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  • nitrogen  (227)
  • evolution  (202)
  • Springer  (429)
  • American Physical Society
  • Cell Press
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (429)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 987-1001 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hsp70 ; evolution ; gene duplication ; gene homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The family of genes encoding heat shock proteins of about 70 kDa (hsp70) in vertebrates is reviewed under genetic aspects. After a detailed description of the various hsp70 genes more general characteristics of the organization and evolution of the multigene family are discussed.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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  • 6
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Charophyta are common algae in limnic waters from many regions and are an interesting group from an evolutionary point-of-view, as they are believed to be related to the Chlorophyceae and land plants. Paleontological-botanical systematics are discussed, taking into consideration some new advances. Charophytes live in all types of inland waters and are sensitive to ecological change, and so they are very useful paleolimnological markers. Gaps concerning gyrogonite morphology in extant taxa and their responses to different environmental conditions must be described. This paper discusses data concerning ecological factors affecting the distribution of Argentinian Charophyta (principally distributed between 30°S and 40°S), gyrogonite morphology related to different ecological conditions, and the way that Charophyta can modify the environment.
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  • 7
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pleistocene charophytes from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Ríos, were analyzed.Chara contraria Br. ex Kütz.,C. contraria var.longilinea Cáceres,C. globularis Thuill. andTolypella intricata (Trent. ex Roth.) Leonh. var.apiculata (A. Br.) Wood were described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope. The assemblage indicates fresh alkaline to slightly saline waters, not very deep, in a lentic or sometimes lotic environment. Extant assemblages provide data for this paleoecological reconstruction.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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  • 12
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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  • 13
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; floodwater ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; partial pressure of ammonia ; urea ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farmyard manure (FYM) applied to rice-growing soils can substitute for industrial fertilizers, but little is known about the influence of FYM on the effectiveness and optimal management for industrial N fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam on a degraded soil in the spring season (February to June) and summer season (July to November) to determine the effect of FYM on optimal timing for the first application of urea. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two rates of basal incorporated FYM (0 or 6 Mg ha−1) in factorial combination with two timings of the first application of 30 kg urea-N ha−1 (basal incorporated before transplanting or delayed until 14 to 16 d after transplanting). The FYM was formed by composting pig manure with rice straw for 3 months. Basal incorporation of FYM, containing 23 kg N ha−1, increased rice grain yield in both seasons. The yield increase cannot be attributed to reduced ammonia loss of applied urea-N, because FYM did not reduce partial pressure of ammonia (pNH3) following urea application in either season. Basal and delayed applications of urea were equally effective in the absence of FYM, but when FYM was applied rice yields in both seasons were higher for delayed (mean = 3.2 Mg ha−1) than basal (mean = 2.9 Mg ha−1) application of urea. Results suggest that recommendations for urea timing in irrigated lowland rice should consider whether farmers apply FYM.
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  • 14
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    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 195-217 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Aromatic catabolism ; by bacteria (Pseudomonas) ; evolution ; of catabolic pathways ; hydrocarbons ; catabolism of aromatic ; Pseudomonas ; evolution of catabolism in ; oxygenases ; evolution of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The organisation and nucleotide sequences coding for the catabolism of benzene, toluene (and xylenes), naphthalene and biphenylvia catechol and the extradiol (meta) cleavage pathway inPseudomonas are reviewed and the various factors which may have played a part in their evolution are considered. The data suggests that the complete pathways have evolved in a modular way probably from at least three elements. The commonmeta pathway operons, downstream from the ferredoxin-like protein adjacent to the gene for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, are highly homologous and clearly share a common ancestry. This common module may have become fused to a gene or genes the product(s) of which could convert a stable chemical (benzoate, salicylate, toluene, benzene, phenol) to catechol, thus forming the lower pathway operons found in modern strains. The upper pathway operons might then have been acquired as a third module at a later stage thus increasing the catabolic versatility of the host strains.
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  • 15
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    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchinHeliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis inH. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
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  • 16
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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  • 17
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    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis in H. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: parental investment ; juvenile survival ; evolution ; gastropods ; molluscs ; ovoviviparity ; viviparity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parental care in terrestrial gastropods includes the of oviposition sites, production of large, heavily-yolked eggs supplied with calcium carbonate, provisioning of hatchings with eggs in specis with facultative sibling cannibalism, egg retention, and ovoviviparity. Evidence for true viviparity is scarce in terrestrial gastropods, as it is for postlaying care of eggs, though external egg carrying on the shell occurs in a few species. Care of young has not been observed in any terrestrial gastropod species. Provisioning of eggs with nutrients and calcium carbonate might be the most common form of parental investment. Ovoviviparity allows terrestrial gastropods to persist in habitats otherwise unsuitable for oviparous species (e.g. exposed rock walls). An interspecific comparison demonstrates that egg-retaining and ovoviviparous species produce smaller clutches than oviparous species and suggests a cost of parental care.
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  • 19
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 14 (1994), S. 451-490 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman Enskog method ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 138 (1994), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NAD ; evolution ; polymerase chain reaction ; zinc finger ; leucine zipper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cDNAs have been isolated from different classes of animals. Cloning of genes from lower eukaryotes has allowed us to investigate directly the biological functions of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ationin vivo. The conservation of specific regions among mammals, chicken,Xenopus laevis, andDrosophila melanogaster reveals the essential structural elements required for recognition of breaks in DNA and for catalytic activity. Cys, His and basic residues in the zinc-finger consensus region are conserved. The carboxyl terminal region corresponding to an NAD-binding domain is strongly conserved. The dinucleotide-binding consensus sequence and β1-αA-β2, Rossmann fold structure, and β-sheet structures are completely conserved from mammals to insect. InDrosophila, a putative leucine-zipper motif has been identified, and other poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases also contain an α-helical, amphipathic structure in the auto-modification domain. In this article, we review the recent structural analyses of the functional domains of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in phylogenetically divergent species, and discuss the implications of structural conservation for its biological functions.
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  • 21
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 133-134 (1994), S. 245-262 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: creatine kinase ; arginine kinase ; protein sequence comparison ; evolution ; CK framework ; ‘diagnostic boxes’ ; secondary structure prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons of the protein sequences and gene structures of the known creatine kinase isoenzymes and other guanidino kinases revealed high homology and were used to determine the evolutionary relationships of the various guamidino kinases. A ‘CK framework’ is defined, consisting of the most conserved sequence blocks, and ‘diagnostic boxes’ are identified which are characteristic for anyone creatine kinase isoenzyme (e.g. for vertebrate B-CK) and which may serve to distinguish this isoenzyme from all others (e.g. from M-CKs and Mi-CKs). Comparison of the guanidino kinases by near-UV and far-UV circular dichroism further indicates pronounced conservation of secondary structure as well as of aromatic amino acids that are involved in catalysis.
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  • 22
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    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aspartate aminotransferase ; gene structure ; nodule ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic clones encoding two isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) were isolated from an alfalfa genomic library and their DNA sequences were determined. The AAT1 gene contains 12 exons that encode a cytosolic protein expressed at similar levels in roots, stems and nodules. In nodules, the amount of AAT1 mRNA was similar at all stages of development, and was slightly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. The AAT1 mRNA is polyadenylated at multiple sites differing by more than 250 bp. The AAT2 gene contains 11 exons, with 5 introns located in positions identical to those found in animal AAT genes, and encodes a plastid-localized isozyme. The AAT2 mRNA is polyadenylated at a very limited range of sites. The transit peptide of AAT2 is encoded by the first two and part of the third exon. AAT2 mRNA is much more abundant in nodules than in other organs, and increases dramatically during the course of nodule development. Unlike AAT1, expression of AAT2 is significantly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis of deduced AAT proteins revealed 4 separate but related groups of AAT proteins; the animal cytosolic AATs, the plant cytosolic AATs, the plant plastid AATs, and the mitochondrial AATs.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Calcium-binding lysozyme ; α-lactalbumin ; three-dimensional structure ; evolution
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Similarities in amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures, and the exon-intron patterns of their genes have indicated thatc-type lysozymes andα-lactalbumins are homologous proteins, i.e., descended by divergent evolution from a common ancestor. Like theα-lactalbumins, echidna milk, horse milk, and pigeon eggwhite lysozymes all bind Ca(II). Models of their three-dimensional structures, based on their amino acid sequences and the known crystal structures of domestic hen eggwhite and human lysozymes and baboon and humanα-lactalbumins, have been built. The several structures have been compared and their relationships discussed.
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    Molecular biology reports 20 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: review ; zinc finger protein ; DNA recognition ; evolution ; development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complexity is one of the hallmarks that applies to C2H2 type zinc finger proteins (ZFPs). Structurally distinct clusters of zinc finger modules define an extremely large superfamily of nucleic acid binding proteins with several hundred, perhaps thousands of different members in vertebrates. Recent discoveries have provided new insights into the biochemistry of RNA and DNA recognition, into ZFP evolution and genomic organization, and also into basic aspects of their biological function. However, as much as we have learned, other fundamental questions about ZFP function remain highly enigmatic. This essay is meant to define what we personally feel are important questions, rather than trying to provide a comprehensive, encyclopaedic review.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; evolution ; red algae ; thioredoxin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene encoding a thioredoxin protein was identified in the chloroplast genome of the rhodophyte Porphyra yezoensis. The P. yezoensis trxA gene contains 324 bp and is transcribed into a 0.7 kb messenger RNA. Analysis of the transcription start site demonstrates that canonical chloroplast −10 and −35 sequences are not present. The deduced amino acid sequence of the thioredoxin gene from the red algae has the greatest similarity to type m thioredoxins, providing strong support for the hypothesis that type m thioredoxins in photosynthetic eukaryotes originated from an engulfed bacterial endosymbiont. Hybridization analysis of nuclear and chloroplast DNAs from several members of the phyla Chromophyta and Rhodophyta using P. yezoensis DNA as a probe demonstrated strong hybridization to the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of Griffithsia pacifica and a weak cross-hybridization to the chromophyte P. foliaceum. The G. pacifica chloroplast gene has a 66% identity with the P. yezoensis DNA, contains conserved active site amino acid residues, but lacks a methionine start codon.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 190 (1994), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Brassicaceae ; Brassica ; Sinapis ; Raphanus ; Eruca ; Repetitive DNA ; fingerprinting ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract SixBrassica species, known as the “triangle of U”, and four species from related genera were characterized by DNA fingerprinting with simple repetitive oligonucleotide probes. Our results show that CT-, TCC-, and GTG-repeat motifs are equally abundant in the genomes of the sixBrassica species. In contrast, GATA-, GGAT-, and GACA-multimers are unevenly distributed among different species. As judged from the number and strength of hybridization signals, the highest copy number of all three motifs occurs inBrassica nigra, while the lowest is observed inB. oleracea. The abundance of GATA-and GACA-repeats varies in a coordinate way. The amphidiploid genomes ofB. juncea, B. carinata, andB. napus each harbour intermediate amounts of (GATA)4 and (GACA)4-detected repeats as compared to their diploid progenitors, thus supporting the concept of the “U triangle”. GATA-, GACA-, and GGAT-repeats were also abundant inEruca sativa andSinapis arvensis, but not inRaphanus sativus andSinapis alba. These results support the idea thatBrassica nigra is more closely related toSinapis arvensis than to otherBrassica species such asB. rapa andB. oleracea.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Leymus ; Hordeum ; Psathyrostachys ; Taxonomy ; evolution ; molecular evolution ; repetitive DNA ; rDNA polymorphisms ; RFLP analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used total genomic DNA as a probe to size-fractionated restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA from a range ofTriticeae species from the generaLeymus Hochst.,Psathyrostachys Nevski, andHordeum L., and hybrids betweenHordeum andLeymus to investigate their taxonomic relationships. Genomic Southern hybridization was found to be an effective and simple way to assess the distribution and diversity of essentially species-specific and common, repetitive DNA sequences, and is hence especially useful in evolutionary studies. The DNA sequences ofH. vulgare seem to diverge substantially from those ofH. brachyantherum, H. lechleri, H. procerum, andH. depressum. The genome ofThinopyron bessarabicum shows little homology to those of theLeymus species investigated, confirming thatT. bessarabicum is not an ancestral genome inLeymus. Although the genomes ofLeymus andPsathyrostachys share substantial proportions of DNA sequences, they include divergent repeated sequences as well. Hybridization with a ribosomal DNA probe (pTa 71) showed that the coding regions containing structural genes encoding the 18 S, 5.8 S, and 26 S ribosomal RNA were conserved among the species investigated, whereas the intergenic spacer region was more variable, presenting different sizes of restriction fragments and enabling a classification of the species. The rye heterochromatin probe pSc 119.2 hybridized to DNA fromH. lechleri andT. bessarabicum, but not to DNA from the other species investigated.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Echinochloa ; sawa and barnyard millets ; RAPD analysis ; evolution ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Echinochloa (Poaceae) includes two domesticated species,Echinochloa utilis (Japanese barnyard millet) andE. frumentacea (Indian sawa millet) and 20–30 wild species. The two millets are morphologically very variable and overlap in spikelet and inflorescence characteristics. Both species are hexaploids based on x = 9. Cytogenetic studies point to the hexaploid wild speciesE. crusgalli andE. colona as possible progenitors ofE. utilis andE. frumentacea, respectively. The tetraploidE. oryzoides is considered as a possible genome donor to wild and domesticated barnyard millet. Markers from Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA method were used to assess the proposed phylogeny and examine the genetic diversity in both domesticated and wild species. The data were analyzed numerically.Echinochloa utilis andE. frumentacea appear very distinct, but grouped withE. crusgalli andE. colona, respectively. The tetraploidE. oryzoides show strong genetic affinity to theE. utilis—E. crusgalli group. The data are in general agreement with the cytogenetic information; however, some disagreements on the interpretation of some of the cytogenetic information is raised. The variability in DNA markers observed in the domesticated species, particularlyE. frumentacea, points to the feasibility of using RAPD markers in cultivar fingerprinting and breeding programs of these millets.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Colchicaceae ; Androcymbium ; Allozymes ; evolution ; taxonomy ; genetic conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of allozymic and morphological diversity amongAndrocymbium gramineum, A. europaeum, andA. psammophilum have been assessed using data on 17 allozyme loci and 18 morphological characters. No apparent pattern of geographic or ecological variation was found. Our results also suggest thatA. gramineum andA. europaeum should be considered members of a single species and that the insular speciesA. psammophilum can no longer be thought of as the result of a founder effect fromA. gramineum. Intrapopulational variability was greater than inter-populational variability at both levels studied, which is of strategic interest for the “ex-situ” conservation of these threatened endemic species.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; ethics ; ethology ; evolution ; sociobiology
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Altruistic behavior is often regarded as sociobiology's most central theoretical problem, but is it? Altruism in biology, bioaltruism, has many meanings, which can be grouped into two categories. The first I will callcommon bioaltruism. It is primarily of ethological relevance. The second,evolutionary bioaltruism, is a special category in evolutionary respects in that it may indeed pose a problem for evolutionary theory. These categories are logically independent. Moreover, both of them are logically different from altruism in its everyday psychological or moral sense. Sociobiological examples of bioaltruistic behavior concern bioaltruism in the first sense only, so the theoretical problem ‘altruism’ is supposed to pose, is indeed nothing but a theoretical problem and the bioaltruism that actually occurs has no evolutionary relevance. Nevertheless, evolutionary theory is relevant to our understanding of the possibility of common bioaltruism, and that possibility — even though bioaltruism is conceptually different from ethical altruism — is relevant for ethicists: it sheds light on what we can ask people to do or not to do.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 267-327 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: biogeography ; Ernst Mayr ; evolution ; naturalist ; nomenclature ; systematics
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Ernst Mayr's scientific career continues strongly 70 years after he published his first scientific paper in 1923. He is primarily a naturalist and ornithologist which has influenced his basic approach in science and later in philosophy and history of science. Mayr studied at the Natural History Museum in Berlin with Professor E. Stresemann, a leader in the most progressive school of avian systematics of the time. The contracts gained through Stresemann were central to Mayr's participation in a three year expedition to New Guinea and The Solomons, and the offer of a position in the Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, beginning in 1931. At the AMNH, Mayr was able to blend the best of the academic traditions of Europe with those of North America in developing a unified research program in biodiversity embracing systematics, biogeography and nomenclature. His tasks at the AMNH were to curate and study the huge collections amassed by the Whitney South Sea Expedition plus the just purchased Rothschild collection of birds. These studies provided Mayr with the empirical foundation essential for his 1942Systematics and the Origin of Species and his subsequent theoretical work in evolutionary biology as well as all his later work in the philosophy and history of science. Without a detailed understanding of Mayr's empirical systematic and biogeographic work, one cannot possibly comprehend fully his immense contributions to evolutionary biology and his later analyses in the philosophy and history of science.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ethology ; cognitive ethology ; play ; intentionality ; evolution ; definition
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Social play is naturally characterized in intentional terms. An evolutionary account of social play could help scientists to understand the evolution of cognition and intentionality. Alexander Rosenberg (1990) has argued that if play is characterized intentionally or functionally, it is not a behavioral phenotype suitable for evolutionary explanation. If he is right, his arguments would threaten many projects in cognitive ethology. We argue that Rosenberg's arguments are unsound and that intentionally and functionally characterized phenotypes are a proper domain for ethological investigation.
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  • 34
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 117-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: checklist ; diatoms ; The Netherlands ; pH ; salinity ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; saprobity ; trophic state ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This first comprehensive checklist of the diatoms from fresh and weakly brackish water in The Netherlands comprises 948 taxa, belonging to 776 species in 56 genera. The generaNavicula, which has a very wide ecological amplitude, andNitzschia, which has many pollution tolerant species, are most numerous. Each taxon is identified with a unique eight-letter code, to facilitate computer processing of data. Ecological indicator values for pH, salinity, nitrogen uptake metabolism, oxygen, saprobity, trophic state and moisture are presented.
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    Automated software engineering 1 (1994), S. 177-203 
    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: automatic programming ; cooperative problem solving ; co-evolution of specification and construction ; critiquing ; design ; domain-oriented design environments ; design rationale ; end-user modifiability ; evolution ; FRAMER ; formal specifications ; JANUS ; knowledge-based software assistant ; languages of doing ; software reuse and redesign ; stakeholders ; upstream and downstream activities
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The field of knowledge-based software engineering has been undergoing a shift in emphasis from automatic programming to human augmentation and empowerment. In our research work, we support this shift with an approach that embedshuman-computer cooperative problem-solving tools intodomain-oriented, knowledge-based design environments. Domain orientation reduces the large conceptual distance between problem-domain semantics and software artifacts. Integrated environments support the coevolution of specification and construction while allowing designers to access relevant knowledge at each stage within the software development process. This paper argues thatdomain-oriented design environments (DODEs) are complementary to the approaches pursued withknowledge-based software assistant systems (KBSAs). The DODE extends the KBSA framework by emphasizing a human-centered and domain-oriented approach facilitating communication about evolving systems among all stakeholders. The paper discusses the major challenges for software systems, develops a conceptual framework to address these problems, illustrates DODE with two examples, and assesses the contributions of the KBSA and DODE approaches toward solving these problems.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; fluorescentin situ hybridization ; microdissection ; phylogeny ; primates
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) of microlibraries established from distinct chromosome subregions can test the evolutionary conservation of chromosome bands as well as chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during primate evolution and will help to clarify phylogenetic relationships. We used a DNA library established by microdissection and microcloning from the entire long arm of human chromosome 2 for fluorescencein situ hybridization and comparative mapping of the chromosomes of human, great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus) and Old World monkeys (Macaca fuscata andCercopithecus aethiops). Inversions were found in the pericentric region of the primate chromosome 2p homologs in great apes, and the hybridization pattern demonstrates the known phylogenetically derived telomere fusion in the line that leads to human chromosome 2. The hybridization of the 2q microlibrary to chromosomes of Old World monkeys gave a different pattern from that in the gorilla and the orang-utan, but a pattern similar to that of chimpanzees. This suggests convergence of chromosomal rearrangements in different phylogenetic lines.
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  • 37
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    Evolutionary ecology 8 (1994), S. 639-657 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: flightlessness ; wing dimorphism ; phylogeny ; evolution ; birds ; insects ; constraints
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Though most birds and insects are capable of flight (‘volant’) some species are flightless. In this paper I test the hypothesis that phylogenetic constraints have played a role in the evolution of flightlessness. If speciation occurred after the evolutionary transition to flightlessness, inferences concerning the importance of particular aspects of the environment on the probability of the evolution of flightlessness may be statistically spurious because of the inflation of the sample size. Among birds, ratites and penguins illustrate the phenomenon of considerable speciation subsequent to the transition to the evolution of flightlessness. In contrast, the rails represent a group in which each flightless species probably represents a separate evolutionary transition. There are many more flightless insect species than bird species and several orders are monomorphically flightless, the sometimes enormous speciation within the order following and possibly being a consequence of the evolution of flightlessness. While it can be shown in insects that flightlessness has evolved independently many times, there are at least as many cases in which the question cannot be resolved. Therefore, in both birds and insects phylogenetic effects should not be ignored, for the number of evolutionary transitions may be much less than the number of species. The effect of incorporating phylogenetic (or at least taxonomic) constraints into the analysis of habitat factors associated with flightlessness is considered.
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  • 38
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Mimoseae ; Leucaena ; Phylogeny ; chloroplast DNA ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been used to reconstruct the maternal phylogeny of all the known taxa in the small neotropical legume genusLeucaena. Three major plastome clades were recognized, but these did not conform with relationships between the taxa proposed on other characters from morphology, cytology or hybridization. The maternal parentage of tetraploids within the genus has been proposed. Evidence for introgression was found between “diploid”L. diversifolia and “tetraploid”L. diversifolia. The implications of these results for the origin of the cultivated taxa are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 187-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rafflesiaceae ; Ovule ; seed structure ; seed dispersal ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genera of theRafflesiaceae show a marked diversity in the structure of their ovules and seeds. Evolutionary trends are recognizable in ovule orientation and number of integuments. A change from anatropous ovules inApodantheae andMitrastemoideae towards incomplete anatropy inRafflesieae and orthotropy inCytineae occurs, next to a change from bitegmic ovules inApodantheae towards unitegmy with rudimentary outer integuments inRafflesieae andCytineae and full unitegmy inMitrastemoideae.—The differences in ovule structure are clearly reflected in the seeds. The seeds are essentially exotegmic, have very small embryos and an oily endosperm.—Seed structure strongly confirms the existing subfamilial classification and supports additional arguments for the generic status ofApodanthes. It does not support a separate status of the genusBerlinianche. InRafflesiaceae, seed micromorphology is only of limited use at the species level. As far as known seed dispersal is endo- or exozoochorous in all genera.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; revegetation ; silica ; succession ; shrubland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p≤0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p≤0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p≤0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH inf4 + , and SO 4 − , than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p≤0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological method ; chemical method ; mineralization potential ; nitrogen ; soil incubation ; temperate humid-zone
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potentially mineralizable organic N of 33 different soils was estimated by a chemical test (hot extraction with 2N KCl) and the values compared with those previously obtained by a biological method (aerobic incubation in the laboratory). On average, the organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly lower than that mineralized by a two weeks aerobic incubation for all the soils as a whole. The same was true for soils developed over acid rocks and over sediments. However, the values obtained for the soils developed over limestone and basic rocks were similar by both methods. The values obtained by both methods were not significantly correlated neither when considering all soils together nor when considering different groups according to soil management or parent material. Significant correlations between both methods were only found when the soils were separated into two groups according to their organic N content: soils with less than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil and soils with more than 400 mg N 100 g−1 soil. The organic N solubilized by the chemical procedure was significantly correlated with the hexosamine-N content; however, it was not correlated with the factors that control the biological mineralization of the organic N, except with the soluble Al content. Therefore, the chemical extraction did not seem to address the biologically active N pool in a selective way.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mineralization rate ; nitrogen ; stabilized organic matter ; crop rotation
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple model was developed to estimate the contribution of nitrogen (N) mineralization to the N supply of crops. In this model the soil organic matter is divided into active and passive pools. Annual soil mineralization of N is derived from the active pool. The active pool comprises stabilized and labile soil organic N. The stabilized N is built up from accumulated inputs of fresh organic N during a crop rotation but the labile N is a fraction of total N added, which mineralizes faster than the stabilized N. The passive pool is considered to have no participation in the mineralization process. Mineralization rates of labile and stabilized soil organic N from different crop residues decomposing in soil were derived from the literature and were described by the first-order rate equation dN/dt =-K*N, where N is the mineralizable organic N from crop residues andK is a constant. The data were groupedK 1 by short-term (0–1 year) andK 2 by long-term (0–10 years) incubation. Because the range of variation inK 2 was smaller than inK 1 we felt justified in using an average value to derive N mineralization from the stabilized pool. The use of a constant rate ofK 1 was avoided so net N mineralization during the first year after addition is derived directly from the labile N in the crop residues. The model was applied to four Chilean agro-ecosystems, using daily averages of soil temperature and moisture. The N losses by leaching were also calculated. The N mineralization varied between 30 and 130 kg N ha−1 yr−1 depending on organic N inputs. Nitrogen losses by leaching in a poorly structured soil were estimated to be about 10% of total N mineralized. The model could explain the large differences in N- mineralization as measured by the potential N mineralization at the four sites studied. However, when grassland was present in the crop rotation, the model underestimated the results obtained from potential mineralization.
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    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Betula lenta L. ; black birch ; nitrogen ; root architecture ; soil heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic soil nitrogen is often heterogeneously distributed, both spatially and in form (ammonium versus nitrate). Here we present information on the architecture of black birch (Betula lenta L.) root systems exposed to homogeneous and heterogeneous nitrogen environments. The major effects on root architecture were at the whole root system level in response to heterogeneity of nitrogen form rather than the effect of local of local nitrate or ammonium supply on local root growth. In the heterogeneous treatment, plant root systems had greater link lengths and more simple branching patterns. Root architectural responses to heterogeneous nitrogen, independent of localized responses to patches, suggest that in a seedling of B. lenta whole plant integration of its environment may override local control of root growth.
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    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; CO2 ; image analysis ; loblolly pine ; nitrogen ; root morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines how elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) supply affect plant characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with an emphasis on root morphology. Seedlings were grown in greenhouses from seeds during one growing season at two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (375 and 710 μL L-1) and two N levels (High and Low). Root morphological characteristics were determined using a scanner and an image analysis program on a Macintosh computer. In the high N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total plant dry weight by 80% and did not modify root to shoot (R/S) dry weight ratio, and leaf and plant N concentration at the end of the growing season. In the low N treatment, elevated CO2 increased total dry weight by 60%. Plant and leaf N concentration declined and R/S ratio tended to increase. Nitrogen uptake rate on both a root length and a root dry weight basis was greater at elevated CO2 in the high N treatment and lower in the low N treatment. We argue that N stress resulting from short exposures to nutrients might help explain the lower N concentrations observed at high CO2 in other experiments; Nitrogen and CO2 levels modified root morphology. High N increased the number of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root and high CO2 increased the length of secondary lateral roots per length of first order lateral root. Number and length of first order lateral roots were not modified by either treatment. Specific root length of main axis, and to a lower degree, of first order laterals, declined at high CO2, especially at high N. Basal stem diameter and first order root diameters increased at high CO2, especially at high N. Elevated CO2 increased the proportion of upper lateral roots within the root system.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blue grama ; Bouteloua gracilis ; C4 grass ; CO2 enrichment ; mycorrhizae ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; VAM ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to better elucidate fixed-C partitioning, nutrient acquisition and water relations of prairie grasses under elevated [CO2], we grew the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) lag ex Steud. from seed in soil-packed, column-lysimeters in two growth chambers maintained at current ambient [CO2] (350 μL L−1) and twice enriched [CO2] (700 μL L−1). Once established, plants were deficit irrigated; growth chamber conditions were maintained at day/night temperatures of 25/16°C, relative humidities of 35%/90% and a 14-hour photoperiod to simulate summer conditions on the shortgrass steppe in eastern Colorado. After 11 weeks of growth, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had produced 35% and 65% greater total and root biomass, respectively, and had twice the level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection (19.8% versus 10.8%) as plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The CO2-enriched plants also exhibited greater leaf water potentials and higher plant water use efficiencies. Plant N uptake was reduced by CO2 enrichment, while P uptake appeared little influenced by CO2 regime. Under the conditions of the experiment, CO2 enrichment increased root biomass and VAM infection via stimulated growth and adjustments in C partitioning below-ground.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbon ; elevated CO2 ; nitrogen ; suspension culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture (SB-P) was used to study CO2 assimilation while exposed to elevated or ambient CO2 levels. These studies showed that under elevated CO2 (5% v/v) malate is the dominant fixation product, strongly suggesting that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) is the primary enzyme involved in carbon fixation in these cells under their normal growth conditions. Citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] were also significant fixation products during fifteen minutes of exposure to 14CO2. During the ten minute unlabeled CO2 chase however, 14C-malate continued to increase while citrate and [aspartate + glutamate] declined. Fixation of 14CO2 under ambient CO2 levels (0.037%) showed a very different product pattern as 3-phosphoglycerate was very high in the first one to two minutes followed by increases in [serine + glycine] and [aspartate + glutamate]. Hexose phosphates were also quite high initially but then declined relatively rapidly. Thus, the carbon fixation pattern at ambient CO2 levels resembles somewhat that seen in C3 leaf cells while that seen at elevated CO2 levels more closely resembles that of a C4 plant. The initial fixation product of C3 plants, 3-PGA, was never detectable under high CO2 conditions. These data suggest that an in vitro photoautotrophic system would be suitable for studying carbon fixation physiology during photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic growth.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; evolution ; landrace group ; numerical taxonomy ; Portuguese coles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Morphological characters, nuclear RFLPs, and isozyme analysis were used to study the similarity between 32 Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces, and some cabbage cultivars traditionally grown in Portugal. Forty-six morphological characters observed in two consecutive years, RFLP data from 55 nuclear probes, detecting 291 polymorphic nuclear DNA restriction fragments, and allelic frequencies in 21 putative loci, generated by nine isozymes, were analyzed by the unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), in order to present the results in the form of a phenogram. The three methods resulted in different clustering patterns of the 32 cole accessions. Morphological characters gave consistent clustering according to the traditional landrace definition and denomination, producing clear separation between Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales. RFLPs were unable to separate Tronchuda cabbages from Galega kales and defined five landrace groups corresponding to their geographic origins rather than to their morphological similarities. Isozymes showed poor accession discrimination and an intermediate clustering pattern with some accessions being clustered according to their geographic origins and others according to their morphological similarities. Portuguese Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales constitute a distinct and relatively homogenous group within Brassica oleracea, sharing the same genetic background. It is concluded that Portuguese coles have evolved independently from a common ancestor to the present cultivated forms. Portugal should be considered as an important region of domestication of specialized leafy coles.
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  • 48
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    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 87-99 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic differentiation ; genetic variation ; pineapple ; Ananas comosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isozyme variation was studied in 161 accessions of pineapple including four species of Ananas and one of Pseudananas. Six enzyme systems (ADH, GPI, PGM, SKDH, TPI, UGPP) involving seven putative loci revealed 35 electromorphs. Considerable variation exists within and between species of Ananas. Sixty-six distinct zymotypes were identified. Multivariate analyses of isozyme variation indicated that A. comosus contains five genetically diverse groups that do not match perfectly with the traditional varietal groups. Isozyme evidence also suggests that A. erectifolius is a conspecific variant of A. comosus, and that among other wild species, A. ananassoides is more closely related to A. comosus than A. bracteatus. Pseudananas is genetically distinct from all species of Ananas. It is evident from our study that differentiation among the species of Ananas may be due to ecological isolation rather than genetic divergence with breeding barriers and therefore may represent a species complex.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; eggplant ; evolution ; Solanum incanum ; Solanum melongena ; Solanum marginatum ; taxonomy ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNAs from 27 accessions of S. melongena (eggplant), S. incanum sensu lato and S. marginatum, all of which are quite similar in their morphology. There is a wide diversity in plastotypes within S. incanum sensu lato. On the other hand, only one restriction fragment pattern difference was detected between S. melongena and S. incanum sensu lato. The restriction fragment patterns generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, enzymes and accessions was used for cluster analysis. In the dendrogram, it is suggested that S. marginatum is not nearly as closely related to S. melongena and S. incanum sensu lato as previously supposed, and some of accessions treated as S. incanum sensu lato, originated from Southern Africa, should be called S. lichtensteinii.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: apatite ; biotite ; forest soil ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of slow (apatite, biotite) and fast-release nutrients (P, K, Mg) on C and N mineralization in acid forest soil were studied. These nutrients were applied alone or together with urea or urea and limestone. The production of CO2 in the soil samples taken one and three growing seasons after the application was lower in the soils treated with the fast-release nutrients than in the untreated soils. Similar reduction of microbial activity was not seen after the apatite and apatite+biotite treatments. In the first growing season, urea and urea+limestone enhanced CO2 production, but after three growing seasons, the opposite was true. Apatite and apatite+biotite added together with urea did not compensate for the decreasing effect of urea on the CO2 production. The addition of fast-release salts increased somewhat the concentration of NH inf4 sup+ in the soil and more NH4 + accumulated during laboratory incubation in the soil samples taken one growing season after the application. The urea addition immediately increased the concentrations of NH4 + and of NO3 − in the soil, but, three growing seasons after application, urea had only a slight increasing effect on mineral N content of the soil. Slow-release nutrients seem to have a more favourable effect than fast-release salts on nutrient turnover in acid forest soil.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; microorganisms ; nitrogen ; plant succession ; range grasses ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and rhizosphere microorganism effects on nitrogen and carbon dynamics of Sitanion hystrix (early successional species), Stipa comata and Poa secundu which are (mid-successional species), and Agropyron spicatum (late successional species) were evaluated in a growth chamber study. Rhizosphere inocula resulted in increased nitrogen in both root and shoot tissue, and also of water-extractable carbon in the rhizosphere. Plant species, rhizosphere inocula and nitrogen level showed a three-way significant interaction for total and plant-available nitrogen. Rhizosphere microbe presence resulted in higher plant-available nitrogen in the rhizosphere of S. hystrix and less with A. spicatum, suggesting nitrogen immobilization with the later successional grass. Higher nitrogen resulted in decreased active bacteria in the rhizosphere of all plants tested, and decreased fungal hyphal lengths in the rhizosphere of the later successional P. secunda and A. spicutum. Exudate carbon in the rhizosphere of the late successional species A. spicatum, was more recalcitrant, which also may contribute to nitrogen immobilization. These differential responses of early- and late-successional grasses may be important factors contributing to plant succession.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fine roots ; needles ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO4-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.
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  • 53
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    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition rates ; enriched CO2 ; lignin ; litter respiration ; microcosms ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) leaf litters were monitored for decomposition rates and nutrient release in a laboratory microcosm experiment. Litters were derived from solar domes where plants had been exposed to two different CO2 regimes: ambient (350 μL L-1 CO2) and enriched (600 μL L-1 CO2). Elevated CO2 significantly affected some of the major litter quality parameters, with lower N, higher lignin concentrations and higher ratios of C/N and lignin/N for litters derived from enriched CO2. Respiration rates of the deciduous species were significantly decreased for litters grown under elevated CO2, and reductions in mass loss at the end of the experiment were generally observed in litters derived from the 600 ppm CO2 treatment. Nutrient mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in microcosm leachates did not differ significantly between the two CO2 treatments for any of the species studied. Litter quality parameters were examined for correlations with cumulative respiration and decomposition rates: N concentration, C/N and lignin/N ratios showed the highest correlations, with differences between litter types. The results indicate that higher C storage will occur in soil as a consequence of litter quality changes resulting from higher atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gaps ; ion uptake ; nitrogen ; nutrient acquisition ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree seedlings that colonize large treefall gaps are generally shade-intolerant species with high potential relative growth rates. Nutrient availability may be significantly elevated in disturbance-induced gaps, however, little is known about the role of differences in nutrient uptake capacities of different species in structuring the community response to gap openings in eastern North American deciduous forests. Seven tree species were grown from seed under both a high and a low nutrient regime, and uptake kinetics of phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate were studied. Yellow birch, a species with intermediate shade tolerance and relative growth rate, had the highest maximum rates of uptake of all ions, while tulip tree, a gap-colonizing species with high relative growth rate, had the lowest rate of phosphate uptake and intermediate rates of ammonium and nitrate uptake. Beech and hickory, which have low relative growth rates and are not gap-colonizing species, had intermediate levels of nutrient uptake. There was no evidence that species with the highest maximum uptake rates measured at high supply concentrations had relatively low uptake at low nutrient supply concentrations. Although birch increased phosphate absorption capacity when grown under a low nutrient regime, this pattern did not hold for nitrate or ammonium uptake, and other species showed no change in nutrient uptake capacity according to nutrient growth regime. Clearly, factors other than nutrient absorption capacity, such as nutrient use efficiency or allocation to root vs. shoot biomass, underlie differences in species' capacities to colonize and maintain a high relative growth rate in canopy gaps.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; gas exchange ; nitrogen ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil N availability may play an important role in regulating the long-term responses of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. To further examine the linkage between above- and belowground C and N cycles at elevated CO2, we grew clonally propagated cuttings of Populus grandidentata in the field at ambient and twice ambient CO2 in open bottom root boxes filled with organic matter poor native soil. Nitrogen was added to all root boxes at a rate equivalent to net N mineralization in local dry oak forests. Nitrogen added during August was enriched with 15N to trace the flux of N within the plant-soil system. Above-and belowground growth, CO2 assimilation, and leaf N content were measured non-destructively over 142 d. After final destructive harvest, roots, stems, and leaves were analyzed for total N and 15N. There was no CO2 treatment effect on leaf area, root length, or net assimilation prior to the completion of N addition. Following the N addition, leaf N content increased in both CO2 treatments, but net assimilation showed a sustained increase only in elevated CO2 grown plants. Root relative extension rate was greater at elevated CO2, both before and after the N addition. Although final root biomass was greater at elevated CO2, there was no CO2 effect on plant N uptake or allocation. While low soil N availability severely inhibited CO2 responses, high CO2 grown plants were more responsive to N. This differential behavior must be considered in light of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of soil resources, particularly N which often limits plant growth in temperate forests.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ponderosa pine ; soil respiration ; soil carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of CO2 and N treatments on soil pCO2, calculated CO2 efflux, root biomass and soil carbon in open-top chambers planted with Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Based upon the literature, it was hypothesized that both elevated CO2 and N would cause increased root biomass which would in turn cause increases in both total soil CO2 efflux and microbial respiration. This hypothesis was only supported in part: both CO2 and N treatments caused significant increases in root biomass, soil pCO2, and calculated CO2 efflux, but there were no differences in soil microbial respiration measured in the laboratory. Both correlative and quantitative comparisons of CO2 efflux rates indicated that microbial respiration contributes little to total soil CO2 efflux in the field. Measurements of soil pCO2 and calculated CO2 efflux provided inexpensive, non-invasive, and relatively sensitive indices of belowground response to CO2 and N treatments.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; precoditioning ; roots ; sycamore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acer pseudoplatanus L. trees were grown in sand culture for 2 years and, in 1988, supplied with either 1.0 mol N m-3 (low N) or 6.0 mol N m-3 (high N) to precondition their growth. In 1989, the same trees received either high or low nitrogen, producing four treatments; High N in 1988/High N in 1989; High N in 1988/Low N in 1989; Low N in 1988/Low N in 1989; and Low N in 1988/High N in 1989. Plant growth was affected by N supply in both years. In 1989 the Low N/High N treated trees had the same overall mass, leaf mass and stem girth as the High N/High N treatment. Early spring growth of foliage and roots was conditional on nitrogen supplied in the previous season. Later, the rapid increases in leaf, stem and root growth under high N was through root uptake. Internal partitioning of growth was affected, with the Low N/High N treatment producing more new leaves on axillary shoots, and more new white roots on existing structures, than the Low N/Low N treatment. Despite effects of the N preconditioning on the structure of both canopy and root system, nitrogen uptake was solely dependent on the current nitrogen supply.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzymes ; fine root vitality ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; Pinus sylvestris ; triphenyltetrazolium chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present study is an attempt to investigate whether triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), a chemical compound which measures dehydrogenase activity, could be used to study fine-root vitality from two different points of view: (i) in relation to ageing; (ii) as an indicator of environmental stress, in this case of excess nitrogen. The study was performed with excavated fine-roots from middle-aged Norway spruce and Scots pine stands. The ageing aspect was investigated by applying TTC to fine roots separated into different vitality classes, based on certain morphological characteristics. A significant difference in activity was demonstrated only in the case of roots that could be referred to as living and dead, respectively. The use of TTC on fine roots grown at different nitrogen supply levels indicates a possible increase in dehydrogenase activity with increasing nitrogen supply.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; hyoscyamine ; Hyoscyamus muticus ; nitrogen ; sucrose ; transformed root cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abatract The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on two well-established hairy root clones, LBA1S and C58A, of Hyoscyamus muticus strain Cairo, were investigated. Both clones exhibited completely different patterns with regards to their growth rate, hyoscyamine accumulation, and fatty acid contents. Clone C58A grew faster and yielded more biomass (17.4 g l-1, in 21 days), but produced less hyoscyamine. The maximum hyoscyamine content (120 mg l-1) in clone LBA1S was reached in 28 days. Neither of the clones could use lactose or fructose as the sole carbon source, nor ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. The growth in the medium containing glucose was significantly reduced compared to that containing sucrose. Clone LBA1S was sensitive to the changes in sucrose concentration and an increase in ammonium in the culture medium, whereas C58A tolerated these changes better but was more sensitive to the increase in total nitrogen. Lipid synthesis was active in the exponential growth phase, and the total fatty acid content varied from 5 to 34 mg g-1 of dry root material. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic. There were considerable differences in the total amount of lipids and in their relative ratios when different nutrients were applied.
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  • 60
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    Hydrobiologia 275-276 (1994), S. 359-369 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: agriculture ; blue-green algae ; eutrophication ; internal loading ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of agriculture was estimated on two shallow, eutrophic lakes, Lake Kotojärvi and Lake Villikkalanjärvi in southern Finland. The main emphasis was on phosphorus and nitrogen budgets and on the phytoplankton dynamics. Special attention was paid to internal P loading and blue-green algal blooms. The mean Tot-P load from agricultural land was 1.2 kg ha-1 a-1 in both basins and Tot-N loads were 19 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Villikkalanjärvi and 12 kg ha-1 a-1 in L. Kotojärvi. The Tot-P input to L. Kotojärvi was on an average 0.62 g m-2 a-1 (per lake surface area), and the Tot-N input 9.1 g m-2 a-1. The corresponding inputs to L. Villikkalanjärvi were 3.1 and 57 g m-2 a-1, respectively. The annual variation followed the runoff volumes. About half of the Tot-P and one third of the Tot-N load was retained in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the retention was only 24% for Tot-P and 19% for Tot-N. The difference was very probably due to a longer theoretical retention time in L. Kotojärvi. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the mean concentration of Tot-P was 120 µg 1-1 and that of Tot-N 1700 µg 1-1 and the corresponding figures in L. Kotojärvi 67 and 990 µg 1-1, respectively. The mean chlorophyll a concentration was, however, higher in L. Kotojärvi (26 µg 1-1) than in L. Villikkalanjärvi (20 µg 1-1). This was probably due to an internal P load in L. Kotojärvi: in 1988 the internal load of dissolved P was estimated to be as much as twofold the external load. In L. Villikkalanjärvi the internal dissolved P load was only up to 50% of the external input. In L. Kotojärvi the high internal P load coupled with a low DIN:DIP ratio resulted in a strong blue-green algal bloom in the summer of 1988. In L. Villikkalanjärvi blue-green algae were observed only in small amounts. Even in August 1990, when the DIN:DIP ratio was low enough to favor the occurrence of blue-green algae, they contributed only up to 10–15% of the total phytoplankton biomass.
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  • 61
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    Hydrobiologia 277 (1994), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; silica ; sedimentation ; mineralization ; meromixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of seston and dissolved elements in a meromictic lake with high concentrations of manganese and iron in the monimolimnion were studied through an annual cycle. This publication presents results for assimilation, sedimentation and recovery of nutrients (C, N, P, and Si) in the trophogenic zone. Phosphorus deficiency kept the productivity of the diatom dominated phytoplankton at an oligotrophic level. High concentrations of iron in influent streams and redistribution followed by precipitation of iron during periods of partial turnover removed phosphorus from the water. High concentrations of manganese and sulfate did not have the anticipated fertilizing effect, and recovery of nutrients from the depth of the lake was negligible. Mass balance calculations indicate that liberation of phosphorus from the sediments in the trophogenic zone was most important for the maintenance of primary production. 75% of carbon, 80% of nitrogen and 25% of phosphorus assimilated by the phytoplankton was mineralized in the trophogenic zone. Silica was effectively regenerated from the littoral zone during the decline of diatom blooms. Nitrogen and silica retention was 45% of the external load compared to 66% for phosphorus.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; birds ; lake ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophisation ; oiseaux ; lac ; azote ; phosphore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le plus grand lac de plaine français, Grand-Lieu, est actuellement largement eutrophisé. Le but de cette étude est d'estimer l'importation annuelle de N et P par les fientes des oiseaux qui s'alimentent à l'extérieur du lac, et de la comparer avec les apports des rivières alimentant le lac. Deux années sont comparées: 1981–82 et 1990–91. Les populations nicheuses (jusqu'à 956 couples de hérons cendrés et 136 couples de grands cormorans et 30 000 canards) et hivernantes (jusqu'à 17 000 canards, 1100 grands cormorans, 15 000 goélands et 2,4 millions d'étourneaux) ont respectivement importé 5800 kg de N total en 1981–82 et 7640 en 1990–91, soit 0,7% et 0,4% des entrées totales du système, et 2000 à 2530 kg de P total soit 2,4 et 6,6% des entrées. Les étourneaux sont responsables des trois quarts des apports d'azote par les oiseaux, et les canards de l'essentiel du reste, tandis que la part des étourneaux baisse pour le phosphore (36% en 1981–82 et 41% en 1990–91), au profit des Canards et des Hérons (respectivement 35% et 27% en 1981–82, 22% et 24% en 1990–91). Mais pendant la phase de croissance végétale (avril–septembre), la part des oiseaux monte jusqu'à 37% des entrées totales de phosphore. L'action localisée des colonies d'oiseaux piscivores est significative, avec une teneur de phosphore 42 fois plus grande dans l'eau sous la colonie qu'à l'extérieur des colonies. A l'échelle du l'ac, l'action actuelle globalement mineure des oiseaux sur les apports totaux d'azote et de phosphore est largement due à l'augmentation catastrophique des apports d'origine humaine (agriculture intensive et stations d'épuration). La teneur moyenne des rivières atteint désormais 10 mg l−1 de N (jusqu'à 23 mg en crue) et 394 mg m−3 de P (jusqu'à 468 mg en crue). Avant cette pollution généralisée, l'eau des rivières bretonnes ne contenait dans les années 1960 que 0,1 à 1,1 mg l−1 de N et 1 à 5 mg m−3 de P lors des périodes de débits maximum. A cette époque, les oiseaux représentaient probablement jusqu'à 36% des apports de N et 95% des apports de P dans les entrées du système lacustre.
    Notes: Abstract The largest natural lake in France, Grand-Lieu, has suffered eutrophication. The objective of the study was to estimate the annual input of nutrients (N, P) resulting from avian excrement, deposited by birds feeding out of the lake and returning to its waters for breeding or roosting, as compared to the input by the rivers that enter in the lake. Two years are compared: 1981–82 and 1990–91. About 1600–2000 breeding herons and cormorants, 20 000–33 000 wintering ducks, gulls and cormorants and 1–2.4 million starlings deposited about 5800 kg total N in 1981–82 and 7640 kg in 1990–91. Respectively, 2000 and 2530 kg total P were deposited over the same time periods. These represent 0.7% and 0.4% of the total N input of the lake and 2.4 and 6.6% of the total P input in 1981–82 and 1990–91. Starlings account for 74% of the N and mallards most of the rest. P input by starlings (36% in 1981–82, 41% in 1990–91), and by mallards and herons (35% and 27% in 1981–82 and 22% and 24% in 1990–91 respectively) plays an appreciable role among birds. During the plant growing period (April–September), the contribution by birds can increase to 37% of total P input of the lake. Piscivorous bird colonies concentrate Phosphorus 42 times more within the colony than outside the colony. Overall, the role birds play in total N and P input is relatively small due to very high inputs from human sewage and agriculture run off. The monthly mean concentration of the water of the two rivers reaches currently 10 mg l−1 of N (to 23 mg during peak floods) and 394 mg m−3 of P (to 468 mg during peak floods). Earlier, for example in the 1960's, water in Brittany only contained 0.1 to 1.1 mg 1−1 of N and 1 to 5 mg m−3 of P during the maximum flow period. At this time, birds could probably have represented annually up to 37% of the N input and up to 95% of the P input to the lake.
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    Hydrobiologia 286 (1994), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decomposition ; marsh ; litter ; nitrogen ; Scolochloa festucacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of seasonal inundation on the decomposition of emergent macrophyte litter (Scolochloa festucacea) was examined under experimental flooding regimes in a northern prairie marsh. Stem and leaf litter was subjected to six aboveground inundation treatments (ranging from never flooded to flooded April through October) and two belowground treatments (nonflooded and flooded April to August). Flooding increased the rate of mass loss from litter aboveground but retarded decay belowground. Aboveground, N concentration decreased and subsequently increased earlier in the longer flooded treatments, indicating that flooding decreased the time that litter remained in the leaching and immobilization phases of decay. Belowground, both flooded and nonflooded litter showed an initial rapid loss of N, but concentration and percent of original N remaining were greater in the nonflooded marsh throughout the first year. This suggested that more N was immobilized on litter under the nonflooded, more oxidizing soil conditions. Both N concentration and percent N remaining of belowground litter were greater in the flooded than the nonflooded marsh the second year, suggesting that N immobilization was enhanced after water-level drawdown. These results suggest different mechanisms by which flooding affects decomposition in different wetland environments. On the soil surface where oxygen is readily available, flooding accelerates decomposition by increasing moisture. Belowground, flooding creates anoxic conditions that slow decay. The typical hydrologic pattern in seasonally flooded prairie marshes of spring flooding followed by water-level drawdown in summer may maximize system decomposition rates by allowing rapid decomposition aboveground in standing water and by annually alleviating soil anoxia.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: foliage ; grafting ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Pinus caribaea ; rootstock ; scion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both scion and rootstock clones significantly influenced scion elongation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the scion foliage. Scion clone was the more important determinant. Scion clone × rootstock clone interactions were not significant. The ability of a clone to elongate as a scion was not correlated with its capacity to promote or retard scion elongation when used as a rootstock. Genetic differences in foliar nutrient concentrations appeared to reflect levels of nutrient demand, rather than the ability of roots to absorb nutrients. Nutrient demand of the rootstock can also explain negative correlations between nitrogen levels in rootstock clones and levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the scions. There was no significant relationship between scion elongation and foliar nitrogen concentrations of either rootstock or scion. The weak relationship between scion elongation and concentration of phosphorus in the rootstock apparently resulted from tissue dilution.
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  • 65
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    Biogeochemistry 25 (1994), S. 19-39 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: denitrification ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; riparian ; stream ; wetland ; New Jersey ; Pennsylvania ; Pinelands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification (N2 production) and oxygen consumption rates were measured at ambient field nitrate concentrations during summer in sediments from eight wetlands (mixed hardwood swamps, cedar swamps, heath dominated shrub wetland, herbaceous peatland, and a wetland lacking live vegetation) and two streams. The study sites included wetlands in undisturbed watersheds and in watersheds with considerable agricultural and/or sewage treatment effluent input. Denitrification rates measured in intact cores of water-saturated sediment ranged from ≤ 20 to 260 μmol N m-2 h-1 among the three undisturbed wetlands and were less variable (180 to 260 μmol N M-2 h-1) among the four disturbed wetlands. Denitrification rates increased when nitrate concentrations in the overlying water were increased experimentally (1 up to 770 μM), indicating that nitrate was an important factor controlling denitrification rates. However, rates of nitrate uptake from the overlying water were not a good predictor of denitrification rates because nitrification in the sediments also supplied nitrate for denitrification. Regardless of the dominant vegetation, pH, or degree of disturbance, denitrification rates were best correlated with sediment oxygen consumption rates (r 2 = 0.912) indicating a relationship between denitrification and organic matter mineralization and/or sediment nitrification rates. Rates of denitrification in the wetland sediments were similar to those in adjacent stream sediments. Rates of denitrification in these wetlands were within the range of rates previously reported for water-saturated wetland sediments and flooded soils using whole core15N techniques that quantify coupled nitrification/denitrification, and were higher than rates reported from aerobic (non-saturated) wetland sediments using acetylene block methods.
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  • 66
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    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 3 (1994), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; critical tissue concentrations ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Discs of the macroalga,Ulva lactuca L., were transplanted around an ocean outfall and at a reference site in Køge Bay, Denmark, to assess the influence of the outfall on the nutrient availability. At 2-wk intervals, samples were collected and analyzed for growth, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with distance to the outfall, showing that the tissue concentrations are suitable for monitoring nutrient availability in coastal areas and provide a time-integrated measure of the nutrient availability. The lowest tissue concentrations of nitrogen were recorded at the reference station, where the internal concentrations generally were below the critical concentration level, showing that nitrogen limited the growth. At the station located close to the outfall, the flux of nitrogen was sufficient to maintain the maximum growth rate. The tissue concentrations of phosphorus were only below the critical concentration level on one occasion, and the result showed a net uptake throughout the study period. It was concluded that in the Køge Bay, nitrogen was the main limiting factor for macroalgae growth during the summer. The applicability of tissue concentrations for assessment of nutrient availability is discussed and it is considered that the method, when evaluated against established critical concentrations, provides a valuable tool for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; transposable element ; hobo ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hobo elements are a family of transposable elements found inDrosophila melanogaster and its three sibling species:D. simulans, D. mauritiana andD. sechellia. Studies inD. melanogaster have shown thathobo may be mobilized, and that the genetic effects of such mobilizations included the general features of hybrid dysgenesis: mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and gonadal dysgenis in F1 individuals. At the evolutionary level somehobo-hybridizing sequences have also been found in the other members of themelanogaster subgroup and in many members of the relatedmontium subgroup. Surveys of older collected strains ofD. melanogaster suggest that completehobo elements were absent prior to 50 years ago and that they have recently been introduced into this species by horizontal transfer. In this paper we review our findings and those of others, in order to precisely describe the geographical distribution and the evolutionary history ofhobo in theD. melanogaster complex. Studies of the DNA sequences reveal a different level of divergence between the groupD. melanogaster, D. simulans andD. mauritiana and the fourth speciesD. sechellia. The hypothesis of multiple transfers in the recent past into theD. melanogaster complex from a common outside source is discussed.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Doc ; evolution ; transcription ; transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mobile elementDoc is similar in structure and coding potential to the LINE families found in various organisms. In this paper, we analyze the insertional and structural polymorphism of this element and show that it appears to have a long evolutionary history in the genome ofD. melanogaster. Like the family ofI elements, theDoc family seems to display three types of elements: full length elements, defective members that have recently transposed and long since immobilized members common to eachD. melanogaster strain. These three classes ofDoc elements seem to be present inD. simulans, a closely related species toD. melanogaster. Furthermore, we show thatDoc is transcribed as a polyadenylated RNA of about 5 kb in length, presumed to be a full length RNA. This transcript is present in different tissues and at different stages ofDrosophila development. These results are compared with previous records on the chromosomal distribution of LINEs or other transposable element families.Doc transcription is analyzed in an attempt to understand the link betweenDoc transcription and transposition.
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; transposable elements ; adaptation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A transposable element (TE) is a mobile sequence present in the genome of an organism. TEs can cause lethal mutations by inserting into essential, genes, promoting deletions or leaving short sequences upon excision. They therefore may be gradually eliminated from mixed populations of haploid micro-organisms such asEscherichia coli if they cannot balance this mutation load. Horizontal transmission between cells is known to occur and promote the transfer of TEs, but at rates often too low to compensate for the burden to their hosts. Therefore, alternative mechanisms should be found by these elements to earn their keep in the cells. Several theories have been suggested to explain their long-term maintenance in prokaryotic genomes, but little molecular evidence has been experimentally obtained. In this paper, the permanence of transposable elements in bacterial populations is discussed in terms of costs or benefits for the element and for the host. It is observed that, in all studies yet reported, the elements do not behave in their host as selfish DNA but as a co-operative component for the evolution of the couple.
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; alu ; b1 ; 4.5s RNA ; bc200 RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The past few years have brought new insight into the evolution of families of retroposons. These are composed of a very small number of master sequences able to duplicate, and a large majority of copies that are inactive for retroposition. During the course of time, successive replacements of master sequences have produced waves of amplification that are recognizable as subfamilies. In the Alu and the B1 families, one can distinguish two evolutionary periods. The first involves only monomeric elements that are now extinguished (fossil elements) and is characterized by deep remodeling of the sequences. This period ends, in primates, with the fusion of a free left and a free right Alu monomer, producing the first modern Alu dimeric element; in rodents it ends with a tandem duplication of 29 bp to create the first modern B1 element. The second period is characterized by a great stability of the master sequences. The observed turn-over of master sequences is still an enigma. However, analysis of the contemporary master sequences and of the oldest master sequences provide some clues. Here, we review the very first stages of the appearance of the Alu and the B1 families in mammalian genomes.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; reptiles ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the isolation and characterization of twoHindIII repetitive DNA families from the genome of two lacertid lizards,Podarcis sicula andLacerta saxicola. These satellites did not appear to be related to each other. The consensus sequences of their monomeric units did not show any similarity, though both DNAs were A-T rich. Moreover, each of them was found only in closely related species. The monomeric unit of theHindIII DNA family isolated fromP. sicula (pLHS) showed a close resemblance to pLCS, a centromeric satellite DNA previously isolated from the same species; it was, however, mainly localized at pericentromeric, interstitial and telomeric levels. The results also provide interesting information on the systematics of the lacertids studied.
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 213-219 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Glycosome ; microbody ; glycolysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The available data on carbohydrate metabolism in Kinetoplastida have been reviewed. Based on the metabolic pattern of different kinetoplastid organisms, on the subcellular distribution of their glycolytic enzymes, and on the structural and regulatory properties of these proteins, we propose that the glycosome developed from an endosymbiont, as a specific manner to control carbohydrate and energy metabolism. It is discussed how the enzymes were subcellularly recompartmentalized during evolution as adaptation to the environment encountered by the organisms.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 2 (1994), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; Chaetomys ; incisors ; Caviomorpha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the incisor enamel microstructure ofChaetomys subspinosus and other possibly closely related caviomorph rodents.Chaetomys subspinosus lacks the important synapomorphy of the Octodontoidea, reactangular plate-like interprismatic matrix (IPM) in the portio interna (PI) of the incisor Schmelzmuster. Therefore its transfer from the Erethizontidae to the Echimyidae, as proposed by Patterson and Wood (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149, 371–543, 1982) based on retention of dP4, is contested. The parallel to acute angular IPM in the PI ofChaetomys and the Erethizontidae is a symplesiomorphy and does not indicate close relationship. Contrary to previous claims, a posterior carotid foramen is also retained inChaetomys. Chaetomys is characterized by an unusual thin enamel which is considered primitive after outgroup comparison. Therefore, it is proposed to leaveChaetomys in the monospecific erethizontid subfamily Chaetomyinae, until additional information on the species is available.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 785-802 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Agaonidae ; evolution ; fig wasps ; host finding ; volatile attractants ; Ficus ; Moraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fig wasps (Chalcidoidea; Agaonidae) are intimately associated with the 750 or so species of fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae). Each tree species is usually pollinated by a single species of wasp belonging to the subfamily Agaoninae, while other wasps of the family are parasitoids or seed predators. Previous experiments have shown that the wasps are attracted to the trees by volatiles emanating from the figs. Using fig-bearing trees and arrays of sticky traps baited with figs, we investigated the specificity of wasp attraction and its timing. The pollinators of two closely relatedFicus species were specifically attracted to figs of their host species and only at the time when figs were ready to be pollinated. Some nonpollinating fig wasps appear to respond to the same volatile cues.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 477-478 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethylenediamine ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrogen ; Nostoc ANTH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Nostoc ANTH metabolizes ethylenediamine (EDA) as sole nitrogen source but not as a carbon source. EDA is assimilated by the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway. EDA represses heterocyst formation and nitrogenase activity but this is reversed by l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model ; leaching ; lettuce ; net N mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low N use efficiency and high nitrate (NO 3 - ) pollution potentials are problems in intensive vegetable production systems. The purpose of this study was to quantify N utilization by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv Salinas), and identify periods of NO 3 - loss in an on-farm study in the Salinas Valley in coastal California. During autumn and winter, surface moisture remained low, and NO 3 - concentrations increased, reflecting high net mineralizable N, as determined by anaerobic incubation, and nitrification potential, as determined by the chlorate inhibition method. At the onset of a large winter storm, tracer levels of15NO 3 - were injected in the top 5 mm of soil in 30 cm-deep cylinders. After two weeks, most of the15N was present as15NO 3 - at 10–30 cm depth. By difference, losses to denitrification accounted for ~ 25% of the surface-applied15N. Leaching below 30 cm did not occur, since no15N enrichment of NO 3 - -N was measured in anion-exchange resin membranes placed at the base of each cylinder. During the crop period, NO 3 - losses were most pronounced after irrigation events. Uptake of N by two crops of lettuce (above- and belowground material) was approximately equal to fertilizer inputs, yet simulation of N fates by the Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model indicated losses of 14.6 g-N m−2 by leaching and 2.5 g-N m−2 by denitrification during the 6-month crop period. The large NO 3 - losses can be attributed to accumulation of soil NO 3 - during winter that was leached or denitrified during the irrigated crop period.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: annual ryegrass ; dry matter ; logistic ; model ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of warm season perennial forage grasses to applied nitrogen. A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant N accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to apply the extended logistic model to cool season Gulf annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and to establish a common response coefficient c between accumulation of dry matter and plant N. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant N removal, and plant N concentration to applied N, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9954. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant N removal, as well as between plant N concentration and plant N removal. The logistic equation is well-behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to estimate yields and plant N removal in evaluation of agricultural production and environmental quality.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.
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    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 301-321 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: catabolic pathways ; chlorocatechol ; degradation ; dienelactone hydrolase ; 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aerobic bacterial degradation of chloroaromatic compounds often involves chlorosubstituted catechols as central intermediates. They are converted to 3-oxoadipate in a series of reactions similar to that for catechol catabolism and therefore designated as modifiedortho-cleavage pathway. Among the enzymes of this catabolic route, the chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases are known to have a relaxed substrate specificity. In contrast, several chloromuconate cycloisomerases are more specific, and the dienelactone hydrolases of chlorocatechol catabolic pathways do not even convert the corresponding intermediate of catechol degradation, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone. While the sequences of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases and chloromuconate cycloisomerases are very similar to those of catechol 1,2-dioxygenases and muconate cycloisomerases, respectively, the relationship between dienelactone hydrolases and 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolases is more distant. They seem to share an α/β hydrolase fold, but the sequences comprising the fold are quite dissimilar. Therefore, for chlorocatechol catabolism, dienelactone hydrolases might have been recruited from some other, preexisting pathway. Their relationship to dienelactone (hydrolases identified in 4-fluorobenzoate utilizing strains ofAlcaligenes andBurkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is investigated). Sequence evidence suggests that the chlorocatechol catabolic operons of the plasmids pJP4, pAC27, and pP51 have been derived from a common precursor. The latter seems to have evolved for the purpose of halocatechol catabolism, and may be considerably older than the chemical industry.
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1211-1219 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary system ; butane ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ternary system ; vapor-liquid equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The system studied was nitrogen + carbon dioxide +n-butane at 250 and 270 K and at pressures from 1.5 to 14 MPa. The Peng-Robinson equation was used to model the results, since it is the most widely accepted equation of state in the gas processing industry. In general, the predictions are most accurate at low and moderate pressures and poorest at high pressures, especially near the critical region.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; fungus ; catabolism ; activation ; repression ; nitrogen ; carbon ; zinc fingers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheamdS gene codes for an acetamidase enzyme that hydrolyses acetamide to acetate and ammonium thus providingA. nidulans with a source of carbon and nitrogen. The exceptionally favourable genetics of this system combined with molecular analysis have enabled many regulatory circuits affectingamdS to be identified genetically. Characterization of the regulatory genes and the definition of the cis-acting sites involved have been done using bothin vivo andin vitro mutagenesis. Recent results on the analysis of the system are presented.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 285-287 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: cytochromec oxidase ; quinol oxidase ; metal centres ; respiration ; denitrification ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural features of cytochrome oxidases are reviewed in light of their evolution. The substrate specificity (quinol vs. cytochromec) is reflected in the presence of a unique copper centre (Cu A ) in cytochromec oxidases. In several lines of evolution, quinol oxidases have independently lost this copper. Also, the most primitive cytochromec oxidases do not contain this copper, and electron entry takes place viac-type haems. These enzymes, exemplified by the rhizobial FixN complex, probably remind the first oxidases. They are related to the denitrification enzyme nitric oxide reductase.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; evolution ; history of science ; H+ cycle ; Na+ cycle ; flagellar motor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Possible routes for the evolution of cell energetics are considered. It is assumed that u.v. light was the primary energy source for the precursors of the primordial living cell and that primitive energetics might have been based on the use of the adenine moiety of ADP as the u.v. chromophore. It is proposed that the excitation of the adenine residue facilitated phosphorylation of its amino group with subsequent transfer of a phosphoryl group to the terminal phosphate of ADP to form ATP. ATP-driven carbohydrate synthesis is considered as a mechanism for storing u.v.-derived energy, which was then used in the dark. Glycolysis presumably produced compounds like ethanol and CO2 which easily penetrate the membrane and therefore were lost by the cell. Later lactate-producing glycolysis appeared, the end product being non-penetrant and, hence, retained inside the cell to be utilized to regenerate carboxydrates when light energy became available. Production of lactate was accompanied by accumulation of equimolar H+. To avoid acidification of the cell interior, an F0-type H+ channel was employed. Later it was supplemented with F1. This allowed the ATP energy to be used for ‘uphill’ H+ pumping to the medium, which was acidified due to glycolytic activity of the cells. In the subsequent course of evolution, u.v. light was replaced by visible light, which has lower energy but is less dangerous for the cell. It is assumed that bacteriorhodopsin, a simple and very stable light-driven H+ pump which still exists in halophilic and thermophilic Archaea, was the primary system utilizing visible light. The $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ formed was used to reverse the H+-ATPase, which began to function as H+-ATP-synthase. Later, bacteriorhodopsin photosynthesis was substituted by a more efficient chlorophyll photosynthesis, producing not only ATP, but also carbohydrates. O2, a side product of this process, was consumed by the H+-motive respiratory chain to form $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ in the dark. At the next stage of evolution, a parallel energy-transducing mechanism appeared which employed Na+ instead of H+ as the coupling ion (the Na+ cycle). As a result, the bioenergetic system became more stable under unfavorable conditions. Apparently, the latest inventions of evolution of biological energy transducers are those which can utilize $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ and $$\Delta \bar \mu _{Na^ + } $$ outside the coupling membrane, like the bacterial flagellar motor and the TonB-mediated uphill transport of solutes across the outer membrane of bacteria.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; bacteriochlorophyll ; reaction center ; electron transfer ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic reaction centers from a variety of organisms have been isolated and characterized. The groups of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms include the purple bacteria, the filamentous green bacteria, the green sulfur bacteria and the heliobacteria as anoxygenic representatives as well as the cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes as oxygenic representatives. This review focuses on structural and functional comparisons of the various groups of photosynthetic reaction centers and considers possible evolutionary scenarios to explain the diversity of existing photosynthetic organisms.
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    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 129-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: small rivers ; water contamination ; Tubificidae ; bacteria ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two small rivers, the Yerik and Nezhegolyok, were studied seasonally in 1979–1980. Increase in concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the river water as well as proliferation of enterococci and enterobacilli favoured the abundance of Tubificidae while, at the same time, their numbers were reduced by chironomids and leeches.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa ; in vitro ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake of 15NO3 - and 15NH4 + has been examined in 5-,10- and 28-day-old micropropagated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Kent) shoots rooted in one-half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium on cellulose plugs (Sorbarods). The results indicated that the plantlets absorbed both NO3 - and NH4 + during the culture with a greater uptake of NH4 + at 5 days of culture. Furthermore, a pronounced reduction in NO3 - and NH4 + uptake at 10 and 28 days of culture was observed within 6 h of the short-term uptake study. This reduction could be explained by the low CO2 concentration in test tubes during the photoperiod, since no reduction in nitrogen uptake occurred in the CO2 enriched condition. The results are interpreted as an indication of the important role for photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the process of nitrogen uptake by the plantlets during the rooting stage.
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  • 87
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    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: vertical gene transfer ; sequence homology ; gene swapping ; risk analysis ; evolution ; HGT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Presented here is an assessment on the putative biohazard of spontaneous horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in plants. Suggestions for spontaneous HGT between sexually incompatible plant species and between plants and microorganisms are numerous. The novel argument is sequence homology, but this argument is known to be invalid or at least inadequate. Only one case was found for HGT from a bacterium to a plant. This most probably took place in the evolutionary past. None of the supposed HGT cases brought forward up to the end of 1992 include the description of a mechanism by which a DNA fragment is detached from one genome, passed at least one membrane, and is inserted into another plant genome. Spontaneous HGT to plants with subsequent vertical (trans) gene transfer through normal seed set cannot be totally excluded, however, the literature up to 1993 does not provide any scientifically valid indication that such an HGT should be considered as a realistic biohazard.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wild wheats ; Aegilops ventricosa ; chromosomal polymorphism ; cytogenetics ; seed proteins ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five samples of Aegilops ventricosa (2n=4x=28, genome formula DDNN) from different geographical origins, were crossed in a diallelic scheme. Metaphase I chromosome pairing of the hybrids, accounting for all the possible genetic combinations, was analysed. Only bivalents were formed in some hybrids, while multivalents were scored in other ones. Seed storage proteins, gliadins and albumins, were also analysed by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the presence of multivalents in hybrids, and on the differences in seed protein profiles, the samples could be grouped into two clusters. Meiosis was regular in hybrids obtained within samples of the same group, while multivalents were present in hybrids involving a sample of one group and one of the other. The evolutionary trends in Ae. ventricosa are discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; δ15N ; δ34S ; forest decline ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; stable isotopes ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations and natural isotope abundance of total sulfur and nitrogen as well as sulfate and nitrate concentrations were measured in needles of different age classes and in soil samples of different horizons from a healthy and a declining Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest in the Fichtelgebirge (NE Bavaria, Germany), in order to study the fate of atmospheric depositions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The mean δ15N of the needles ranged between −3.7 and −2.1 ‰ and for δ34S a range between −0.4 and +0.9 ‰ was observed. δ34S and sulfur concentrations in the needles of both stands increased continuously with needle age and thus, were closely correlated. The δ15N values of the needles showed an initial decrease followed by an increase with needle age. The healthy stand showed more negative δ15N values in old needles than the declining stand. Nitrogen concentrations decreased with needle age. For soil samples at both sites the mean δ15N and δ34S values increased from −3 ‰ (δ15N) or +0.9 ‰ (δ34S) in the uppermost organic layer to about +4 ‰ (δ15N) or +4.5 ‰ (δ34S) in the mineral soil. This depth-dependent increase in abundance of 15N and 34S was accompanied by a decrease in total nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the soil. δ15N values and nitrogen concentrations were closely correlated (slope −0.0061 ‰ δ15N per μmol eq N gdw −1), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with sulfur concentrations (slope −0.0576 ‰ δ34S per μmol eq S gdw −1). It follows that in the same soil samples sulfur concentrations were linearly correlated with the nitrogen concentrations (slope 0.0527), and δ34S values were linearly correlated with δ15N values (slope 0.459). A correlation of the sulfur and nitrogen isotope abundances on a Δ basis (which considers the different relative frequencies of 15N and 34S), however, revealed an isotope fractionation that was higher by a factor of 5 for sulfur than for nitrogen (slope 5.292). These correlations indicate a long term synchronous mineralization of organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the soil accompanied by element-specific isotope fractionations. Based on different sulfur isotope abundance of the soil (δ34S=0.9 ‰ for total sulfur of the organic layer was assumed to be equivalent to about −1.0 ‰ for soil sulfate) and of the atmospheric SO2 deposition (δ34S=2.0 ‰ at the healthy site and 2.3 ‰ at the declining site) the contribution of atmospheric SO2 to total sulfur of the needles was estimated. This contribution increased from about 20 % in current-year needles to more than 50 % in 3-year-old needles. The proportion of sulfur from atmospheric deposition was equivalent to the age dependent sulfate accumulation in the needles. In contrast to the accumulation of atmospheric sulfur compounds nitrogen compounds from atmospheric deposition were metabolized and were used for growth. The implications of both responses to atmospheric deposition are discussed.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: charcoal rot ; Macrophomina phaseolina ; nitrogen ; NH4NO3 ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Colonization of sorghum by Macrophomina phaseolina in field plots was determined at nitrogen fertilization rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg ha-1 in 1988 and 0, 84, 168, and 256 kg ha-1 in 1989. Above ground plant tissue and roots were sampled monthly to determine total nitrogen and percent colonization of root segments by natural inoculum. Root infection was not affected by nitrogen treatment, but was affected by growth stage and environment. High root infection occurred before reproductive development (growth stage 3) in 1988 and was associated with hot, dry weather early in the growing season. In 1989, when the weather was cool and wet, root infection began after reproductive development (growth stage 4). The effect of nitrogen treatments on lesion length was determined in sorghum stalks artificially inoculated with M. phaseolina. Lesion lengths were significantly affected by both nitrogen treatments and growth stage. Lesions were significantly longer with all nitrogen treatments at growth stage 9 than with the no-nitrogen treatment, and lesions tended to increase with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Significant increases in lesion length occurred between growth stages 5, 7, and 9 in 1988 and between 7 and 9 in 1989. This study demonstrates that nitrogen fertilization affects colonization of sorghum stalks but not root infection by M. phaseolina.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: developmental biology ; ecology ; evolution ; molecular biology ; morphology ; ontogeny ; phylogeny ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diversity in glomalean fungi is manifested at the molecular, morphological, and ecological levels. Characters at any of these levels can be ordered into hierarchical patterns defining taxonomic groups if they are conserved enough to be heritable through geologic time in all descendants of a common ancestor. At present, only morphological characters associated with mode of spore formation and in subcellular structure of spores are sufficiently stable and diverse to recognize at least 150 species. Ontogenetic comparisons indicate that species integrity, despite asexual reproduction, is the result of rigid internal constraints imposed on variation during the process of spore subcellular differentiation. Epigenetic factors dominate because the differentiation sequence is linear and each new stage is causally linked to preceding stages. Some morphological characters of the fungal mycelium also exist, but they define more inclusive groups at the family level and above. Most diversity in the mycorrhizae consists of life-history traits associated with abundance and architecture of fungal components, their rate of formation and longevity, and their cost in the symbiosis. These characters participate in processes at the molecular and ecological levels, so they are autonomous from morphological determinants. They often are labile or affected by external environmental conditions, so fewer stable taxonomic characters are likely to be discovered. Instead, molecular and ecological diversity has greater potential to define; (a) niche specificity of organisms/populations and (b) causal processes linked to host-fungus compatibility and mycorrhizal efficiency. Any taxonomic characters that relate to mycorrhizal functions will come only from comparative studies involving organisms from shared habitats rather than those having shared spore morphologies.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; diversity ; evolution ; legumes ; N2 fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diversity in both legumes and rhizobia is discussed, in the light of evolution of nodulation. An hypothesis is developed that two separate nodulation events occurred in the humid tropics during the evolution of legumes in the late Cretaceous. One of these involved an ancestor ofRhizobium and a root infection. This was initially parasitic and provided little benefit until bacteria were released from infection threads as in modern crop species. The other involved a photosynthetic ancestor ofBradyrhizobium with a wound infection on stems, and has never involved infection threads. As continents moved and climates changed to a seasonal type, involving either rainfall or temperature extremes, further constraints were imposed. The argument is pursued for the case of acacias and their rhizobia in arid regions. Here selection pressures on rhizobia led to the evolution of stress tolerant forms, not all of which are capable of symbiosis, and where symbiotic genes may be an expensive encumbrance. Lateral transfer of material on megaplasmids led to a wide range of symbiotic and non-symbiotic forms in response to local pressures. When environmental constraints are superimposed on initial evolutionary developments, the result is an apparently chaotic situation where there is no obvious pattern of co-evolution between hosts and rhizobia. Evidence of such coevolution may still be buried in this chaos and may be amenable to molecular analysis.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; H+ production ; in-situ incubation ; liming ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; Pinus sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H+ production due to N uptake in a mature Scots pine stand subjected to high NH4 + deposition was previously estimated to amount to approx. 2.2 kmol ha-1 y-1. The question whether H+ transfers related to N mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) offset or corroborate this proton production is investigated in the present research. To determine N mineralization, soil cores were used of which both ends were closed with layers of ion exchange resin (IER) to prevent influx and efflux of ions. The effect of liming on N mineralization and the resulting H+ production was investigated in 7 incubation periods of each ca. 8 wk. Because of its high mobility NO3 accumulated in both IER layers at the expense of that in the incubated forest floor and mineral soil. Net N mineralization in the soil cores as a whole amounted to 40 and 77 kg N ha-1 in 384 d in the control and limed plots, respectively. In both treatments ca. 65% of mineralized N was nitrified. H+ production due to N mineralization amounted to approx. 1.2 kmol ha-1 y-1 in the control and limed plots. Liming reduced the amount of C in the forest floor, but not forest floor mass, because of an increased mixing with mineral particles.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploid wheat ; species-specific translocation ; Triticum timopheevii ; Triticum turgidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Triticum timopheevii ssp.timopheevii andT. timopheevii ssp.araraticum were analysed by sequential N-banding and genomicin situ hybridization. Three chromosomes, 6At, 1G and 4G, were involved in At-G intergenomic translocations in all six lines analysed. These chromosomes may be derived from a cyclic translocation that is species-specific toT. timopheevii. In contrast,Triticum turgidum has a species-specific cyclic translocation involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B. The discovery of different species-specific chromosome translocations supports the diphyletic hypothesis of the evolution of tetraploid wheats. The results from genomic blocking analysis also revealed that the chromosomes ofAegilops speltoides are closer to the G genome than the B genome chromosomes. The possible role of speciesspecific translocations in the evolution of wheat is discussed.
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  • 95
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    Human evolution 9 (1994), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Colobinae ; cranial morphology ; evolution ; phylogeny ; systematic classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the differentiation of Asian colobines, fourteen variables were analysed in one way, on 123 skulls, includingRhinopithecus, Presbytis, Presbytiscus, Pygathrix, andNasalis with both cluster and differentiated functions tests. Information on paleoenvironment changes in China and South-East Asia since late Tertiary have been used to examine the influences of migratory habits and the distribution range in Asian colobines. The cladogram among different Asian colobines genera was made from the results of various analysis. Some new points or revisions were suggested: 1. Following the second migratory way, ancient species of Asian colobines perhaps passed through Xizang along the northern bank of Tethis sea and Heng-Duan Shan regions, across Yunnan into Vietnam, since the ancient continent between Yunnan and Xizang was already located in on eastern bank of Tethis sea. Thus, during the evolution, Asian colobines must have had two original centres, i.e. “Sundaland” and Heng-Duan Shan Chinese regions; 2. Pygatrix possesses a lot of cranial features more similar toPresbytiscus than toRhinopithecus. The small difference from the modification combinesPygatrix with other two genera as shown by Groves (1970), but it is better to putPygatrix andPresbytiscus together as one genus; 3.Nasalis (2n=48) may be the most primitive genus within Asian colobines. Some features shared withRhinopithecus, for example body size, terrestrial activities, limb proportion etc. ...seem to be considered as a common inheritance of symlesiomorphus characters; 4.Rhinopithecus, with reference to cranioface and cranium or to its origin, is a special genus of Asian colobine. It may represent the highest level of evolutionary position within various genera (Peng et al., 1985).
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Myotonic dystrophy ; trinucleotide repeats ; sequence analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myotonic dystrophy is due to instability of a [CTG] repeat in the myotonin-protein kinase gene. We have sequenced the complete 3′ untranslated region of this gene which contains the repeat, in seven nonhuman primates. We found that the genomic organisation was conserved, suggesting that this region has important regulatory functions. These data also argue that the human state is derived from a primate ancestor in which the mutational event did not involve the loss of cryptic sequences interrupting or surrounding the repeat, but likely affected only the original length of the repeat.
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  • 97
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    Human evolution 9 (1994), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Capuchin ; evolution ; hominid ; throwing ; tool-use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine aimed throwing of stones by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Three capuchins (two adults and one juvenile) threw stones at a stationary target located outside their home cages. The monkeys subsequently discriminated between stationary targets and threw stones at a moving target. Each subject exhibited a distinct manual and postural throwing preference. These results demonstrate that capuchins have throwing capabilities which are thought to have been associated with early hominid evolution.
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  • 98
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 348-349 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; glucoamylase ; nitrogen ; rice bran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Corn steep liquor, peptone or NH inf4 sup+ salts increased the yield of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger growing in a solid-state fermentation on rice bran up to 360 IU/g dry substrate over 96 h at 30°C.
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  • 99
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    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.
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