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  • Rat  (115)
  • Drosophila  (86)
  • Springer  (201)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (201)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovary ; Rat ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fifty adult female rats were used to study the effect of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1α-OH-D3)on bone after oophorectomy. The experimental period was 6 months. At the end of the experiment the femurs and the tibias were investigated for bone mass and composition. Significant signs of osteopenia occurred as a result of oophorectomy. The treatment with 1α-OH-D3 induced only minor changes in blood chemistry but increased bone mass significantly. The findings support the view that 1α-OH-D3 may be a valuable tool in the treatment of osteoporosis resulting from ovarian insufficiency.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal disks ; Intercellular junctions ; Determination ; Pattern formation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present investigation analyzes intercellular junctions in tissues with different developmental capacities. The distribution of junctions was studied inDrosophila embryos, in imaginal disks, and in cultures of disk cells that were no longer able to differentiate any specific pattern of the adult epidermis. The first junctions —primitive desmosomes andclose membrane appositions — already appear in blastoderm.Gap junctions are first detected in early gastrulae and later become more and more frequent.Zonulae adhaerentes are formed around 6 h after fertilization, whileseptate junctions appear in the ectoderm of 10-h-old embryos. Inwing disks of all stages studied (22–120 h), three types of junctions are found: zonulae adhaereentes, gap junctions, and septate junctions. Gap junctions, which are rare and small at 22 h, increase in number and size during larval development. The other types of junctions are found between all cells of a wing disk throughout development. All types of junctions that are found in normal wing disks are also present in theimaginal disk tissues cultured in vivo for some 15 years and in thevesicles of imaginal disk cells grown in embryonic primary cultures in vitro. However, gap junctions are smaller and in the vesicles less frequent than in wing disks of mature larvae. Thus gap junctions, which allow small molecules to pass between the cells they connect, are present in the early embryo, when the first developmental decisions take place, and in all imaginal disk tissues studied, irrespective of whether or not these are capable of forming normal patterns.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 129-150 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Leg ; Bristle ; Cell lineage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lineages of cells on the second-leg basitarsus ofDrosophila melanogaster were analyzed by examining gynandromorphs andMinute mosaics. Bracts lie proximal to bristles on the adult basitarsus, yet bract precursor cells were found to originate lateral to bristle precursor cells. In 6 of the 8 longitudinal rows of bristles on this segment, the bract cells arise ventral to the bristle cells; in the others they arise dorsally. The lateral cell origins are interpreted as reflecting a pattern of lateral cell movements associated with evagination of the leg disc. An unusual discrepancy was observed in the relative frequencies of male vs. female bracts and bristles in gynandromorphs. The discrepancy suggests that there is a cell-autonomous sexual difference in either the time at which cells begin moving during evagination or the speed with which they move. On the basis of the results, it is reasoned that the bristle pattern of the basitarsus does not originate in its final form. Prior to evagination, the bristle cells of each row are apparently closer together than in the final pattern, and the rows are farther apart. Evidence is presented which suggests that the bristle cells of each row may originally be arranged in a jagged line which is later straightened by cell movements. The two locations where the anterior/posterior compartment boundary of the second leg passes through the basitarsus were found to vary relative to the bristle pattern. If this boundary is assumed to be a fixed line of positional values, then the extent of the observed variability — which is estimated to be ± 1 or 2 cell diameters — provides a measure of the precision of patterning around the circumference.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 51-64 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal discs ; Labial disc ; Fate map ; Drosophila ; Homoeosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mature labial disc, when implanted into a larva of the same age, undergoes metamorphosis along with the host and produces one lateral half of the medi- and distiproboscis. On the basis of results obtained from transplanted disc halves (including the separate peripodial membrane) a tentative fate map of the labial disc was constructed, which shows most of the presumptive mediproboscis to be located in the dorsal, and most of the presumptive distiproboscis in the ventral part of the disc. The distal protion of the peripodial membrane also contains imaginal anlagen, viz. part of the mediproboscis, prementum, and labellar cap anlagen. The involvement of this part of the peripodial membrane was checked by a careful histological analysis of labial disc development during the first ten hours after prepupation. The results were compared with the situation described forCalliphora imaginal discs. In addition, a detailed morphological analysis was made of the proboscis of the homoeotic mutantproboscipedia (pb). At 27°C,pb changes the distiproboscis into a “telopodite” (leg segments distal to the coxa); the (unchanged) prementum may therefore correspond to the coxa. At 15° C, the tarsus of this homoeotic “telopodite” is replaced to a greater or lesser extent by an arista. The present analysis thus confirms (a) the fundamental morphological correspondence of the medi- and distiproboscis with the labium of other insects, and (b) the fundamental developmental correspondence of the labial, antennal, and leg discs.
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic mutant ; Determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A temperature-sensitive period during early embryogenesis for three stocks carrying thetuh-3 gene suggests that it is a homoeotic mutation involved in the initial determination of the eye-antennal disc rather in maintenance of the determination.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 235-265 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Regulation ; Histoblasts ; Drosophila ; Microcautery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of the adult abdomen ofDrosophila melanogaster was analyzed by histology, microcautery, and genetic strategies. Eight nests of diploid histoblasts were identified in the newly hatched larva among the polytene epidermal cells of each abdominal segment: pairs of anterior dorsal, posterior dorsal, and ventral histoblast nests and a pair of spiracular anlagen. The histoblasts do not divide during larval life but begin dividing rapidly 3 h after pupariation, doubling every 3.6 h. Initially they remain confined to their original area, but 15 h after pupariation the nests enlarge, and histoblasts replace adjacent epidermis cell by cell. The histoblasts cover half the abdomen by 28 h after pupariation and the rest by 36 h. Polytene epidermal cells of the intersegmental margin are replaced last. Cautery of the anterior dorsal nest caused deletion of the whole corresponding hemitergite, whereas cautery of the posterior dorsal nest caused the deletion of the macrochaetae of the posterior of the hemitergite. Cautery of the ventral nest deleted the hemisternite and the pleura, whereas cautery of the spiracular anlagen deleted the spiracle. Results of cautery also revealed that no macrochaetae formed on the tergite in the absence of adjacent microchaetae. Clonal analysis revealed that there were no clonal restrictions within a hemitergite at pupariation. Cautery of polytene epidermal cells other than those of the intersegmental margin failed to affect tergite development. However, cautery of polytene epidermal cells of the intersegmental margin adjacent to either dorsal histoblast nest caused mirror-image duplications of the anterior or posterior of the hemitergite in 10% of the hemitergites. Forty percent of the damaged presumptive hemitergites formed complete hemitergites, indicating extensive pattern regulation and regeneration. Pattern duplication and regeneration were accounted for in terms of intercalation and a model of epimorphic pattern regulation (French et al., 1976). Histoblasts in adjacent segments normally develop independently, but if they are enabled to interact by deleting the polytene epidermal cells of the intersegmental margin, they undergo intercalation which results in duplication or regeneration. The possible role of the intersegmental margin cells of insects in development was analyzed.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 27-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Development ; Determination of R7 cells ; sevenless mutant analysis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sev LY3,the only existing allele at thesev locus (1–33,2±0,2), behaves as strongly hypomorph or even as amorph. Ommatidia in asev compound eye have only seven receptor cells, the position of the R7 pattern element being vacant. Various criteria showing that the missing cell is R7 have been verified. These include (i) anatomical characteristics ofsev ommatidia; (ii) behaviour of central R cells insev rdgB double mutants; (iii) medullary projection of central R cell axons; and (iv) mitotic pattern ofsev imaginal discs. The analysis of morphogeneticsev-sev + mosaics has shown thatsev is expressed autonomously by R7 cells, indicating that thesev phenotype is not due to asev genotype of ommatidial pattern elements other than R7. The study of third instarsev imaginal discs has not brought any direct evidence for death of clustered presumptive R7 cells; however, clonal analysis of the developingsev compound eye has given evidence of developmental parameters comparable to those ofsev +, therefore favouring the hypothesis that R7 cells die insev mutants. On the other hand,sev + seems to be required for the determination of the R7 cells, since thesev phenotype cannot be uncovered during the last mitoses of heterozygous mutant cells.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Imaginal discs ; Drosophila ; Pattern regulation embryos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary These experiments examined whether inDrosophila immature imaginal disc tissue and tissues from embryonic stages can influence pattern regulation in a disc fragment in the same way as can mature imaginal discs. Immature imaginal discs, or the cells of whole embryos, were mixed with a test fragment (presumptive notum) from a mature wing disc. The immature tissues in each mixture were genetically marked and had been heavily irradiated (25 Kr gamma) prior to mixing to prevent growth and maturation during subsequent culture in vivo. Alteration of the regulative behavior of the test fragment (that is, regeneration of wing) thus provided an assay for the communication of positional information by the immature tissues. The results suggest that this capacity arises well before competence to metamorphose, as early as the 16th hour of embryonic development, whereas prior to 16 h, essentially no stimulation of regeneration occurred. It is suggested that the imaginal disc (or presumptive disc) cells of the embryo may have been responsible for this early stimulatory capacity.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ephestia ; Allozymes ; Gene activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of allozyme patterns has been studied in embryos ofDrosophilamelanogaster, which are doubly heterozygous for alleles specifying the slow and fast forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). The ontogeny of esterase-2 was studied in embryos and young larvae of the flour mothEphestia kühniella, which are heterozygous for two of the three existing esterase-2 alleles. In freshly laidDrosophila eggs only the maternal enzyme forms are present and during the first 15 hours of development the staining of these forms becomes progressively fainter. After 16 and 17 h, the paternal and hybrid bands of ADH and GPDH respectively become obvious. Before hatching, the intensity distribution in the three-banded pattern of reciprocal hybrids is asymmetric in favour of the persisting maternal enzyme form. InEphestia embryos, however, there is no persistence of the maternal esterases. In all reciprocal heterozygotes a three-banded pattern suddenly appears 96 h after egg deposition, indicating synchronous activation of both parental alleles. The relative intensity distribution in the hybrid patterns approaches that of the mature larvae stepwise and in an allele-specific manner. This result and the fact that the various heterozygous types exhibit unequal total activities suggest that the Esterase-2 alleles have different activities, which are fixed late in embryogenesis.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Eggshell ; Chorion ; In vitro development ; Drosophila ; Tissue culture media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary TheDrosophila chorion is produced normally in isolated follicles in Robb's chemically defined culture medium. The complex architecture of the shell developed in vitro from follicles as young as early stage 10 is completely normal morphologically. In addition, the time required for in vitro development closely approximates that observed for in vivo development. Comparisons of insect culture media developed by Robb, Grace, Schneider, and Echalier show large variations in their ability to supportDrosophila chorion development.
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  • 11
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 105-127 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Leg ; Bristle ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The bristle pattern of the second-leg basitarsus inDrosophila melanogaster was studied as a function of the number and size of the cells on this segment in well-fed and starved wild-type flies, in triploid flies, and in two mutants (dachs andfour-jointed) that have abnormally short basitarsi. The second-leg basitarsi of well-fed, wild-type flies from 22 otherDrosophila species were studied in a similar manner. There are typically 8 longitudinal rows of evenly-spaced bristles on the second-leg basitarsus, and in each row the number of bristles was consistently found to vary in proportion to the estimated number of cells along the segment, and the interval between bristles was found to vary in proportion to the average cell diameter on the segment. These correlations are interpreted to mean that the spacing of the bristles within each row is controlled developmentally, whereas the number of bristles is not. The interval between bristles is evidently measured either as a fixed number of cells or as a distance which indirectly depends upon cell diameter.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Glue proteins ; Secretory proteins ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Salivary gland cells of members of theDrosophila melanogaster group (from four different subgroups) were examined electron microscopically and histochemically during the late larval period of development. The secretory product, which is supposed to be utilized as ‘glue’ at the time of puparium formation, appears, by analogy to Palade and Jamieson's results, to be synthesized partially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and partially in the Golgi complex. The latter is also the usual site of the packaging of the product into secretory granules, except in the case of one of the secretory granule components ofD. lucipennis. The phylogenetic relationships among the subgroups, implied by the morphological appearance of the secretory granules, fit well with the existing phylogenetic relationships within the group. The secretory granules of each species have their own morphological features; granules of species of the same subgroup share some of these features. Secretion occurs from the cells via exocytosis during which the morphology of the secretory granules changes. Light microscope examination of PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction) stained glands shows a strong positive reaction in most species, with the exception of the species of thesuzukii subgroup which show a weak, or a negative reaction (D. rajasekari). Electron histochemical localization of polysaccharides in the secretory granules was possible inD. melanogaster and the species of theananassae subgroup.
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  • 13
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 255-266 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk proteins ; Hormonal control ; Electrophoresis ; In vivo culture ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature ovaries ofDrosophila mercatorum were injected into young larvae and into adult males ofD. mercatorum, D. melanogaster, D. hydei, D. virilis, andZaprionius vittiger. These homo- and heteroplastic transplantations allow normal vitellogenesis to occur in the donor ovary. By SDS gel electrophoresis, we identified the major species-specific yolk proteins of mature eggs (stage 14) which were exclusively of donor-specific origin. Other experiments withD. hydei andZ. vittiger showed that, when females were used as hosts, the host-specific yolk proteins became incorporated into the donor eggs. When two immature ovaries, one ofD. mercatorum and one ofD. hydei, were co-cultured in males, again only the donor-specific yolk proteins were found in the mature eggs implying that these yolk proteins were not released into the host hemolymph. A parthenogenetic strain ofD. mercatorum was used to demonstrate the ability of transplanted immature ovaries to produce viable eggs which can give rise to fertile adults. The role of the species-specific yolk proteins is discussed with respect to the dual origin of these proteins during normal vitellogenesis, i.e., an autonomous synthesis within the ovary itself in addition to the well-known production by the fat body. Further experiments with pupae as hosts indicate that even in the absence of juvenile hormone and in the presence of high doses of ecdysone, vitellogenesis can proceed within the donor ovary. Based on these experiments, a new hyopthesis on the hormonal control of vitellogenesis inDrosophila is presented. We propose that yolk proteins derived from the fat body are controlled by juvenile hormone, whereas the independent and autonomous vitellogenesis within the ovary itself is controlled by endogenously synthesized ecdysone.
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  • 14
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Segmentation ; Primordial size ; Gynandromorphs ; Bithorax mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We estimate the number of blastoderm cells which generate the thoracic imaginal discs ofDrosophila. At hatching the wing disc is twice the size of the haltere disc, but the results suggest that both discs develop from a similar number of blastoderm cells. Two homeotic mutations, which transform the haltere into wing, affect embryonic growth but not the primordial number. All the segmental primordia may be of similar size and each may be similarly subdivided into a larger anterior, and a smaller posterior polyclone.
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  • 15
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal discs ; Pattern formation ; β-ecdysone ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pairs of eye-antennal discs, attached to the cephalic ganglia, were cultured in vitro with a concentration of β-ecdysone optimal for imaginal differentiation. The eye-antennal discs fused to form a vesicle inside which the antennae were partially everted, and on the inner surface of which imaginal structures differentiated. The epithelium of the discs was continuous, and an integrated pattern of bristles and hairs differentiated in vitro. In particular, the median ocellus, a unified structure derived partially from each disc, differentiated normally.
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  • 16
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Leg imaginal disc ; Pattern duplication ; Genetic mosaics ; Compartments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary l(1)su(f)mad-ts (mad) is a new temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster which produces duplicated legs after temperature pulse treatment during larval development. The ts-lethality was studied in temperature experiments and genetic mosaics. Temperature pulses given during two distinct TSPs of larval development result in two different types of leg pattern duplication. “Total” differ from “partial” duplications with respect to the affected leg compartments and the orientation of the planes of symmetry which are perpendicular to the dorso-ventral and the proximo-distal leg axes in total and partial duplications, respectively. Genetic mosaic studies indicate (i) disc autonomy of leg pattern duplication, (ii) clonal separation of the anlagen of the two pattern copies, and (iii) clonal restriction along the antero-posterior compartment border in the two pattern copies of totally duplicated legs. The results suggest thatmad leg pattern duplication is caused by a change in positional information rather than by cell death and subsequent regeneration. Our data are compatible with the assumption that during normal development the leg disc cells acquire information about their position within the disc with respect to the different leg axes independently and at different times.
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  • 17
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Bristle formation ; Differential divisions ; Clonal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two possible mechanisms are considered for the occurrence of experimentally or genetically induced duplications of bristles: extra cell division of a bristle mother cell versus determination of more than one mother cell. From a clonal analysis it appears that duplications induced by actinomycin-D arise by the latter mechanism, whereas those found in the mutantspl seem to arise by the former mechanism.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: sepiapterin ; Drosophila ; biosynthesis ; pteridines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system responsible for the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate, has been partially purified from extracts of the heads of young adult fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The sepiapterin synthase system consists of two components, termed “enzyme A” (MW 82,000) and “enzyme B” (MW 36,000). Some of the properties of the enzyme system are as follows: NADPH and a divalent cation, supplied most effectively as MgCl2, are required for activity; optimal activity occurs at pH 7.4 and 30 C; the K m for dihydroneopterin triphosphate is 10 µm; and a number of unconjugated pterins, including biopterin and sepiapterin, are inhibitory. Dihydroneopterin cannot be used as substrate in place of dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Evidence is presented in support of a proposed reaction mechanism for the enzymatic conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin in which enzyme A catalyzes the production of a labile intermediate by nonhydrolytic elimination of the phosphates of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, and enzyme B catalyzes the conversion of this intermediate, in the presence of NADPH, to sepiapterin. An analysis of the activity of sepiapterin synthase during development in Drosophila revealed the presence of a small amount of activity in eggs and young larvae and a much larger amount in late pupae and young adults. Sepiapterin synthase activity during development corresponds with the appearance of sepiapterin in the flies. Of a variety of eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster tested for sepiapterin synthase activity, only purple (pr) flies contained activity that was significantly lower than that found in the wild-type flies (22% of the wild-type activity). Further studies indicated that the amount of enzyme A activity is low in purple flies, whereas the amount of enzyme B activity is equal to that present in wild-type flies.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldolase ; triosephosphate isomerase ; glycolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four glycolytic enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster have been genetically and/or cytogenetically mapped. The structural gene for aldolase (Ald) has been genetically mapped to 3-91.5 and cytogenetically localized to 97A-B. Tpi, the structural gene for triosephosphate isomerase, has been genetically mapped to 3-101.3 and cytogenetically localized to 99B-E. Utilizing closer-flanking markers than the previous mapping, Pgk, the structural gene for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, has been mapped to 2-5.9; cytogenetically it was found to lie in the interval between 22D and 23E3. The cytogenetic location of Pgm, the structural gene for phosphoglucomutase which has been located genetically at 3-43.4, was determined to be in 72D1-5.
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  • 20
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 867-879 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: malic enzyme ; development ; NADP enzymes ; Drosophila ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) (E.C. 1.1.1.40) is situated in the cytosol of Drosophila melanogaster. Both the tissue activity and CRM level of NADP-ME parallel changes in the dosage of a gene, Men +, located in region 87C2-3 to 87D1-2 of the third chromosome. The tissue activity of NADP-ME is very high in early third instar larvae, providing about 33% of the NADPH at this life stage. The tissue activity declines during pupal development but increases as the adult ages. The concentration of NADP-ME CRM and tissue activity are coordinately increased in third instar larvae by dietary carbohydrate and decreased by dietary lipid.
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  • 21
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 897-907 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: sucrase ; Drosophila ; segmental aneuploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isoelectrofocusing of abdominal extracts of Drosophila melanogaster revealed the existence of two forms of sucrase (E.C. 3.2.1.26). One form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.63±0.02 while the other form exhibited an isoelectric point of 4.83±0.02. The localization of the structural gene for sucrase is proposed on the basis of enzyme determinations in a series of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids. We suggest that the sucrase structural gene lies between 31CD and 31EF on the left arm of chromosome 2 and that the two forms of abdominal sucrase derive from a common protein coded for by a single sucrase gene designated Sucr +.
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  • 22
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 947-956 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: malate dehydrogenase ; cytoplasmic ; mitochondrial ; cytogenetic ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic and cytogenetic locations of the structural genes for the NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenases have been studied. The mitochondrial form (mMDH) is coded for by a gene (Mdh) found at 62.6 on the third chromosome and included in Df(3R)P14, which includes 90C2–91A3 in the salivary gland chromosomes. Based on its inclusion within several J (Jammed; 2–41.0) deficiencies, the structural gene (cMdh) for the cytoplasmic form (cMDH) was determined to lie in region 31B-E, confirming the earlier finding of Grell. Flies lacking any cMDH activity (cMdhn-γ10069/ Df(2L)J-der-27) were both viable and fertile.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; acetone ; multiple forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When adult Drosophila are placed on medium containing 0.5% acetone, their level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity drops rapidly. At the same time, the proportion of activity in the various electrophoretic forms of the enzyme shifts; most of the activity becomes localized in what is ordinarily a minor form of the enzyme. Moreover, the loss of enzyme activity occurs in vivo as well, as shown by sensitivity to ethanol poisoning, insensitivity to pentenol treatment, and inability to utilize ethanol as an energy source. These observations are discussed in light of a model advanced for the origin of the multiple forms of alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; form II RNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several in vitro properties of partially purified form II RNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryo nuclei are described. The enzyme preparation is free from contaminating RNase, protein kinase, and polyphosphate kinase activities and can be used to study the incorporation of γ-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates. The enzyme exhibits a biphasic heat inactivation pattern which is probably related to differential lability of its two subforms. However, a considerable protection against heat inactivation is provided by the nucleoside triphosphates present in the in vitro reaction system such that the enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis in a nearly linear mode for over 2 hr at 30 C. Two initiation inhibitors, rifamycin AF/013 and polyriboinosinic acid (poly[I]), were tested against this enzyme. Rifamycin AF/013 was found unsuitable for critical studies because of the high concentrations necessary for total inhibition (200 µg/ml) and particularly because of the obligate use of solvents which secondarily have a destabilizing effect on native DNA. Poly[I] was found to effectively block initiation at very low concentrations (1 µg/ml). The enzyme rapidly forms poly[I]-resistant preinitiation complexes on both double- and single-stranded DNA. These complexes decay with a half-life of 2.5–3 min. RNA synthesis from poly[I]-resistant complexes amounts to 10% of the total potential synthesis on both double- and single-stranded DNA. Enzyme-DNA saturation experiments indicate that the form II enzyme discriminates two types of sites on Drosophila DNA, tight binding and weak binding, from which RNA synthesis proceeds slowly and rapidly, respectively. The tight-binding sites appear to be analogous to those sites with which the enzyme is able to form poly[I]-resistant complexes.
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 105-126 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; electrophoresis ; enzyme polymorphism ; genotype-environment associations ; natural selection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allozyme frequency data from natural populations of Drosophila buzzatii were analyzed for genotype-environment relationships. Allele frequency and heterozygosity at six loci polymorphic throughout eastern Australia and a number of environmental factors (both means and variabilities) were examined by a variety of multivariate techniques. Significant genotype-environment associations were found for five of the six loci, and after correcting for geographic location significant associations remained for Est-2 and Adh-1 gene frequencies and heterozygosities and for Pgm gene frequencies. The results are discussed in relation to selection and gene flow and provide the basis for laboratory studies to disentangle confounded effects of (1) environmental means and environmental variabilities and (2) allele frequency and heterozygosity, and thus to further test for and determine the nature of any natural selection at particular allozyme loci.
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 167-183 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterase 6 ; Drosophila ; enzyme modification ; leucine aminopeptidase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A locus has been found, an allele of which causes a modification of some allozymes of the enzyme esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two alleles of this locus, one of which is dominant to the other and results in increased electrophoretic mobility of affected allozymes. The locus responsible has been mapped to 3-56.7 on the standard genetic map (Est-6 is at 3-36.8). Of 13 other enzyme systems analyzed, only leucine aminopeptidase is affected by the modifier locus. Neuraminidase incubations of homogenates altered the electrophoretic mobility of esterase 6 allozymes, but the mobility differences found are not large enough to conclude that esterase 6 is sialylated.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 54 (1979), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase ; Polymorphism ; Temperature selection
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As a test of the hypothesis that adult temperature stress is an important component of natural selection maintaining the α-gpdh polymorphism, we have looked for differential survival among genotypes subjected to (i) heat shock and (ii) cold shock. Factorial ANOVAR, taking account of genotype, sex and temperature-stress indicated that genotype did not contribute to the variance of survival proportion per vial. We have not therefore found evidence to support our hypothesis. Incidental to the above was a significant sex-temperature interaction. Thus, adult females showed higher survival than males under heat stress, while under cold stress, there was no indication of a survival difference between the sexes.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Adrenal medulla ; Embryonic induction ; Adrenocortical hormones ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (or dopa decarboxylase, DDC), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the adrenal medulla of adult rats and rat fetuses (14th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 21st day) was examined. In the prenatal stages the medullary blastema and an adjacent part of the primitive sympathetic trunk were also investigated. Tissues were fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Cryostat sections (10 μm in thickness) were stained by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antibodies to TH (isolated from human pheochromocytoma), DDC, DBH and PNMT (the latter three isolated from bovine adrenal medulla) were used. Sections incubated with serum of non-immunized rabbits were used as controls. In the adult adrenal medulla, two cell types can be distinguished. One cell type contains only TH, DDC and DBH. The other cell type contains PNMT in addition. It is concluded that these cells correspond to the noradrenaline-(NA-) and adrenaline-(A-)storing cells respectively. In all prenatal stages TH, DDC and DBH are found in the primitive sympathetic trunk, in the medullary blastema, and in the medullary cells which have migrated into the cortical “anlage”. PNMT is observed for the first time on the 18th day. Moreover, PNMT could only be demonstrated inside the adrenal gland. From these observations it is concluded that the capacity to synthesize NA is developed even before the “medullary” cells have reached the cortical “anlage”. On the contrary, the capacity to synthesize A seems to be acquired only after this contact is established. The hypothesis is put forward that this phenomenon might indicate the induction of PNMT by glucocorticoids secreted by the fetal cortex.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Cytogenesis ; Synaptogenesis ; Neuropil ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphogenesis of the arcuate nucleus of the rat from the 15th fetal day to the 6th postnatal day was investigated light and electron microscopically. The arcuate neurons exhibit a gradual development after the 15th fetal day. All cytoplasmic constituents are present in these nerve cells already during the last days of gestation. Nevertheless, they are not fully differentiated at birth. The first synapse-like structures (presynapses) were observed in 17 day-old, the first synapses in 18 day-old fetuses. During the early postnatal period the number of presynapses decreases, but at the same time there is a gradual increase in the number of the relatively mature synapses. This process starts already during the last days of prenatal life. Although all structural elements of the arcuate nucleus of the adult rat appear to be present at birth, the extent of the neuropil area and the number of the presynapses indicate that the arcuate nucleus is still in a fairly undeveloped stage during the first postnatal days.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Axon terminals ; Tanycytes ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study proves the existence of nerve terminals closely apposed to the plasmalemmata of tanycytes in the rat median eminence. Several of these “axo-tanycytic” endings display remarkable accumulations of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in the form of pleomorphic vesicles which are closely apposed on either side of the plasma membrane of each cell compartment. Some of these vesicular profiles give the impression of structural continuity across both membrane systems. This phenomenon is discussed in the context of being a potential substratum for communication between both cell compartments.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal organ ; Membrane particles ; Cell contacts ; Freeze-etching ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The free surfaces and cell contacts in the epithelia of the vomeronasal organ of the rat were investigated by freeze-etching. The microvilli of receptor cells show a lower density of intramembranous particles (IMP) than the microvilli in the receptor-free epithelium. The ratio between the IMP on P and E-face is approximately 11∶1 in the receptor terminals, and 3.5∶1 in the cilia and microvilli of the receptor-free epithelium. Although atypical in length and only poorly equipped with rootlet fibers, the cilia of the receptor-free epithelium are furnished with typical ciliary necklace structures of up to 10 rows of membrane particles. Differences in the density of IMP on the P-faces of different cilia are probably due to continual ciliogenesis and also due to the different age of cilia in the receptor-free epithelium. Zonulae occludentes show different configurations in the neuroepithelium and in the receptor-free epithelium. In the former, they show a tendency to cross-link and form facet-like patterns, reflecting a constant morphology and relative stability for this apical region. In the receptor-free epithelium the junctional rows of zonulae occludentes display only loosely interconnected networks and a tendency to orient parallel to each other and to the free surface. In addition to zonulae occludentes, typical square aggregations of IMP are observed in the receptor-free epithelium. They are not exclusively restricted to the zone of intensive cell contacts by means of fine interdigitating cell processes, and their function has yet to be identified experimentally.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cells ; Entero-endocrine cells ; Rat ; Cell isolation ; Pylorus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed to obtain viable, isolated and enriched populations of gastrin cells (G-cells) from the rat stomach. Restricted tissue samples from a small area of the pyloric antrum known to be particularly rich in G-cells, were sequentially digested with pronase followed by mechanical agitation, to remove the epithelial cells. This technique resulted in a significant enrichment of G-cells (3–4 fold) since the surface epithelial cells and upper portions of the glands were discarded before the initial G-cell fraction was collected. These cells in suspension were then isolated from each other by gentle pipetting in a DNase containing solution and designated the crude preparation (CP). The G-cells were then purified further by separating the cells according to size by velocity sedimentation. The greatest concentration of G-cells (15–25 %) was found in the fraction containing cells with diameters of 10 to 12 μm. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by counting G-cells as identified by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence and assessing gastrin activity by radioimmunoassay. All three methods indicated that cell separation by gravity velocity sedimentation enriched the G-cell population 15–20 fold over their concentration in the CP. The combined techniques of selective pronase digestion followed by gravity velocity sedimentation resulted in an isolated cell preparation containing a 50–100 fold increase of G-cells over their normal distribution in the intact gastric mucosa. Since these isolated G-cells retain features indicating viability, their usefulness for in vitro studies is suggested.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Magnocellular neurosecretory system ; Activation ; Rat ; Vasopressinergic neurons ; Oxytocinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Notes: Summary The activated hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat was studied in tissue sections, double stained with the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The results indicate that in animals with an activated hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine system, as well as in normal animals, vasopressin and oxytocin are exclusively synthesized in separate vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
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    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Synaptic plasticity ; Estrogen
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to examine the effect of estrogen on the synaptic structures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARCN), semi-quantitative studies were performed by counting synapses in an 18,000 μm2 area in the middle part of the ARCN in each brain. In ovariectomized female rats injected with 2 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) for three weeks, the mean numbers of axodendritic and axosomatic synapses were not significantly different from those in the intact and ovariectomized controls. When the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) including the ARCN was isolated by use of a Halász knife (MBH island), the mean number of axodendritic synapses was decreased to about half of the controls. However, EB treatment for three weeks from the day of surgery effectively restored the axodendritic synaptic population of the deafferented ARCN. This may suggest that estrogen has a facilitatory effect on axodendritic synapse formation in the deafferented ARCN, presumably by stimulating axonal sprouting and synaptic regeneration of intact axons in the MBH island.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 441-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Rat ; Seminiferous tubule ; Transitional zone ; Fine structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study was made on the structure of the testicular transitional zone (TZ) in the adult rat. The TZ proper consists of modified Sertoli cells, with only a few spermatogonia and macrophages, surrounding distally a very narrow lumen. The TZ Sertoli cells have nuclei with a somewhat coarser matrix and more peripheral heterochromatin than Sertoli cell nuclei of the nearby seminiferous tubules, and the electron density of the cytoplasm varies from cell to cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant, but usually there are also scattered ribosomal rosettes and an occasional profile of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Microtubules are very numerous in the columnar portion of the cell, and laminar structures seemingly joining the cell surfaces are sometimes seen. Lipid droplets and lysosomal structures are frequent cellular components in proximal TZ Sertoli cells. Empty intracellular vacuoles are abundant, sometimes arranged around areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally, membrane-limited fine granules and vacuoles are seen within Sertoli cells and also in the TZ lumen, suggesting a possible secretory activity by these cells. The apical processes of the Sertoli cells form large vacuolar structures, and in the basal parts of the epithelium vacuoles with capillary-like appearance are frequently seen. Phagocytosis of germinal cells by the Sertoli cells occurs in the proximal region of the TZ. Round waste bodies in contact with the Sertoli cell apices protruding into the tubulus rectus, are also common. The tunica propria of the TZ is thickened and somewhat wrinkled, and in the proximal region the myoid cell layer loses its continuity and is replaced by fibroblasts. The epithelium of the tubulus rectus adjacent to the TZ consists of several overlapping epithelial cells. The typical junctional complexes between TZ Sertoli cells appear to be impermeable to the lanthanum tracer.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subsurface cisterns ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) were found in neurons of the paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. They appeared as cytoplasmic organelles consisting most often of stacks of parallel cisterns apposed to the neuronal plasmalemma. These SSC's were located in the interneurons of the parvocellular system, but not in neurosecretory cells and glial cells. SSC's were seen at zones of cytoplasm apposed to neuronal or glial cell processes, showing in some instances specific relationships with synaptic areas. The morphological features of these SSC's are described, and their possible functional significance is briefly discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Ontogeny
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    Notes: Summary The differentiation of tanycytes was studied light and electron microscopically during the perinatal period in rats, the time when functional connections between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. The 3rd ventricle is slit-like between 16 and 18 days of the prenatal period. Its wall is formed by intensively proliferating matrix cells with apical processes, ovoid perikarya and a basal process. The ventral region of the 3rd ventricle becomes funnel-shaped on the 20th day of the prenatal period. As the cells differentiate, the apical process becomes shorter and broader. Moreover, on day 20 of prenatal life cells without apical processes appear. Their number increases during the postnatal period. The concentration of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, polysomes, lipid droplets, dense bodies (lysosomes), lamellated and multivesicular bodies increases. Initially the cells are similar but from the 3rd day of postnatal life differentiation occurs in different regions of the infundibular recess. After the 5th day, there are no marked changes in the structure and distribution of these cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 377-408 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Nerve tracts ; Regional organization ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural organization of the rostral, lateral and postinfundibular regions of the median eminence (ME) of 5-day cyclic diestrous rats was studied with light and electron microscopic methods. The ependymal cells lining (i) the floor of the infundibular recess (IR) at rostral levels, (ii) the lateral extensions of the IR, and (iii) the floor of the premammillary recess appear to represent the same type of tanycyte ependyma (β1 tanycytes). In the entire width of the rostral and postinfundibular palisade regions, as well as in the lateral palisade region of the preinfundibular ME, the processes of the β1 tanycytes form a continuous cuff. This cuff separates the nerve endings from the blood vessels and the pars tuberalis. At this level, synaptoid contacts between neurosecretory axons and the ependymal cuff can be observed. The ultrastructural characteristics of the β1 tanycytes are described and their ependymal endings tentatively classified into three types. In the lateral regions of the ME, the Golgi study revealed the presence of two fiber systems: (i) one possessing a latero-medial trajectory and distributed in the subependymal region; (ii) the other formed by a loose longitudinal tract originating from neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Some functional implications of the cellular organization of the rat ME are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat hypothalamus was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of single and double immunocytochemical staining methods. It was shown that the rat supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and their accessory neurosecretory nuclei, do not contain magnocellular somatostatin neurons. The distribution of the hypothalamic parvocellular somatostatin cells is described. The parvocellular component of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is, at least partly, composed of somatostatin cells: they form a fairly well circumscribed periventricular cell mass. The rat suprachiasmatic nuclei contain separate somatostatin neurons and vasopressin neurons. Scattered somatostatin cells are present in the entire arcuate nucleus. In addition to the periventricular somatostatin cells located in the preopticanterior hypothalamic area and in the arcuate nucleus, the rat hypothalamus also contains numerous scattered somatostatin cells located distant from the third ventricle.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cell ; Gonadotrophs ; Culture ; Cell lines ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gonadotroph-rich cell lines were established from multipotential pituitary clonal cells (2A8) which were implanted under kidney capsule of hypophysectomized female rats. These cell lines secrete gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) continuously over two months after establishment; LHRH stimulated the secretion of hormones into the culture medium. Many of the cells reacted immunohistochemically to antiserum to FSH or LH, while a small number reacted to antiserum to prolactin or TSH. They did not contain normal secretory granules such as those of gonadotrophs in vivo.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamine fluorescence ; Microfluorometry ; Computer-assisted correction ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a circumscribed area of the preoptic periventricular nucleus of a male rat, formaldehyde-induced monoamine fluorophores modified by treatment with HCl vapors were investigated microfluorometrically (measurement of excitation peak ratio 370∶320 nm) in all fluorescent terminals and preterminals. Microfluorometric recordings of an individual fluorescent structure were performed without UV irradiation of neighboring fluorophores. Recorded data were sampled and corrected by a microcomputer (WangPCS II). 19 neuronal processes (axons) contained noradrenaline fluorophores; 11 contained dopamine fluorophores; 6 exhibited uncharacteristic excitation peak ratios; and in 9 recordings technical problems did not allow identification of the fluorophore content.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Normal bone ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The occurrence of vesicles in the extracellular matrix of alveolar bone of normal young rats was demonstrated by both ultrastructural and enzymatic studies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant vesicles in the matrix. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals, both within the vesicles and in the matrix, was affiliated with rupture of the vesicular membrane. Calcifying nodules were scarce. High levels of both specific and total activities of alkalineand pyrophosphatases were found in the fraction of isolated vesicles. This fraction also showed activities of different ATPases and acid phosphatase.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Serotonin ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
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    Notes: Summary Serotonin containing structures in the median eminence of the rat have been studied by quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography following intraventricular infusion of tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. One hour after injection of the tracer the highest density of silver grains was recorded in the ependymal and external zones, especially in the lateral palisade zone. The proportion of labelled neurosecretory terminals was also larger in the lateral palisade zone (29%) as compared with the medial palisade zone (13%), although the mean number of developed silver grains per one terminal was higher in the latter. On the average, 16% of neurosecretory terminals sequestered radiolabelled 5-hydroxytryptophan in the external zone of the rat median eminence. It is suggested that serotonin, like catecholamines, is discharged from neurosecretory terminals localized in the external zone and via the portal circulation affects the function of the anterior pituitary. The sites of origin of serotoninergic structures of the median eminence as well as the possible role of monoamine (catecholamine and indolamine) neurohormones in a dual peptidergic and monoaminergic control of anterior pituitary functions are discussed.
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    Methods in cell science 5 (1979), S. 1019-1022 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: cell cultures ; Drosophila ; cell differentiation ; embryos
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    Methods in cell science 5 (1979), S. 1055-1062 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Drosophila ; imaginal discs ; ecdysteroids ; morphogenesis ; organ culture
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ameloblasts ; Cell death ; Incisors ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The migration of the ameloblasts in the continuously erupting incisors of the rat is accompanied by cell loss. Ameloblasts degenerate near the mesial and lateral cemento-enamel junctions in the secretory zone and in the middle two thirds of the region of postsecretory transition, degeneration being most marked where these areas merge. These findings support the hypothesis that the prism decussation in the enamel results from alternating transverse rows of secretory ameloblasts sliding past each other whilst elaborating their rods. The distribution of the degenerating cells suggests, however, that the sliding cell rows are not exactly transverse but arcuate, with the opening facing incisally. The progress of structural alterations of the nuclei in the degenerating ameloblasts appears to follow the pattern earlier described in vinblastine-damaged ameloblasts.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dorsal prostate gland ; Rat ; Apocrine secretion ; Prolactin
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat dorsal prostate epithelium was studied in intact adult animals, in animals castrated for three days and in rats after inhibition of prolactin secretion. Thin sections, electron-microscopic autoradiographs and freeze-fracture replicas were used to analyze the process of apocrine secretion in this gland. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the secretory cells are well developed, but secretory granules are absent. The only sign indicating release of secretory material is the appearance of blebs originating from the apical plasma membrane. Freeze-fracture replicas of the apical plasma membrane reveal that the blebs develop randomly from the bases of microvilli-like protrusions. In vitro pulse labeling of the proteins using 3H-leucine resulted in a labeling of the apical blebs. A post-castration period of three days was sufficient to reduce drastically the number and size of the apical blebs concomitant with regressive changes of the cell. Suppression of prolactin secretion for three weeks by application of lisuride, a synthetic ergot alkaloid, also induced regressive changes in the secretory cells. The apical blebs were still present, but they were shrunken and their content appeared condensed. These experimental conditions proved that the apical blebs are closely related to the functional activity of the cells and are interpreted as true apocrine secretion in the rat dorsal epithelium.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; oviposition site preference ; ethanol ; Darwininian fitness
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative studies of oviposition site preference (OSP) inDrosophila suggest that choice of oviposition site is an important adaptive behavior which influences individual fitness and the potential of populations for speciation. OSP has been investigated under conditions which provided females with a choice of standard medium or medium containing ethanol for oviposition. OSP is an extremely labile behavior in the laboratory, but a technique has been developed which minimizes variation between replicates and allows the detection of OSP differences between semispecies of a single species. An analysis of the OSP of 14Drosophila species shows that this behavior is not correlated with phylogenetic relationships. OSP with respect to ethanol may be correlated with the presence of ethanol in the environment and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the species tested.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: mating speed ; sexual vigor ; inbreeding ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Abstract An alternative explanation to the pheromonal control of mating through chemoreceptor saturation proposed by Averhoff and Richardson (1974) is offered for the apparent rise in heterogamic mating in their experiments, after several generations of full-sib mating. In a multiple-choice mating between two genotypic strains differing in their level of sexual vigor, there is a sequence from heterogamic to homogamic mating. It is proposed that, by reducing mating speed, inbreeding changes the rate of this sequence but not its pattern, so the apparent level of heterogamic mating will increase during inbreeding, for a fixed observation period. This hypothesis was tested using the Kence-Bryant model of mating success.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: ethanol preference ; ADH ; behavior ; genetics ; Drosophila ; Adh electromorphs ; oviposition
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two alcohol dehydrogenase genotypes (Adh F /Adh F andAdh S /Adh S ) exhibit different behavioral responses when presented with a choice between ethanol and nonethanol environments at the larval stage but not at the adult stage. The larval preferences are correlated with alcohol dehydrogenase activity, which also differs between genotypes. Since ethanol is important in the ecology of this species, the preference may be related to microhabitat selection in nature.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 579-584 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; courtship behavior ; artificial selection ; genetic analysis ; heritability ; wing vibration
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for the wing vibration component of courtship in the Oregon-R stock ofD. melanogaster was practiced for 44 generations. Selection was successful, indicating that there is genetic variation for the trait in the Oregon-R stock. The mean realized heritability of the trait, based on the first 11 generations of selection, was 15%. Biometrical analysis showed that there is some additive genetic variance for the trait with the possibility of some ambidirectional dominance. No maternal effects for the trait were found.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 51-54 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: rare male mating advantages ; sexual selection ; heterosis ; Drosophila
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that minority mating advantages, so commonly observed inDrosophila, would be selectively advantageous in a heterotic system. When an allele is below the equilibrium frequency maintained by heterosis, females mating with that homozygote produce offspring of highest mean fitness.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: phototaxis maze ; sex-linked behavior ; Drosophila ; chromosomal homologies ; species differences
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Using Hirsch-Hadler phototaxis mazes, selection for photopositive and photonegative behavior was carried out for 21 generations inDrosophila ananassae. The chromosomes that are important in influencing photomaze behavior inD. ananassae are different from what has been observed for other members of themelanogaster species group, and the differences cannot be entirely attributed to the chromosome rearrangements which have occurred during the evolution of these related species.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: frequency-dependent fitness ; statistical analysis ; logistic regression models ; maximum likelihood estimation ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on frequency-dependent fitness often consist of forming pairwise mixtures of distinguishable types at several frequency combinations. These mixtures are allowed to undergo competition, after which the performance of each type is enumerated. A statistical method for analyzing such experiments is described in this article. This method, suggested previously for other purposes, is superior to the statistical procedures now commonly employed. It involves the maximum likelihood estimation of parameters for two logistic regression models: one which assumes that fitness is frequency-dependent, the other that fitness is constant over changing frequency. Estimators for both models can be calculated without difficulty using an iterative numerical algorithm implemented in a Fortran computer program available from the authors. Fitting both models allows for the construction of a likelihood ratio statistical test for whichever model is more appropriate. The method is illustrated by application to publishedDrosophila data from differential mating success experiments.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “microfilamentous spindle-shaped” and “crystalloid”, present in paraventricular nucleus neurons of adult normal rats. These inclusions appear occasionally in some non-secretory neurons of the parvocellular system, but have never been seen in neurosecretory cells of the magnocellular system. The microfilamentous spindle-shaped inclusions show a close spatial relationship with the granulofibrillar body and interchromatin granules. The distribution and functional significance of such structures are discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinocytotic activity ; Juvenile hormone ; Drosophila ; Oocytes
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinocytotic activity has been analyzed in Drosophila oocytes following either in vivo or in vitro exposure to horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme tracer gains access to the yolk spheres only when supplied to the oocyte in vivo. In oocytes cultured in vitro, peroxidase remains restricted to the residual coated vesicles and to the tubular profiles formed in excess in the cortical ooplasm. In an attempt to induce peroxidase uptake by oocytes cultured in vitro, various incubations were tested. Among these, hemolymph from both sexes is capable of promoting peroxidase uptake up to a level comparable to that detectable in vivo. On the other hand, fat body extracts fail to promote such cellular activity. Finally, the juvenile hormone analogue ZR-515 is shown to be the only factor required to promote pinocytotic activity under the experimental conditions tested. The observations are interpreted to indicate that vitellogenin has no inductive role on pinocytosis but simply acts by adhering to the forming coated vesicles which in turn are produced by the oolemma in response to the action of juvenile hormone.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography
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    Notes: Summary By means of light and electron microscopic radioautography a quantitative study of the regional distribution of catecholamines in the median eminence of the rat was carried out. One hour after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine the highest radioautographic reaction was recorded in the external zone, especially in the lateral palisade zone where many neurosecretory terminals are separated from the basal lamina of the portal pericapillary space by a glial “cuff”. This area showed the highest percentage (52%) of labelled catecholamine containing neurosecretory terminals as well as the maximal silver grain density per one terminal. In the medial palisade zone where direct neurovascular contacts with the capillary loops prevail, only 27 per cent of neurosecretory terminals were found to harbour tritiated dopamine. On the average 35 per cent of neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence of the rat contain catecholamines (both dopamine and noradrenaline). Pretreatment of animals with reserpine strongly reduced the binding of the label. Per cent of labelled neurosecretory terminals as well as grain density over terminals were decreased in both the medial and lateral palisade zones, although to a lesser degree in the latter. The site of origin of catecholamine fibers as well as the mode of catecholamine action at the level of the median eminence are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 127-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin-like activity ; Retina ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A somatostatin-like substance is demonstrated by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method) in perikarya and cell processes of the retina of adult and infant rats. These perikarya are identified according to their size, arrangement and distribution. Each of the first two neuronal orders (receptors, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells) of the visual pathway can be associated with retinal cells reacting positively with anti-somatostatin. In the adult rat, perikarya and processes of (i) horizontal cells, (ii) amacrine cells and (iii) large neurons in the ganglionic layer are specifically labeled. The staining of middle-sized and small ganglion cells is probably caused by the close attachment of labeled fibers to non-reacting cells. Postnatally, the immunoreactive elements develop in parallel to the differentiation of the corresponding retinal layers. It is discussed whether the three types of retinal cells containing a somatostatin-like substance provide an inhibitory system to each of the two orders of retinal neurons.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Submaxillary salivary gland ; Secretory granules ; Glycoproteins ; Effect of heat ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Secretory granule area and glycoprotein concentration of the saliva in the submaxillary gland of rats were measured during various stages of acclimation to heat at 34±1° C. Granule size decreased by 18% during the first five days of heat acclimation (0.025〈p〈0.05) after which period it increased to reach 118% of the control levels after 28 days (p〈0.05). Glycoprotein concentration in the saliva of stimulated glands rose above control levels, reaching a maximum between the 2nd and 5th day of acclimation (p〈0.05). It was concluded that the initial decrease in granule size reflects a decrease in glycoprotein content following an increase in salivary flow known to occur at high ambient temperatures. The subsequent increase in granule size is considered an adaptation of the gland to continuous stimulation. The rise in salivary glycoprotein concentration suggests increased efficiency of the secretory mechanism.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Median eminence ; Intraependymal cisternae ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny of large intracellular cisternae located in the median eminence region of the rat hypothalamus were studied using toluidin-blue stained semithin sections and electron microscopy. The cisternae occur along the projections of ependymal cells lining the ventral portion of the third ventricle (infundibular recess). Small cisternae can be seen close to the ventricle, whereas larger ones, divided into smaller compartments by thin septa, cluster near the surface of the hypothalamus. The cisternae are encompassed by a thin layer of cytoplasm to which axon terminals containing synaptic and dense core vesicles are closely related. Cisternae are arranged around the median eminence in a characteristic pattern. They occupy the midline in the retrochiasmatic area, flank both margins of the median eminence and extend caudally behind the origin of the pituitary stalk. The cisternae appear first between the 15th and 17th postnatal days. At about the 30th day their size and distribution resemble the situation observed in adult animals. The ependymal cisternae are suggested to be closely related to the luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone (LH-RH)-containing fibers.
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Median eminence ; Neurohypophysial hormones ; Corticotrophin releasing factor ; Immunoperoxidase histochemistry ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transverse sections of the median eminence from fetal and neonatal rats were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique to detect the presence of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin. Neurophysin was observed in the 18-day fetus. Vasopressin and oxytocin were not detected until after birth, on the 4th and 8th days respectively. There was an accumulation of material crossreactive with neurophysin and vasopressin antibodies in the palisade layer of the median eminence between the 4th and 9th days after birth. This distribution of immunoreactive material in the palisade layer was suggestive of neurosecretory substances localized in two fibre tracts on either side of the median eminence. The data are consistent with the accumulation of corticotropin releasing factor and an associated neurophysin in this area. It is suggested that the accumulation of material occurs because of the relative immaturity of the capillary loops that constitute the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal system.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Kupffer cells ; G6PDH activity ; Histochemistry ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to identify the G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells in the rat liver described by Rieder et al. (1978). Because of their number and distribution in the liver parenchyma, endothelial cells and pit cells could be excluded. Fat-storing cells were specifically marked by vital staining with vitamin A and identified by fluorescence microscopy. Kupffer cells could be detected after vital staining with carmine. Both staining methods allowed a subsequent incubation for the demonstration of G6PDH activity in the same unfixed cryostat section. Whereas more than 80% of the fluorescent particles were found outside the enzyme-positive cells, all G6PDH-active cells contained carmine particles. After counting the G6PDH-active cells, an estimation of 0.217 × 108 cells/g liver tissue was obtained. The results indicate that high G6PDH activity is common to all Kupffer cells, and is therefore a highly specific marker enzyme for this class of sinusoidal liver cells.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway ; Rat ; Blood pressure ; Milk ejection
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In lactating rats and in rats deprived of water, the amount of neurosecretory material in the fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamohindbrain pathway exceeds that in untreated control animals. Under these experimental conditions the pathway and its target regions can be well analysed by means of fluorescence and electron microscopic methods. 2. The axons belonging to the hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway originate from perikarya located in the caudal portion of the nucleus paraventricularis and also from a small group of perikarya in the caudo-lateral hypothalamus. On the way to the hindbrain the neurosecretory fibres join other fibre bundles of the mid- and hindbrain. 3. In the hindbrain most of the neurosecretory fibres terminate in the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii and in the area of the dorsal column nuclei. The axon terminals form synapses with other neurones. 4. Using cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level (Naumann and Sterba, 1976), the authors were able to prove that the vesicles in the exohypothalamic fibres and in their synaptic terminals contain the same sort of material as the neurophysin vesicles in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. 5. The most distinct increase in neurophysin was observed in lactating females which were separated from their sucklings after a normal lactation period of 15 days and killed four days thereafter, and in rats deprived of water for different time periods. 6. The relationship of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway to the nucleus tractus solitarii and to the dorsal column nuclei suggests that, functionally, there may be a correlation between the system of blood-pressure control and the milk ejection reflex.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 233-249 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; Muscles ; Metamorphosis ; Ecdysone ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of muscles in primary cultures of cells fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos was investigated. In early cultures, and in the absence of exogenous ecdysone, two main classes of muscle were found. Comparison, by light and electron microscopy, of one of these classes (the “myotube” class) with muscles from third instar larvae shows that this class corresponds to the muscles of the body wall of the larva. When α- or β-ecdysone is added to the cultures, these undergo a number of metamorphic changes. Most of the larval muscles disappear, and two new types of muscle form. Ultrastructural and light microscopic examination of these two types indicates that they correspond to the two classes of skeletal muscle (fibrillar and tubular) found in adult flies.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Developmental restrictions ; Compound eye ; Pattern formation ; Genetic mosaics ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five regions of the compound eye have been found to be preferential boundaries for clones of labelledMinute + cells, and to act restrictively on the growth of cell clones after a given developmental stage. One of these regions is topographically related to the line of pattern inversion existing at the level of the equator. The results of experiments showing independency of origin of restriction lines and line of pattern inversion are reported.
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Egg shape ; Pole cell transplantation ; Sterility ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females homozygous for a newly isolated mutation induced by ethyl methane sulphonate,fs(1)K10, lay abnormally shaped eggs in which the dorsal appendages of the chorion are enlarged and fused ventrally. The eggs are usually not fertilized and development is never normal beyond the blastoderm stage. The mutant was mapped to the tip of the X-chromosome with a meiotic position of 1–0.5 and a cytological location between 2B17 and 3A3. Using germ line mosaics constructed by transplantation of pole cells, it was shown that the abnormal morphology and the sterility are obtained only when the germ line is homozygous for the mutant.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 249-270 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Cell lineage ; Sexual dimorphism ; Genital discs
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The embryonic organization of the sexually dimorphic genital disc was studied in genetic mosaics resulting (a) from early loss of a chromosome or (b) from mitotic recombination. (a) Early Loss of a Chromosome. Three types of mosaics were produced — purely female mosaics, purely male mosaics, and gynandromorphs. They show that the genital disc arises from a group of cells in the ventral region of the embryo somewhat larger than that giving rise to a single foreleg (Table 2). Within this group of cells three regions can be distinguished that are present in both sexes: an anterior, a medial, and a posterior one, with distances of only 3–4 sturts between adjacent regions. The anterior region gives rise to the female genitalia, the medial region to the male genitalia, and the posterior region forms the analia of both sexes and the parovaria of the female (Figs. 2 and 3). The relative positions of the three regions were deduced from sturt distances (Tables 1 and 5), and from frequencies of mosaicism (Table 2). (b) Mitotic recombination was induced at the blastoderm stage in order to produce twin spots in the external genitalia and analia of purely male and female flies. Clone sizes indicate that these structures arise from a small number of precursor cells (Table 4). Clones overlapped right and left sides, but no clones were found extending over analia and genitalia. However, within either the analia or the genitalia of each sex, no clonal restrictions could be observed, and the clones comprised structures that were up to 12 sturts apart. A comparison of clone sizes and sturt distances in the foreleg and in the genital disc indicates that equal gynandromorph distances involve equal numbers of cells in different regions on the ellipsoid egg (Fig. 5). The results obtained from all mosaics provide a consistent picture of the embryonic organization of the genital disc. This becomes apparent in the summarized fate maps (Fig. 4), where the map derived from normal gynandromorphs can be produced by a simple superposition of the male and the female maps. The data are also discussed with respect to mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the genital disc.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 271-292 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Homeotic mutations ; Imaginal disc ; Positional Information ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations of the bithorax complex result in segmental transformations in the thorax and abdomen ofDrosophila. The haltere discs from larvae homozygous forbx 3 orpbx are transformed so that the discs contain cells that will produce wing cuticle as well as cells that produce haltere cuticle. The pattern regulation behavior of these discs has been examined. The fate maps of the two discs were established, and then the regulative behavior of a number of fragments from both types of mutant discs was established by culturing the fragments in vivo prior to metamorphosis. The most important conclusion from this work is that the cells producing, haltere cuticle and wing cuticle within the same disc share the same positional information and that they communicate during pattern regulation.
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; hemolymph proteins ; gene regulation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three of the major protein species present in the hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster larvae just prior to pupation are absent from second instar larvae but accumulate rapidly during the third instar. This article describes the purification and characterization of one of these, larval serum protein (LSP) 2, using an immunological assay. It is a homohexamer of molecular weight about 450,000, with a polypeptide molecular weight of 78,000–83,000. Fast and slow electrophoretic variants of this protein map between the markers vin and gs, at 36–37 on chromosome 3.
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    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 927-940 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: trehalase ; Drosophila ; segmental aneuploidy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Only one molecular form of trehalase (E.C. 3.2.1.28) was detectable in adult Drosophila melanogaster by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. An examination of duplication- and deletion-bearing aneuploids exhibiting do sage sensitivity indicated that the enzyme is encoded by a gene, Treh +, located between 55B and 55E of the second chromosome. The tissue-specific soluble and particulate forms of trehalase appear to be manifestations of a single protein encoded by a single gene.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: pyrimidine biosynthesis ; Drosophila ; rudimentary
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glutamine-dependent CPSase, ATCase, and DHOase from Drosophila, the first three enzymes in pyrimidine biosynthesis, show coordinate variation in activity throughout development. The three activities were highest in first instar larvae and decreased as development proceeded. The three activities cosediment in sucrose gradients as a single peak with a relative sedimentation coefficient of approximately 30S. CPSase, ATCase, and DHOase copurify during (NH4) 2SO4 fractionation and during DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite chromatography.
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    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 485-507 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: sorbitol dehydrogenases ; polyols ; Drosophila ; spermatogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster adults contain three distinctly different enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of d-sorbitol into d-fructose. These include (1) a soluble NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SoDHs), (2) a mitochondrial NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SoDHm), and (3) a soluble NADP-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NADP-SoDH). Developmental studies have shown that the activities of all three of these enzymes are lowest during the larval stages while highest levels are seen during or shortly prior to the adult period. With respect to NAD-SoDHs, studies of tissue distribution in adults have shown that highest activity is associated with thoracic musculature in both sexes and with organs of the male reproductive system. The developmental profile of this enzyme reveals a significant increase in activity at between 40 and 60 hr after hatching. This time interval corresponds closely to that during which the paternally derived NAD-SoDHs gene is expressed. An additional increase in activity is seen in male pupae at 160 hr and in female adults at 210 hr. The rapid increase in males takes place immediately following the developmental period during which the testes attach to their respective duct systems. NADP-SoDH activity is concentrated among organs of the thorax and abdomen in both sexes. Males show significantly higher levels of this enzyme during the late pupal and early adult periods. In contrast to the patterns of distribution seen for NAD-SoDHs and NADP-SoDH, 91–92% of the total NAD-SoDHm activity in adults is localized to the thoracic musculature. The developmental profile of this enzyme reveals a significant increase in activity during the late pupal and early adult periods, when flight muscle mitochondria are known to be proliferating and undergoing structural maturation.
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  • 78
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    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 509-523 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme levels ; gene regulation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Among the progeny of Drosophila flies heterozygous for two noncomplementing Adh-negative alleles, two individuals were found that had recovered appreciable alcohol dehydrogenase activity, thereby surviving the ethanol medium used as a screen. The most likely explanation is that these Adh-positive flies are the product of intracistronic recombination within the Adh locus. Judging by the distribution of outside markers, one of the crossovers would have been a conventional reciprocal exchange while the other appears to have been an instance of nonreciprocal recombination. The enzymes produced in strains derived from the original survivors can be easily distinguished from wild-type enzymes ADH-S and ADH-F on the basis of their sensitivity to denaturing agents. None of various physical and catalytic properties tested revealed differences between the enzymes of the survivor strains except that in one of them the level of activity is 55–65% of the other. Quantitative immunological determinations of ADH gave estimates of enzyme protein which are proportional to the measured activity levels. These results are interpreted to indicate that different amounts of ADH protein are being accumulated in the two strains.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; gene action ; esterase ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the gene controlling the synthesis of the organ-specific S-esterase of Drosophila virilis ejaculatory bulbs is located on the second chromosome (at approximate position 192.1±map units). The cells of the genital imaginal disks are determined for the synthesis of S-esterase 10–12 hr after the second molt. The organ-specific esterase can be detected after adult emergence only. It is preceded by an increase in RNA content and by enhancement of RNA synthesis in the cells of the ejaculatory bulbs. Interstock differences were found in the level of the activity of S-esterase, which is under the control of the X chromosome, as well as in the time of expression of enzyme activity, which is controlled by the fifth chromosome. It is suggested that the specific phenotypic expression of this enzyme depends on the system of genes with regulatory expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The genetic control of the synthesis of the S-esterase described is a convenient model for studying mechanisms of gene activity regulation in eukaryotes.
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  • 80
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    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 757-767 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: substrate specificity ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; octanol dehydrogenase ; aldehyde oxidase ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to ascertain the substrate specificities of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes in 13 Drosophila species. The substrates used were a variety of long- and short-chain aliphatic alcohols, one aromatic alcohol, and benzaldehyde. Only one enzyme (product of a single-gene locus) showed significant NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity with short-chain aliphatic alcohols. The 13 species, belonging to four different Drosophila groups, all showed a similar complement of alcohol-oxidizing enzymes, although differences in electrophoretic mobility and in levels of activity existed from species to species. These findings are relevant to the adaptation of Drosophila to alcohol environments.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Levator ani muscle ; Rat ; Neuromuscular junction ; Castration ; Testosterone effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction (n.m.j.) of the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle was studied in normal adult male rats, in 8-month-old rats castrated at the age of one month and in castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP). Castration does not result in significant changes of the n.m.j. The density of synaptic vesicles and the postsynaptic junctional folds remain practically normal in spite of marked atrophy of the muscle. TP administration for 7 days results in marked changes in preand postsynaptic structures. There is slow progressive depletion of synaptic vesicles, appearance of cisternae and coated vesicles in axon terminals, and coalescence of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane. Coated vesicles are also found inside Schwann cells and among junctional folds. Dense core vesicles appear both in the axon terminals and in the postsynaptic area. Collateral sprouting of terminal axons with the formation of new immature junctions is observed. After 35 days of TP administration depletion of synaptic vesicles continues. Glycogen β-particles, mostly freely dispersed, occasionally seen in axon terminals 7 days after TP administration, subsequently increase in number. In the endplate zone of the muscle fibre increased protein synthesis is indicated by a rapid increase in ribosomes and irregularly located myofilaments and myofibrils. The appearance of n.m.j. after testosterone administration resembles that described after nerve stimulation; the degree of change is however less pronounced.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Maternal adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Influence on the adrenals of newborn animals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Perivascular space ; Hormonerelease ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4 % tannic acid in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormonereleasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 507-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Osteoblasts ; Cementoblasts ; Intercellular attachments ; Electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoblasts of the young rat cranium, and cementoblasts and odontoblasts of young rat molars were prepared by ethanol freeze-fracture prior to critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Critical point drying causes shrinkage which separates the lateral intercellular contacts between neighbours in the same sheet in the case of cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not those between odontoblasts. These differences are considered to be of functional significance and need to be taken into consideration when formulating theories of calcium influx into the mineralizable matrix of the respective tissues.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 513-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve terminals in the palisade zone of the rat median eminence were investigated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Fracture face P of the specific terminals showed two populations of intramembranous particles (IMP): a large and a small variety. The large IMP-s often formed small irregular clusters. In nerve terminals the total number of both populations of IMP-s was considerably less than that found on P membrane faces of ependymal feet. On fracture face E of the nerve terminals, the number of IMP-s was about a quarter of that seen on fracture face P. On both fracture faces of most terminals a few small round impressions (or elevations respectively) were found which may be interpreted as broken necks of either exo- or endocytotic vesicles. Neither gap nor tight junctions occurred at lateral membranes of the specific axon terminals. Similarly, no membrane specializations were observed with freeze-fracturing on membrane areas adjacent to the basement membrane. The findings are discussed in relation to a possible exocytosis mechanism of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Circumvallate papillae ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is believed that differentiation and maintenance of taste buds in vertebrates is dependent on the trophic function of their sensory nerve supply. In the present work colchicine was injected into the circumvallate papilla of the rat. This produced a reversible blockade of neuroplasmic transport and disappearance of taste buds. Colchicine inhibited the further differentiation of bud cells, but apparently did not change the life cycle of the cells present already at the time of injection. It is speculated that the neurotrophic factors in this particular cell system are effective to induce cell differentiation only.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 345-359 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal subfields ; Rat ; Volumes ; Timm stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute volumes of the hippocampal and subicular cortical layers in the rat were determined. The boundaries of the various layers were defined on series of sections made through the entire hippocampal region of five rats and stained according to the Timm sulfide silver technique. Coordinates representing the boundaries of the layers on selected sections were fed into a mini-computer programmed to calculate the volume of the layers from the areas of the profiles and the distances between the sections. The distribution of the layers indicates that they constitute the same proportion of the volume of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the hippocampal region, with the exception of the structures lying in regio inferior and regio superior. Although the combined regio superior and regio inferior components of the layers of Ammon's horn occupy the same percentage of the volume of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal regions, the regio superior components occupy a larger percentage of Ammon's horn in the dorsal region than they do in the ventral region. The inter-animal variations in the volumes of the various layers indicate that it is possible to describe quantitatively the subdivisions of the hippocampal region with a precision that is compatible with comparative studies.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Rat ; Vinblastine ; Corticosterone ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vinblastine treatment blocks corticosterone release from rat adrenal zona fasciculata without impairing hormone synthesis, and induces the formation of acid phosphatase-positive granular clumps at the juxta-sinusoidal pole of the cells. Autoradiography shows that ACTH administration to vinblastine-treated animals mobilizes the 3H-cholesterol stored in the lipid droplets and leads to a noticeable labelling of the granular clumps. The possible significance of these granules is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Indole metabolism ; Ultrastructural morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro indole metabolism and ultrastructural morphology of the pineal gland of male rats were examined. A comparison of the effect of norepinephrine stimulation on indole synthesis in whole cultured glands and preparations of dispersed pineal cells is discussed. Our studies on the performance of dispersed cells during the first 24 h after preparation indicate a strong dependence of pineal cells upon physical attachment to the culture dish and probably also on cell-to-cell contact.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestinal epithelium ; Rat ; Kinetics ; Autonomic denervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of autonomic denervation upon the kinetics of the ileal epithelium of rats was studied by tracing 3H-thymidine labelled nuclei and counting mitotic figures and goblet cells. Counts of labelled nuclei and goblet cells provided information about cell migration along the intestinal epithelium. The mitotic index and turnover time of this population were calculated from the mitotic figures counts. Comparing denervated animals with sham operated controls, it was possible to conclude that autonomic denervation, either sympathectomy or parasympathectomy results in a decrease in mitotic activity. As a result of lower mitotic activity in the crypts, the turnover time increases and there is a delay in the migration of cells from the crypts towards the villi. Sympathectomy causes an early short-lived effect upon the kinetics of the crypt cell population, since after 27 h there is a tendency to normality. Parasympathectomy produces a slower but continuous decline in mitotic activity.
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  • 92
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    Behavior genetics 8 (1978), S. 511-526 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: habitats ; evolutionary strategies ; Drosophila ; physical environments ; lek behavior ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract There is an association among resource utilization divergence, habitat selection, and taxonomic divergence in the genusDrosophila. Given permissive conditions of temperature, humidity, and light intensity, an enormous variety of resources is used in a diversity of habitats. These resources are considered in the cosmopolitan and endemic Australian fauna, providing evidence for habitat selection in the laboratory and field. Lek behavior in picture-winged species of subgenusHirtodrosophila, a case of parallel evolution with lek behavior in subgenusDrosophila in Hawaii, is discussed in detail. Other examples of habitat selection discussed concern behavioral reactions of larvae to alcohol and other metabolites and the avoidance by adults of extreme physical environments. Evolutionary strategies involved in habitat selection are considered at various taxonomic levels inDrosophila. These considerations show that it is essential to relate results from laboratory studies to natural environments in order to explore the genetics of habitat selection.
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogonia and M-prospermatogonia ; Rat ; Duration of the S-phase and the minimal generation time ; Comparative autoradiographic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Ratte tritt die letzte Generation der Oogonien und “multiplying prospermatogonia” (M-prospermatogonia), die häufig in Form synchronisierter “Cluster” angeordnet sind, um den Tag 17 post conceptionem (p.c.), in die Mitose. Die S-Phasen-Dauer D-S-Duration und die minimale Generationszeit T min der weiblichen und männlichen “Gonien” wurden nach der Methode der markierten Mitosen bestimmt (22 weibliche und 22 männliche Feten von 11 Muttertieren wurden 2–22 Std nach einmaliger i.p. Injektion mit 3H-thymidin getötet). Die drei Kurven markierter Prophasen, Metaphasen und der postmitotischen Abkömmlinge, d.h. der Postmitosephasen der Oocyten und primary transitional prospermatogonia” (T1-prospermatogonia), wurden ausgewertet. Die Auswertungen ergaben, daß der Verlauf der einander entsprechenden Markierungskurven von Prophasen, Metaphasen und Postmitosephasen sowie die daraus errechneten Werte für D-S-Duration und Tmin weitgehend übereinstimmen. Die gewonnenen Werte liegen zwischen 10 und 12,5h für D-S-Duration (10h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven) und 16,5 und 18h für Tmin (16,5h entsprechend dem Verlauf der markierten Metaphasenkurven).
    Notes: Summary In the rat the last generation of oogonia and multiplying prospermatogonia (M-prospermatogonia), frequently arranged in synchronized clusters, enters mitosis on about day 17 post conception (p.c.). The duration of the S-phase D-S-Duration and the minimal generation time T min of both kinds of “gonia” were determined by the method of labeled mitoses (22 female and 22 male fetuses derived from 11 pregnant rats were sacrificed from 2 to 22 h after a single i.p. injection of 3H-thymidine on day 17 p.c.). Three curves, derived from the labeled prophases, metaphases and the postmitotic descendents of oogonia and M-prospermatogonia — oocytes and primary transitional prospermatogonia (T1-prospermatogonia) — were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the curves as well as the calculated values of D-S-Duration and T min are very similar for oogonia and M-prospermatogonia. D-S-Duration ranged from about 10 to 12.5 h (10 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases), T min from 16.5 to 18 h (16.5 h read off from the curves of labeled metaphases).
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  • 94
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    Keywords: Nucl. n. facialis ; Rat ; Retrograde reaction ; Ontogenesis ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The grey level index (= GLI) and the fresh volume were determined with the image analyser Micro-Videomat for the nucl. n. facialis after axotomy of the left n. facialis. The experiments were performed on 10 rats in different stages of ontogenesis. The GLI is a quantitative parameter which could be quickly obtained and which demonstrated quantitative changes during retrograde reaction in the respective centres. A decrease in the fresh volumes of the affected nucl. n. facialis could also be demonstrated. The meaning of GLI is discussed.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Striated musculature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a total of 96 rat pineals studied 31 were found to contain striated muscle fibers or their precursors. The muscle fibers were most frequently present in the stalk region and more frequently found in the left than in the right hemisphere. Size measurements revealed that the lengths of pineal muscle cell nuclei differ only slightly from those of the sphincter muscle of the iris. However, the yellowish appearance of pineal muscle cell nuclei under darkfield investigation, a phenomenon observed in all muscular tissues of mesenchymal origin and connective tissue cells, may support the hypothesis that pineal musculature is of mesenchymal rather than ectodermal origin.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Pericytes ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the ultrastructure of two types of intranuclear inclusions, “nuclear bodies” and “membranous lamellar bodies”, present in hypothalamic pericytes of intact adult rats. The nuclear bodies exhibited “simple” and “granular” forms, whereas the membranous lamellar bodies were entirely made up of myelin-like membrane whorls. The occurrence of these bodies in nuclei of pericytes has never been previously reported. The origin and functional meaning of such structures is discussed in the light of recent ultrastructural and biochemical studies on nuclear inclusions.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell kinetics ; Enamel organ ; Cell production ; Cell cycle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner enamel epithelium (IEE) covers the labial tooth aspect as a one cell layer which, when cut sagittally, appears as a longitudinal cell column extending from the tooth origin toward the periphery. Following sudden tooth shortening, the IEE responds by an increased cell production which later declines below normal values. The perturbation affects all cell kinetic parameters; the progenitor compartment, which initially increases, diminishes in size toward end of the experiment. The cell cycle transition times, which initially decline, rise toward the end of the experiment. The mean normal daily cell production rate of 70 cell % (i.e. 70 cells are produced by 100 progenitors) increases to 111 cell % and then declines to a low of 51 cell %. The IEE response typifies the behavior of other cell renewal systems such as intestinal epithelium and epidermis.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Tissue culture ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic development of LHRH-containing neurons was studied by fluorescence and enzyme immunohistochemistry in rats. In in vitro studies, the tissues of the septal-chiasmatic and mediobasal hypothalamic areas of fetal rats on day 16.5 or 18.5 of gestation were trypsinized separately for dissociation of the neural cells, and cultured for several days. Immunopositive reaction against LHRH was first detected in nerve cells derived from both areas of the hypothalamus of the fetuses on days 16.5 and 18.5 of gestation, after 8 and 6 days culture, respectively. The cells were small, and seemed to be bipolar in morphology indicating an axon and arborized dendrites. Immunopositive material occurred in the cell soma as well as in the cellular processes. In in vivo studies, immunopositive material, possibly deposited in nerve fibers, appeared first in OVLT and simultaneously in the external layer of the median eminence of fetuses on day 20.5 of gestation. The immunoreactive fibers increased in number in both parts with development, especially after birth in the median eminence. No immunopositive material was detected within any neural cell bodies nor in the cytoplasm of any ependymal cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin neurons ; Hypothalamic, extrahypothalamic distribution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a highly sensitive antibody to somatostatin, its hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution in the rat was re-examined by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method). The scattered somatostatin-producing perikarya occur in multiple layers within the subependymal neuropil surrounding the third ventricle. They supply with short-distance projections the following hypothalamic nuclei: 1) preoptic nuclei (especially their suprachiasmatic and medial components), 2) the peripheral zones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, 3) the ventromedial and 4) arcuate nuclei, and 5) the ventral premammillary nuclei. Furthermore, the following long-distance projections have been observed: In a rostral direction (A1) rostral of the anterior commissure to the lamina terminalis, (A2) to the OVLT, (A3) to the olfactory tubercle, and (A4) rostrally and caudally by-passing the anterior commissure to the dorsal part of the stria terminalis. More caudally, at the retrochiasmatic level an ascending dorso-lateral projection joins the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway in a reciprocal manner (B1). In addition, a descending ventrolateral tract projects to the optic tract bending dorsal to it in different directions: (C1) medial to the median eminence, (C2) lateral to the corticomedial amygdala, and (C3) caudal for additional support of the arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei. The principal tract of somatostatin-containing fibers descends in the subependymal neuropil to the median eminence (D). The results are discussed with reference to a possible participation of the somatostatin fiber system in the afferent branch of the circuit connecting the hypothalamus with the amygdala via the stria terminalis.
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitamin A ; Ultimobranchial tissue ; Ultimobranchial cysts ; Thyroid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin A are lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contain non-keratinized cellular debris. The epithelium of these cysts in vitamin A deficient animals is keratinized, and their lumina contain keratinized cellular strands surrounding a core of cellular debris. Upon return to a diet adequate in vitamin A the epithelium returns to a non-keratinized state, and the lumina contain keratinized strands surrounded by cell fragments and desquamated whole cells. Occasionally these cysts have an epithelium that is highly irregular in appearance. The relationship of alterations in this tisssue to possible subsequent development of neoplasias is discussed.
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