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  • Spektralphotometrie  (167)
  • Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption  (90)
  • oxidation  (57)
  • Springer  (314)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (314)
  • 1940-1944
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (314)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 181-195 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; scale composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of copper-manganese alloys (2–35 wt. % Mn) in pure oxygen at 760 Torr was investigated at 100° intervals between 550 and 850°C. Gravimetric measurements of the oxidation kinetics have been combined with microstructural studies of the reacted samples in order to evaluate the reaction mechanisms. The scales formed on Cu-2Mn, Cu-5Mn, Cu-10Mn are always composed of three different layers; in any case manganese is present only in the inner layer. The scales formed on Cu-20Mn and Cu-35Mn are composed of two layers, both containing manganese, with a more Cu-rich outer layer. In all the samples internal oxidation in combination with external scale formation is observed.
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  • 2
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 283-298 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; surface alloys ; Fe-Cr alloys ; iron ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of several surface and bulk Fe-Cr alloys and iron at 300°C and 4×10−6 Torr oxygen was studied. The surface alloys were fabricated by implantation of 25 keV Cr ions into the outermost 300Å of polycrystalline iron samples. The oxide thickness as a function of oxygen exposure was obtained using proton-excited X-ray analysis, and composition profiles of oxide films were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy and ion sputtering. The addition of Cr to Fe by surface and bulk alloying caused the oxidation rate to decrease and changed the oxidation kinetics from parabolic (for Fe) to logarithmic (for Cr concentrations ≥4.7at.%). Interpretation of the data in terms of simple oxidation theories indicates that the Cr additions may reduce the oxidation rate by altering the electronic properties of the metal-oxide interface.
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  • 3
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 311-330 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; oxide maps ; alloying additives ; Fe-Ni-Al alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of iron-nickel-aluminum alloys containing 0–40 wt.% nickel and 0–30 wt.% aluminum has been investigated at 600 and 800° C. Through the construction of “oxide maps” it can be shown that three possible oxide morphologies may exist: Alloys containing less than approximately 5 wt.% aluminum form scales consisting of predominantly Fe2O3 and spinel; alloys with between 5 and 10 wt.% aluminum form Al2O3 scales interspersed by Fe2O3 nodules, and alloys with greater than 10 wt.% aluminum form predominantly γ-Al2O3 scales.
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  • 4
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; surface reactions ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the oxidation of polycrystalline nickel metal. The results indicate that the oxidation process takes place in three stages; associative adsorption of molecular oxygen, followed by the combination of oxygen atoms with surface nickel atoms and, ultimately, the formation of bulk oxide. At room temperature only the first two stages can be detected. For exposures below 1 L the O 1s photoelectron spectrum is considered to be characteristic of an associatively adsorbed oxygen species, but for exposures above this value evidence for the formation of a monolayer of “NiO” is suggested by the development of an O 1s peak at 529.9 eV. Incorporation of oxygen into the nickel lattice is observed at temperatures 〉500°K. The activation energy for this place-exchange process was estimated at 1.80±0.06 eV.
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  • 5
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 255-272 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; graphite deposition ; nonadherent oxide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe-C alloys containing 0.5 and 1.0% C was studied in 1 atm O2 at 700° C. The oxidation rate is considerably slower than for pure Fe. The oxide scale formed is detached, multilayered, and overoxidized, containing little or no FeO. A thin film of graphite was identified at the metal-oxide interface by electron diffraction. It is proposed that the slow oxidation and abnormal scale are caused by a residue of graphite left at the metal surface from the oxidation of Fe3C. This inhibition of the oxidation of Fe by carbon at 700°C is in contrast to the stimulation observed at 500°C.
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  • 6
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 519-543 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; oxidation ; transport ; tracer ; duplex scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental techniques have been developed for determining Ni63 and O18 tracer distributions in NiO scales ranging in thickness from ∼0.1 to 100 μ. These have been used to investigate Ni and O transport in scales on {100} Ni crystals and polycrystalline Ni in the temperature range 500–1300° C. NiO grown on {100} Ni crystals at 1000°C was uniform and compact and grew by the bulk diffusion of Ni in NiO by a vacancy mechanism. At temperatures below 800°C the principal transport mechanism was short-circuit diffusion of Ni in NiO. At all temperatures short-circuit diffusion of oxygen contributed to scale growth on polycrystalline Ni and was responsible for growth of the inner layer of duplex scales. The oxygen diffusion paths are believed to be micro-cracks induced by growth stresses.
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  • 7
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; cerium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ni-50Cr alloys with minor cerium additions was studied between 800 and 1100° Cin oxygen, air, and oxygen at reduced partial pressures. Optical and scanning electron metallography, X-ray diffraction, and electron-probe microanalysis techniques were used to characterize the changes in scale and substrate morphology and to identify the oxidation products. Platinum markers were used to determine the direction of ionic transport. The effects of cold work, initial alloy phase distribution, and cyclic oxidation were also studied. The Cr 2 O 3 scales on the cerium-containing alloys grew while being largely separated from the metal substrate. Oxidation rate, oxide grain growth, and the tendency of scales to spall on cooling were reduced substantially with increasing alloy cerium content. The first two effects are suggested to result from the interaction of cerium ions and cerium oxide particles with oxide grain boundaries in reducing grain-boundary diffusion and oxide-boundary mobility. The third is suggested to result from the thinner, finer-grained scales formed on the Ce-containing alloys.
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  • 8
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
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  • 9
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 119-158 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of binary Ni-Cr alloys containing 44 and 50 wt. % Cr has been studied over a range of oxygen partial pressures at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. The effects of cold work, surface preparation, and distribution of the Cr-rich second phase have been studied. The oxidation behavior is complex and cannot be described by a single model. The oxide grows by short-circuit diffusion as well as bulk transport through Cr 2 O 3 scales. The scale-growth mechanism includes extensive metal-oxide separation requiring Cr vapor transport to the scale, compressive stresses within the oxide which result in scale bulging and cracking, and the formation of a second oxide layer which results in voids being incorporated into the scale. Any factor which reduces the oxide grain size, such as cold work, finer distribution of the Cr-rich α phase or reduced oxygen pressure, results in an increased oxidation rate of binary alloys because of an increased number of grain-boundary short-circuit diffusion paths.
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  • 10
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 331-351 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; copper ; thin films ; electron microscopy ; electron diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of thin single-crystal (100) and (111) films of copper at pressures of around 10−5 Torr and temperatures of 400 to 700°C has been observed by medium-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning and conventional microscopy using diffracted electron beams in the reflection mode, transmission electron microscopy, and transmission electron diffraction. Epitaxed nuclei of oxide are observed to grow into very thin single-crystal plates, using oxygen previously trapped in the copper film. There is considerable diffusion of the copper film. There is considerable diffusion of the copper away from the oxide. Between the oxide crystallites the copper surfaces appear to be unoxidized. A mottled contrast of the diffracted beam images of the copper surface is shown to result from many-beam dynamical diffraction effects.
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  • 11
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 381-401 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Co-Cr-Al ; oxidation ; dispersed oxides ; oxide scale adherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The improvement in oxidation resistance produced by small additions of active elements to Al 2O3-forming CoCrAl alloys is primarily dependent on the formation of oxide pegs which grow into the alloy around the internal oxide particles of the active element; void formation at the alloy-scale interface is also suppressed. The distribution of these pegs is critical and this paper demonstrates that an internal oxidation pretreatment can be used to convert the active element to its oxide in a controlled manner, thereby optimizing the peg distribution. Al2O3-forming CoCrAl containing 1% Hf or Ce is internally oxidized in a sealed quartz capsule containing a 50/50 powder mixture of CoAl-Al2O3; it was not possible to oxidize internally Y-containing alloys. The isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of these alloys is superior to that of alloys not given a prior treatment. Detailed metallographic examination indicates that the prior internal oxidation treatment produces a finer, more uniform distribution of oxide pegs penetrating into the alloy which is more efficient in combatting scale spallation. Furthermore, the lower residual hafnium content in the alloy minimizes large HfO2 precipitates and the formation of gross Al2O3 intrusions, which can initiate scale failure. Thus, by internally oxidizing the alloy first, the advantages of a high alloy Hf content (1%) in producing sufficient oxide pegs, but of the right size, coupled with minimal thickening of the surface scale, can be achieved.
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  • 12
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthaniden, Europium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Samarium in Uran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies were conducted on the assay of Sm, Eu, Dy and Er separated from uranium using aqueous standards by electrothermal AAS with Massmann type graphite furnace. The working curves were found to be linear in the ranges Sm (1–10 μg/ml), Eu (0.05–0.6 μg/ml), Dy (0.1–0.8 μg/ml) and Er (0.1–1.0 μg/ml). The values obtained for synthetic samples agreed favourably with those obtained by emission spectrographic method. Experiments using pyrolytic carbon coated tubes with and without pretreatment by La, Ta and Y have shown an enhancement with treatment upto a maximum of 15% and improve the memory effect marginally. The effect of Ta treatment was found to be singularly useful in improving the general behaviour of Sm. The interference effects of lanthanides, other than the analyte, were found to be negligible. However, the presence of uranium was found to affect the absorbance. The absorbance of Eu was found to be nearly independent of uranium after an initial increase. On the other hand, the absorbance of other elements studied was found to drastically decrease after an initial enhancement. Detailed investigations of temperature dependence of absorbance were carried out using Eu, Dy and Er. The differences in the behaviour of these elements is attributed to probable differences in the modes of their atomization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe des Graphitrohrofens nach Maßmann durchgeführt. In folgenden Bereichen ergaben sich lineare Eichkurven: Sm 1–10 μg/ml, Eu 0,05–0,6 μg/ml, Dy 0,1–0,8 μg/ml, Er 0,1μ-1,0 μg/ml. Die aus synthetischen Proben erhaltenen Ergebnisse stimmten gut mit den durch Emissionsspektrographie erhaltenen überein. Versuche wurden mit Röhren mit pyrolytischen Kohlenstoffüberzug mit und ohne Vorbehandlung durch La, Ta und Y durchgeführt und ergaben eine bis 15%ige Steigerung durch die Behandlung sowie eine mäßige Besserung des Memoryeffektes. Eine Behandlung mit Ta war besonders für Sm vorteilhaft. Störungen durch andere Lanthanide waren vernachlässigbar. Uran beeinflußte jedoch die Absorption. Im Falle von Eu zeigte sich nach anfänglicher Zunahme fast eine Unabhängigkeit, während bei den anderen untersuchten Elementen nach anfänglicher Zunahme eine beträchtliche Abnahme auftrat. Mit Eu, Dy und Er wurde ebenfalls die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorption untersucht. Festgestellte Unterschiede im Verhalten werden auf unterschiedliche Atomisierung zurückgeführt.
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  • 13
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Chlorphosphonazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trioctylamin-Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 14
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat in Ferrosilicium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Cer/Xylenolorange, indirekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut, Cadmium, Thallium in Gesteinen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; fraktionierte Destillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analysis of bismuth, cadmium and thallium in rock samples can be performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, after separation and preconcentration by a volatilization technique. This method has the major advantage that small amounts of substance can be used with a minimum consumption of chemicals, so that sources of contamination are reduced. The detection limit for Bi and Tl is about 1 ppb and for Cd about 0.1 ppb in the rock. Depending on the content in the rock samples, the relative standard deviation is between 2 and 30%. Several attempts have been made to determine the yields of Bi, Cd and Tl from synthetic and natural samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Wismut, Cadmium und Thallium in Gesteinen kann mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie nach verdampfungsanalytischer Abtrennung erfolgen. Die Verdampfungsnalyse hat den Vorteil, daß bei geringem Reagentienverbrauch kleine Mengen analysiert werden können. Die Gefahr der Einschleppung von Verunreinigungen wird erheblich vermindert. Die Nachweisgrenze bezogen auf die Probe beträgt für Wismut und Thallium ca. 1 ppb und für Cadmium ca. 0.1 ppb. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration liegt die relative Standardabweichung zwischen 2 und 30 %. An synthetischen und natürlichen Proben sind die Ausbeuten an diesen Elementen bestimmt worden.
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  • 16
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 413-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyridin und Azid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aussalzungsmittel, Mischkomplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 270-270 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; indirekt, Fe(III)-Resacetophenonoximat-Komplex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 264-266 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenhydraten in Huminsäuren ; Spektralphotometrie ; Anthronmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine modifizierte Anthronmethode zur Bestimmung des Kohlenhydratgehaltes in Fraktionen von Huminsäure-Blei(II)-Chelatverbindungen, die mit chemischen und gelchromatographischen Methoden getrennt wurden, wird beschrieben. Um die Störung der Methode durch die Absorption der Huminsäuren, die mit abnehmender Wellenlänge ansteigt, gering zu halten, wird die Extinktion des Anthron-Kohlenhydrat-Reaktionsproduktes bei 620 nm gemessen. Die Huminsäurekonzentration darf 0,1 g/dl nicht überschreiten. Da die molare Extinktion des Anthron-Reaktionsproduktes von der Art des Kohlenhydrates abhängt, wird der Kohlenhydratgehalt auf das Hauptkohlenhydrat des Huminsäurehydrolysats berechnet (d.h. Glucose).
    Notes: Summary A modified anthrone method is described for the determination of carbohydrates in fractions of lead(II)-chelate compounds of humic acids separated with chemical as well as gel-chromatographic methods. To reduce the disturbance of the method by the absorption of humic acids increasing with the decrease of wavelength, the absorbance of the anthronecarbohydrate reaction products is measured at 620 nm and the humic acid concentration is not allowed to exceed 0.1 g/dl. Because the molar absorptivity of the anthrone reaction-products depends on the type of carbohydrate investigated, the content is calculated for the main carbohydrate of the humic-acid hydrolysate (i.e. glucose).
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Geolog. Material, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Serious systematic errors inherent in the determination of lead in geological and biological samples by flameless atomic-absorption spectrometry are demonstrated. The reduced absorption of lead is due to partial interaction with alkaline, alkaline-earth and iron chlorides during the atomization stage. Incomplete dissociation of the volatile monochloride of lead in the gaseous phase reduces the absorption signal. An addition of 20% hydrogen to nitrogen (purge gas) diminishes signal suppression by removing the chlorine in form of volatile HCl. The detection limit is about 0.6 ppm in rocks and about 0.3 ppm in plant materials. Depending on the content in the samples the relative standard deviation is between 1 and 12%. The accuracy of the method was tested on 39 international standard reference samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerwiegende systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Blei in geologischen und biologischen Materialien mit der Graphitrohrküvette werden aufgezeigt. Die Reaktion von Blei mit Alkali-, Erdalkali- und Eisenchloriden während der Atomisierungsphase führt zur Bildung von Bleimonochlorid, das nur unvollständig dissoziiert und eine Signalunterdrückung zur Folge hat. Ein Zusatz von 20% Wasserstoff zu Stickstoff als Spülgas vermindert die Signalunterdrückung, indem überschüssiges Chlor als Chlorwasserstoff entfernt wird. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 0,6 ppm für Gesteine und bei ca. 0,3 ppm für Pflanzenmaterialien. Je nach der Konzentration beträgt die relative Standardabweichung 1–12%. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wurde an 39 internationalen Standardreferenzproben überprüft.
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber mit Formazanen ; Spektralphotometrie ; chelatbildende Ionenaustauscher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Darstellung substituierter Formazane und ihre chemische Fixierung an Cellulose, amino- und chlormethyliertem Polystyrol wird beschrieben. Die Kapazitäten der Austauscher liegen zwischen 0,05 mÄq/g (Cellulose) und 0,6 mÄq/g (Polystyrol). In neutralem Medium zeigen sie eine besondere Affinität zu Hg(II), Pd(II) und Ag(I), aber keine Affinität zu Cu(II). Weiterhin wurde eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Hg(II) und Ag(I) mit dem wasserlöslichen Formazan (FII)-NO2 ausgearbeitet [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546 =38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
    Notes: Summary The preparation of substituted formazans and their fixation on cellulose, amino- and chloromethylated polystyrene is described. The capacities of the exchangers vary from 0.05 meq/g (cellulose) to 0.6 meq/g (polystyrene). They show in neutral medium greater affinity to Hg(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I), but no affinity to Cu(II). Further, a spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I) with the watersoluble formazan (FII)-NO2 has been worked out. [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546=38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
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  • 21
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 356-360 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Mechanisierung, Prinzip, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Prinzip der Automatisierung der photometrischen Analyse mit kontinuierlichem Reagentienfluß und die speziellen Vorteile der Verwendung von Bausteinen der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie werden ausführlich diskutiert. Die Optimierung folgender Parameter wird besprochen: Verweilzeit (Reaktionszeit), Einspritzmenge, Pumpgeschwindigkeit, Säulenabmessungen, Partikeldurchmesser.
    Notes: Summary The principle of automation of photometric analysis by the continuous flow method and the particular advantages of the use of component parts of liquid chromatography are discussed in detail. The optimization of the following parameters is pointed out: residence (reaction) time, injection volume, pumping rate, column dimensions and particle diameter.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 402-404 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Nanospuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine selektive Bestimmung von Antimon durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ist durch elektrothermale Atomisierung von Antimonwasserstoff in einem Argonspülgasstrom möglich. Das Verfahren erfordert eine hohe und reproduzierbare Geschwindigkeit der Reduktion des Antimons zu Antimonwasserstoff in der wäßrigen Probelösung. Geeignete Bedingungen für diese Reduktion erreicht man, wenn man in der Lösung zunächst einen Komplex von Antimon(III) mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure bildet; dieser Komplex reagiert mit Natriumborhydrid in der geforderten Weise zu Antimonwasserstoff. Bei der Mineralisierung des organischen Materials ist auf genaue Temperaturführung zu achten.
    Notes: Summary High selectivity in measuring antimony by atomic absorption spectrometry is obtained by electrothermal atomisation of stibine in a stream of argon purging gas. This procedure requires a fast and reproducible reduction to stibine of the total antimony present in an aequeous solution. Optimum conditions for this reduction are reached by first transforming all antimony in the solution to an EDTA-chelate of antimony(III) which then reacts uniformly with sodium boron hydride to give stibine. Close temperature control is essential in decomposition of biological samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Benzin ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; emulgierte Proben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 47-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Hydroxyphenyl-p-tolylbenzamidin
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zr-beschichtete Graphitrohre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, nach einer Anreicherung von Cadmium durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure, die stark salpetersaueren Reextrakte direkt in Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohren bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption zu vermessen. Diese Rohre zeigten eine gute Lebensdauer (150–300 Analysen). Durch eine Behandlung der Rohre mit einer Fe3+-Lösung konnten Beeinflussungen der Cadmiumsignale durch Begleitstoffe verhindert werden. Cadmium wird bei der Extraktion und Reextraktion um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Bei hohen Cadmiumgehalten in den Proben kann die Analyse bei gleicher Probenvorbereitung mit Hilfe der Flammenatomabsorption durchgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsbedingungen für die flammenlose, sowie für die Flammen-Atomabsorption werden angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenzen bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurden im Mittel 0,53 μg Cd/l, für die Flammenatomabsorption 19,4μg Cd/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,1, bzw. 4 μg Cd/l gesenkt werden.
    Notes: Summary Cadmium is enriched by an extraction with APDC/MIBK and subsequent reextraction with nitric acid. A procedure is described for analyzing these solutions directly by means of flameless atomic absorption, inspite of the high concentration of nitric acid in a zirconium coated graphite tube. These tubes, proved to be very resistant (150–300 analyses). After treatment of the tubes with a Fe3+-solution no interference by accompanying anions and cations could be observed. By the extraction and reextraction procedure described cadmium is enriched by a factor of five. Samples of higher cadmium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame atomic absorption after the same sample preparation. Working conditions for flameless and flame atomic absorption are given. Detection limits have been calculated as 0.53 μg Cd/l in the case of flameless, 19.4 μg Cd/l in the case of flame atomic absorption. These values are further decreased by the above enrichment procedure to 0.1 and 4 μg Cd/l, respectively.
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber, Kupfer, Wismut, Blei, Cadmium, Tellur in Wasser ; Röntgenfluorescenz-Spektrometrie ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Anreicherung an Sulfidschichten, Fällungsaustausch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Verbesserung des Nachweisvermögens und der Zuverlässigkeit von röntgenfluorimetrischen und atomabsorptiometrischen Bestimmungsverfahren für geringe Spurengehalte von Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co und Ni in wäßrigen Lösungen wurde die Eignung einer der Bestimmung vorgeschalteten Anreicherungsmethode durch Fällungsaustausch an einer dünnen Sulfidschicht systematisch untersucht. Die wäßrige Probe (0,1–61, pH 3–6) wird durch eine auf einem Membranfilter (Cellulosenitrat bzw. PTFE, Porenweite ≤1 μm) frisch präparierte homogene Metallsulfidschicht (ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS u.a., Dicke: 300–400 nm) filtriert. Dabei werden mit Ausnahme des Arsens die Elemente praktisch vollständig aus der Lösung zurückgehalten, die schwerlösliche Sulfide mit einem kleineren Löslichkeitsprodukt als das der austauschenden Schicht bilden. Nach dem Austausch kann die Bestimmung der Elemente entweder simultan durch RFA direkt auf dem Filter oder nach Lösen des Niederschlages in wenig Säure durch AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung erfolgen. Durch erhebliche Voranreicherung können Nachweisgrenzen im ng/l-Bereich erzielt werden. Eichung, Störungen durch Begleitsubstanzen und Güteziffern des Verbundverfahrens werden beschrieben, das vor allem für die simultane und zuverlässige Bestimmung von Spuren, Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd und Te in Trink-, Oberflächen- und Schneeschmelzwasser empfohlen werden kann.
    Notes: Summary For the improvement of the power of detection and the reliability of X-ray fluorimetric and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination procedures for very low levels of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co and Ni in aqueous solutions the applicability of a pre-concentration method by precipitate-exchange on thin sulphide layers which preceds the actual determination has been investigated systematically. The aqueous sample (0.1–61, pH 3–6) is filtered through a freshly prepared homogeneous metal sulphide layer (e.g. ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS, thickness: 300–400 nm) which is placed on a membrane filter (cellulose nitrate or PTFE, pore size ≤1 μm). In this way with the exception of As, the elements forming sparingly soluble sulphides with a lower solubility product than the corresponding sulphides of the layer are practically completely retained from the solution. The exchanged elements can be determined either simultaneously directly on the filter by RFA or sequentially after dissolution of the precipitate in a small volume of acid by AAS with electrothermal atomization. By a considerable pre-concentration detection limits in the ng/l range can be obtained. Calibration, interferences by concomitant elements, and quality grades of the multi-stage procedure are described, which can be recommended for the simultanous and reliable determination of traces of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, and Te in potable, surface, and snow-melting water.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösungsmittel für die Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The utility of various organic solvents, such as acetates and ketones, for the CuDBC chelate extraction and subsequent atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination is studied. Methyl propionate was found to be the most sensitive solvent. Data for the different substances are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Lösungsmittel (Acetate und Ketone) für die Extraktion des CuDBC-Komplexes und anschließende atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrische Bestimmung wurde systematisch untersucht. Werte für die verschiedenen Substanzen werden angegeben. Die größte Empfindlichkeit kann mit Methylpropionat erzielt werden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tensiden in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aniontenside, Reinigungsstufen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aniontenside werden an Feststoffen der Gewässer wie auch der Kläranlagen adsorbiert und teilweise angereichert. Ihre analytische Bestimmung erfordert eine mehrstufige Vorarbeit. Sie führt über die Extraktion des Probengutes, die Abtrennung der Tenside von Störstoffen durch Ausblasen (grobe Vorreinigung) und die chromatographische Reinigung der Rohfraktion auf Kieselgelschichten. Die Konzentration der reinen Tensidfraktion kann colorimetrisch oder IR-spektrometrisch bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary Anion tensides are adsorbed on solids in surface waters and sewage treatment plants and enriched to some extent. Their analytical determination requires multi-stage preparations, including sampling, separation of the tensides from disturbing material by air stripping (rough preliminary cleaning), and chromatographic cleaning of the raw fraction on silica gel. The concentration of the pure tenside fraction can be determined colorimetrically or by way of IR spectrometry.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium(V) mit p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd und Hydroxyamidin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 9-11 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; neues Spektrometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer wird beschrieben, das zur Bestimmung des Quecksilbergehaltes in Luft die Absorption der im vakuumultravioletten Spektralbereich gelegenen Hg-Resonanzlinie 184,9 nm benutzt. Die Kombination einer Hg-Niederdruckdampflampe mit einer Photozelle mit CsI-Kathode gestattet einen Spektrometer-Aufbau ohne Monochromator oder Filter. Zur Messung der HgKonzentration in Gasen wird das Quecksilber einer Probe zunächst auf einem Goldblech gesammelt, durch Ausheizen des Goldes wieder freigesetzt und die Absorption durch die Dampfwolke bestimmt. Das Eichverfahren und Meßbeispiele werden erläutert.
    Notes: Summary An atomic absorption spectrometer is described using the absorption of the vacuum ultraviolet resonance line 184.9 nm to determine the amount of mercury in air. The use of a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp combined with a CsI photocell makes it possible to omit monochromator or filter. For measuring the concentration of mercury in all sorts of gases the mercury of the sample is collected on sheet gold. By heating the sheet mercury is set free and the absorption of the mercury vapour can then be measured. The calibration procedure and some analytical results are described.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 158-158 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium, Ruthenium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Isonitrosodibenzoylmethan
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium(III) mit 3-Hydroxy-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-phenyltriazen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, ZrC-beschichtete Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A flameless atomic-absorption method for determination of phosphorus is developed, employing zirconium treated graphite tubes. The great improvement of the sensitivity with these tubes eliminates the necessity of adding La(NO3)3. The sensitivity does not vary from tube to tube and its maximal value is attained within the first 2–3 firings. The atomization signal is practically the same within the range of 2,600–2,800° C when the rise of the temperature is high (〉 1,500° C/s). The best signal to noise ratio is obtained at 2,600° C. The detection limit is 0.05 ppm with injection of 50 μl. The method is applied to the analysis of a standard steel sample.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung einer ZrC-beschichteten Graphitrohrküvette wurde eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit erzielt, ohne daß eine Zugabe von La(NO3)3 nötig wäre. Bei Küvettenwechsel ändert sich die Empfindlichkeit nicht. Das maximale Signal wird während der ersten 2–3 Bestimmungen erreicht. Das Atomisierungssignal bleibt im Bereich zwischen 2600 und 2800 °C praktisch unverändert. Das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis ist bei 2600 °C am größten. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,05 ppm bei 50 μl. Die Methode wurde zur Analyse von Stahlstandardproben angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von o-Dichlorbenzol ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Blei, Zink ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, chromatogr. Trennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sample of seawater (51) is freed from solid particles, buffered at pH 5.6 and percolated through a column filled with ED3A. After sample passage 15 ml 1 M hydrochloric acid solution are pumped through the column to dissolve the concentrated ions. The final measurement using flame atomic absorption is carried out in the hydrochloric acid solution. The total labour time is less than 15 min. The standard deviations (4 analyses) for the determination of Cu, Pb and Zn (in the normal concentration range of 2–6 μg · l−1) were 2–5%, 5% and 1–10%, the recoveries 100%, 102% and 104%, respectively. A concentration coefficient of 300–500 was obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Probe Meereswasser (51) wird nach Entfernen der festen Teilchen auf einen pH-Wert von 5,6 gepuffert und durch eine Trennsäule mit ED3A geführt. Die angereicherten Metallionen werden mit 15 ml 1 M HCl-Lösung eluiert. Anschließend erfolgt die Bestimmung durch Flammenatomabsorption. Die Methode erfordert insgesamt weniger als 15 min Arbeitszeit. Die Standardabweichungen (4 Best.) betragen für Cu, Pb und Zn (im normalen Bereich von etwa 2–6 μg·l−1) etwa 2–5%, 5% und 1–10%, die Wiederfindungsraten 100%, 102% bzw. 104%. Der Konzentrationskoeffizient beträgt 300 bis 500.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Störung durch Fremdelemente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interfering effect of thirty six metal salts on chromium absorbance in the air-acetylene flame has been studied. The interference does not depend on the boiling point of the added foreign metals or particle size as previously assumed but is postulated to result from the formation of mixed oxides or bimetallic species or from suppression of ionized gaseous chromium pressure. The effect of the alkali sulphates as releasing agents in the determination of chromium has been tested and results show that they can be used to eliminate both suppressive and enhancing interferents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Störungsmöglichkeiten von 36 verschiedenen Metallsalzen bei der AAS-Bestimmung von Chrom mit Hilfe der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme wurden systematisch untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der Einfluß dieser Salze nicht — wie früher angenommen — vom Siedepunkt der betreffenden Metalle oder der Teilchengröße abhängt, sondern von der Bildung von Mischoxiden, Bimetallverbindungen oder von der Herabsetzung des Chromdampfdrucks. Weiterhin wurde die Wirkung von Alkalisulfaten als Releasing-Reagentien untersucht und gefunden, daß diese sowohl bei abschwächender als auch verstärkender Wirkung angewendet werden können.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Arbeitsbedingungen, Einflüsse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Vielfältigkeit der Einflüsse von Mineralsäuren, Lösungsgenossen, Brennererwärmung und der Wertigkeit des Ions, welche insgesamt die Bestimmung von Chrom mittels AAS sehr problematisch gestalten, systematisch untersucht. Durch Verwendung einer brenngasarmen Acetylen-Lachgasflamme werden diese Schwierigkeiten weitestgehend beseitigt, was an hochprozentigen Normstählen demonstriert wird.
    Notes: Summary The variety of influences, such as mineral acids, heating of the burner head, solvent components and valency of the ion, was examined systematically. By use of a lean acetylene-nitrous oxide flame these difficulties can by eleminated extensively, and this is demonstrated on high chromium standard steels.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lithium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Isotopie-Effekte
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von p-Methylaminophenolsulfat, Metol ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Hydrid, Elementquerstörungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Natriumborhydrid-Reduktionsmethode zur Austreibung des Selens aus sauren Probenlösungen in Kombination mit einer AAS-Bestimmung des Selens in einer geheizten Quarzküvette (Hydridsystem MHS-1 der Firma Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen) wird durch die Gegenwart zahlreicher Begleitelemente selbst im Spurenbereich gestört. Bei der Bestimmung von 5–100 ng Se in 20 ml 0,3 N salzsaurer Probenlösung verursachen ca. 0,7 μg Ag+;1,5 μg Sb3+;3 μg Au3+; 5 μg Cu2+; 6 μg As3+; 25 μg Sb5+; 30 μg As5+; 60 μg Ni2+; 200 μg Pt4+ bzw. Mn7+; 700 μg Co2+; 1,5 mg Pb2+; 3 mg Cr6+ und 5 mg Hg2+ jeweils Erniedrigungen des Se-Signals um 50%. 4 μg Sn2+/Sn4+ bzw. 6 μg Bi3+ führen zu einer 30 %igen Erniedrigung. Fe2+/Fe3+ stören ab Mengen ≥400 μg. Te4+ ≤ 300 μg, Alkali- und Erdalkalimengen≤25 mg sowie Mengen ≤ 5mg Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ und Zn2+ waren ohne Einfluß auf die Ausbeute der Selenhydrid-Bildung. Die Störungen sind stark abhängig von der vorgegebenen HCl-Konzentration in der Probenlösung. Weitere Quellen für systematische Fehler des Verfahrens wurden untersucht und teilweise behoben. Das Hydrid-AAS-Verfahren kann nicht zur direkten Bestimmung von Selenspuren (ng/g-Bereich) in metallischen, geologischen und biologischen Matrices empfohlen werden, wenn die Gehalte der störenden Begleitelemente in der Probe bestimmte Grenzkonzentrationen überschreiten, die numerisch stark von der apparativen Anordnung und den Versuchsparametern abhängen.
    Notes: Summary The sodium boro hydride-reduction method for the liberation of selenium from acid sample solutions in connection with its determination by AAS using a heatable optical cell made of quartz (hydride system MHS-1, Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen, F.R.G.) is interfered with by numerous concomitant elements occurring even in the trace range in the sample solution. In the determination of 5–100 ng of selenium in 20 ml sample solution 0.3 N in HCl, 0.7 μg of Ag+; 1.5 μg of Sb3+; 3 μg of Au3+; 5 μg of Cu2+; 6 μg of As3+;25 μg of Sb5+; 30 μg of As5+; 60 μg of Ni2+; 200 μg of Pt4+ and Mn7+; 700 μg of Co+; 1.5 mg of Pb2+; 3 mg of Cr6+ and 5 mg Hg2+ cause a depression of the Se-signal of 50%. 4 μg of Sn2+/Sn4+ and 6 μg of Bi3+ cause a depression of 30%. Fe2+ /Fe3+ interfere only if present in quantities ≥400 μg. Te4+ in quantities ≤300 μg, alkali metals and alkaline earths ≤25 mg, and Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ ≤5 mg do not affect the selenium hydride formation. The interferences depend very strongly on the used HCl concentration in the sample solution. Further sources of systematic errors are investigated and partly eliminated. The hydride-AAS procedure cannot be recommended for the determination of traces of selenium (ng/g-range) directly in metallic, geological or biological matrices, if the levels of the interfering concomitants reach above a certain threshold concentration, which numerically depend strongly on the apparatus and the parameters of the analysis.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verflüchtigung aus Reinstaluminium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung kleinster Mengen Cadmium beschrieben, bei dem Cadmium zunächst aus Reinstaluminium verflüchtigt und dann im Wasserstoffstrom entweder on-line oder off-line mit der flammenlosen AAS bestimmt wird. 23 ppb Cadmium konnten bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of low concentrations of cadmium. In the first step cadmium is volatilized out of very pure aluminium and subsequently determined in a H2 stream either off-line or on-line with flameless AAS. 23 ppb of cadmium could be determined.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 406-407 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ligninsulfonsäure, Huminsäure in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 377-379 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Blei, Bleilegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von μg/g- bis mg/g-Gehalten Arsen in Blei und Bleilegierungen beschrieben. Das Arsen wird dazu mit NaBH4 als AsH3 aus der Probenlösung ausgetrieben und atomabsorptions-spektrometrisch in einer geheizten Quarzküvette bestimmt. Durch geeignete Arbeitsbedingungen werden Störungen durch die Matrix ausgeschaltet. Für den gesamten Arbeitsbereich beträgt die relative Standardabweichung etwa 3% (N=12); die Nachweisgrenze (3 σ-Grenze) wurde zu 0,1 μg/g As ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of μg/g to mg/g concentrations of As in lead and lead alloys. For that purpose arsenic is blown out from the sample solutions as AsH3 by use of NaBH4 and determined by AAS in a heated quartz cuvette. Using suitable conditions disturbances caused by the matrix are eliminated. The relative standard deviation over the whole working range is about 3% (N=12); the detection limit (3 σ) was found to be 0.1 μg/g As.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 383-385 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor in Silicaten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Pyrohydrolyse, Carminsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This simple method for the determination of boron takes a total time of 20 min. Samples are mixed with CaF2 suprapur in the ratio 3∶1 and pyrohydrolized in a Leco induction furnace for 15 min under steam of H2O. The BF3 liberated is collected in a NaOH-Na2CO3 solution (10 g NaOH +1 g Na2CO3 per liter). This solution is filled up to 200 ml with twice distilled water; 2 ml of this solution is mixed with conc. sulphuric acid and carminic acid solution and filled up to 50 ml. The absorption is measured by a Zeiss Elko II photometer with filter S 59. Analyses of four internations reference samples show excellent precision with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% (e.g. for a boron content of 2.1 ppm in granite G-2).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Borbestimmung mit dieser schnellen und einfachen Methode benötigt ca. 20 min. Die Proben werden mit CaF2 Suprapur im Verhältnis 3∶1 vermischt und in einem Leco-Induktionsofen 15 min unter Einleitung von Wasserdampf pyrohydrolysiert. Das entstandene BF3 wird in einer NaOH-Na2CO3-Lösung(10 g NaOH+1 gNa2CO3pro Liter) aufgefangen. Diese Lösung wird mit zweifach destilliertem Wasser auf 200 ml aufgefüllt; 2 ml dieser Lösung werden mit konz. Schwefelsäure und Carminsäure-Lösung versetzt und auf 50 ml aufgefüllt, bevor ihre Absorption mit einem Zeiss — Elko II — Photometer mit Filter S 59 gemessen wird. Analysen von 4 internationalen Referenzproben zeigen eine hohe Präzision mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von weniger als 5% (z. B. für einen Gehalt von 2,1 ppm Bor im Granit G-2 des USGS).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von N-p-Tolylbenzohydroxamsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 414-415 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber(II) mit 3-Methyl-5-pyrazolon-4-dithiocarbonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Schwermetallen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Bodensee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Monatliche AAS-Messungen im Jahre 1977 auf die Elemente As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Al und B im Rohwasser und im Trinkwasser des Zweckverbandes Bodenseewasserversorgung sowie an ausgewählten Tiefenprofilen im Überlinger See werden diskutiert. Die angewandten Untersuchungsmethoden werden eingehend erläutert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Gehalt der toxischen Metalle im Bodenseewasser unter 1% der laut Trinkwasserverordnung zulässigen Grenzkonzentrationen liegt. Die höchsten Konzentrationen mit maximal 7% des Grenzwertes wurden beim Element Arsen gefunden — eine für die Bodenseetrinkwasserwerke jedoch immer noch beruhigende Zahl. Dennoch soll speziell diesem Element in weitergehenden Untersuchungen erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
    Notes: Summary A survey is given based on monthly measurements over a one-year period (1977) to determine the trace metals in the raw and drinking water and in two vertical profiles of the Lake of Constance (Überlinger See) by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The methods used are discussed in detail. The results showed that the content of the toxic metals Hg, Se, Pb, Cr and Cd amounts to less than 1% of the concentration limits due to German law. The highest concentrations were found for the element As, which reached about 7% of the limiting concentration. Further investigations are therefore concerned with this element.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 286-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen mit Isothiocyanatodioxotolyldihydrobenzisochinolin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(III), Chrom(VI) mit Helasolviolett 4R ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wolfram(VI) mit Thioglykolsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Chelatbildung, Carbonsäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung W(VI) bildet mit Thioglykolsäure und Glykolsäure mäßig stabile Fünfringchelate der Zusammensetzung WR2, mit Glycin ein sehr schwaches WR. Chelate mit den Sechsringbildnern 3-Mercaptopropionsäure und o-Mercaptobenzoesäure sind nicht nachweisbar. Das Thioglykolsäurechelat kristallisiert aus Methanol als gelbes Na-Salz WO2(SCH2COONa)2·2CH3OH und ist mit Di-phenylguanidin als Ionenpaar in Butanol extrahierbar. Die photometrische Wolframbestimmung mit Thioglykolsäure in wäßriger Lösung erreicht eine Bestimmungsgrenze von $$\underline c $$ = 0,92 ppm W (P=99,9%;M=2) und eine Standardabweichung vons=0,24 ppm W (f=21).
    Notes: Summary W(VI) forms moderately stable, five-membered ring chelates of the composition WR2 with thioglycolic and glycolic acid, and a very weak WR with glycine. Chelation with the six-ring forming 3-mercaptopropionic acid and o-mercaptobenzoic acid could not be detected. The chelate with thioglycolic acid crystallizes from methanol as the yellow sodium salt WO2(SCH2COONa)2·2CH3OH and can be extracted into butanol as an ion pair with diphenylguanidine. The photometric determination of tungsten with thioglycolic acid has a determination limit of $$\underline c $$ = 0.92 ppm W (P=99.9%;M=2) and a standard deviations=0.24 ppmW (f=21).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 122-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfat in Umweltmaterial ; Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Durchflußsystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sulphate in various environmental samples was determined by measuring the optical absorbance upon reaction with the barium(II) dimethylsulphonazo(III) complex. The measurement took place in a flow-through system. Interferences from phosphate, metal ions and others were eliminated. The results of a turbidimetric measurement, a spectrophotometric measurement with thorin, an automatic titration and the proposed method are compared. The latter allows the determination of sulphate in the range of 1.4–60 μmol·l−1. The standard deviation is 0.3–0.6 μmol·l−1, depending on the type of sample (water) analysed. A determination takes 1.5min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sulfat wurde in verschiedenen Umweltproben durch Messung der Extinktion nach Reaktion mit dem Barium(II)-dimethylsulfonazo(III)-komplex im Durchflußsystem bestimmt. Störungen von Phosphat, Metallionen, u.a. wurden beseitigt. Die Ergebnisse einer turbidimetrischen, einer photometrischen, einer automatischen Titration und der vorgeschlagenen Methode werden verglichen. Die Methode ermöglicht die Sulfatbestimmung im Bereich von 1,4–60 μmol·l−1. Die Standardabweichung beträgt 0,3–0,6 μmol· l−1 je nach Typ des Probematerials (Wasser). Eine Bestimmung erfordert 1,5min.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer in Zirkoniumsalzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HF-Zusatz
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An AAS method is described for the direct determination of traces of copper in zirconium(IV) oxide chloride and nitrate. An interference study of the zirconium matrix is reported. Best conditions for the removal of the suppressive effect of zirconium on the copper signal by addition of hydrofluoric acid are described. Results obtained by analyzing commercial samples from different manufacturers are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kupferverunreinigungen wurden in Zirkoniumoxidchlorid und -nitrat bestimmt. Störungen durch die Matrix wurden untersucht. Die abschwächende Wirkung des Zr auf das Cu-Signal wurde durch Zusatz von Fluorwasserstoffsäure beseitigt. Analysenergebnisse für verschiedene handelsübliche Zr-Salze werden mitgeteilt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 271-271 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Wasser, Abwasser, Staub ; Spektralphotometrie ; Dithizon
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 413-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Platin(IV) mit Chlorpromazin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verbesserung durch Interferenzzusätze
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die nachstehend beschriebene Untersuchung zeigt, daß manche Metallionenzusätze Empfindlichkeitsverbesserungen bei der Bestimmung des Urans durch Flammen-AAS ergeben. Als wirksamster Zusatz wurde Gallium gefunden, das die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber reiner Uranlösung etwa um den Faktor 5 steigern kann. Durch die Anwendung der sogenannten Injektionsmethode kann mit kleinsten Probevolumen die zur Analyse notwendige Absolutmenge des Urans bis zur Nachweisgrenze von 0,5 μg vermindert werden. Zusätzlich wurde die bewährte Uran-Extraktions-Aufkonzentrierungsmethode mit Triphenylarsinoxid in CHCl3 für die AAS modifiziert, womit in vielen Fällen eine weitere Erniedrigung der Nachweisgrenze erzielt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes some improvements in the sensitivity of the uranium analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry as obtained by addition of certain metallic ions to the solution in question. Thus a factor of about 5 can be achieved by addition of 10 mg of gallium/ml. By applying the injection method very small amounts of uranium down to 0.5 μg can be analyzed. The very efficient purification and concentration of the uranium by extraction with triphenylarsine oxide in chloroform was adapted to this AAS procedure, thus allowing even lower limits of detection.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom(III), Chrom(VI) in Was-ser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion mit APDC-MIBK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the well-known APDC-MIBK extraction of dissolved trace metals from aqueous solutions for AAS analysis only Cr6+ is determined, whereas practically no Cr3+ is extracted. This technique was therefore modified (PHP-buffer; pH 4.7–5.5; 80° C; 20 min reaction time) so that hexavalent and trivalent chromium can be extracted simultaneously into the organic phase, thus allowing determination of the percentage of each of these ionic species in water (hexavalent chromium being determined separately). A procedure for the modified extraction is described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der bekannten APDC-MIBK-Extraktion gelöster Spurenmetalle aus wäßrigen Lösungen für die AAS-Analyse wird nur Cr6+ erfaßt, während Cr3+ praktisch nicht extrahiert wird. Die bisherige Methode wurde deshalb so modifiziert (PHP-Puffer; pH 4,7–5,5; 80° C; 20 min Reaktionszeit), daß mit dem sechswertigen auch das dreiwertige Chrom in die organische Phase extrahiert wird und so der Anteil beider lonenarten bestimmt werden kann (nach getrennter Bestimmung des Cr6+). Eine Arbeitsvorschrift wird angegeben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 419-419 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Bouguer-Lambert-Beersches Gesetz, neues Konzept
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Spurenanalyse, direkte Probenzuführung in Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die direkte Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in metallischen und oxidischen Proben im Gehaltsbereich 0,1–10 μg/g (entsprechend 10−5-10−3 Massen-%) wird beschrieben. Hierzu bietet sich die Verwendung einer speziellen Graphitofen-Boottechnik an, mit deren Hilfe die Proben direkt in fester Form eingebracht werden können. Zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren sind erforderlich: die mehrfache Aufschmelzung für metallische Proben und die zweifache Verdampfung von oxidischen Stoffen. Die Resultate beider Verfahren werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The direct determination of trace elements of metallic and oxidic samples in the range of 0.1–10 μg/g (or 10−3–10−5 mass-%) is described by using a special graphite furnace boat-technique with direct sample input. Two different procedures are necessary: a multiple heating technique in case of metallic samples and a double vapourization technique in case of oxides. The results using both techniques are discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 160-160 
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    Keywords: Best. von Phenothiazinen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Silicowolframsäure
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Salicylaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie ; konz. Schwefelsäure
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Osmium mit N-Benzoyl-o-tolylhydroxylamin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Albumin in Serum ; Spektralphotometrie ; Isothiocyanatodioxo-tolyldihydro-benzisochinolin, Rinderserum
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium mit 2-Methyl-1,4-naphtochinon-monoxim ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 190-193 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bismut in Pflanzenmaterial, Tee, Laub ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Xylolextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic absorption spectrometric measurement with electrothermal atomization has been developed for the determination of bismuth in tea and orchard leaves. Bismuth is extracted into m-xylene as diethyldithiocarbamate complex. 2.5–3.0 l/min of argon flow rate, 650–800° C of ashing temperature and 2,200–2,600° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. A detection limit of 0.02 ng was obtained with a precision of 2–7% and minimal interference effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Bi-Bestimmung in Tee und Blättern von Obstbäumen wurde ausgearbeitet. Bismut wird dabei als Diethyldithiocarbamat mit m-Xylol extrahiert. Optimale Arbeitsbedingungen sind: 2,5–3 l Argon/min, 650–800° C Veraschungstemperatur, 2200–2600° C Atomisierungstemperatur. Nachweisgrenze ist 0,02 ng und die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt 2–7%. Störeffekte durch andere Elemente sind gering.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 362-367 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Silber, Gold, Bismut, Kupfer, Palladium in Blei ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anreicherung durch partielle Fällung der Matrix mit NaBH4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gruppen von Elementspuren können aus unterschiedlichen Probenmaterialien quantitativ angereichert werden, wenn man einen geringen Anteil der Matrix durch Zusatz von NaBH4 reduktiv ausfällt. Der metallische Niederschlag wirkt dabei als Spurenfänger für alle Elemente, die elektrochemisch edler sind als die Matrix. Als Beispiel für diese Anreicherungstechnik wurden Spuren Ag, Au, Bi, Cu und Pd aus Proben von 10 g Feinblei angereichert und nach Auflösen des Spurenfängers in Säure durch Flammen-Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Bei Spurengehalten von wenigen μg/g werden rel. Standardabweichungen um 5 % erzielt; die Nachweisgrenzen liegen — je nach Element — zwischen 0,05 und 0,4 μg/g. Die Richtigkeit des Analysenverfahrens wurde anhand analysierten Probenmaterials sichergestellt.
    Notes: Summary Selected groups of trace elements can be preconcentrated from different materials by precipitation of a small amount of the matrix with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The metallic precipitate serves as a trace collector for all elements being electrochemically nobler than the matrix. As an example for this technique traces of Ag, Au, Bi, Cu, and Pd are enriched from samples of 10 g pure lead and, after dissolving the collector in acid, determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. With trace contents of a few μg/g relative standard deviations of about 5 % are achieved. Depending on the element, the limit of detection was found to be between 0.05 and 0.4 μg/g. The accuracy of the analytical procedure was verified by use of analysed reference samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 412-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium(II), Ruthenium(III) mit Isonitrosobenzoylacetone ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 384-387 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren, Extraktion mit Triphenylarsinoxid in Chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine einfache, vielseitig anwendbare spektralphotometrische Uranbestimmung für U6+-Mengen bis in den ng-Bereich ausgearbeitet, bei der über 60 Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen in weiten Grenzen nicht stören. Das mit Triphenylarsinoxid in CHCl3 aus der zu untersuchenden Lösung extrahierte Uran wird mit oxalsäurehaltiger 5,5 M HClO4 zurückextrahiert und in den Arsenazo III-Komplex überführt. Die mit diesem Schritt verbundene Aufkonzentrierung erlaubt noch bis zu 0,01 μg Uran in 200 ml Ausgangslösung spektralphotometrisch bei 655 nm zu bestimmen. Im günstigsten Arbeitsbereich beträgt die relative Standardabweichung ±1%. 4 Probelösungen können in 1 h analysiert werden.
    Notes: Summary A simple and versatile spectrophotometric method for the determination of uranium down to the μg range was worked out. About 60 cations and 20 anions were found not to cause interferences in a wide concentration range. U6+ is extracted with triphenylarsine oxide in chloroform, back-extracted with 5.5 M perchloric acid containing oxalic acid and converted to the arsenazo III-complex. The concentration step involved allows the spectrophotometric determination of 0.01 μg of uranium in 200 ml of original solution at 655 nm. A standard deviation of ±1 % can be achieved and it is possible to analyse about 4 solutions per hour.
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    Keywords: Best. von Thallium in Nickellegierungen, Cobaltlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen, Spuren
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple and rapid analytical method has been developed for the direct determination of trace quantities of thallium in nickel and cobalt-base heatresisting alloys by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide were used for the dissolution of a wide variety of these alloys. The interferences of matrix elements and acids were eliminated. The absorbance of thallium is constant over a wide range of ashing temperatures. Synthetic standard solutions composed of nickel or cobalt matrix and thallium were used for calibration. The detection limit for thallium by this method is 0.2 ppm in the sample. Mechanisms of the interferences are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur AAS-Bestimmung von Thallium in verschiedenartigen Cobalt- und Nickellegierungen wird beschrieben. Zur Auflösung der Probe werden Flußsäure, Schwefelsäure und Wasserstoffperoxid verwendet. Störungen durch Matrixelemente und durch die Säuren konnten beseitigt werden. Die Thalliumabsorption ist über einen weiten Temperaturbereich bei der Veraschung konstant. Zur Eichung dienen synthetische Lösungen von Cobalt- bzw. Nikkelmatrix und Thallium. Die Nachweisgrenze für Thallium beträgt 0,2 ppm. Die Mechanismen der Störungen werden diskutiert.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 156-157 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Sulfat in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Ionenaustausch, Dimethylsulfonazo(III)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 150-154 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit Fluoronen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Übersicht über die Fluorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluorone, Verbindungen des 2,3,7-Trihydroxyisoxanthenons-(6), eignen sich als empfindliche Reagentien für die spektralphotometrische Analyse zahlreicher Metallionen im sichtbaren Teil des Spektrums. Neben einigen grundsätzlichen Anmerkungen zur Herstellung, zu den Eigenschaften und Reaktionen der Fluorone mit Metallionen wird die Verwendung des Cyclohexylfluorons (CHF) für die photometrische Bestimmung von Cu(II)-Ion beschrieben; hierbei ergibt sich ein molarer Extinktionskoeffizient von 191000 l/Mol · cm und eine Standardabweichung von ±0,2 ng/ml. Der Anwendungsbereich liegt bei 6–60 ng Cu/ml. Bi, Fe(II/III) und Sb müssen zuvor abgetrennt werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluorones, derivates of 2,3,7-trihydroxyisoxanthenone-(6), are sensitive reagents for the spectrophotometric determination of many metal ions in aqueous solution. Besides some principal remarks on the synthesis, properties and reactions of fluorones, the application of cyclohexylfluorone for the determination of Cu(II) ion is described in detail. This method is applicable in the concentration range 6–60 ng of Cu/ml. The molar absorptivity is 1910001/Mol · cm and the standard deviation is ±0.2 ng/ml. Bi, Fe(II, III) and Sb have to be separated prior to the determination.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 368-374 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom in Serum, Plasma ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bis heute in der Literatur mitgeteilten Werte für Chrom im Serum nüchterner gesunder Probanden unterscheiden sich um Größenordnungen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit mitgeteilten Untersuchungen betreffen die analytische Problematik der Chrombestimmung mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie, wobei aufgezeigt wird, daß diese Methodik für die Chrombestimmung in biologischem Material ohne großen statistischen Aufwand zu keiner sicheren Beurteilbarkeit und Interpretierbarkeit der gemessenen Werte führt. Mit Hilfe synthetischer Chromkomplexverbindungen werden die Probleme der Standardaddition zur Chrombestimmung untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Blindwerte und der daraus resultierenden Nachweisgrenze sowie Garantiegrenze für Reinheit, wurde Chrom in einem Standardreferenzmaterial (1569 Brewers yeast [U. S. National Bureau of Standards]) im Rahmen eines Ringversuchs zur Chromanalyse sowie im Serum und Plasma von 41 Probanden bestimmt. Für das Referenzmaterial wurde ein Wert von 45±4 μmol/kg (2,3±0,2 μg/g) ermittelt. Der Referenzwert betrug 41±1 μmol/kg (2,12±0,05 μg/g). Im Serum wird eine lognormale Verteilung der Chromkonzentration mit den zentralen Parametern ±_M=13▴2,2 nmol/l (0,7▴2,2 μg/l) ermittelt. Im Plasma lagen die Werte zwischen 20 und 30 nmol/l (1–1,5 μg/l). Aufschluß, Durchführung der Bestimmung sowie die biologische Bedeutung und Interpretation des Parameters Chrom im Serum und Plasma werden eingehend diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Cr in serum of overnight fasting volunteers differ over a wide range in the literature. The investigations of the analytical problems of Cr determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry underline the necessity of statistical methods for the interpretation of the measurements of Cr in biological matrices. With nine different synthetic chromium complexes the method of standard addition was investigated. Considering the blank values, the limit of detection and the limit of guarantee for purity, Cr was determined in the standard reference material 1569 brewers yeast (National Bureau of Standards) with 45±4 μMol · kg−1 (2.3±0.2μg·g−1), compared with the reference data 41±1 μMol·kg−1 (2.12±0.05 μg±g−1). In serumuuuuu we found a lognormal distribution with the central parameters 13▴2.2 nMol ·1−1 (0.7▴2.2 μg·1−1). In plasma the values were in the range between 20 and 30 nMol·1−1 (1–1.5 μg·1−1). The ashing process and the determination are demonstrated and discussed in detail.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; iron-chromium-nickel alloy ; thermochemical diagram ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation-sulfidation studies of Fe-Cr-8Ni alloys with 4, 12, and 22 wt. % Cr were conducted at 750 and 875°C in multicomponent gas mixtures that contained CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and H2S. The reaction processes resulted in parabolic kinetics. A chromium concentration in the range 0–12 wt. % in the alloy had a negligible effect on the parabolic rate constant; however, the rate constant for the alloy with 22 wt. % Cr was significantly lower. For a given sulfur partial pressure, the oxygen partial pressures required for the formation of a continuous oxide layer in an Fe-22Cr-8Ni alloy were ∼102 to 103 times those calculated for Cr-Cr2O3 equilibrium at temperatures of 875 and 750° C, respectively.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 451-471 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: HCl gas ; H2O vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Moist air containing HCl gas caused the oxide formed on a Ni-Cr-Al alloy at 850°C to crack during the early stages of growth, and extensive blistering and spalling occurred on cooling. In dry air containing HCl gas no oxide cracking was observed at temperature although the oxide blistered and spalled on cooling. In dry or moist air free from HCl an adherent protective oxide formed which did not spall on cooling. The oxide cracking at temperature has been attributed to the production of hydrogen by reaction of Cr and Al in the alloy with water vapor and the removal of NiO as NiCl2 by reaction with HCl gas. Hydrogen produced by reaction of water vapor or HCl with Cr or Al dissolved in the alloy at temperature, but on cooling the hydrogen was released, causing the oxide to blister and spall. Preoxidation of the alloy in HCl-free atmospheres eliminated these effects of HCl gas in short-term isothermal tests.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NaCl vapor ; Ni-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; hot-salt corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A thin protective oxide formed on a Ni-19.7 Cr-2.4 Al alloy in air at 850°C. Microstructural examination of stripped films showed that the oxide was duplex with an inner chromium-rich layer of NiCr2O4 + Cr2O3 with probably some NiAl2O4 + Al2O3, and an outer nickel-rich layer, principally NiO. The oxide grew faster in the presence of NaCl and it differed significantly in microstructure and composition from a very early stage. The thicker regions of the oxide assumed regular polyhedral shapes in air + NaCl, rather than the irregular nodular shape exhibited in clean air, as well as becoming richer in chromium. The results suggest that chloride vapor increases cationic mobility in the oxide. It is proposed that Cl− ions are incorporated in the oxygen close-packed lattice, thereby increasing ionic mobility in Cr2O3.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 83-110 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; chromium ; Fe-9% Cr alloy ; Auger electron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation or general corrosion behavior of metals at pressures of 1 atm or more is usually investigated by oxidizing samples under prescribed conditions and then subsequently characterizing the surface produced using one or more of the experimental methods available. This article describes a method which obviates the necessity of transferring samples from the oxidizing environment to the instrument for analysis, is nondestructive, and monitors the oxidizing surface in situ. The oxidation of iron, chromium, and a 9% chromium-iron alloy in carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure and at 773°K is described. The surfaces of these materials were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy during exposure to the gas. Spectra and diagrams illustrating the variation in surface composition as oxidation proceeded are shown and possible mechanisms for the oxidation reactions are briefly discussed. The formation of the surface oxide on iron and on the 9% Cr-Fe alloy appears to follow very similar paths under the conditions of oxidation used. In all the materials studied trace impurities such as sulfur participated in the oxidation reactions.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cu-Si alloys ; oxidation ; kinetics ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Cu-Si alloys (containing up to 4.75 wt. % Si) in $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ =0.01 atm from 800 to 1000°C has been investigated using thermogravimetry and other techniques. A 0.04% Si alloy followed a parabolic oxidation law with a rate similar to that of pure Cu. As the Si concentration increased the rate decreased and became irregular owing to SiO2 particles or flakes at the alloy-scale interface. It is considered that sintering of SiO2 particles and rupture of the sinter because of contraction during sintering are responsible for the irregular kinetics. A SiO2 layer forms directly on the 4.75% Si alloy which oxidizes uniformly. The SiO2 was always amorphous. In pure CO2 a similar pattern of amorphous SiO2 particles, flakes, and layers occurs.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology ; EPMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe—19.34 wt. % Ni alloy in dry CO2 has been studied at 700—1000°C using thermogravimetry, metallography, and EPMA. Weight gains for oxygen consumption followed a linear-parabolic-linear sequence at all temperatures. During the initial linear stage the scale consisted mainly of magnetite and the activation energy of 133±25 kJ · mole−1 is considered to be due to dissociation of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen on the outer magnetite surface. During the parabolic oxidation stage a continuous Ni-rich layer containing ∼ 70% Ni forms a barrier to the diffusion which has an activation energy of 192±79 kJ · mole−1. The breakdown of the barrier layer causes a return to linear kinetics with an activation energy of 138±42 kJ · mole−1 for dissociation of CO2 on the outer surface. During the final linear stage there is pronounced general and intergranular subscale formation. Detailed information is presented of the Ni redistribution and concentrations during oxidation and its correlation with the kinetics and morphology.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 35-66 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: CoCrAl ; oxidation ; oxide scale adherence ; rare-earth effect ; hafnium ; yttrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of small amounts of yttrium (up to 1 wt. %) and hafnium (up to 1.5 wt.%) on the oxidation behavior of Co-Cr-Al alloys in the temperature range 1000–1200°C for times up to 1000 hr in air has been studied. The major portion of the study has been concerned with Co-10Cr-11Al base alloys. Both isothermal and cyclic tests have been carried out; the cycle used consisted of 20 hr at temperature, followed by cooling to room temperature. Both additions reduce the overall oxidation, Hf somewhat more so than Y. In part, this is due to the improved adhesion between scale and alloy reducing scale spallation at temperature, and in part due to possible modification of the Al2O3 grain size. The former factor is far more critical under thermal cycling conditions. Under isothermal conditions the oxidation rate increases with increasing Hf content with all but the 1.5 wt.% alloy oxidizing more slowly than the Hf-free alloy; increase in Y content has the reverse effect. Under thermal cycling conditions the 0.3 and 1.0 wt.% Hf alloys show the lowest overall weight gain. Metallographic evidence suggests that the improved scale adhesion is due principally to a pegging mechanism; the active elements promote the growth of intrusions of Al2O3 into the alloy. However, if the intrusions are too large, they can act as initiators of scale failure.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 139-156 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Rosenburg method ; oxidation ; CoO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Rosenburg continuous kinetic method is proposed for the determination of the parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of temperature and oxidant pressure. Using this method, it is possible to make numerous measurements in a continuous manner on a single metal sample left in situ in the furnace, thus eliminating systematic errors due to differences between samples. Moreover, using this method it is possible to determine directly from a given kinetic curve such important parameters as the coefficients of chemical diffusion and self-diffusion of the more mobile species in the studied compound and the total equilibrium defect concentration. The latter parameter has been inaccessible up to now by the experimental method. The limits of applicability of this method are given in the paper. As an example of this method, the kinetics of cobalt oxidation are investigated in the range of temperature 1000–1250°C and oxygen pressure 10−3−1 atm; the results compare favorably with those obtained by other authors. The method is, however, applicable to certain other systems, namely, metal oxides and sulfides.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; sulfidation ; preoxidation ; scale penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The transport of sulfur through growing scales may occur by chemical (solution and diffusion) or physical (gas molecule permeation) mechanisms. Both possibilities are examined theoretically for the case of NiO growing on nickel. Experiments are designed and carried out to establish which mechanism plays the major role in sulfur transport. The results indicate that the physical mechanism is likely to be predominant.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; conjoint attack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The attack of cobalt by sulfur and oygen simultaneously in Ar-SO2 atmospheres in the temperature range 500–900°C has been found to conform to the pattern established by the attack of other metals under similar conditions. A thermodynamic and kinetic interpretation of the mechanism has been proposed. The results also indicate that during the initial stages sulfur diffuses through the initially formed oxide layer, eventually leading to formation of the commonly observed duplex sulfide and oxide scale.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; kinetics ; oxide grain size ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-C alloys containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% C were oxidized in 1 atm O2 at 500°C. Two specimen preparations were used: annealed followed by slow cooling to form coarse pearlite plus proeutectoid ferrite or cementite; and cold-worked by abrading after annealing. The cold-worked alloys oxidize more rapidly. Annealed pearlite oxidizes faster than annealed ferrite. The differences in oxidation rate are caused by differences in the Fe3O4 grain size, that is, by the number of oxide grain boundaries available to act as easy diffusion paths for the outward diffusion of Fe through the Fe3O4. The oxidation rate constant is 10 times larger for fine-grained poly crystalline oxide than for oxide in which the Fe3O4 is monocrystalline.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 503-526 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; sulfur dioxide ; oxidation ; sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of nickel with SO2 has been studied in the temperature range 650–1100°C at SO2 pressures from 10 to 760 Torr. Reaction kinetics have been studied by thermogravimetry; the reacted specimens have been characterized by means of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The reaction involves oxidation and sulfidation except at sufficiently high temperatures and low pressures of SO2 (e.g., 1000°C and 10 Torr SO2) where only formation of NiO takes place. Approximately linear reaction kinetics are observed between 650 and 900°C. Reaction mechanisms are discussed, and the relative importance of oxide formation and sulfidation is interpreted in terms of the thermodynamics of the Ni-O-S system.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; magnetite ; oxide thickness ; electron back-scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Magnetite films in the range 265–4520 Å have been grown on natural iron substrates and subsequently investigated by electron back-scattering Mössbauer spectroscopy. In particular, the percentage, P, of the total spectrum area contributed by the oxide has been determined as a function of oxide thickness, d. It was found that d up to ≈ 3000Å may be expressed (to an accuracy of ∼ 5%) by d (Å)=−1.95 × 103 ln (1–0.01 P). The experimental data have been compared with the theoretical predictions of both Huffman and Bainbridge. Good agreement between experiment and Huffman's predictions of P is obtained using values of the electron attenuation coefficient, μ, of 1.10 × 104 cm2 g−1 for the 7.3 keV electrons and 1.73 × 104 cm2 g−1 for the 5.4 keV electrons. A good fit of our data to Bainbridge's expression requires a somewhat lower effective μ, value of 0.8 × 104 cm2 g−1. The experimental P value for the thickest oxide (4520 Å) is lower than the theoretical predictions, probably as a result of a neglected mechanism recently identified by Tricker, Ash, and Cranshaw.
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 387-404 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: carburization ; oxidation ; austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr alloys ; internal carbide formation ; high-temperature corrosion and creep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The carburization of NiCr 32 20 and NiCrSi 60 16 has been studied in CH4-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 900–1100°C. The methods included thermogravimetric measurements and studies on reacted specimens by X-ray diffraction, metallographic, and chemical analysis. Upon carburization internal carbides M7C3 and M23C6 are formed (M=mainly Cr); the rate of carburization is determined by carbon diffusion in the Fe-Ni matrix with carbide precipitations. The effect of the alloying elements Ni and Si on the carburization resistance of austenitic alloys is explained. By the same methods the oxidation and carburization in CO-H2O-H2 mixtures have been studied. The important role of a stable chromium oxide layer for the carburization resistance was confirmed. Creep tests at 1000°C in a CO-H2O-H2 atmosphere where Cr2O3 is stable showed carburization occurring through cracks in the oxide layer. At high strain rates premature failure occurs by carburization, which is followed by internal oxidation and formation of cracks, voids, and holes.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Vitamin D2 ; Spektralphotometrie ; HCl, Tetrachloräthan
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pikrinsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Zink und Ammoniumchlorid
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Reextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Vorversuchen wurde gezeigt, da\ beim Aufbewahren der organischen APDC/MIBK-Extrakte starke Bleiverluste auftraten. Daher war es notwendig, das Blei mit SalpetersÄure in die wÄ\erige Phase zu reextrahieren. Wiederfindungsversuche bestÄtigten, da\ Extraktion und Reextraktion quantitativ verlaufen. Das Blei wird dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Es werden mittlere Standardabweichungen für vier Konzentrationsbereiche angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde eine Konzentration von 0,16 mg Pb/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,03 mg Pb/l gesenkt wird. Arbeitsvorschriften für das Verfahren sind angegeben.
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigations have shown, that considerable losses of lead occur during storage of the organic APDC/MIBK-extracts. Therefore, it was necessary to reextract lead into the aqueous phase by nitric acid. Investigations of recoveries confirmed, that extraction and reextraction of lead were quantitative. In this way the concentration of lead is increased by a factor of five. Mean standard deviations for four concentration ranges are given. A detection limit of 0.16 mg of Pb/l is obtained, which is lowered by the preceding enrichment to about 0.03 mg of Pb/l. Details of the procedure are given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Arsenazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; starksaure Lösung
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 46-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium(I), Dimethylthalliumverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Ableitungen höherer Ordnung, Analogdifferenzierer, Derivativverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine neu entwickelte Analog-Recheneinheit berichtet, mit der man Ableitungen von Spektren und anderen Meßsignalen erstmalig bis zur 7. Ordnung on-line verwirklichen kann. Wie die Prüfungen ergaben, ist die optimale Auflösung in den meisten Fällen mit der 4. Ableitung erreicht. Dann sind nämlich alle Schultern und Wendepunkte der Kurven in bipolare Signale übergeführt. Eine Aufstellung der wichtigsten bisherigen Anwendungsgebiete wird gegeben.
    Notes: Summary This report deals with a newly developed analogue computing accessory by which derivations of spectra and other electric signals up to the seventh order were realized on-line. A thorough study of this apparatus showed that in most cases fine-resolving is reached by the fourth derivation. In this case, all shoulders and points of inflections are resolved to bipolar signals. A number of examples for applying derivative spectrophotometry of higher order (DSHO-method) is also given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bestimmung von Meclozin, Pyridoxin in pharmazeutischen Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonalfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid spectrophotometric method for the analysis of tablets containing the title compounds without preliminary separation is developed. Thus, pyridoxine is determined by measurement at λ max while the six-points quadratic orthogonal polynomial has been used to determine meclozine. The mean percentage recoveries (8 determinations) were found to be 101.71±0.64 and 99.77±0.62% (P=0.05) for meclozine and pyridoxine hydrochlorides, respectively. Neither the Vierordt's nor the absorbance ratio methods gave accurate results as the proposed method. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of market preparations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Verfahren zur schnellen Bestimmung der beiden Verbindungen ohne Vortrennung ausgearbeitet. Pyridoxin wird durch Messung beim Absorptionsmaximum von 292 nm bestimmt, Meclozin wird mit Hilfe eines quadratischen Sechspunkte-Orthogonalpolynoms berechnet. Die Wiederfindungsrate (8 Bestimmungen) lag bei 101,71±0,64 bzw. 99,77±0,62% (P=0,05). Vergleichsbestimmungen nach der Methode von Vierordt und dem Verfahren der Extinktionsverhältnisse gaben weniger genaue Resultate. Die vorgeschlagene Methode wurde mit gutem Erfolg auf handelsübliche Präparate angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Zähnen, Knochen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HNO3/HF-Aufschluß, Kaltdampfverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Zahnwurzeln und Kieferknochen beschrieben. Die homogenisierten Proben werden in Teflonbomben unter Druck mit einem Gemisch von HNO3/HF aufgeschlossen. Die Quecksilberbestimmung erfolgt mit einem Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometer nach dem Kaltdampfverfahren. Unter Einsatz von 200 mg Probe können Quecksilbergehalte bis zu 0,1 μg/g bestimmt werden. Die relativen Standardabweichungen liegen im Arbeitsbereich von 10–100 ng Quecksilber zwischen 2,7 und 5,6 %. Es wurden Quecksilbergehalte von 〈0,1–187 μg/g in den Proben gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The homogenized samples are decomposed with a mixture of HNO3/HF in teflon vessels under pressure. The determination of mercury is carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by means of the cold-vapour technique. The limit of detection is 0.1 μg/g for a 200 mg sample. A relative standard deviation of 2.7–5.6% is achieved in the working range of 10–100 ng mercury. Mercury contents of 〈0.1–187 μg/g were found in the samples.
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  • 94
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 220-221 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trimethin-Reagentien aus Aminochalkogenuracilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich werden Trimethinfarbstoffe, als Reagentien für die photometrische Magnesiumbestimmung, durch die Kondensation von Malonaldehyd und Barbitursäure bzw. ihren Derivaten hergestellt. Auf ähnliche Weise erhält man mit 4(6)-Amino(2)-chalkogeno-uracilen und Malonaldehyd die Ammoniumsalze der Trimethinfarbstoffe, die sich ohne weitere Aufarbeitung als Reagentien für die photometrische Bestimmung einsetzen lassen. Die Herstellung der Verbindungen wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary It is known that trimethine dyes used for the photometrie determination of magnesium ions can be prepared by the condensation of malonicaldehyde with barbituric acid or its derivatives; In a similar way it is possible to use 4(6)-amino-2-chalcogeno-uracils giving with malonicaldehyde ammonium salts of the trimethine dyes, which are suited for the photometric determination without further manipulations. The preparation is described.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Kobalt mit 2-Carboxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylazobenzol-4-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut in Aluminiumlegierungen, Lötlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of bismuth with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC) has been developed for aluminium alloys and solder alloys. Bismuth is extracted from relatively strong acidic solution into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as BiDBC complex and its concentration is determined by spraying the MIBK extract into an air-acetylene flame. Iron and copper up to 1 mg resp. 100 μg did not interfere with the extraction of bismuth in the range of 0–80 μg. The limit of detection was about 0.12 ppm in MIBK.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Wismutbestimmung mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat wurde ausgearbeitet. Wismut wird dabei aus relativ stark saurer Lösung als Bi-DBC-Komplex mit Methylisobutylketon extrahiert und zur Messung der Extrakt direkt in die Luft-Acetylen-Flamme gesprüht. Bis zu 1 mg Fe und 100 μg Cu stören die Bestimmung von 0–80 μg Bi nicht. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,12 ppm in Methylisobutylketon.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Kaltdampf, Vergleich der Reduktion mit NaBH4-Tablette oder SnCl2-Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method for the rapid and precise determination of mercury has been studied by using the sodium borohydride tablet reduction and cold-vapour atomicabsorption procedure coupled with amalgamation on gold. The comparison of the sodium borohydride tablet and tin(II) chloride solution reducing systems are described in detail. The use of the sodium borohydride tablet wrapped in a wafer sheet is very simple and gives more precise results. From the comparison of the effect of diverse ions, it is obvious that both reducing systems have their merits and demerits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrisches Kaltdampf-Verfahren zur schnellen Quecksilberbestimmung wird beschrieben, das auf der Reduktion mit Hilfe der Natriumborhydridtablette und der Amalgamierung mit Gold beruht. Der Vergleich mit der Zinn(II)-Chloridmethode wird diskutiert. Genaue Ergebnisse werden durch einfaches Einhüllen der Reduktionstablette in ein Waffelblatt erzielt, wodurch der Reaktionsbeginn verzögert wird. In bezug auf Störelemente ergeben sich für beide Verfahren Vor- und Nachteile.
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  • 98
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 278-281 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Algen, Diatomeen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine nasse HF-HClO4Veraschungsmethode von biologischem Material in offenen PTFE-Reagensgläsern beschrieben. In anschließenden flammenlosen AAS-Messungen mit Hilfe der Deuterium-Untergrundkompensation und des automatischen Probenwechslers AS-1 konnte gezeigt werden, daß Silicium vollständig entfernt worden, kein meßbarer Matrix-Effekt festzustellen war und die Bleikonzentrationsbestimmung durch eine Eichgerade und durch Standard-Addition zu gleichen Werten führte. Die Methode ist mit einem Variations-Koeffizient von 0,45% behaftet.
    Notes: Summary A wet HF-HClO4 decomposition method for biological material in open PTFE-test-tubes is described. Flameless AAS measurements with the aid of deuterium background compensation using the auto sampling system AS-1 showed that Si was completely eliminated by the decomposition, that no measurable matrix effect could be detected, and that the values found for the lead concentration by calibration curve and standard addition were identical. The coefficient of variation for the method was V=0.45%.
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  • 99
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 302-303 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aldehyden, aromat. mit Barbitursäure ; Spektralphotometrie. Best. von Barbitursäure mit p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Arsenazo, Fällg. mit Al-Phosphat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur schnellen und genauen Bestimmung von Uranspuren in natürlichen, auch salzhaltigen Wässern, wird Uran durch Spurenfällung mit Aluminiumphosphat abgetrennt. Durch Auflösen des mit Zinkpulver vermengten Niederschlages erfolgt Reduktion zu U(IV), das mit Arsenazo III bestimmt wird. Der Extinktionskoeffizient beträgt 97000 cm2/Mol.
    Notes: Summary For the precise and accurate determination of uranium in natural, even saline, waters, it is separated by coprecipitation with Al-phosphate. The precipitate is mixed with zinc powder, dissolved and thus reduced to U(IV), which is determined with Arsenazo III. The molar absorptivity is 97000 cm2/mol.
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