ALBERT

Description: The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is a phylogenetically species-rich complex \nthat includes over 30 cryptic phylogenetic species, making identification based on phenotypic characters problematic. Several established Fusarium species known to reside in the FIESC lack type material, further complicating \nthe use of Latin binomials for this complex. To overcome this problem, an informal classification system based \non a haplotype nomenclature was introduced to improve communication between researchers in various fields. \nHowever, some conflicts in the application of this nomenclature system have arisen. To date, 16 phylo-species in \nthe FIESC have been provided with Latin binomials with approximately 18 FIESC phylo-species still lacking Latin \nbinomials, the majority of which reside in the Incarnatum clade. The aim of this study is to introduce Latin binomials for the unnamed FIESC phylo-species based on phylogenetic inference supported by phenotypic characters. \nThe three-gene (calmodulin, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit and translations elongation factor 1-alpha) \nphylogenetic inference resolved 47 lineages, of which 44 belonged to the FIESC. The F. camptoceras species \ncomplex (FCAMSC) is introduced here for three lineages that are distinct from the FIESC. Epitypes are designated \nfor F. compactum, F. incarnatum and F. scirpi, and a neotype for F. camptoceras. Latin binomials are provided for \n20 of these newly resolved phylo-species in the FIESC.

Description: The genus Lespedeza is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. Differences between Lespedeza and \nCampylotropis are briefly discussed. The two genera are united and treated as one genus: Lespedeza. Two species \nare present in Malesia. A key to the species and some notes are provided.

Description: A taxonomic revision of Flemingia subg. Rhynchosioides based on morphology and molecular information (matK and ITS) is presented. The subgenus comprises six herbaceous taxa (F. gracilis, F. mukerjeeana, F. nilgheriensis, F. rollae, F. tuberosa and F. vestita). All species except F. vestita are endemic to India. Morphological evidence and molecular phylogeny revealed that the subgenus is monophyletic. Nevertheless, the systematic position of F. tuberosa remains unclear on account of its unique ecology and inflorescence. A new species, F. mukerjeeana, is described and four binomials, namely F. gracilis, F. nilgheriensis, F. tuberosa and F. vestita have been lectotypified. \nFurthermore, all species have been described, illustrated and their ecology discussed. A taxonomic key including the recently described species from Thailand, F. sirindhorniae, is also provided for easy identification

Description: Anadendrum chlorospathum is described as a new species from Central Vietnam, unique in the genus \nby a glossy medium green spathe, flowers in which the perigone is shorter than the gynoecium, and having anthers \nlonger at anthesis than the filaments.

Description: Generic delimitations among the Asian members of the Persea group, including the recently described \ngenus Alseodaphnopsis, are discussed. These genera, with the exception of Alseodaphnopsis, are characterized by \nreproductive characters. A study of flowers of Alseodaphnopsis species found that Alseodaphnopsis species have \nunisexual flowers and that Alseodaphnopsis is better defined by its unisexual flowers than by vegetative characters. \nThis is the first report of the presence of unisexual flowers in any member of the Persea group.

Description: Within the morphologically diverse pantropical genus Phyllanthus, many subgenera, sections and subsections are recognized. While most taxonomic revisions often focus on local floras, closely related and often resembling species are not always treated in full. Subgenus Macraea is here revised for the first time over its whole \ndistribution, including an identification key and descriptions of its species with distributions, ecology, uses and \nvernacular names. The currently acknowledged varieties of Phyllanthus distichus are rejected due to inadequate \nmorphological differences. Phyllanthus panayensis is synonymized with P. lancifolius. Phyllanthus alpestris has \nnow become a variety of P. glaucophyllus because of the resemblance in morphology and distribution. The species \ncomplex around Phyllanthus virgatus remains taxonomically difficult, but Phyllanthus virgatus var. gardnerianus \nand Phyllanthus virgatus var. hirtellus are here recognized on the species level as P. gardnerianus, stat nov. and \nP. tararae, stat & nom. nov. A new species from the Philippines, Phyllanthus ridsdalei, is described

Description: The history of the conservation of Brachypterum against Solori is briefly reviewed. Five new combinations in Brachypterum are made.

Description: Two new tree species of Callerya from Borneo, C. katinganensis and C. sarawakensis are described. \nThe new species are closely related to C. vasta. The differences between the three species are discussed.

Description: Schisandra cauliflora, a new species found in northern Vietnam and described here is referable to \nSchisandra subg. Sphaerostema. A morphological comparison with related species, and a key to species in the \nsubgenus is provided.Adescription including details of distribution and habitat is supplemented with a line-drawing.

Description: Formal description of some new taxa from Indochina include in Lythraceae a new species of Lagerstroemia, L. poilanei W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes with two varieties, var. poilanei and var. grandis W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, \ntwo new species of Rotala, R. saxatilis W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes and R. protracta W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes and a new \nvariety of Rotala indica, Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne var. minima W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes. In Stemonaceae a new \nspecies, Stemona hirtella W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes, is described.

Description: The Crepidorhopalon whytei (Linderniaceae) species complex is revised using morphological analyses. \nBased primarily on variations in indumentum, floral morphology, corolla colour and seed morphology, four species are \nformally recognised within this group in eastern Africa. Crepidorhopalon whytei s.str. is widespread in the highlands \nof eastern Africa, extending from South Sudan and Ethiopia in the north through to western Tanzania in the south. \nA new combination in Crepidorhopalon is made for Lindernia flava (= C. flavus), which is confined to the Manica \nHighlands of the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border. Two new species are described, C. namuliensis which is known \nonly from Mt Namuli in northern Mozambique and C. kwaleensis which is known only from the coastal lowlands of \nsoutheast Kenya. A fifth, imperfectly known species is documented from the Nguru Mountains of Tanzania where it \nis so far known from a single collection. Three names are lectotypified. The habitat requirements and distribution are \ndocumented and the extinction risk is assessed for each species. Crepidorhopalon flavus is assessed as globally \nVulnerable and C. kwaleensis as globally Endangered, while C. namuliensis and C. whytei are currently considered \nto be of Least Concern, although the latter is declining markedly in parts of its range. The botanical importance of \nthe key sites for the newly recognised taxa is discussed.

Description: The genus Neocosmospora (Fusarium solani species complex) contains saprobes, plant endophytes \nand pathogens of major economic significance as well as opportunistic animal pathogens. Advances in biological \nand phylogenetic species recognition revealed a rich species diversity which has largely remained understudied. \nMost of the currently recognised species lack formal descriptions and Latin names, while the taxonomic utility of old \nnames is hampered by the lack of nomenclatural type specimens. Therefore, to stabilise the taxonomy and nomenclature of these important taxa, we examined type specimens and representative cultures of several old names by \nmeans of morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on rDNA (ITS and LSU), rpb2 and tef1 sequences. Sixtyeight species are accepted in Neocosmospora, 29 of them described herein as new; while 13 new combinations \nare made. Eleven additional phylogenetic species are recognized, but remain as yet undescribed. Lectotypes are \nproposed for eight species, seven species are epitypified and two species are neotypified. Notes on an additional \n17 doubtful or excluded taxa are provided.

Description: The achlorophyllous mycotroph Afrothismia kupensis (Thismiaceae), formerly misidentified either as \nA. pachyantha or as A. gesnerioides, is described from Mt Kupe in South West Region, Cameroon and assessed \nas Critically Endangered using the IUCN (2012) categories and criteria. It is threatened by forest clearance due \nto small-holder agriculture. Mt Kupe, with four of the 16 described species of Afrothismia, three of which are site \nendemics, is now the most species-diverse location known globally for the genus. Observations of floral visitors over \nseven days resulted in the identification of the likely pollinator as being females of an unknown species of Phoridae \n(scuttle fly) probably of the genus Megaselia. This is the first record of pollination known in the Thismiaceae, and \nmay represent a mutualism between plant and animal partners.

Description: The genus Vanoverberghia currently includes three species namely V. sepulchrei and V. rubrobracteata \nfrom the Philippines and V. sasakiana from Taiwan. New material targeting the Alpinia eubractea clade of the tribe \nAlpinieae was used to test the monophyly of Vanoverberghia.Acombined analysis of the ITS and trnK/matK regions \nreveals that these three species form a strongly supported monophyletic clade with Alpinia diversifolia and Alpinia \nvanoverberghii. The morphological descriptions of all species were updated after examining recent collections and \ncomparing with types and protologues. The original description of A. diversifolia did not include information on \nthe flowers which are described here. The morphology of A. diversifolia and A. vanoverberghii is for most parts in \naccordance with the previous perception of the genus but a few characters are added and a recircumscription of \nVanoverberghia is subsequently provided here. Vanoverberghia diversifolia is reinstated and A. vanoverberghii is \ncombined in Vanoverberghia. Furthermore, collections from northern Luzon documents the presence of V. sasakiana and all species of Vanoverberghia thus occur in the Philippines. A key to the five species is provided including \na comprehensive taxonomic revision and designation of three lectotypes.

Description: Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Description: Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetomella pseudocircinoseta and Coniella pseudodiospyri on Eucalyptus microcorys leaves, Cladophialophora eucalypti, Teratosphaeria dunnii and Vermiculariopsiella dunnii on Eucalyptus dunnii leaves, Cylindrium grande and Hypsotheca eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus grandis leaves, Elsinoe salignae on Eucalyptus saligna leaves, Marasmius lebeliae on litter of regenerating subtropical rainforest, Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (incl. Phialoseptomonium gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis leaves, Phlogicylindrium pawpawense on Eucalyptus tereticornis leaves, Phyllosticta longicauda as an endophyte from healthy Eustrephus latifolius leaves, Pseudosydowia eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Saitozyma wallum on Banksia aemula leaves, Teratosphaeria henryi on Corymbia henryi leaves. Brazil, Aspergillus bezerrae, Backusella azygospora, Mariannaea terricola and Talaromyces pernambucoensis from soil, Calonectria matogrossensis on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, Calvatia brasiliensis on soil, Carcinomyces nordestinensis on Bromelia antiacantha leaves, Dendryphiella stromaticola on small branches of an unidentified plant, Nigrospora brasiliensis on Nopalea cochenillifera leaves, Penicillium alagoense as a leaf endophyte on a Miconia sp., Podosordaria nigrobrunnea on dung, Spegazzinia bromeliacearum as a leaf endophyte on Tilandsia catimbauensis, Xylobolus brasiliensis on decaying wood. Bulgaria, Kazachstania molopis from the gut of the beetle Molops piceus. Croatia, Mollisia endocrystallina from a fallen decorticated Picea abies tree trunk. Ecuador, Hygrocybe rodomaculata on soil. Hungary, Alfoldia vorosii (incl. Alfoldia gen. nov.) from Juniperus communis roots, Kiskunsagia ubrizsyi (incl. Kiskunsagia gen. nov.) from Fumana procumbens roots. India, Aureobasidium tremulum as laboratory contaminant, Leucosporidium himalayensis and Naganishia indica from windblown dust on glaciers. Italy, Neodevriesia cycadicola on Cycas sp. leaves, Pseudocercospora pseudomyrticola on Myrtus communis leaves, Ramularia pistaciae on Pistacia lentiscus leaves, Neognomoniopsis quercina (incl. Neognomoniopsis gen. nov.) on Quercus ilex leaves. Japan, Diaporthe fructicola on Passiflora edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa fruit, Entoloma nipponicum on leaf litter in a mixed Cryptomeria japonica and Acer spp. forest. Macedonia, Astraeus macedonicus on soil. Malaysia, Fusicladium eucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus sp. twigs, Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (incl. Neoacrodontiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves. Mozambique, Meliola gorongosensis on dead Philenoptera violacea leaflets. Nepal, Coniochaeta dendrobiicola from Dendriobium lognicornu roots. New Zealand, Neodevriesia sexualis and Thozetella neonivea on Archontophoenix cunninghamiana leaves. Norway, Calophoma sandfjordenica from a piece of board on a rocky shoreline, Clavaria parvispora on soil, Didymella finnmarkica from a piece of Pinus sylvestris driftwood. Poland, Sugiyamaella trypani from soil. Portugal, Colletotrichum feijoicola from Acca sellowiana. Russia, Crepidotus tobolensis on Populus tremula debris, Entoloma ekaterinae, Entoloma erhardii and Suillus gastroflavus on soil, Nakazawaea ambrosiae from the galleries of Ips typographus under the bark of Picea abies. Slovenia, Pluteus ludwigii on twigs of broadleaved trees. South Africa, Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (incl. Anungitiomyces gen. nov.) and Niesslia stellenboschiana on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Beltraniella pseudoportoricensis on Podocarpus falcatus leaf litter, Corynespora encephalarti on Encephalartos sp. leaves, Cytospora pavettae on Pavetta revoluta leaves, Helminthosporium erythrinicola on Erythrina humeana leaves, Helminthosporium syzygii on a Syzygium sp. bark canker, Libertasomyces aloeticus on Aloe sp. leaves, Penicillium lunae from Musa sp. fruit, Phyllosticta lauridiae on Lauridia tetragona leaves, Pseudotruncatella bolusanthi (incl. Pseudotruncatellaceae fam. nov.) and Dactylella bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus leaves. Spain, Apenidiella foetida on submerged plant debris, Inocybe grammatoides on Quercus ilex subsp. ilex forest humus, Ossicaulis salomii on soil, Phialemonium guarroi from soil. Thailand, Pantospora chromolaenae on Chromolaena odorata leaves. Ukraine, Cadophora helianthi from Helianthus annuus stems. USA, Boletus pseudopinophilus on soil under slash pine, Botryotrichum foricae, Penicillium americanum and Penicillium minnesotense from air. Vietnam, Lycoperdon vietnamense on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Description: Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa. Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina on tree branch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense on tree trunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixed forest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens on soil in mixed forest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris from soil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) from soil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha. Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis. South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.) on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov.), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica from unidentified vine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.) from soil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from office air. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Description: Strains with a yeast-like appearance were frequently collected in two surveys on the biodiversity of fungi in Germany, either associated with necroses in wood of Prunus trees in orchards in Saxony, Lower Saxony and Baden-Württemberg or captured in spore traps mounted on grapevine shoots in a vineyard in Rhineland-Palatinate. The morphology of the strains was reminiscent of the genus Collophorina: all strains produced aseptate conidia on integrated conidiogenous cells directly on hyphae, on discrete phialides, adelophialides and by microcyclic conidiation, while in some strains additionally endoconidia or conidia in conidiomata were observed. Blastn searches with the ITS region placed the strains in the Leotiomycetes close to Collophorina spp. Analyses based on morphological and multi-locus sequence data (LSU, ITS, EF-1α, GAPDH) revealed that the 152 isolates from wood of Prunus spp. belong to five species including C. paarla, C. africana and three new species. A further ten isolates from spore traps belonged to seven new species, of which one was isolated from Prunus wood as well. However, a comparison with both LSU and ITS sequence data of these collophorina-like species with reference sequences from further Leotiomycetes revealed the genus Collophorina to be polyphyletic and the strains to pertain to several genera within the Phacidiales. Collophorina paarla and C. euphorbiae are transferred to the newly erected genera Pallidophorina and Ramoconidiophora, respectively. The new genera Capturomyces, Variabilispora and Vexillomyces are erected to accommodate five new species isolated from spore traps. In total nine species were recognised as new to science and described as Collophorina badensis, C. germanica, C. neorubra, Capturomyces funiculosus, Ca. luteus, Tympanis inflata, Variabilispora flava, Vexillomyces palatinus and V. verruculosus.

Description: Ambrosia beetles farm specialised fungi in sapwood tunnels and use pocket-like organs called mycangia to carry propagules of the fungal cultivars. Ambrosia fungi selectively grow in mycangia, which is central to the symbiosis, but the history of coevolution between fungal cultivars and mycangia is poorly understood. The fungal family Ceratocystidaceae previously included three ambrosial genera (Ambrosiella, Meredithiella, and Phialophoropsis), each farmed by one of three distantly related tribes of ambrosia beetles with unique and relatively large mycangium types. Studies on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of these three genera were expanded with the previously unstudied ambrosia fungi associated with a fourth mycangium type, that of the tribe Scolytoplatypodini. Using ITS rDNA barcoding and a concatenated dataset of six loci (28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, tef1-α, tub, mcm7, and rpl1), a comprehensive phylogeny of the family Ceratocystidaceae was developed, including Inodoromyces interjectus gen. & sp. nov., a non-ambrosial species that is closely related to the family. Three minor morphological variants of the pronotal disk mycangium of the Scolytoplatypodini were associated with ambrosia fungi in three respective clades of Ceratocystidaceae: Wolfgangiella gen. nov., Toshionella gen. nov., and Ambrosiella remansi sp. nov. Closely-related species that are not symbionts of ambrosia beetles are accommodated by Catunica adiposa gen. & comb. nov. and Solaloca norvegica gen. & comb. nov. The divergent morphology of the ambrosial genera and their phylogenetic placement among non-ambrosial genera suggest three domestication events in the Ceratocystidaceae. Estimated divergence dates for the ambrosia fungi and mycangia suggest that Scolytoplatypodini mycangia may have been the first to acquire Ceratocystidaceae symbionts and other ambrosial fungal genera emerged shortly after the evolution of new mycangium types. There is no evidence of reversion to a non-ambrosial lifestyle in the mycangial symbionts.

Description: Mucor species are common soil fungi but also known as agents of human infections (mucormycosis) and used in food production and biotechnology. Mucor circinelloides is the Mucor species that is most frequently isolated from clinical sources. The taxonomy of Mucor circinelloides and its close relatives (Mucor circinelloides complex – MCC) is still based on morphology and mating behaviour. The aim of the present study was a revised taxonomy of the MCC using a polyphasic approach. Using a set of 100 strains molecular phylogenetic analysis of five markers (ITS, rpb1, tsr1, mcm7, and cfs, introduced here) were performed, combined with phenotypic studies, mating tests and the determination of the maximum growth temperatures. The multi-locus analyses revealed 16 phylogenetic species of which 14 showed distinct phenotypical traits and were recognised as discrete species. Five of these species are introduced as novel taxa: M. amethystinus sp. nov., M. atramentarius sp. nov., M. variicolumellatus sp. nov., M. pseudocircinelloides sp. nov., and M. pseudolusitanicus sp. nov. The former formae of M. circinelloides represent one or two separate species. In the MCC, the simple presence of well-shaped zygospores only indicates a close relation of both strains, but not necessarily conspecificity. Seven species of the MCC have been implemented in human infection: M. circinelloides, M. griseocyanus, M. janssenii, M. lusitanicus, M. ramosissimus, M. variicolumellatus, and M. velutinosus

Description: Molecular phylogenetic analyses have addressed the systematic position of several major Northern Hemisphere lineages of Pezizales but the taxa of the Southern Hemisphere remain understudied. This study focuses on the molecular systematics and taxonomy of Southern Hemisphere species currently treated in the genera Underwoodia and Gymnohydnotrya. Species in these genera have been identified as the monophyletic /gymnohydnotrya lineage, but no further research has been conducted to determine the evolutionary origin of this lineage or its relationship with other Pezizales lineages. Here, we present a phylogenetic study of fungal species previously described in Underwoodia and Gymnohydnotrya, with sampling of all but one described species. We revise the taxonomy of this lineage and describe three new species from the Patagonian region of South America. Our results show that none of these Southern Hemisphere species are closely related to Underwoodia columnaris, the type species of the genus Underwoodia. Accordingly, we recognize the genus Geomorium described by Spegazzini in 1922 for G. fuegianum. We propose the new family, Geomoriaceae fam. nov., to accommodate this phylogenetically and morphologically unique Southern Hemisphere lineage. Molecular dating estimated that Geomoriaceae started to diverge from its sister clade Tuberaceae c. 112 MYA, with a crown age for the family in the late Cretaceous (c. 67 MYA). This scenario fits well with a Gondwanan origin of the family before the split of Australia and South America from Antarctica during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (c. 50 MYA).

Description: Amauroderma s.lat. has been defined mainly by the morphological features of non-truncate and doublewalled basidiospores with a distinctly ornamented endospore wall. In this work, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on species of Amauroderma s.lat. are carried out by morphological examination together with ultrastructural observations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF) and the β-tubulin gene (TUB). The results demonstrate that species of Ganodermataceae formed ten clades. Species previously placed in Amauroderma s.lat. are divided into four clades: Amauroderma s.str., Foraminispora, Furtadoa and a new genus Sanguinoderma. The classification of Amauroderma s.lat. is thus revised, six new species are described and illustrated, and eight new combinations are proposed. SEM micrographs of basidiospores of Foraminispora and Sanguinoderma are provided, and the importance of SEM in delimitation of taxa in this study is briefly discussed. Keys to species of Amauroderma s.str., Foraminispora, Furtadoa, and Sanguinoderma are also provided.

Description: Strobilomyces is broadly distributed geographically and serves an important ecological function. However, it has been difficult to delimit species within the genus, primarily due to developmental variations and phenotypic plasticity. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships among species within the genus and to understand its species diversity, especially in Asia, materials of the genus collected from five continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North/Central America) were investigated. The phylogeny of Strobilomyces was reconstructed based on nucleotide sequences of four genes coding for: the largest and the second largest subunits of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2); the translation elongation factor subunit 1-α (TEF1); and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 (COX3). The combined results based on molecular phylogenetics, morphological characters, host tree associations, and geographical distribution patterns support a new classification consisting of two sections, sect. Strobilomyces and sect. Echinati. Using the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) approach, at least 33 phylogenetic species in Asia can be delimited, all of which are supported by morphological features, and five phylogenetic species remain to be described. The mountainous region of Southwest China is especially special, containing at least 21 species and likely represents a centre of diversification. We further compared our specimens with the type specimens of 25 species of Strobilomyces. Our comparisons suggest that, there are a total of 31 distinct species, while S. sanmingensis, S. verruculosus, S. subnigricans, and S. zangii/S. areolatus, are synonyms of S. mirandus, S. giganteus, S. alpinus and S. seminudus, respectively. Eight new species, namely, S. albidus, S. anthracinus, S. calidus, S. cingulatus, S. densisquamosus, S. douformis, S. microreticulatus and S. pinophilus, are described. A dichotomous key to the Asian Strobilomyces species is provided.

Description: Recent taxonomic innovations have led to the inclusion of most of the Brachiaria species in Urochloa and of all Pennisetum species in Cenchrus. Many of the necessary combinations have been made for the West African species, but still nine new combinations and seven lectotypifications are presented here

Description: A taxonomic revision of the genus Scleria (Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae) in Madagascar is presented. Herbarium specimens have been examined and 422 identified to species level. Our results recognise 25 species of Scleria from Madagascar, plus an additional heterotypic variety. Eight species are endemic to Madagascar, two are near endemic, eight taxa are also found on mainland Africa, and eight are widespread tropical taxa. Scleria achtenii is reported from Madagascar for the first time, and S. rosea is accepted at species level instead of being considered as a synonym of S. trialata. Distribution maps, conservation assessments, and notes on synonymy, ecology and ethnobotany are provided. Fourty-seven names are typified. Three rare endemic species: S. andringitrensis, S. madagascariensis and S. perpusilla, are assessed as threatened; and a recently described species, S. ankaratrensis, is indicated as Data Deficient. The most species-rich infrageneric taxa, sections Hypoporum, Abortivae and Foveolidia include 18 taxa in total, and showed strong differences in habitat preference.

Description: Two new species of Inversodicraea, I. koukoutamba and I. tassing, both from the Republic of Guinea, are described as new to science, increasing the number of species known in this African genus to 32, making it the most species-diverse among African Podostemaceae. Both species are remarkable, among other features, for their styles. Inversodicraea koukoutamba is only the third species of the genus with 3, not 2 styles, and is unique in the genus, and in the family, in having each style bifurcate. Inversodicraea tassing has styles equal or exceeding the length of the ovary, being nearly twice as long as those of the species which previously was noted for the longest styles in the genus. Both new species are single-site endemics, the first is assessed here as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN 2012 standard, due to the incipient construction of the World Bank backed Koukoutamba hydroelectric dam which threatens several other plant species assessed as Critically Endangered or Endangered. The second species, I. tassing, is assessed as Near Threatened, since there are currently no threats known at present to the single known site.

Description: How much of something do we need to keep people safe and well? This question is frequently asked by those working in risk management. Across diverse sectors from flood protection to health care, practitioners assess risk as the product of the impact of a given event and the probability of its occurrence. Although these estimates are often uncertain, policy-makers must ultimately make spending decisions aimed at averting these risks, because the costs of inaction to society can be substantial. Biodiversity loss is a similarly critical, yet uncertain, issue. On page 288 of this issue, Newbold et al. (1) quantify global biodiversity losses, providing much-needed information on the encroachment of proposed “safe limits.” Author: Tom H. Oliver

Description: Butterflies are better documented and monitored worldwide than any other nonpest taxon of insects (1). In the United Kingdom alone, volunteer recorders have sampled more than 750,000 km of repeat transects since 1976, equivalent to walking to the Moon and back counting butterflies (2). Such programs are revealing regional extinctions and population declines that began before 1900 (3, 4). In a recent study, Habel et al. report a similar story based on inventories of butterflies and burnet moths since 1840 in a protected area in Bavaria, Germany (5). The results reveal severe species losses: Scarce, specialized butterflies have largely disappeared, leaving ecosystems dominated by common generalist ones. Similar trends are seen across Europe (6) and beyond, with protected areas failing to conserve many species for which they were once famed. Author: Jeremy A. Thomas

Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink

Description: On 21 October 2013, the Italian phytosanitary service notified the European Commission (EC) that the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa had been detected in olive trees near Gallipoli, a tourist destination in Italy's southern region of Apulia (1). This xylem-limited bacterium is spread by insect vectors and causes disease in crops such as grapevines, citrus, coffee, and almond; various ornamentals; and trees such as oaks, elms, and sycamores. Because of the risks of X. fastidiosa being introduced, established, and spread throughout Europe, this species is a regulated quarantine pest. Yet, X. fastidiosa has been left unchecked and has marched northward, leaving destruction in its wake (see the photo) (2). The establishment of X. fastidiosa in Italy has been an agricultural, environmental, political, and cultural disaster. Author: Rodrigo P. P. Almeida

Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink

Description: Recent dives into Colombia's Cartagena Bay have revealed an unusually resilient coral reef thriving in the polluted waters. But the reef faces a threat: an end to Colombia's decades-long guerrilla war. The government is on the verge of inking a peace deal with its main adversary, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC. Experts expect peace to lead to a development boom, threatening ecosystems all over the country with deforestation and runoff. A new shipping lane is planned for Cartagena Bay, and construction will mean dredging right through the reef. Researchers believe studying the reef's resiliency could help struggling corals around the world and are racing to collect samples before it's too late. Author: Lizzie Wade

Description: Early Victorian naturalists marveled at the profusion of diversity they encountered as they traveled from temperate to tropical latitudes. The inverse relationship between latitude and species richness that these naturalists first observed is now referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. Various ecological and evolutionary explanations have been proposed for the latitudinal diversity gradient. Of these, perhaps none are more relevant to contemporary conservation issues than Janzen's hypothesis of latitudinal differences in species' climatic tolerances and thermal selectivity (1). On page 1437 of this issue, Chan et al. (2) advance Janzen's early theories by elucidating some of the potential selective pressures imposed by climate and climate variability. Authors: Timothy M. Perez, James T. Stroud, Kenneth J. Feeley

Description: In 1492, Columbus encountered frigate birds while en route to the New World and noted that the bird “does not alight on the sea nor depart from land 20 leagues” (1). Columbus observed correctly that frigate birds do not land on the sea, but he severely underestimated how far some frigate birds fly from land. On page 74 of this issue, Weimerskirch et al. (2) show that great frigate birds (Fregata minor) reduce transit costs by riding strong thermal updrafts beneath or inside cumulus clouds and then gliding long distances to another thermal, searching for food along the way. By exploiting cumulus clouds and trade winds in the Indian Ocean, the birds forage around the doldrums, a largely windless zone. Authors: Raymond B. Huey, Curtis Deutsch

Description: Climate change affects wild plant species across their geographical ranges. Studies at the margins of species' ranges reveal upslope expansion, low-elevation range contraction, and, in some cases, a lack of geographic response to climate change (1). However, all populations, including those in the core of species' ranges, are subject to climate-driven natural selection that promotes adaptation to a warmer world (2). Theoretical models show that coupled spatial and temporal responses of populations can mediate the negative effects of climate change (3, 4), but it remains unclear whether these processes can occur fast enough to rescue populations from extinction (5). On page 69 of this issue, Petry et al. (6) report rapid spatial and temporal change in plant sex ratios in response to changing climatic conditions. These changes could facilitate geographic range shifts in the montane perennial herb valerian (Valeriana edulis). Authors: Julie R. Etterson, Susan J. Mazer

Description: New rules governing 1 million hectares of federal forestland in the Pacific Northwest are rekindling a bit of the old-growth timber wars of the late 20th century. The changes announced by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) on 5 August have environmentalists charging that it rolls back important habitat protections contained in the 1994 Northwest Forest Plan. That plan severely curtailed logging on 10 million hectares of federal lands in the name of protecting forests and species, including the northern spotted owl. Meanwhile, Oregon counties that get timber revenue from BLM land charge that the agency is still restricting logging too much. Some scientists are siding with the environmental groups, whereas others say the new approach is an advance that rests on science that has emerged over the last 2 decades. The outcome of this debate could set the stage for changes by the U.S. Forest Service, which controls most of the land covered by the 1994 plan. Author: Warren Cornwall

Description: Degenerated retinas, globs of liver fat, wildly fluctuating blood sugar and insulin levels—all can spell trouble for people. But they are a way of life for Astyanax mexicanus, better known as the blind cave fish or Mexican tetra. For decades, biologists have studied these pale 6-centimeter-long fish to understand the ecological and evolutionary effects of subterranean life. Now, some researchers argue that the fishes' adaptations can shed light on human diseases including retinal degeneration and diabetes. And results presented last week at the 2016 International Conference on Subterranean Biology back up that view. The U.S. National Institutes of Health sees promise in cave fish as well, having agreed to fund the work of several cave fish biologists. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi

Description: Concerns over deforestation have led to attempts to identify suitable areas for reforestation around the world (1). The most ambitious effort to date is the World Resources Institute (WRI) Atlas of Forest and Landscape Restoration Opportunities (1). This map is linked to a global plan to reforest degraded lands to offset anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The immediate target is the reforestation of 1.5 million km2 by 2020 (2, 3). Vast areas of open grassy vegetation have been identified as suitable for reforestation. But are all these grasslands secondary products of deforestations? Recent research shows that grasslands are often ancient and highly biodiverse, but it remains difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary grasslands on a large scale. Reforestation efforts thus risk converting ancient tropical grasslands to plantations. Author: William J. Bond

Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink

Description: Soil microorganisms are central to the provision of food, feed, fiber, and medicine. Engineering of soil microbiomes may promote plant growth and plant health, thus contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability (1, 2). However, little is known about most soil microorganisms and their impact on plant health. Disease-suppressive soils offer microbiome-mediated protection of crop plants against infections by soil-borne pathogens. Understanding of the microbial consortia and mechanisms involved in disease suppression may help to better manage plants while reducing fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Authors: Jos M. Raaijmakers, Mark Mazzola

Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink

Description: History tells us that the motivation for new environmental policy is much stronger when there is demonstrated ecological impact. Multinational agreements to stop the use of DDT followed the precipitous decline of predatory bird populations. Similarly, decisions to regulate emissions to prevent acid rain followed widespread degradation of aquatic habitats. Ideally, environmental policy should be catalyzed by scientific evidence rather than environmental catastrophe. As scientists, we can do our part by providing evidence that is relevant to the natural environment. On page 1213 of this issue, Lönnstedt and Eklöv (1) take an important step forward in this regard by reporting ecologically relevant evidence on a growing environmental issue: microplastic pollution. Author: Chelsea M. Rochman

Description: Ecologists have shown through hundreds of experiments that ecological communities with more species produce higher levels of essential ecosystem functions such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, and pollination, but whether this finding holds in nature (that is, in large-scale and unmanipulated systems) is controversial. This knowledge gap is troubling because ecosystem services have been widely adopted as a justification for global biodiversity conservation. Here we show that, to provide crop pollination in natural systems, the number of bee species must increase by at least one order of magnitude compared with that in field experiments. This increase is driven by species turnover and its interaction with functional dominance, mechanisms that emerge only at large scales. Our results show that maintaining ecosystem services in nature requires many species, including relatively rare ones.

Description: Billions of animals cross the globe each year during seasonal migrations, but efforts to monitor them are hampered by the unpredictability of their movements. We developed a bird migration forecast system at a continental scale by leveraging 23 years of spring observations to identify associations between atmospheric conditions and bird migration intensity. Our models explained up to 81% of variation in migration intensity across the United States at altitudes of 0 to 3000 meters, and performance remained high in forecasting events 1 to 7 days in advance (62 to 76% of variation was explained). Avian migratory movements across the United States likely exceed 500 million individuals per night during peak passage. Bird migration forecasts will reduce collisions with buildings, airplanes, and wind turbines; inform a variety of monitoring efforts; and engage the public.

Description: Nie and colleagues suggest a key role for interannual climate variation as an explanation for the temporal dynamics of an unexpected 20-year reversal of biomass responses of C 3 -C 4 grasses to elevated CO 2 . However, we had already identified some climate-dependent differences in C 3 and C 4 responses to eCO 2 and shown that these could not fully explain the temporal dynamics we observed.

Description: Biodiversity experiments have shown that species loss reduces ecosystem functioning in grassland. To test whether this result can be extrapolated to forests, the main contributors to terrestrial primary productivity, requires large-scale experiments. We manipulated tree species richness by planting more than 150,000 trees in plots with 1 to 16 species. Simulating multiple extinction scenarios, we found that richness strongly increased stand-level productivity. After 8 years, 16-species mixtures had accumulated over twice the amount of carbon found in average monocultures and similar amounts as those of two commercial monocultures. Species richness effects were strongly associated with functional and phylogenetic diversity. A shrub addition treatment reduced tree productivity, but this reduction was smaller at high shrub species richness. Our results encourage multispecies afforestation strategies to restore biodiversity and mitigate climate change.

Description: Imagine a chain of uninterrupted wild landscapes spanning the savannas and forests of southern and central Africa, the woodlands of Poland and Belarus, and the tropical forests of Central and South America. By committing half of the planet's terrestrial and marine surface to nature, Edward O. Wilson believes that we can save millions of species, as well as humanity. This is Wilson's audacious proposal to stave off the coming biological apocalypse, the sixth mass extinction event, which he outlines in Half-Earth: Our Planet's Fight for Life. Author: Christine J. Griffiths

Description: Humans have long used animals as sentinels for threats to their own well-being. Canaries in coal mines are a classic example. On a global scale, studies of birds were key to detecting environmental problems caused by the excessive use of pesticides (1, 2). The recent loss of up to 98% of some vulture populations highlights the widespread dangerous effects of diclofenac use in cattle (3). Bee populations, sentinels for global insect losses, are also declining owing to the combined stress from pesticides and other environmental changes caused by humans, resulting in a widespread loss of pollination services (4). On page 819 of this issue, van Gils et al. (5) highlight another global ecological warning sign, this time linked to Arctic warming. They show that long-term changes in the body architecture of Arctic wading birds can affect their survival in their tropical wintering range. Authors: Martin Wikelski, Grigori Tertitski

Description: Even as recently as early March, Australian coral reef scientists still hoped that the legendary Great Barrier Reef (GBR) would get off lightly in the current El Niño, the climate phenomenon that brings unusually warm water to the equatorial Pacific, stressing and often killing corals. No such luck. On 20 March, the GBR Marine Park Authority in Townsville, Australia, reported that divers were finding extensive coral bleaching—the loss of symbiotic algae—in remote northern areas of the reef. Many sections were already dead. Subsequent flyover surveys have confirmed an unfolding disaster, with only four of 520 reefs appearing unscathed. The GBR joins a lengthening list of reefs bleached because of the El Niño that started in late 2014. It is now the longest bleaching event ever, and many more corals worldwide will likely die. Author: Dennis Normile

Description: Almost all land plants, including most trees, shrubs, and herbs, form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi (1). These soil fungi acquire nutrients that they transfer to their plant hosts in exchange for carbon (see the photo). Plants in natural vegetation can acquire up to 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus from their mycorrhizal associates (2). Individual mycorrhizal fungi can simultaneously colonize many plant hosts of the same species or different species. As a result, plants in natural communities are interconnected by mycorrhizal networks. Earlier studies with small tree seedlings revealed that carbon is transferred from one plant to another through these underground mycorrhizal pipelines (3). On page 342 of this issue, Klein et al. (4) show that interplant carbon transfer is not confined to tree seedlings. Author: Marcel G. A. van der Heijden

Description: In an era of massive biodiversity loss, the greatest conservation success story has been the growth of protected land globally. Protected areas are the primary defense against biodiversity loss, but extensive human activity within their boundaries can undermine this. Using the most comprehensive global map of human pressure, we show that 6 million square kilometers (32.8%) of protected land is under intense human pressure. For protected areas designated before the Convention on Biological Diversity was ratified in 1992, 55% have since experienced human pressure increases. These increases were lowest in large, strict protected areas, showing that they are potentially effective, at least in some nations. Transparent reporting on human pressure within protected areas is now critical, as are global targets aimed at efforts required to halt biodiversity loss.

Description: LaManna et al . (Reports, 30 June 2017, p. 1389) found higher conspecific negative density dependence in tree communities at lower latitudes, yielding a possible mechanistic explanation for the latitudinal diversity gradient. We show that their results are artifacts of a selective data transformation and a forced zero intercept in their fitted model. A corrected analysis shows no latitudinal trend.

Description: Chisholm and Fung claim that our method of estimating conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) in recruitment is systematically biased, and present an alternative method that shows no latitudinal pattern in CNDD. We demonstrate that their approach produces strongly biased estimates of CNDD, explaining why they do not detect a latitudinal pattern. We also address their methodological concerns using an alternative distance-weighted approach, which supports our original findings of a latitudinal gradient in CNDD and a latitudinal shift in the relationship between CNDD and species abundance.

Description: Sabo et al . (Research Articles, 8 December 2017, p. 1270) use sophisticated analyses of flow and fishery data from the Lower Mekong Basin to design a "good" hydrograph that, if implemented by planned hydropower dams, would increase the catch by a factor of 3.7. However, the hydrograph is not implementable, and, if it were, it would devastate the fishery. Further, the analyses are questionable.

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernstein, Rachel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 17;348(6232):269. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6232.269.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Transcriptional regulation and posttranscriptional processing underlie many cellular and organismal phenotypes. We used RNA sequence data generated by Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project to investigate the patterns of transcriptome variation across individuals and tissues. Tissues exhibit characteristic transcriptional signatures that show stability in postmortem samples. These signatures are dominated by a relatively small number of genes-which is most clearly seen in blood-though few are exclusive to a particular tissue and vary more across tissues than individuals. Genes exhibiting high interindividual expression variation include disease candidates associated with sex, ethnicity, and age. Primary transcription is the major driver of cellular specificity, with splicing playing mostly a complementary role; except for the brain, which exhibits a more divergent splicing program. Variation in splicing, despite its stochasticity, may play in contrast a comparatively greater role in defining individual phenotypes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547472/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547472/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mele, Marta -- Ferreira, Pedro G -- Reverter, Ferran -- DeLuca, David S -- Monlong, Jean -- Sammeth, Michael -- Young, Taylor R -- Goldmann, Jakob M -- Pervouchine, Dmitri D -- Sullivan, Timothy J -- Johnson, Rory -- Segre, Ayellet V -- Djebali, Sarah -- Niarchou, Anastasia -- GTEx Consortium -- Wright, Fred A -- Lappalainen, Tuuli -- Calvo, Miquel -- Getz, Gad -- Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Ardlie, Kristin G -- Guigo, Roderic -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN268201000029C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN268201000029C/PHS HHS/ -- R01 DA006227-17/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090936/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090941/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 8;348(6235):660-5. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Harvard Department of stem cell and regenerative biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. National Institute for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-73, 119992 Moscow, Russia. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Harvard Department of stem cell and regenerative biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland. Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. National Institute for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-73, 119992 Moscow, Russia. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Joint CRG-Barcelona Super Computing Center (BSC)-Institut de Recerca Biomedica (IRB) Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. ; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland. New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. ; Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. kardlie@broadinstitute.org roderic.guigo@crg.cat. ; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Joint CRG-Barcelona Super Computing Center (BSC)-Institut de Recerca Biomedica (IRB) Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. kardlie@broadinstitute.org roderic.guigo@crg.cat.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25954002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dantzer, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Feb 20;347(6224):822-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa6480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. dantzer@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25700499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Sex determination in the mosquito Aedes aegypti is governed by a dominant male-determining factor (M factor) located within a Y chromosome-like region called the M locus. Here, we show that an M-locus gene, Nix, functions as an M factor in A. aegypti. Nix exhibits persistent M linkage and early embryonic expression, two characteristics required of an M factor. Nix knockout with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 resulted in largely feminized genetic males and the production of female isoforms of two key regulators of sexual differentiation: doublesex and fruitless. Ectopic expression of Nix resulted in genetic females with nearly complete male genitalia. Thus, Nix is both required and sufficient to initiate male development. This study provides a foundation for mosquito control strategies that convert female mosquitoes into harmless males.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Andrew Brantley -- Basu, Sanjay -- Jiang, Xiaofang -- Qi, Yumin -- Timoshevskiy, Vladimir A -- Biedler, James K -- Sharakhova, Maria V -- Elahi, Rubayet -- Anderson, Michelle A E -- Chen, Xiao-Guang -- Sharakhov, Igor V -- Adelman, Zach N -- Tu, Zhijian -- AI113643/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1268-70. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2850. Epub 2015 May 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA. Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ; Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. ; Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA. Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ; Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA. Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. jaketu@vt.edu zachadel@vt.edu. ; Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA. Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. jaketu@vt.edu zachadel@vt.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25999371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Paradigms of sustainable exploitation focus on population dynamics of prey and yields to humanity but ignore the behavior of humans as predators. We compared patterns of predation by contemporary hunters and fishers with those of other predators that compete over shared prey (terrestrial mammals and marine fishes). Our global survey (2125 estimates of annual finite exploitation rate) revealed that humans kill adult prey, the reproductive capital of populations, at much higher median rates than other predators (up to 14 times higher), with particularly intense exploitation of terrestrial carnivores and fishes. Given this competitive dominance, impacts on predators, and other unique predatory behavior, we suggest that humans function as an unsustainable "super predator," which-unless additionally constrained by managers-will continue to alter ecological and evolutionary processes globally.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Darimont, Chris T -- Fox, Caroline H -- Bryan, Heather M -- Reimchen, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):858-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. darimont@uvic.ca. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. ; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada. Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Post Office Box 2429, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 3Y3, Canada. Hakai Institute, Post Office Box 309, Heriot Bay, British Columbia V0P 1H0, Canada. ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 3060, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: During rest, brain activity is synchronized between different regions widely distributed throughout the brain, forming functional networks. However, the molecular mechanisms supporting functional connectivity remain undefined. We show that functional brain networks defined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can be recapitulated by using measures of correlated gene expression in a post mortem brain tissue data set. The set of 136 genes we identify is significantly enriched for ion channels. Polymorphisms in this set of genes significantly affect resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of healthy adolescents. Expression levels of these genes are also significantly associated with axonal connectivity in the mouse. The results provide convergent, multimodal evidence that resting-state functional networks correlate with the orchestrated activity of dozens of genes linked to ion channel activity and synaptic function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richiardi, Jonas -- Altmann, Andre -- Milazzo, Anna-Clare -- Chang, Catie -- Chakravarty, M Mallar -- Banaschewski, Tobias -- Barker, Gareth J -- Bokde, Arun L W -- Bromberg, Uli -- Buchel, Christian -- Conrod, Patricia -- Fauth-Buhler, Mira -- Flor, Herta -- Frouin, Vincent -- Gallinat, Jurgen -- Garavan, Hugh -- Gowland, Penny -- Heinz, Andreas -- Lemaitre, Herve -- Mann, Karl F -- Martinot, Jean-Luc -- Nees, Frauke -- Paus, Tomas -- Pausova, Zdenka -- Rietschel, Marcella -- Robbins, Trevor W -- Smolka, Michael N -- Spanagel, Rainer -- Strohle, Andreas -- Schumann, Gunter -- Hawrylycz, Mike -- Poline, Jean-Baptiste -- Greicius, Michael D -- IMAGEN consortium -- 93558/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 MH085772-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01NS073498/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54 EB020403/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1241-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1255905. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Laboratory of Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. jonas.richiardi@unige.ch greicius@stanford.edu. ; Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; The War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. ; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada. Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. ; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. ; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada. ; Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Neurospin, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. ; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. ; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, France. INSERM Unit 1000 at Maison de Solenn, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Cochin Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. ; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. ; The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. ; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. ; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany. ; Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. ; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Medical Research Council (MRC) Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, UK. ; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA. ; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. ; Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. jonas.richiardi@unige.ch greicius@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Circadian and metabolic physiology are intricately intertwined, as illustrated by Rev-erbalpha, a transcription factor (TF) that functions both as a core repressive component of the cell-autonomous clock and as a regulator of metabolic genes. Here, we show that Rev-erbalpha modulates the clock and metabolism by different genomic mechanisms. Clock control requires Rev-erbalpha to bind directly to the genome at its cognate sites, where it competes with activating ROR TFs. By contrast, Rev-erbalpha regulates metabolic genes primarily by recruiting the HDAC3 co-repressor to sites to which it is tethered by cell type-specific transcription factors. Thus, direct competition between Rev-erbalpha and ROR TFs provides a universal mechanism for self-sustained control of the molecular clock across all tissues, whereas Rev-erbalpha uses lineage-determining factors to convey a tissue-specific epigenomic rhythm that regulates metabolism tailored to the specific need of that tissue.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613749/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613749/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Yuxiang -- Fang, Bin -- Emmett, Matthew J -- Damle, Manashree -- Sun, Zheng -- Feng, Dan -- Armour, Sean M -- Remsberg, Jarrett R -- Jager, Jennifer -- Soccio, Raymond E -- Steger, David J -- Lazar, Mitchell A -- F30 DK104513/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32 DK102284/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 DK094968/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK019525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK050306/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK19525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R00 DK099443/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK045586/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK098542/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK45586/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM0008275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008275/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 26;348(6242):1488-92. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3021. Epub 2015 Jun 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. lazar@mail.med.upenn.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26044300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) protect the animal germ line by silencing transposons. Primary piRNAs, generated from transcripts of genomic transposon "junkyards" (piRNA clusters), are amplified by the "ping-pong" pathway, yielding secondary piRNAs. We report that secondary piRNAs, bound to the PIWI protein Ago3, can initiate primary piRNA production from cleaved transposon RNAs. The first ~26 nucleotides (nt) of each cleaved RNA becomes a secondary piRNA, but the subsequent ~26 nt become the first in a series of phased primary piRNAs that bind Piwi, allowing piRNAs to spread beyond the site of RNA cleavage. The ping-pong pathway increases only the abundance of piRNAs, whereas production of phased primary piRNAs from cleaved transposon RNAs adds sequence diversity to the piRNA pool, allowing adaptation to changes in transposon sequence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4545291/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4545291/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Bo W -- Wang, Wei -- Li, Chengjian -- Weng, Zhiping -- Zamore, Phillip D -- GM62862/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM65236/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG007000/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM065236/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM062862/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U41 HG007000/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 May 15;348(6236):817-21. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1264.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. ; RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. zhiping.weng@umassmed.edu phillip.zamore@umassmed.edu. ; RNA Therapeutics Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. zhiping.weng@umassmed.edu phillip.zamore@umassmed.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25977554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Human vocal development occurs through two parallel interactive processes that transform infant cries into more mature vocalizations, such as cooing sounds and babbling. First, natural categories of sounds change as the vocal apparatus matures. Second, parental vocal feedback sensitizes infants to certain features of those sounds, and the sounds are modified accordingly. Paradoxically, our closest living ancestors, nonhuman primates, are thought to undergo few or no production-related acoustic changes during development, and any such changes are thought to be impervious to social feedback. Using early and dense sampling, quantitative tracking of acoustic changes, and biomechanical modeling, we showed that vocalizations in infant marmoset monkeys undergo dramatic changes that cannot be solely attributed to simple consequences of growth. Using parental interaction experiments, we found that contingent parental feedback influences the rate of vocal development. These findings overturn decades-old ideas about primate vocalizations and show that marmoset monkeys are a compelling model system for early vocal development in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, D Y -- Fenley, A R -- Teramoto, Y -- Narayanan, D Z -- Borjon, J I -- Holmes, P -- Ghazanfar, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 14;349(6249):734-8. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1058.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre -- Pentland, Alex Sandy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):195. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6231.195-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. yvesalexandre@demontjoye.com. ; Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Large-scale data sets of human behavior have the potential to fundamentally transform the way we fight diseases, design cities, or perform research. Metadata, however, contain sensitive information. Understanding the privacy of these data sets is key to their broad use and, ultimately, their impact. We study 3 months of credit card records for 1.1 million people and show that four spatiotemporal points are enough to uniquely reidentify 90% of individuals. We show that knowing the price of a transaction increases the risk of reidentification by 22%, on average. Finally, we show that even data sets that provide coarse information at any or all of the dimensions provide little anonymity and that women are more reidentifiable than men in credit card metadata.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre -- Radaelli, Laura -- Singh, Vivek Kumar -- Pentland, Alex Sandy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):536-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1256297.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 20 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. yvesalexandre@demontjoye.com. ; Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aabogade 34, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark. ; Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 20 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University, 4 Huntington Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. ; Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 20 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zitvogel, Laurence -- Kroemer, Guido -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jul 31;349(6247):476-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aac8475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France. INSERM U1015, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Universite Paris Sud-XI, Faculte de Medecine, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France. Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, F-94805 Villejuif, France. ; Equipe 11 labellisee par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France. Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-75006 Paris, France. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75006 Paris, France. Pole de Biologie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. kroemer@orange.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26228128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bodley, John H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):798-9. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6250.798-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Washington State University College of Arts and Sciences, Pullman, WA 99164-2630, USA. bodleyj@wsu.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Blood gas and tissue pH regulation depend on the ability of the brain to sense CO2 and/or H(+) and alter breathing appropriately, a homeostatic process called central respiratory chemosensitivity. We show that selective expression of the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in chemosensory neurons of the mouse retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is required for CO2-stimulated breathing. Genetic deletion of GPR4 disrupted acidosis-dependent activation of RTN neurons, increased apnea frequency, and blunted ventilatory responses to CO2. Reintroduction of GPR4 into RTN neurons restored CO2-dependent RTN neuronal activation and rescued the ventilatory phenotype. Additional elimination of TASK-2 (K(2P)5), a pH-sensitive K(+) channel expressed in RTN neurons, essentially abolished the ventilatory response to CO2. The data identify GPR4 and TASK-2 as distinct, parallel, and essential central mediators of respiratory chemosensitivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumar, Natasha N -- Velic, Ana -- Soliz, Jorge -- Shi, Yingtang -- Li, Keyong -- Wang, Sheng -- Weaver, Janelle L -- Sen, Josh -- Abbott, Stephen B G -- Lazarenko, Roman M -- Ludwig, Marie-Gabrielle -- Perez-Reyes, Edward -- Mohebbi, Nilufar -- Bettoni, Carla -- Gassmann, Max -- Suply, Thomas -- Seuwen, Klaus -- Guyenet, Patrice G -- Wagner, Carsten A -- Bayliss, Douglas A -- HL074011/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL108609/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1255-60. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0922. Epub 2015 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland. ; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland. Centre de Recherche du CHU de Quebec, Departement de Pediatrie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. ; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland. ; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland. ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland. Wagnerca@access.uzh.ch bayliss@virginia.edu. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Wagnerca@access.uzh.ch bayliss@virginia.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Robinson, Gene E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Dec 11;350(6266):1310-2. doi: 10.1126/science.aad8071.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Entomology, Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. generobi@illinois.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26659038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Anne-Marie -- Gotz, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Apr 10;348(6231):194. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6231.194-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ameyer@unc.edu. ; Department of Information Science and Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Temel, Yasin -- Jahanshahi, Ali -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1418-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, Netherlands. y.temel@maastrichtuniversity.nl. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25814569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 30;347(6221):468. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6221.468. Epub 2015 Jan 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25635068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 26;348(6242):1406-7. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6242.1406.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dibner, Charna -- Schibler, Ueli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Nov 6;350(6261):628-9. doi: 10.1126/science.aad5412.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Hypertension, Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. ueli.schibler@unige.ch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26542553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653811/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653811/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tishkoff, Sarah -- P30 ES013508/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK104339/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM113657/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):1282-3. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0584.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Genetics and Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 9;347(6218):120-1. doi: 10.1126/science.347.6218.120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25574003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉