis caused by the falling film of fluorocarbon on the inner Teflon wall of the cylinder was considerably less than that caused by direct contact between blood and Teflon, suggesting that the blood-fluorocarbon interface is quite atraumatic. All these results indicate that this fluorocarbon liquid holds considerable promise for use in a liquid-liquid blood oxygenator.
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    In vitro performance of the disposable kiil envelopeBemberg PT 150, manufactured by J. P. Bemberg Corp., Wuppertal, W. Germany. (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 469-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For patients performing hemodialysis at home the assembly of the artificial kidney must be simple. To achieve this, a disposable envelope, consisting of two membranes bonded to a supporting substructure, was developed for the Kiil artificial kidney. This envelope was tested in vitro for metabolite clearance, pressure-flow relationship, ultrafiltration, and priming volume. The clearance of this envelope for different metabolites proved to be higher than that achieved with conventional assembly of the Kiil with wet Cuprophan membranes. Analysis of the resistance to mass transfer indicated that the disposable envelope has decreased the blood- and dialyzate-side resistances and provides an increase in effective membrane area, thereby enhancing overall mass transfer. The envelope also showed higher resistance to blood flow and a lower priming volume. In vitro testing of this envelope has shown the feasibility of practical clinical application.
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    A stress-deformation model of the human aorta (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 503-524 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A finite element stress-deformation model of the human aorta was developed based on previously determined constitutive relationships. The model was used to predict the deformations experienced by an arota when subjected to localized pressure distributions. The model was further refined so as to analyze a twolayered vascular system. The stress distribution through the wall, particularly at the layer interface, was studied for composite vascular systems subjected to localized internal pressures.
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    The determination of the constitutive relationships for a human aorta (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 525-547 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A testing technique was developed that enabled an aortic vascular specimen to be analyzed in a quasi-physiological environment. The data that was gathered from human and bovine aortas provided the basis for the formulation of the time dependent constitutive relationships describing the viscoelastic behavior of an aorta subjected to a “normal” pressure pulse.
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    The in vivo antithrombogenicity of waxed surfacesThe investigation was supported by the Wisconsin Heart Association. (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 4 (1970), S. 579-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The naturally occurring waxes possess rather marked in vivo antithrombogenic properties, which are related both to the material and the polishing process.
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    An evaluation of inert and resorbale ceramics for future clinical orthopedic applicationsResearch Supported by the University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 25-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The compatibility of implanted ceramic materials with autogenous bone, and the subsequently noted influence of the ceramic on the rate of new bone formation, were investigated to evaluate such materials for use in orthopedic implants. Three ceramic materials, aluminium oxide (Al2O3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and calcium aluminate (yCaO · xAl2O3) were tested. These were placed in the femurs of rhesus monkeys for periods of 50, 100, and 350 days. Definite compatability between the autogenous bone and the materials was exhibited for the implant time periods evaluated. No toxicogenic activity was noted in any of the biochemical, biomedical, and ceramographic evolutions. An added benefit resulted from the calcium aluminate composition, which was fabricated as a two-phase oxide material to make it slightly soluble in the body fluids. In the 50- and 100- day implants, the bone penetrated the ceramic for distances up to 100 μ while the ceramic dissolved and the pores enlarged. In addition, the mineralization in the area of the calcium aluminate was greater than that found around the other ceramics. Radiographs over the entire 350-day implant period confirmed the increased callus formation around all of the materials with no signs of rejection evident in the surrounding osseous or soft tissues. After 350 days the entire pore area of the calcium aluminate ceramic was infiltrated with a columnar substance which on the basis of scanning electron microscope procedures was considered to be mineralized osteoid.
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    Amino acid polymers for biomedical applications. I. Permeability properties of L-leucine DL-methionine copolymers (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of DL-methionine/L-leucine copolymers was prepared from the coresponding N-carboxy-anhydrides. The copolymers formed clear flexible films having low water vapor transmission rates. Peroxide oxidation of the pendant methyl-theioethyl groups to methyl-sulfinoethyl groups enhanced the hydrophilic properties of the membranes, and the water vapor transmission rates rapidly increased with an increase in the number of pendant methyl-sulfinoethyl groups. Increasing the leucine content of the membranes produced a 13-fold increase in the carbon dioxide permeability and a 6-fold increase in oxygen permeability, whereas, an increase in the methionine content doubled the carbon dioxide-oxygen separation factor.Synthetic poly (α-amino acids) are very similar to naturally occurring proteins with respect to composition and conformation. Because of these similarities, they are being considered in aerosol spray bandages, synthetic skin applications and as coatings for plastic prostheses. The unusual permeability characteristics of the DL-methionine/L-leucine copolymers make them interesting membranes for possible use in artificial kidney machines and blood oxygenators.
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    Flexural properties of equine metacarpus (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 63-79 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural tests on 37 whole equine metacarpus bones are described and the results are given in terms of fundamental material properties as a function of age. The moduli of elasticity, rupture, and failure increase then decrease with increasing age. The rupture and failure deformations decrease with age. The stiffness and fragility indices increase with age. Averaging the data for all ages, the modulus of rupture was 35 ksi, the deflection at rupture was 0.22 inches, and the modulus of elasticity was 1.7 × 10 psi. The flexural rupture strength is about twice the uniaxial compression strength and about five times greater than the torsional strength for whole bone tests. The moduli of elasticity are about the same for flexure and uniaxial compression, and about five times greater than the torsional modulus of rigidity for whole equine bone.
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    Masthead (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050201
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    Microvascular and histogenic responses to implantation of a porous ceramic into boneThis paper was presented in part at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Implant Dentists, Washington, D. C., Dec. 1967, and at the Gordon Research Conference on Science and Technology of Biomaterials, Holderness, N. H., June 1968. (1971)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5 (1971), S. 81-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A porous ceramic, in the form of small discs, has been implanted into the upper tibiae of adult mongrel dogs in survival experiments. A similar sized disc of a metal (vitallium, titanium, or stainless steel) was also implanted, for comparison, into each tibia. The tissue specimens were studied by microangiography and correlated histology. At the 4-month, and longer, intervals, the specimens were sectioned with the ceramic disc in situ. Injected capillaries were then observed to have penetrated the ceramic.The metals became surrounded by a shell of new-bone, lined by a fibrous membrane of varying thickness. The ceramic implants, on the other hand, appeared to have remained inert within the cancellous area of the tibiae, not surrounded by either a membrane or an osseous shell.Implications of these findings were discussed and further experiments, some of which are in progress, were proposed.
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    The measurement and effects of friction and wear in artificial hip joints (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 327-342 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The two systems for artificial hip joints in use at present are metal-on-metal and metal-on-plastic. There are many variables affecting friction and wear, which include diameter, sphericity, relative geometry of the components, and surface roughness. Tests in a simulating machine incorporated cyclic load and motion. Frictional torque of metal-on-plastic joints increased with diameter; Charnley 22 mm diameter producing lowest friction. For metal-on-metal the contact situation produced variable results, but friction was higher than for the plastic joints. Reciprocating friction machine tests suggested that high molecular weight polyethylene and AP4 polyester gave low friction and wear. Vitallium gave at least three times the friction of the plastic using γ-globulin solution as lubricant; but wear appeared to be much less.
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    The role of stress-enhanced reactivity in failure of orthopaedic implants (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 401-418 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Scanning electron micrographs were made of the surfaces of silicone rubber finger joint prostheses which had been subjected to 107 bending cycles at 37°C in bovine serum. Preferential attack at the regions of highest stress and the formation of microcracks of length 10μ and less were observed. By way of analogy with the corrosion fatigue phenomenon in metallic alloys, it is suggested that these may be initiation sites for the mechanical failures which have been observed, and that the acceleration of lipid absorption by tensile stress provides potential mechanisms for both initiation and accelerated propagation of fatigue cracks. It is demonstrated as a consequence of mechanochemical thermodynamics that any constituent of the body fluids (e.g. lipids) which can swell the elastomer will in fact be preferentially absorbed at the point of highest tensile stress, i.e., the crack tip, and that swelling will be accelerated by the applications of tensile stress.
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    In vivo and in vitro changes in strength of orthopedic calcium aluminatesThis work was supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract HC 15-67-C-0221, by Public Health Grant PHS-FR-07030, and by the Department of Ceramic Engineering, University of Illinois. (1973)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 435-452 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Calcium aluminate bars were formulated to study the effect of real and simulated biological environments on strength. Static fatigue tests revealed that the strength of these potential internal bone prostheses decreased to ca. 60% of their initial strength after less than 100 min while being held at constant stress in solution. Calcium aluminate bars aged for 12 weeks in water or Ringer solution were also found to exhibit large losses in strength, while bars implanted in vivo for the same period of time weakened somewhat less. Semi-quantitative analysis of the solutions in which the calcium aluminate bars were aged revealed that Al3+ and Ca2+ were being leached from the bars in both the saline and water baths, while the concentration of Mg2+ was decreasing in the Ringer solution.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed extensive microstructural changes in specimens aged in water or saline solution for 1 and 12 weeks. Similar but far less extensive changes were seen in bars aged in vivo in rabbits for 12 weeks.
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    Morphologic observations of neosheath development of undifferentiated connective tissue development around artificial tendons (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The management of severe flexor tendon injuries of the hand has been dramatically improved by tendon sheath reconstruction with an artificial tendon, followed by conventional tendon grafting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of neosheath formation.In 25 chickens, the flexor tendons and sheaths in a toe were excised and replaced with a United States Army artificial tendon. An artificial tendon was also placed in the back, and four weeks later, tendons and surrounding tissue as well as normal tendon sheaths were excised and submitted for light, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.In all instances, neosheaths formed around the silastic coated artificial tendon. The neosheaths formed in the foot and back were similar to normal sheath, having the same cellular and fibrous composition. Reconstruction of the normal anatomy with an artificial tendon explains why this surgical technique gives superior results to other less physiologic procedures in patients with severe hand injuries.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080318
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    MultiphaseTrademark of Standard Pressed Steel Company in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. MP35N alloy for medical implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biomaterials engineer of today has an extremely limited choice of approved metallic implant alloys with which to conduct his studies. There is essentially no incentive for larger companies to initiate basic research in the biomaterials field. New alloys which would have the best chance of developing as biomaterials would be “spin-off” alloys from somewhat related industries and currently in production. MP35N is just such a spin-off alloy with a background of years of in-vitro testing and use in corrosive environments. When compared to the desired implant material requirements, the material properties required of MP35N for present applications readily indicate its potential use as a biomaterial.It is a castable alloy which exhibits good as-cast ductility. In the wrought condition, yield strength levels from 60,000 to over 310,000 psi are possible with accompanying good ductility characteristics. Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance and improved fatigue strength over present cast implant material are also characteristic of MP35N. Results, to date, from in-vivo tests indicate tissue compatibility of MP35N at least comparable to HS-21 (Vitallium).Possible medical applications for MP35N would include hip and knee joints, bone plates, heart pacer electrodes, suture wire and clips, and Endosseous blade implants.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080322
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  • 92
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    Press fit implant arthroplasty of the hip and knee (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bone-implant interface and the accompanying difficulties with fixation continue to be a major area of research activity. Biological fixation would appear to be the ideal method of fixation. Press-fit metal implants may be part of a larger answer that may include sintering, coatings, or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080407
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    Performance analysis of total hip prostheses: Some particular metallurgical observations (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Metallurgical observations of phenomena which influence the clinically successful performance of permanent implants and implant materials are reported. The effect of casting voids in cast cobalt chromium femoral stems of total hip replacements is discussed first. Pitting corrosion occurred in a retrieved stainless-steel implant type AISI 316 containing 2.7% Mo. The fractographic pattern of this device retrieved for fatigue failure shows typical characteristics of corrosion-enhanced fatigue.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140105
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    Surface ultrastructure and pressure dynamics of tracheal tube cuffs (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The outer and inner surfaces of six commercial endotracheal tube cuffs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Lateral tracheal wall pressure (LWP) was measured at various steps of cuff inflation using a mock-trachea system. The surface characteristics of the cuffs were found to vary widely. The surface of the Lanz cuff was relatively smooth but showed a regular array of circular depressions 0.8 μm in diameter. Uniform spheres also 0.8 μm in diameter were distributed through the thickness of the membrane. The American Hi-Lo cuff surface was also relatively smooth but was covered widely with flakes of material which x-ray showed to be a clay-like substance containing aluminum, silica, and potassium. The Harlake cuff was covered widely with roughly spherical, 5-μm-diam particles, probably starch granules. The membrane itself was smooth even at 3,000X. The Foregger cuff had a rough surface and was covered with the same clay-like particles seen on the American cuff. The inner surface with irregular, uneven areas were surrounded by fissures. The Rusch Armored tube cuff was completely covered by a continuous 2-μm-thick chlorinated coating. The surface was highly convoluted and irregular. The three cuff membranes showing relatively smooth surfaces, Lanz, American and Harlake, also produced relatively low LWP at various points of cuff inflation. While we have no data to indicate that cuff surface smoothness correlates with tracheal morbidity, it would seem prudent to select cuffs that produce low LWP's with smooth surfaces for clinical use.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140103
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    Masthead (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140101
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    Compositional dependence of the formation of calcium phosphate films on bioglass (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioglass, which has a composition of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, phosphorous pentoxide and silica, has been shown to bond to living bone. This ability is dependent on controlled surface reactions. Investigators with 45S5 bioglass have demonstrated that the formation of a SiO2-rich layer and a calcium phosphate film on its surface in an aqueous environment is associated with the film bonding the bioglass to bone. The objects of this research were: 1To study SiO2 dependence on the formation of a silica-rich layer and calcium phosphate films on a bioglass surface in a simulated physiological solution, and2To establish a correlation between in vitro surface reactions and in vivo bonding ability.It was discovered that three types of reactions occur in a simulated physiological solution depending on bioglass composition: 1A calcium phosphate film and SiO2-rich layer form simultaneously and the reaction rate is fast for bioglasses which have a lower content of SiO2 (∼46 mol% SiO2).2A SiO2-rich layer forms first and a calcium phosphate film develops later between the aqueous environment and the SiO2-rich layer for bioglasses whose SiO2 content is between 46-55 mol %.3A calcium phosphate film does not form for glasses whose SiO2 content is more than 60 mol %.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140107
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  • 97
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    In vitro heterogeneous degradation of poly(n-alkyl α-cyanoacrylates) (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methods by which in vitro heterogeneous phase degradation rates of the poly(n-alkyl α-cyanoacrylates) have been directly obtained are described. The data indicate that the rates of degradation in aqueous buffer solutions depend not only upon pH of the medium and length of the monomer alkyl side chain, but also critically upon polymer particle specific surface, particle size, polymer molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. A modification of the currently held theory of degradation of these polymers is required, and postulated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140202
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  • 98
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    Implant-bone interface characteristics of bioglass dental implants (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to determine the implant-bone interface characteristics of bioglass dental implants. The results of the FEA were verified by comparison with the results of mechanical testing performed on animal implant specimens. The results of the study showed that the assumption of a discontinuous change of elastic properties at the bone-implant interface was a poor assumption for the bioglass implants. Interface elastic moduli of 354.0, 155.0, and 47.0 MPa for conditions of 25, 50, and 100% tissue attachment were determined for the bioglass implants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140104
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  • 99
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    Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. IV. Contact angle studies on implanted polymers (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Contact angle studies have been carried out on plasma protein layers adsorbed on selected polymer surfaces under buffered saline at 37°, in an attempt to demonstrate directly a recent suggestion that the interfacial free energy between such protein layers and surrounding liquid phase should be zero at equilibrium. Although an initial contact angle of 180° was always obtained, the angle decayed slowly to a stationary value which varied for any one drop on each polymer surface. The stationary values could be reasonably correlated with the reversible work of adhesion predicted for each polymer/protein combination, suggesting that protein desorption from the solid surface is a dominant event in the contact angle decay process. It is concluded that the data bear more relevance to the protein layer/polymer interface than to the protein layer/solution interface, and that the contact angle technique is not a suitable technique for studying the latter on biomaterials.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140102
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  • 100
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    Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. XX. Calcium-to-calcium distances in hydroxyapatite (1980)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 14 (1980), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Distributions of Ca-to-Ca distances have been obtained from the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite for all biologically significant planes. Most frequently, calcium ions are separated by about 4, 6.3, 7.9, and 9.0 to 9.6 Å. Frequent occurrence of distances at 10.4, 11.8, and 12.6 Å result from a Ca ion in one repeating unit being paired with a Ca in another unit cell.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820140109
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