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  • Triticum aestivum  (424)
  • Immunohistochemistry  (332)
  • Springer  (756)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (451)
  • 1985-1989  (305)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and triticale to applications of rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test phosphorus ; relative effectiveness ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; ×Triticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The 〈 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P calibration, which relates yield to soil test P, and the soil test P required to produce the same yield also differed for W1 and W2. Consequently critical P and soil test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750156
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of the small proteoglycans decorin and proteoglycan-100 in heterotopic ossification (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decorin ; Proteoglycan-100 ; Heterotopic ossification ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heterotopic ossification is a metabolically active process which shares several properties of orthotopic bone formation and, therefore, represents an excellent model for studying bone matrix components. Immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate the distribution pattern of the small proteoglycans decorin and proteoglycan-100 during different stages of heterotopic ossification of pressure sores of paraplegic patients. Decorin and proteoglycan-100 exhibited a substantially divergent distribution pattern. Decorin was detectable in the perivascular matrix of granulation tissue as well as in the stroma of heterotopic ossification. The ossification zone was stained most strongly. In contrast, proteoglycan-100 was predominantly detectable in fibroblasts and preosteoblasts in early areas of osteogenesis. In more mature forms of heterotopic ossification immunostaining was markedly reduced in osteoblasts and osteocytes and even absent in so-called bone-lining cells. However, at least some osteoclasts were strongly positive. These results suggest indicate that decorin and proteoglycan-100 are important components during the formal pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification. The expression of the small proteoglycans, especially of proteoglycan-100, correlates with different phases during heterotopic ossification, showing a maximum for proteoglycan-100 in matrix-forming cells in early phases of bone formation, but in osteoclasts in mature bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296062
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II in ameloblasts at maturation (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 38-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase ; Carbonic anhydrase II ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The localization of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in rat incisor enamel organs at maturation was examined by light and electron microscopy. The immunoreactivity for both vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and CA II was intense on the ruffled border of ruffle-ended ameloblasts (RA), but moderate at the distal end of smooth-ended ameloblasts (SA). Immuno-gold particles indicated that CA II was not confined to the ruffled border of RA alone, but also distributed in the cytoplasm of RA and SA. These findings suggest that RA may secrete protons produced by CA II via the ruffled border into enamel by active transport of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Secreted protons may activate hydrolytic enzymes to degrade the organic components of enamel matrix. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase on vesicles of SA suggests that a specific configuration of ruffled borders in RA may be formed by the fusion of vesicle membranes in the distal end of cytoplasm of SA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310167
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316948
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230582
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA variability detected in a single wheat regenerant involves a rare recombination event across a short repeat (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 456-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reciprocal recombination ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the selfed progeny of a plant regenerated from long-term somatic tissue culture displays specific structural rearrangements characterized by the appearance of novel restriction fragments. A mitochondrial DNA library was constructed from this selfed progeny in the SalI site of cosmid pHC79 and the novel fragments were subsequently studied. They were shown to arise from reciprocal recombination events involving DNA sequences present in the parental plant. The regions of recombination were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were aligned with those of the presumptive parental fragments. We characterized an imperfect short repeated DNA sequence, 242 bp long, within which a 7-bb DNA repeat could act as a region of recombination. The use of PCR technology allowed us to show that these fragments were present in both parental plants and tissue cultures as low-abundance sequence arrangements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351786
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 232-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336328
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1191-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; gene expression ; SBPase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of genomic clones encoding the chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The coding region of this gene contains eight exons (72–76 bp) and seven introns (75–91 bp) and encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids. Unusually, the 5′ non-coding region contains two additional AUG codons upstream of the translation initiation codon. A comparison of the deduced Arabidopsis and wheat SBPase polypeptide sequences reveals 78.6%, identity. Expression studies showed that the level of SBPase mRNA in Arabidopsis and wheat is regulated in a light-dependent manner and is also influenced by the developmental stage of the leaf. Although the Arabidopsis SBPase gene is present in a single copy, two hybridizing transcripts were detected in some tissues, suggesting the presence of alternate transcription start sites in the upstream region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040699
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222400
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat chromosome 2D carries genes controlling the activity of two DNA-degrading enzymes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; DNase ; Nuclease ; Cytogenetics ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kDa and 27.0 kDa were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. A substrate-based SDS-PAGE assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in ‘Wichita’ than in ‘Cheyenne’. Genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2D by testing DNA-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. While the allele on ‘Wichita’ chromosome 2D stimulated the activities of the 24.0- and 27.0-kDa enzymes in Cheyenne, the allele on ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 2D did not reduce the activities of the 24-kDa and 27-kDa enzymes in ‘Wichita’. Whether these genes code for the DNA-degrading enzymes themselves or for factors that regulate the enzyme activities remains unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222390
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A monoclonal antibody chromosome marker analysis used to locate a loose smut resistance gene in wheat chromosome 6A (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 787-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Ustilago tritici ; Alien substitution ; Molecular marker ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many genes have been located in wheat chromosomes, yet little is known about the location of genes for resistance to Ustilago tritici, which causes loose smut. Crosses were made between the loose smut susceptible alien substitution lines Cadet 6Ag(6A) and Rescue 6Ag(6A) (lines in which Agropyron chromosome 6 is substituted by wheat chromosome 6A) and four cultivars resistant to U. tritici race T19: ‘Cadet’, ‘Kota’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘TD18’. The segregating progeny were tested for reaction to race T19 and for the level of binding with a monoclonal antibody specific to a chromosome 6A-coded seed protein. The antibody, which does not bind to seed protein extracts in the absence of the 6A chromosome, was used as a chromosome marker. An association was established between resistance to race T19 and the presence of chromosome 6A for each of the cultivars tested, indicating that resistance to race T19 resides in chromosome 6A. Ustilago tritici race T19 resistance in ‘Cadet’ appears to be located in the short arm of chromosome 6A, based on the evaluation of the Cadet 6A long ditelosomic stock, which was susceptible, and the Cadet 6A-short: 6-Agropyron- short alien translocation stock, which was resistant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223720
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221134
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222402
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of RFLP markers linked to the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene (Cre) in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 927-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; CCN ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of wheat in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated by the use of molecular markers. The Cre gene of the wheat line “AUS 10894” confers resistance to CCN. Using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that should differ only in a small chromosome segment containing the Cre locus, we screened 58 group-2 probes and found two (Tag605 and CDO588) that detect polymorphism between the NILs. Nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines confirmed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers identified were derived from the long arm of wheat chromosome 2. Crosses between “AUS 10894” and “Spear” and the NIL “AP” and its recurrent parent “Prins” were used to produce F2 populations that gave the expected 3∶1 segregation ratio for the resistance gene. Linkage analysis identified two RFLP markers flanking the resistance gene. Xglk605 and Xcdo588 mapped 7.3 cM (LOD=6.0) and 8.4 cM (LOD=6.7), respectively, from the Cre locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224519
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225138
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    Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose content ; Monosomic ; Substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225154
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    The distribution of NADPH diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system of the pulmonate mollusc Helix aspersa (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 565-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nervous system ; central ; Nervous system ; peripheral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the distribution of neurons in the snail Helix aspersa which exhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and/or immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NADPH diaphorase-positive cells and fibres were distributed extensively throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres were present in all neuropil regions of the central and peripheral ganglia, in the major interganglionic connectives and in peripheral nerve roots. NADPH diaphorase-positive cell bodies were found consistently in the eyes, the lips, the tentacular ganglia and the procerebral lobes of the cerebral ganglia; staining of cell bodies elsewhere in the nervous system was capricious. The distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity differed markedly from that of NADPH diaphorase activity. Small clusters of cells which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia; fibres which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in restricted regions of the neuropil of the central ganglia. The disjunct distributions of NADPH diaphorase activity and NOS-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of Helix suggest that the properties of neuronal NOS in molluscs may differ sigificantly from those described previously for vertebrate animals.
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    Localization of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine mammary gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parencyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto-and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300218
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    Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin A and B in the endocrine cells of the alimentary tract of the green frog, Rana esculenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Chromogranins ; Serotonin ; Amylin ; Regulatory peptides ; Gut ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Novel monoclonal antibodies to human chromogranin A (CgA) and chromogranin B (CgB) were used to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (-IR) elements in the alimentary tract of the green frog Rana esculenta. Numerous CgA-IR and a few CgB-IR endocrine cells were found within the gut mucosa, from the oesophagus to the cloaca, with some local differences in density. Co-localization studies demonstrated that they were co-stored in almost all the serotonin-IR, the amylin-IR or islet amyloid polypeptide-IR cells and in the peptide tyrosine tyrosine-IR cells located proximal to the pylorus, but not in those located in more caudal tracts. No other co-localization was demonstrated; substances investigated included somatostatin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokinin, glucagon, glycentin, bombesin, secretin and neurotensin. CgA-IR and CgB-IR cells nearly always displayed argyrophilia with the Grimelius silver method
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050161
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    Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin A and B in the endocrine cells of the alimentary tract of the green frog, Rana esculenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromogranins ; Serotonin ; Amylin ; Regulatory peptides ; Gut ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Novel monoclonal antibodies to human chromogranin A (CgA) and chromogranin B (CgB) were used to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (-IR) elements in the alimentary tract of the green frog Rana esculenta. Numerous CgA-IR and a few CgB-IR endocrine cells were found within the gut mucosa, from the oesophagus to the cloaca, with some local differences in density. Co-localization studies demonstrated that they were costored in almost all the serotonin-IR, the amylin-IR or islet amyloid polypeptide-IR cells and in the peptide tyrosine tyrosine-IR cells located proximal to the pylorus, but not in those located in more caudal tracts. No other co-localization was demonstrated; substances investigated included somatostatin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokin, glucagon, glycentin, bombesin, secretin and neurotensin. CgA-IR and CgB-IR cells nearly always displayed argyrophilia with the Grimelius silver method
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327782
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    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300224
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    Immunoreactivity of the corpuscles of Stannius of the garpike, Lepisosteus osseus, to antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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    The use of constitutive nuclear oncoproteins to count neurons in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine, small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal anti-body, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
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    The use of constitutive nuclear oncoproteins to count neurons in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine ; small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050159
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    Immunohistochemical investigation of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri (Cephalochorda)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunohistochemical localization of nine different neuropeptides was studied in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri. In the brain, perikarya immunoreactive for urotensin I and FMRFamide were localized in the vicinity of the central canal. One of the processes of each of these perikarya was found to cross the dorso ventral slit-like lumen of the central canal. Oxytocin-immunoreactive short fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the ventral part of the brain. Perikarya immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin/vasotocin, oxytocin and FMRFamide were widely distributed in the spinal cord. Arginine vasopressin/vasotocin-immunoreactive fibers often made contacts with Rohde cell axons. Angiotensin II-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the posterior half of the spinal cord, and urotensin I-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the caudal region of the spinal cord. Cholecystokinin/gastrin-immunoreactive fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the spinal cord; some extended as far as the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricle. No colocalization of the peptides examined was observed. No immunoreactivity for atrial and brain natriuretic peptides nor for urotensin II was detected. The present study indicates that there are at least six separate neuronal systems that contain different peptides, respectively, in the central nervous system of the amphioxus. Their functions remain to be determined.
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    Nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig: a quantitative description (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Nitric oxide ; Histochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons and their terminals in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig were examined in detail using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunohistochemistry. NOS-containing cell bodies were found in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the submucous plexus of the stomach, colon and rectum. NOS-containing neurons comprised between 12% (in the duodenum) and 54% (in the esophagus) of total myenteric neurons. In the ileum, NOS neurons represented 19% of total myenteric neurons. Most of the NOS neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract possessed lamellar dendrites and a single axon. NOS-containing terminals were abundant in the circular muscle, including that of the sphincters, but were rare in the longitudinal muscle, except for the taeniae of the caecum. The muscularis mucosae of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum received a medium to dense innervation by NOS terminals. Within myenteric ganglia, NOS-containing terminals were extremely sparse in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, common in the ileum and distal colon and extremely dense in the proximal colon and rectum. The submucous plexus in the ileum and large intestine contained a sparse plexus of NOS-containing terminals. NOS terminals were not observed in the mucosa of any region. We conclude that throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig, NOS neurons are inhibitory motor neurons to the circular muscle; in the ileum and large intestine, NOS neurons may also function as interneurons.
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    Nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cervical spinal ventral roots of the mouse (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Calcitonin gene ; related peptide ; Cervical spinal nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Primary afferents ; Mouse (ICR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate the existence of nerve fibers possessing substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the mouse cervical ventral roots. The distribution of the SP and CGRP fibers was similar, but CGRP fibers were generally more numerous. Both types entered the ventral pia mater or formed hairpin loops, but they did not enter the spinal cord directly through these roots. SP and CGRP fibers in the ventral roots were thin and had many varicosities. We suggest that these SP and CGRP fibers are involved not only in a sensory mechanism, but also in other functions, via the release of SP and CGRP from varicosities in the ventral roots.
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    A morphometric analysis of the subcellular distribution of LHβ and FSHβ in secretory granules in the pituitary gonadotrophs of the frog (Rana japonica) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I-IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
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    The distribution of NADPH diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system of the pulmonate mollusc Helix aspersa (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 565-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nervous system, central ; Nervous system, peripheral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the distribution of neurons in the snail Helix aspersa which exhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and/or immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NADPH diaphorase-positive cells and fibres were distributed extensively throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres were present in all neuropil regions of the central and peripheral ganglia, in the major interganglionic connectives and in peripheral nerve roots. NADPH diaphorase-positive cell bodies were found consistently in the eyes, the lips, the tentacular ganglia and the procerebral lobes of the cerebral ganglia; staining of cell bodies elsewhere in the nervous system was capricious. The distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity differed markedly from that of NADPH diaphorase activity. Small clusters of cells which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia; fibres which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in restricted regions of the neuropil of the central ganglia. The disjunct distributions of NADPH diaphorase activity and NOS-like immunoreactivity in the neurvous system of Helix suggest that the properties of neuronal NOS in molluscs may differ sigificantly from those described previously for vertebrate animals.
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    A morphometric analysis of the subcellular distribution of LHβ and FSHβ in secretory granules in the pituitary gonadotrophs of the frog (Rana japonica) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 417-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light-and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I–IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
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    Localization of mammary-derived growth inhibitor in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine mammary gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parenchyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto- and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
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    Localization of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system and heart of a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; ACEP-1 (Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1) ; Cardiac regulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Achatina fulica (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical localization of two neuropeptides possibly involved in the regulation of cardiac activity in a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica Férussac, was studied. On the ventral surface of the right cerebral ganglion, more than 50 neurons with diameters of 30–50 μm showed immunoreactivity to the antiserum of the neuropeptide FMRFamide. Many were also immunoreactive to an antiserum raised against Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1 (ACEP-1). Although FMRFamidelike immunoreactive neurons occurred in all components of the subesophageal ganglia, identifiable ACEP-1-like immunoreactive neurons were located only in the visceral ganglion and the right parietal ganglion. In the heart, FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactive fibers were restricted to the atrium and the aortic end of the ventricle, consistent with morphological observations of cardiac innervation. The present results suggest that FMRFamide-and ACEP-1-like peptides are involved in regulating the heart beat of this snail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331363
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    Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurotoxins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cell ; B-cells ; Indoleamines ; NADPH oxidase ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies to quinolinic acid were produced in rabbits with protein-conjugated and gold particle-adsorbed quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was below detection limits in carbodiimide-fixed rat brain. In contrast, strong quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in spleen cells with variable, complex morphology located predominantly in the periarterial lymphocyte sheaths. In the thymus, quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in cells with variable morphology, located almost exclusively in the medulla. Lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue contained many, strongly stained cells of similar complex morphology in perifollicular areas. Immunoreactivity in liver and lung was restricted to widely scattered, perivascular cells and alveolar cells respectively. Additional stained cells with complex morphology were observed in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, in skin, and in the lamina propria of intestinal villi. Follicles in all secondary lymphoid organs were diffusely stained, ranging from mildly to moderately immunoreactive in spleen, to intensely immunoreactive in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These results suggest that quinolinic acid is an immune system-specific molecule. Two hypothetical schemes are proposed to account for high levels of quinolinic acid in specific cells of the immune system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331364
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    Chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins in the obplacental giant cells of the rabbit (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Placenta ; Giant cells ; Chorionic gonadotropin ; Luteotropin ; Electrophoresis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Obplacental giant cells are enlarged cells, found following implantation, in the antimesometrial region of the rabbit uterus. They probably originate from trophoblastic knobs that traverse the uterine epithelium during early implantation. Little is known about their function. In this study, trophoblast, placental, paraplacental and obplacental tissues at days 7–15 post-coitum, and enzyme-isolated giant cells at day 15 were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting and light-microscopic immunohistochemistry, for the presence of human chorionic gonado- tropin-like proteins. Immunostaining was performed by using anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies. In gel electrophoresis of obplacental tissue and isolated giant cells, two proteins of human chorionic gonadotropin-like antigenicity at 26 kDa with pIs equivalent to pH 6.4 and 6.6 were found; they were absent in the placenta, paraplacenta, day-7 blastocyst and day-8 trophoblast. The onset of synthesis of these proteins could be observed when day-8 trophoblastic tissue was cultured in vitro for 24 h. In immunohistochemistry, only the obplacental giant cells showed a positive reaction, indicating that the production of chorionic gonadotropin occurs in this cell type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050247
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    Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Receptor mRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Sertoli cell ; Testis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Testicular biopsies from 82 oligo- or azoospermic male patients were subjected to immunostaining using anti-human FSH antibodies. Histological evaluation showed normal spermatogenesis (nspg) in 7 (FSH: 2.7±0.7), mixed atrophy (ma) in 63 (FSH: 5.3±0.5), and bilateral or unilateral Sertoli Cell Only syndrome (SCO) in 12 (FSH:21.7±3.5) patients. For the relationship between FSH values and testicular histology, see Bergmann et al. (1994). FSH immunoreactivity was found exclusively in Sertoli cells and in some interstitial cells. Seminiferous epithelium showing normal or impaired spermatogenesis displayed only weak immunoreactivity compared to intense immunoreaction, i.e. large and numerous vesicles in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules in biopsies showing mixed atrophy or SCO. In addition, h-FSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using biotinylated cDNA antisense oligonucleotides. Hybridization signals were found within the seminiferous epithelium exclusively in Sertoli cell cytoplasm associated with normal spermatogenesis and in epithelia showing different signs of impairment, including SCO. It is concluded that: (1) Sertoli cells are the only cells within the seminiferous epithelium expressing FSH receptors; (2) the accumulation of FSH immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules appears to be a sign of impaired Sertoli cell function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050250
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    Coexistence of substance P, neuropeptide Y, VIP, and CGRP in the nerve fibers of the carotid labyrinth of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana: a double-labelling immunofluorescence study in combination with alternate consecutive sections (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid labyrinth ; Coexistence ; Substance P ; CGRP ; VIP ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana catesbeiana (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Double immunohistochemical staining with rhodamine- and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antisera revealed the coexistence of substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in most nerve fibers in the intervascular stroma of the carotid labyrinth of the bull-frog, Rana catesbeiana, although there were a few fibers which showed only SP- or NPY-immunoreactivity. Approximately one third of SP-immunoreactive fibers also showed coexistence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivity, and a few fibers contained VIP without SP. The combination of the double immunofluorescence technique and alternate consecutive sections further demonstrated the possible coexistence of SP, VIP, NPY, and CGRP. This coexistence of four different peptides in the same nerve fibers was proved by the following two evident facts: 1) some SP fibers which demonstrated coexistence with NPY-immunoreactivity were assumed to be continuous with those showing VIP-immunoreactivity, and 2) almost all of the SP fibers showed coexistence with CGRP-immunoreactivity. By this reasoning, nearly one third of SP fibers may demonstrate coexistence with NPY-, VIP-, and CGRP-immunoreactivities. These multiple peptides might be involved in vascular regulatory function, which is a possible function of the amphibian carotid labyrinth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354788
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    Expression of neuron-specific enolase in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl during post-hatching development (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal organ ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Post-hatching development ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) revealed that NSE is localized in both a limited number of pinealocytes and intrinsic afferent neurons in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl. Furthermore, a computer-assisted three-dimensional imaging technique allowed to clarify the reverse distributional pattern of both elements: NSE-positive pinealocytes displayed a dense distribution especially in the vesicular portion of the gland, whereas NSE-immunoreactive nerve cells were mainly found in the pineal stalk. The number of NSE-positive intrinsic neurons in the pineal organ of chickens decreased rapidly after hatching, with a concentration of these elements in the basal portion (stalk) of the pineal organ. On the other hand, immunoreactive pinealocytes increased remarkably in the end-vesicle of the organ with age, followed by a gradual expansion toward the proximal portion. Thus, the spectacular increase in NSE-positive pinealocytes and the progressive reduction of reactive neurons occurred in parallel during the course of post-hatching development. NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes displayed morphological characteristics of bipolar elements, endowed with an apical protrusion into the pineal lumen and a short basal process at younger stages, whereas multipolar types of NSE-positive pinealocytes were predominantly found in the adult domestic fowl. These results indicate that in the pineal organ of the domestic fowl (1) the ontogenetic expansion of NSE-immunoreactive pinealocytes is paralleled by a regressive afferent innervation, (2) the NSE-positive pinealocytes transform from a bipolar (columnar) type to a multipolar type during post-hatching development, and (3) these ontogenetic changes in the NSE-immunoreactivity and morphology of pinealocytes may reflect the development of a neurosecretory-like capacity of the organ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050258
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    Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the pharynx and lung of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pharynx ; Lung ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Coexistence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana catesbeiana (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Indirect double immunofluorescence labelling in the pharynx and lung of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, demonstrated the occurrence, distribution, and coexistence of two neuropeptides. In the pharynx, immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were localized in nerve fibers distributed within and just beneath the ciliated epithelium. In the lung, CGRP and SP were localized in nerve fibers in five principal locations: 1) within the smooth muscle layer in the interfaveolar septa; 2) in the luminal thickened edges of the septa; 3) around the pulmonary vasculature; 4) within, and 5) under the ciliated epithelium. Within the smooth muscle layer in the septa, luminal thickened septa, and around blood vessels, almost all fibers showed coexistence of CGRP and SP. Within and just beneath the ciliated epithelium in the thickened septa, all fibers showed coexistence of CGRP and SP. No immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, FMRFamide, and leucine- and methionine-enkephalins was detected in the nerve fibers within the larynx and the lung. Together with our previous data, the present findings suggest that peptidergic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of amphibian respiratory systems throughout their life.
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    Chemical codes of sensory neurons innervating the guinea-pig adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal gland ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurofilament ; Neuronal tracing ; Neuropeptides ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Substance P ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Retrograde neuronal tracing in combination with double-labelling immunofluorescence was applied to distinguish the chemical coding of guinea-pig primary sensory neurons projecting to the adrenal medulla and cortex. Seven subpopulations of retrogradely traced neurons were identified in thoracic spinal ganglia T1-L1. Five subpopulations contained immunolabelling either for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) alone (I), or for CGRP, together with substance P (II), substance P/dynorphin (III), substance P/cholecystokinin (IV), and substance P/nitric oxide synthase (V), respectively. Two additional subpopulations of retrogradely traced neurons were distinct from these groups: neurofilament-immunoreactive neurons (VI), and cell bodies that were nonreactive to either of the antisera applied (VII). Nerve fibres in the adrenal medulla and cortex were equipped with the mediator combinations I, II, IV and VI. An additional meshwork of fibres solely labelled for nitric oxide synthase was visible in the medulla. Medullary as well as cortical fibres along endocrine tissue apparently lacked the chemical code V, while in the external cortex some fibres exhibited code III. Some intramedullary neuronal cell bodies revealed immunostaining for nitric oxide synthase, CGRP or substance P, providing an additional intrinsic adrenal innervation. Perikarya, immunolabelled for nitric oxide synthase, however, were too few to match with the large number of intramedullary nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibres. A non-sensory participation is also supposed for the particularly dense intramedullary network of solely neurofilament-immunoreactive nerve fibres. The findings give evidence for a differential sensory innervation of the guinea-pig adrenal cortex and medulla. Specific sensory neuron subpopulations suggest that nervous control of adrenal functions is more complex than hitherto believed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050272
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    Ontogeny of calbindin-D28K and calretinin in developing chick kidney (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Calcium-binding proteins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesonephros ; Metanephros ; Chick embryo (White leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ontogeny of two calcium-binding proteins (calbindin-D28k and calretinin) was studied by immunohistochemical techniques in developing chick kidney. This study showed the presence of calbindin on the 5th incubation day and calretinin on the 7th incubation day in mesonephric distal and connecting tubules, and in the medial wall of the Wolffian duct. At later stages, immunostaining for these two proteins, in particular for calretinin, was also demonstrated in some metanephric proximal tubules. Glomeruli and Bowman's capsules were negative both in the mesonephros and metanephros. The presence of calretinin in the developing kidney has thus been demonstrated for the first time. The early expression of calbindin and calretinin in mesonephric distal tubules suggests their role in regulating the final excretion of calcium. The different patterns of immunoreactivity of the walls of the Wolffian duct can be correlated with their different histogenetic and histological features.
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    Cytokeratin 18 is an M-cell marker in porcine Peyer's patches (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) ; M(membranous)-cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytokeratins ; Yeast ; Pig (Minipig, Göttingen)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intermediate filaments of the dome epithelium of porcine Peyer's patches were studied by immunohistochemistry. The labelling patterns of monospecific antibodies directed against cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19 differed considerably. About 40% of the dome epithelial cells were intensely labelled by three different anti-cytokeratin 18 antibodies, indicating that large amounts of cytokeratin 18 are present in these cells. In order to verify that these cytokeratin-18-immunoreactive cells were M-cells, uptake studies using fluorescein-labelled yeast particles were performed. Numerous yeast particles were found exclusively in dome epithelial cells that were highly positive for cytokeratin 18, thus representing M-cells. In contrast, the content of cytokeratin 19 in M-cells was lower than that in neighbouring enterocytes. The labelling intensity of cytokeratin 8 did not differ between M-cells and enterocytes. In addition, the absence of vimentin and desmin from the dome epithelium of porcine Peyer's patches was demonstrated. The results show (1) that porcine M-cells differ from enterocytes in the composition of their cytoskeleton, (2) that cytokeratin 18 is a useful marker for detecting porcine M-cells and (3) that this marker directly correlas with M-cell function.
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    Class-specific epitopes detected by polyclonal antibodies against the secretory products of the subcommissural organ of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner's fiber ; Secretory products ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development, phylogenetic ; Class-specific epitopes ; Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have raised antisera against extracts of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L. Brains of 2900 specimens were collected in acetone, and the region containing the SCO and posterior commissure was removed and extracted in three different media. Antisera against these crude extracts were raised in rats and rabbits. Sequential absorptions of the antisera with extracts from different regions of the dogfish brain were performed to eliminate unwanted antibodies. When used to immunostain sections of the whole central nervous system of the dogfish, these purified antisera reacted selectively with the SCO-Reissner's fiber complex. An antiserum against bovine Reissner's fiber was also used. The antisera against the dogfish SCO and bovine Reissner's fiber showed the same staining pattern in the SCO and the Reissner's fiber of the dogfish. For comparative purposes, the brains of 15 vertebrate species from all vertebrate classes were immunostained with both antisera. The anti-dogfish SCO serum reacted with the SCO of the dogfish and that of other phylogenetically related elasmobranch species. Neither the SCO of a primitive elasmobranch species, Heptranchias perlo, nor the SCO of the other classes of vertebrates reacted with the anti-dogfish SCO serum. However, the antiserum against bovine Reissner's fiber reacted with the SCO of all the investigated species. It is concluded that some epitopes (or compounds) in the secretory material of the SCO are class-specific, whereas others are conserved and are synthesized by the SCO in most vertebrate species.
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    Localization of FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system and heart of a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FMRFamide ; ACEP-1 (Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1) ; Cardiac regulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Achatina fulica (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical localization of two neuropeptides possibly involved in the regulation of cardiac activity in a pulmonate mollusc, Achatina fulica Férussac, was studied. On the ventral surface of the right cerebral ganglion, more than 50 neurons with diameters of 30–50 μm showed immunoreactivity to the antiserum of the neuropeptide FMRFamide. Many were also immunoreactive to an antiserum raised against Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1 (ACEP-1). Although FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons occurred in all components of the subesophageal ganglia, identifiable ACEP-1-like immunoreactive neurons were located only in the visceral ganglion and the right parietal ganglion. In the heart, FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like immunoreactive fibers were restricted to the atrium and the aortic end of the ventricle, consistent with morphological observations of cardiac innervation. The present results suggest that FMRFamide- and ACEP-1-like peptides are involved in regulating the heart beat of this snail.
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    Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurotoxins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cell ; B-cells ; Indoleamines ; NADPH oxidase ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Antibodies to quinolinic acid were produced in rabbits with protein-conjugated and gold particle-adsorbed quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was below detection limits in carbodiimide-fixed rat brain. In contrast, strong quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in spleen cells with variable, complex morphology located predominantly in the periarterial lymphocyte sheaths. In the thymus, quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in cells with variable morphology, located almost exclusively in the medulla. Lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue contained many, strongly stained cells of similar complex morphology in perifollicular areas. Immunoreactivity in liver and lung was restricted to widely scattered, perivascular cells and alveolar cells respectively. Additional stained cells with complex morphology were observed in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, in skin, and in the lamina propria of intestinal villi. Follicles in all secondary lymphoid organs were diffusely stained, ranging from mildly to moderately immunoreactive in spleen, to intensely immunoreactive in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These results suggest that quinolinic acid is an immune system-specific molecule. Two hypothetical schemes are proposed to account for high levels of quinolinic acid in specific cells of the immune system.
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    Distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase in adrenal gland of developing, adult and aging Sprague-Dawley rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) was investigated in the adrenal gland of developing, adult and aging rats with the use of immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons within the adrenal gland were found from the 20th day of gestation onwards. During early development the neurons were found as small clusters of smaller-size cells compared to those observed in the adult gland. Their number reached that of adult level by the 4th day after birth, and in the glands from aging rats a 28.6% increase was observed. Whilst no immunofluorescence was seen in chromaffin cells during early development, some cells from glands of aging rats showed nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity with varying intensity. The immunoreactive neurons from postnatal rat adrenals were also positive for NADPH-diaphorase, whilst those in prenatal rats were negative or lightly stained. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres were present in all adrenal glands examined from the 16th day of gestation onwards. A considerable degree of variation in the distribution of immunoreactive fibres both in medulla and outer region of cortex at the different age groups was observed and described. Most, but not all, nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres also showed NADPH-diaphorase staining.
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    Ontogeny of alpha-crystallin subunits in the lens of human and rat embryos (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 151-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Lens ; Development, ontogenetic ; αA-crystallin ; αB-crystallin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of αA- and αB-crystallin in the developing lens of human (Carnegie stages 13 to 23) and rat embryos (embryonic days E11 to 18) was examined immunohistochemically. In a human embryo at stage 13, the lens placode was already immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but not to αA-crystallin. At stage 15, the lens vesicle was intensely immunoreactive both to αA- and αB-crystallin. From stages 16 to 23, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA- and αB-crystallin. In rat embryos, αA-crystallin appeared in the lens pit at E12, and αB-crystallin appeared in the elongating lens fiber cells at E14. From E15 to E18, the lens epithelial cells and fiber cells were immunoreactive to αA-crystallin. The lens fiber cells were also immunoreactive to αB-crystallin, but the epithelial cells were not. These findings suggest that αB-crystallin appears earlier than αA-crystallin in the human lens, but at a later period than αA-crystallin in the rat lens. αB-Crystallin was not detected in the epithelial cells of the rat lens, but was perisistently present in the epithelial cells of the human lens.
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    Embryonic chicken gizzard: smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin isoforms (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 381-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gizzard ; Development, ontogenetic ; Muscle smooth ; Capillaries ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myosin ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin allow the development of smooth muscle and its capillary system in the embryonic chicken gizzard to be followed by immunofluorescent techniques. Although smooth muscle development proceeds in a serosal to luminal direction, angiogenetic cell clusters develop independently at the luminal side close to the epithelial layer, and the presumptive capillaries invade the developing muscle in a luminal to serosal direction. The smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin heavy chains in this avian system cannot be separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and do not show isoform specificity in immunoblotting, unlike the system found in mammals. Only two myosin heavy chains with Mr of 200 and 196 kDa were separable and considerable immunological cross-reactivity was found between the denatured myosin isoform heavy chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306123
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    Catecholamine innervation of the intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.): a substantial supply from enteric neurons (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nervous system ; Enteric nervous system ; Noradrenaline ; Catecholamine histofluorescence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pteropus poliocephalus, P. scapulatus (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of catecholamines in the small and large intestine of flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) was investigated using glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence and immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Dense networks of varicose axons stained by each of these methods supplied blood vessels, the mucosa and both submucous and myenteric ganglia, but were scarce in the circular and longitudinal muscle. The majority (〉90%) of submucous neuronal perikarya contained both enzymes and most of these also exhibited catecholamine fluorescence. Somata of similar staining characteristics were less common in the myenteric plexus, where single cells were found in only the minority of ganglia. All of the stained submucosal somata and mucosal axons contained vasoactive intestinal peptide, whereas catecholamine-containing axons that supplied the ganglia, external muscle and blood vessels did not. It is concluded that (1) there is dense catecholamine innervation of most tissues in the flyingfox intestine, similar to many other mammals, (2) mucosal axons originate from enteric catecholamine neurons, not found in other mammals, and (3) axons supplying the blood vessels and enteric ganglia are probably of sympathetic origin and can be distinguished from the intrinsic catecholamine-containing axons by their lack of vasoactive intestinal peptide. The roles and interactions of these two types of catecholamine innervation in the control of secretion and motility remain to be identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306126
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    Glucagon-like peptide 1 immunoreactivity in gastroentero-pancreatic endocrine tumors: a light- and electron-microscopic study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 571-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glucagon-like peptide 1 ; Endocrine tumors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 ; Co-localization ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The preproglucagon gene encodes, in addition to glucagon, two smaller peptides with structural similarity: glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) 7–36 amide is the most powerful incretin candidate. In the present study, GLP-1 immunoreactivity was investigated in tissue specimens of various types of gastroenteropancreatic tumors, and the serum-levels of GLP-1 were assayed. Immunohistochemical staining of 88 tumors revealed GLP-1 immunoreactivity in 17 neoplasias (19.3 %), viz., in 7 out of 33 non-functioning tumors, 4 out of 20 gastrinomas, 4 out of 13 insulinomas, 1 out of 3 vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide (VIP)omas and 1 adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH)-producing tumor. In these tumors, GLP-1-immunoreactive cells were distributed either diffusely, arranged in clusters, or as single cells. All GLP-1-positive tumors were immunoreactive for glucagon or glicentin, 10 tumors were immunoreactive for pancreatic polypeptide, and 8 tumors for insulin. Ultrastructural analysis of 8 GLP-1-positive tumors, with the immunogold technique, demonstrated GLP-1 immunoreactivity mainly in cells resembling the A-cells of the pancreas or the L-cells of the gut. Of the 17 GLP-1-immunoreactive tumors, 15 were primarily located in the pancreas. Additionally, 2 non-functioning tumors of the rectum were GLP-1 immunoreactive. Five tumors were GLP-1 immunoreactive from 9 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia I syndrome. Patients with GLP-1-immunoreactive tumors were characterized by a significantly lower rate of distant metastases (P〈0.01) and a higher rate of curative resections (P〈0.05). In 2 out of 22 patients, elevated serum-levels of GLP-1 were found: one patient with a vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide (VIP)oma and 1 patient with a non-functioning tumor. This indicates that GLP-1 might be secreted at least by a few gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors.
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    The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the sheep: retinal projections and cytoarchitectural organization (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Retinohypothalamic tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Circadian system ; Domestic sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The retinal innervation, cytoarchitectural, and immunohistochemical organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was studied in the domestic sheep. The SCN is a large elongated nucleus extending rostrocaudally for roughly 3 mm in the hypothalamus. The morphology is unusual in that the rostral part of the nucleus extends out of the main mass of the hypothalamus onto the dorsal aspect of the optic chiasm. Following intraocular injection of wheat-germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase or tritiated amino acids, anterograde label is distributed throughout the SCN. Retinal innervation of the SCN is bilaterally symmetric or predominantly ipsilateral. Quantitative image analysis demonstrates that, although the amount of autoradiographic label is greatest in the ventral and central parts of the nucleus, density varies progressively between different regions. In addition to the SCN, retinal fibers are also seen in the medial preoptic area, the anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, the retrochiasmatic area, and the basal telencephalon. Whereas the SCN can be identified using several techniques, complete delineation of the nucleus requires combined tract tracing, cytoarchitectural, and histochemical criteria. Compared with the surrounding hypothalamic regions, the SCN contains smaller, more densely packed neurons, and is largely devoid of myelinated fibers. Cell soma sizes are smaller in the ventral SCN than in the dorsal or lateral parts, but an obvious regional transition is lacking. Using Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase staining, the SCN can be clearly distinguished in the rostral and medial regions, but is less differentiated toward the caudal pole. Immunohistochemical demonstration of several neuropeptides shows that the neurochemical organization of the sheep SCN is heterogeneous, but that it lacks a distinct compartmental organization. Populations of different neuropeptide-containing cells are found throughout the nucleus, although perikarya positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and fibers labeled for methionine-enkephalin are predominant ventrally; neurophysine-immunoreactive cells are more prominent in the dorsal region and toward the caudal pole. The results suggest that the intrinsic organization of the sheep SCN is characterized by gradual regional transitions between different zones.
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    Tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the sinus venosus of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Tachykinin ; Substance P ; Sinus venosus ; Heart ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dogfish ; Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The sinus venosus of the elasmobranch heart is characterized by the presence of large bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres that bulge into the cardiac lumen, below the endocardium. In the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), these fibres contain numerous dense-core membrane-bounded granules of about 200 nm in diameter. Most intramural ganglion cells of the sinus venosus also show densely packed granules similar to those found in the subendocardial fibres. We have observed strong substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the large fibre bundles and in the perikarya of the ganglion cells. Preabsorption of the antisera with fragment 7–11 of substance P has shown that the antisera recognize the tachykinin canonic sequence. Our findings suggest that an undetermined tachykinin is secreted in the elasmobranch heart, and that it is probably released into the blood stream in the context of a little-known neuroendocrine system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305789
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    Immunohistochemical and histochemical evidence for the presence of noradrenaline, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in chief cells of the mouse carotid body (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Carotid body ; Chief cells ; Catecholamine ; Serotonin ; γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunohistochemical study revealed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), serotonin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities in the mouse carotid body. TH and DBH immunoreactivities were found in almost all chief cells and a few ganglion cells, and in relatively numerous varicose nerve fibers of the carotid body. The histofluorescence microscopy showed catecholamine fluorescence in almost all chief cells. However, no PNMT immunoreactivity was observed in the carotid body. Serotonin, GAD and GABA immunoreactivities were also seen in almost all chief cells of the carotid body. From combined immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry, catecholamine and serotonin or catecholamine and GABA were colocalized in almost all chief cells. Thus, these findings suggest that noradrenaline, serotonin and GABA may be synthesized and co-exist in almost all chief cells of the mouse carotid body and may play roles in chemoreceptive functions.
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    Immunohistochemical analysis of EGF in epiphyseal growth plate from normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 279-282 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: EGF ; Cartilage ; Growth plate ; Hypophysectomy ; Growth hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Epiphyseal growth plate cartilages from the proximal tibia of normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone (GH)-treated hypophysectomized rats were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the normal growth plate, EGF was distributed mainly in the proliferative zone. Hypophysectomy resulted in considerable atrophy of the chondrocytes and the cartilage matrix (a decreased number of mature-type chondrocytes and a decreased ratio of proliferating to hypertrophic chondrocytes) and a significant diminution of EGF immunoreactivity. Treatment with GH reversed these effects of hypophysectomy, causing an increased thickness of the growth plate and EGF-reactive sites in all chondrocyte layers. The most intense immunostaining for EGF, however, was frequently seen in the nuclei of chondrocytes with flattened appearance. It appears that EGF could be incorporated or synthesized in chondrocytes having marked mitogenic activity. The present results, taken with previous data on EGF involvement in growth of cartilaginous tissue in vivo and in vitro, strongly suggest that EGF-immunoreactive chondrocytes are involved in cartilage proliferation and growth under the specific influence of GH.
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    Chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins in the obplacental giant cells of the rabbit (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Giant cells ; Chorionic gonadotropin ; Luteotropin ; Electrophoresis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Obplacental giant cells are enlarged cells, found following implantation, in the antimesometrial region of the rabbit uterus. They probably originate from trophoblastic knobs that traverse the uterine epithelium during early implantation. Little is known about their function. In this study, trophoblast, placental, paraplacental and obplacental tissues at days 7–15 post-coitum, and enzyme-isolated giant cells at day 15 were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblotting and light-microscopic immunohistochemistry, for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin-like proteins. Immunostaining was performed by using anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies. In gel electrophoresis of obplacental tissue and isolated giant cells, two proteins of human chorionic gonadotropin-like antigenicity at 26 kDa with pIs equivalent to pH 6.4 and 6.6 were found; they were absent in the placenta, paraplacenta, day-7 blastocyst and day-8 trophoblast. The onset of synthesis of these proteins could be observed when day-8 trophoblastic tissue was cultured in vitro for 24 h. In immunohistochemistry, only the obplacental giant cells showed a positive reaction, indicating that the production of chorionic gonadotropin occurs in this cell type.
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    Cytokeratin expression in human thymus: immunohistochemical mapping (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cytokeratins ; Thymus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hassal's corpuscles ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Cytokeratin expression in normal postnatal human thymus was studied immunohistochemically by using monoclonal antibodies against various cytokeratin polypeptides. An attempt was made to characterize cell populations giving rise to the cornified structures of Hassal's corpuscles. Monoclonal antibody KB-37, a marker of squamous epithelium basal cells, was applied to distinguish the earliest cells capable of undergoing squamous differentiation. Parts of the subcapsular epithelium were extensively stained with this reagent. This epithelium, like the basal layer of certain squamous epithelia, exibited a high incidence of cytokeratins 13 and 14, and pronounced expression of cytokeratin 19. Simple epithelium cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19 were present in the cortex. Scattered cells reacted with KB-37 antibody. All stellate epithelial cells in the medulla were positive for cytokeratin 19. Most of the medullar epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratins 13, 14 and 17 of complex epithelium, in contrast to the cortex, where only a few cells were positive for these cytokeratins. A significant proportion of the medullar cells was positive for KB-37 antigen. Cytokeratins 8 and 18 were expressed in single cells and in groups of cells surrounding Hassal's corpuscles. The outermost cells of these corpuscles were positive for cytokeratin 19 and KB-37. In the peripheral parts of Hassal's corpuscles, simple epithelium cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, and cytokeratins 4, 13, 14, and 17, characteristic of stratified nonkeratinizing epithelia, were coexpressed with keratinization-specific cytokeratins 10/11. The inner parts of the swirls were uniformly positive for cytokeratins 10/11. However, the expression of other cytokeratins was reduced.
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    Structural organization and neuropeptide distributions in the equine enteric nervous system: an immunohistochemical study using whole-mount preparations from the small intestine (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Submucosal plexuses ; Myenteric plexus ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine, small ; Horse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The architecture and neurochemistry of the enteric nervous system was studied by use of whole-mount preparations obtained by microdissection of the horse jejunum. A myenteric plexus and two plexuses within the submucosa were identified. The external submucosal plexus lying in the outermost region of the submucosa had both neural and vascular connections with the inner submucosal plexus situated closer to the mucosa. Counts of neurones stained for NADH-diaphorase demonstrated the wide variation in size, shape and neurone content of individual ganglia in both the external and internal submucosal plexuses. The average number of cells/ganglion was similar in each plexus (about 25 cells). Immunoreactivities for galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y were observed in nerve cell bodies and fibres of each of the plexuses. Immunoreactivity for substance P was extensive and strong in nerve fibres of all plexuses but was weaker in cell bodies of the submucosal neurones and absent in the cell bodies of the myenteric plexus. Comparative quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cell populations with total cell numbers (enzyme staining) was indicative of neuropeptide colocalization in the external submucosal plexus.
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    Immunohistochemical demonstration of calbindin-containing nerve endings in the rat esophagus (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Sensory nerve endings ; Esophagus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunoreactivity for calbindin was found in nerve endings with irregular laminar shapes in the rat esophagus. In the myenteric ganglia, laminar endings of a range of sizes formed a complex network and appeared to lie at the surface of the ganglion. The myenteric ganglia that contained nerve endings were most abundant in the upper portion of the eosphagus, their number decreasing orally to anally. Calbindin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were scattered throughout the esophagus. Laminar terminals were found in the connective tissue of the lamina propria immediately beneath the epithelium and in the muscularis mucosae. Occasional nerve branches formed a network of aborizing endings that surrounded part of the submucosal arterioles. Immunoreactive nerve endings in the mucosa and submucosa were present only in the upper part of the cervical esophagus. Unilateral vagotomy caused a remarkable decrease in the number of the myenteric ganglia containing the calbindin-immunoreactive laminar endings after 15 days or survival; in some of ganglia, the laminar structures disappeared and nerve endings showing weak immunoreactivity had an indistinct appearance, so that the outline of the ganglia became obscure. In operated rats at 24 days, the number of innervated ganglia was about half that in normal rats. However, there was no change in the morphology and the occurrence of the immunoreactive laminar structures in the mucosa and submucosa after denervation. The results show that many of the laminar endings that are immunoreactive for calbindin in the myenteric ganglia are derived from the vagus nerve. Thus, the calbindin-immunoreactive nerve endings with laminar expansions that are found in the rat eosphageal wall could be sensory receptors.
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    Tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the sinus venosus of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tachykinin ; Substance P ; Sinus venosus ; Heart ; Immunohistochemistry ; Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The sinus venosus of the elasmobranch heart is characterized by the presence of large bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres that bulge into the cardiac lumen, below the endocardium. In the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula), these fibres contain numerous dense-core membrane-bounded granules of about 200 nm in diameter. Most intramural ganglion cells of the sinus venosus also show densely packed granules similar to those found in the subendocardial fibres. We have observed strong substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the large fibre bundles and in the perikarya of the ganglion cells. Preabsorption of the antisera with fragment 7–11 of substance P has shown that the antisera recognize the tachykinin canonic sequence. Our findings suggest that an undetermined tachykinin is secreted in the elasmobranch heart, and that it is probably released into the blood stream in the context of a little-known neuroendocrine system.
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    Immunohistochemical and histochemical evidence for the presence of noradrenaline, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid in chief cells of the mouse carotid body (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Chief cells ; Catecholamine ; Serotonin ; γ-Aminobutyric acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunohistochemical study revealed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), serotonin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities in the mouse carotid body. TH and DBH immunoreactivities were found in almost all chief cells and a few ganglion cells, and in relatively numerous varicose nerve fibers of the carotid body. The histofluorescence microscopy showed catecholamine fluorescence in almost all chief cells. However, no PNMT immunoreactivity was observed in the carotid body. Serotonin, GAD and GABA immunoreactivities were also seen in almost all chief cells of the carotid body. From combined immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry, catecholamine and serotonin or catecholamine and GABA were colocalized in almost all chief cells. Thus, these findings suggest that noradrenaline, serotonin and GABA may be synthesized and co-exist in almost all chief cells of the mouse carotid body and may play roles in chemoreceptive functions.
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    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5- hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
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    Ganglion cells immunoreactive for catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes ; Neuropeptide Y ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Ganglion cells ; Adrenal gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemistry has been used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivities, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was demonstrated in rat adrenal glands. The TH, DBH, NPY and VIP immunoreactivities and AChE activity were observed in both the large ganglion cells and the small chromaffin cells whereas PNMT immunoreactivity was found only in chromaffin cells, and not in ganglion cells. Most intraadrenal ganglion cells showed NPY immunoreactivity and a few were VIP immunoreactive. Numerous NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells were also immunoreactive for TH and DBH; these cells were localized as single cells or groups of several cells in the adrenal cortex and medulla. Use of serial sections, or double and triple staining techniques, showed that all TH- and DBH-immunoreactive ganglion cells also showed NPY immunoreactivity, whereas some NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells were TH and DBH immunonegative. NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells showed no VIP immunoreactivity. AChE activity was seen in VIP-immunopositive and VIP-immunonegative ganglion cells. These results suggest that ganglion cells containing noradrenaline and NPY, or NPY only, or VIP and acetylcholine occur in the rat adrenal gland; they may project within the adrenal gland or to other target organs. TH, DBH, NPY, and VIP were colocalized in numerous immunoreactive nerve fibres, which were distributed in the superficial adrenal cortex, while TH-, DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres were different from VIP-immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres in the medulla. This suggests that the immunoreactive nerve fibres in the superficial cortex may be mainly extrinsic in origin and may be different from those in the medulla.
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    Ontogeny of endocrine cells in the respiratory system of Syrian golden hamsters (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Larynx ; Trachea ; Endocrine cells ; Neuroepithelial bodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Regulatory peptides ; Serotonin (5-HT) ; Golden hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), serotonin (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and calcitonin (CT) immunoreactivity was evaluated in small-granule endocrine cells of hamster laryngotracheal epithelium from fetal day 11 to adulthood. Two centrifugal (proximal-to-distal) patterns of differentiation occur. The first pattern begins during fetal life. Endocrine cells, single and clustered in groups (presumptive-or protoneuroepithelial bodies, pNEBs), initially colocalize immunostaining for PGP 9.5, 5-HT, and CGRP in the larynx and proximal 2/3 of the trachea on day 12 and spread to the caudal trachea on day 13.5-HT disappears fleetingly during the 24 h preceding birth; other-wise immunoreactivity for all three substances persists into adulthood. The clusters of endocrine cells survive beyond birth but are so diluted by expansion of the nonendocrine epithelium as to become inconspicuous. Since innervation was not actually observed, these clusters may persist as pNEBs, without developing connections to afferent or efferent nerve fibers. The second pattern concerns single small-granule cells stainable for CGRP but not for 5-HT. These cells first appear in the larynx and cartilaginous part of the cranial trachea on postnatal day 3, and in the middle and caudal trachea, on day 5. The cells increase in number on day 7. In adults, they predominate among endocrine cells of the cartilaginous region. A subset of these cells begins to co-express CT proximally on postnatal day 10, reaching the caudal end of the trachea by 3 weeks. A few elements of the older 5-HT-positive population may also become immunoreactive for CT in juvenile hamsters.
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    Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile men (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 595-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Receptor mRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Sertoli cell ; Testis ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Testicular biopsies from 82 oligo-or azoospermic male patients were subjected to immunostaining using anti-human FSH antibodies. Histological evaluation showed normal spermatogenesis (nspg) in 7 (FSH: 2.7±0.7), mixed atrophy (ma) in 63 (FSH:5.3±0.5), and bilateral or unilateral Sertoli Cell Only syndrome (SCO) in 12 (FSH:21.7±3.5) patients. For the relationship between FSH values and testicular histology, see Bergmann et al. (1994). FSH immunoreactivity was found exclusively in Sertoli cells and in some interstitial cells. Seminiferous epithelium showing normal or impaired spermatogenesis displayed only weak immunoreactivity compared to intense immunoreaction, i.e. large and numerous vesicles in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules in biopsies showing mixed atrophy or SCO. In addition, h-FSH receptor mRNA was demonstrated by in situ hydridization using biotinylated cDNA antisense oligonucleotides. Hybridization signals were found within the seminiferous epithelium exclusively in Sertoli cell cytoplasm associated with normal spermatogenesis and in epithelia showing different signs of impairment, including SCO. It is concluded that: (1) Sertoli cells are the only cells within the seminiferous epithelium expressing FSH receptors; (2) the accumulation of FSH immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells of SCO tubules appears to be a sign of impaired Sertoli cell function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331379
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 555-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal ; Autonomic nervous system ; Schwann cells ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; GAP-43 ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have localized at light and electron-microscopic level the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in adrenal gland using single and double labelling immunocytochemistry. Clusters of GAP-43-immunofluorescent chromaffin cells and many immunofluorescent fibres were observed in the medulla. GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also formed a plexus under the capsule, crossed the cortex and ramified in the zona reticulata. Double labelled sections showed the coexpression of GAP-43 with a subpopulation of tyrosine hydroxylase-and of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. Dual colour immunofluorescence for GAP-43 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) revealed that some of the GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also express CGRP. Pre-embedding electron microscopy showed GAP-43 immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of noradrenaline-producing chromaffin cells, and with processes of nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated axons and terminals were also observed. The immunostained terminals made symmetrical synaptic contacts with chromaffin cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated fibres and small terminals were present in the cortex. Our results show that GAP-43 is expressed in noradrenergic chromaffin cells and in various types of nerve fibres that innervate the adrenal. Likely origins for these fibres include preganglionic sympathetic fibres which innervate chromaffin cells, postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the cortex, and CGRP containing sensory fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318824
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    Octopamine-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons innervating the accessory gland of the male cockroach Periplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, insect ; Octopamine ; DUM neurons ; Immunohistochemistry ; Accessory glands ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The musculature of the mushroom-shaped accessory gland receives innervation from trunks 5C1 of the phallic nerves, which arise from the posterior part of the terminal abdominal ganglion of the male cockroach Periplaneta americana. Anterograde cobalt filling through trunks 5C1 with the subsequent precipitating procedure has shown the fine innervation of the accessory gland. By retrograde cobalt filling through the same trunks, different types of cells have been mapped in the terminal abdominal ganglion. About 25 dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons have been identified among them. About 36 octopamine-like immunoreactive DUM neurons with large somata have been characterized in whole-mount preparations of the terminal abdominal ganglion. The combination of the cobalt-filling technique with immunohistochemical mapping of cells suggests an octopaminergic innervation of the musculature of the accessory gland by DUM neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354779
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    Changes in expression of two endogenous β-galactoside-binding isolectins in the dermis of chick embryonic skin during development in ovo and in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1994), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: β-Galactoside-binding lectin ; Dermis ; Skin ; Chick embryo ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratinization ; Mucous metaplasia ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In order to elucidate the roles of metal-independent animal lectins, we systematically investigated changes in expression of 2 kinds of β-galactoside-binding isolectins (MW 14 and 16 kDa) in the dermis of chick embryonic tarsometatarsal skin during the course of development. These lectins were immunohistochemically located at different stages of development both in ovo and in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Light- microscopic observation showed that while positive staining for the 14-kDa lectin was weak at days 8 and 10 it became intense after day 13. In contrast, staining for the 16-kDa lectin was intense at days 8, 10, and 13, but it became weak after day 17 when keratinization of the epidermis was completed. Immuno-electron-microscopic observation revealed that both the 14 and 16-kDa lectins were located on the basement membrane, in the extracellular matrix, and in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of dermal fibroblasts. Distribution of the 2 isolectins was also examined in cultured skin explants in vitro. The results were almost the same as those obtained in ovo when the skin explant was keratinized in the presence of hydrocortisone. However, in the skin explant where keratinization was prevented and mucous metaplasia was induced by the addition of vitamin A, the distribution of the 14-kDa lectin in the epidermis was significantly affected. These results indicate that (1) the expression of the 2 isolectins is differently regulated in both the dermis and epidermis, (2) the 16-kDa lectin is involved in the early stage of the formation of the dermis and the basement membrane and is replaced by the 14-kDa lectin as keratinization of the epidermis occurs, and (3) the expression of the 2 isolectins in the dermis is not significantly affected by the induction of mucous metaplasia, in contrast to their drastic changes in the epidermis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050256
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    Distribution of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of adult and developing salamanders (Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 485-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain mapping ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Visual reflexes ; Salamanders, Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of GABAergic neurons in brains of the family Salamandridae (Pleurodeles waltli, Triturus alpestris) has been investigated immunohistochemically with an antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In adult animals, immunoreactive neurons, fibers, and terminals are abundantly labeled. In the telencephalon, pallial areas contain fewer GABAergic neurons and fibers than basal forebrain areas. The amygdalar complex and the habenulae have a complex pattern of GABA-immunoreactivity that is especially pronounced within the neuropil. The pretectal and basal optic systems are provided with GABAergic neurons, corroborating electrophysiological results. The dorsal thalamus and parts of the torus semicircularis are almost completely devoid of GABA-immunoreactive neurons. In the torus, magnocellular neurons known to project to the contralateral counterpart are distinctly GABA-immunoreactive. During ontogeny, GABAergic neurons arise early when the first reflexive movements occur after mechanical stimulation. At stage 28, cells are labeled initially near the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, which is the first supraspinal tract to appear in ontogeny. At stage 30 (still before hatching), GABAergic neurons are found in the pretectum, immunoreactive neurons arising in the dorsal tegmentum slightly later. Both systems are known to mediate basic reflexes in gaze stabilization. The commissura posterior is GABAergic at early stages suggesting an important functional role in homonymous inhibition between both sides. Thus in salamanders, the neurotransmitter GABA displays a complex distribution, similar to that in other vertrebrates. This pattern emerges early in ontogeny.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343946
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    Immunohistochemical analysis of EGF in epiphyseal growth plate from normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 279-282 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: EGF ; Cartilage ; Growth plate ; Hypophysectomy ; Growth hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epiphyseal growth plate cartilages from the proximal tibia of normal, hypophysectomized, and growth hormone (GH)-treated hypophysectomized rats were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the normal growth plate, EGF was distributed mainly in the proliferative zone. Hypophysectomy resulted in considerable atrophy of the chondrocytes and the cartilage matrix (a decreased number of mature-type chondrocytes and a decreased ratio of proliferating to hypertrophic chondrocytes) and a significant diminution of EGF immunoreactivity. Treatment with GH reversed these effects of hypophysectomy, causing an increased thickness of the growth plate and EGF-reactive sites in all chondrocyte layers. The most intense immunostaining for EGF, however, was frequently seen in the nuclei of chondrocytes with flattened appearance. It appears that EGF could be incorporated or synthesized in chondrocytes having marked mitogenic activity. The present results, taken with previous data on EGF involvement in growth of cartilaginous tissue in vivo and in vitro, strongly suggest that EGF-immunoreactive chondrocytes are involved in cartilage proliferation and growth under the specific influence of GH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414171
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    Immunohistochemical localization of serine-protease inhibitors in the human placenta (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta ; Protease inhibitors ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteases and their inhibitors play a pivotal role in developmental and differentiative processes. In the present report we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor in first trimester as well as in term human placentas. For this purpose polyclonal antibodies against these serine-protease inhibitors were used. All inhibitors were expressed in the villous syncytiotrophoblast of first and last trimester placentas. Placental fibrinoid was positively stained for α1-antitrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor throughout gestation. α1-Antitrypsin and α1-antichymotrypsin showed a strong immunostaining in the Hofbauer cells (first trimester and full term placentas). Extravillous cytotrophoblast was negative for the three protease inhibitors throughout gestation. The presence of the three inhibitors in the syncytiotrophoblast suggests a role in coagulative, invasive and immunomodulatory processes. Fibrinoid, staining for α1-antitrypsin and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor, could also have an important immunoprotective function. The presence of protease inhibitors in the Hofbauer cells suggests an involvement of these cells in villous remodelling and differentiative processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414172
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    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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    Macrophages within the human adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 201-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Macrophages ; Adrenal cortex ; Chromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. There is increasing evidence for an immune-adrenal interaction in which macrophages may play an important role. However, few data are available with respect to a human intra-adrenal macrophage system. In this study, we have investigated the density, distribution and phenotype of human adrenal macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophages are localized in all zones of the adrenal gland. These cells exhibit the phenotype of the phagocytotic macrophage compartment (CD11c+, KiM8+). At the ultrastructural level, macrophages are frequently attached to the endothelial wall, but also lie in direct contact with cortical and chromaffin cells. This investigation reveals the cellular basis for the possible role of macrophages in the local immune-neuroendocrine axis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414161
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    Macrophages within the human adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Adrenal cortex ; Chromaffin cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence for an immune-adrenal interaction in which macrophages may play an important role. However, few data are available with respect to a human intra-adrenal macrophage system. In this study, we have investigated the density, distribution and phenotype of human adrenal macrophages using monoclonal antibodies. Macrophages are localized in all zones of the adrenal gland. These cells exhibit the phenotype of the phagocytotic macrophage compartment (CD11c+, KiM8+). At the ultrastructural level, macrophages are frequently attached to the endothelial wall, but also lie in direct contact with cortical and chromaffin cells. This investigation reveals the cellular basis for the possible role of macrophages in the local immune-neuroendocrine axis.
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    Plasmodesmal-mediated cell-to-cell transport in wheat roots is modulated by anaerobic stress (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adenosine triphosphate ; Anaerobiosis ; Fluorescein-dextrans ; Plasmodesmata ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-to-cell transport of small molecules and ions occurs in plants through plasmodesmata. Plant roots are frequently subjected to localized anaerobic stress, with a resultant decrease in ATP. In order to determine the effect of this stress on plasmodesmal transport, fluorescent dyes of increasing molecular weight (0.46 to 10 kDa) were injected into epidermal and cortical cells of 3-day-old wheat roots, and their movement into neighboring cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Anaerobiosis was generated by N2 gas or simulated by the presence of sodium azide, both of which reduced the ATP levels in the tissue by over 80%. In the absence of such stress, the upper limit for movement, or size exclusion limit (SEL), of cortical plasmodesmata was 〈1 kDa. The ATP analogue TNP-ADP (mw 681) moved across the plasmodesmata of unstressed roots, indicating that plasmodesmata may be conduits for nucleotide (ATP and ADP) exchange between cells. Upon imposition of stress, the SEL rose to between 5 and 10 kDa. This response of plasmodesmata to a decrease in the level of ATP suggests that they are constricted by an ATP-dependent process so as to maintain a restricted SEL. When roots are subjected to anaerobic stress, an increase in SEL may permit enhanced delivery of sugars to the affected cells of the root where anaerobic respiration could regenerate the needed ATP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404123
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    Genetic basis of grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetic basis ; grain filling rate ; genetic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) positively influences grain yield under a wide range of conditions. The effective utilization of this trait in breeding depends on an understanding of its genetic control. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the genetic basis of grain filling rate in six crosses of wheat. Higher order genic interactions and/or linkage were important in the genetic regulation of grain filling rate (GFR) in the majority of crosses. Additive ([d]) and dominance ([h]) gene effects were important in the control of GFR in main ears (ME) and whole plant ears (WPE). Additive and additive × additive epistatic effects were the most important in the genetic control of GFR in last ears (LE). Location effects on genetic effects for GFR were significant (P 〈 0.05) in all ear types of some crosses except in ME. Genotype × environment interaction effects were important (P 〈 0.001) in LE and WPE. It was concluded that the inheritance of GFR is complex and is dependent on ear type. Breeding procedures that facilitate the exploitation of non-additive and additive gene effects were recommended for the genetic improvement of grain filling rate of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024018
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    Characterisation and origin of rust and powdery mildew resistance genes in VPM1 wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: stripe rust ; stem rust ; leaf rust ; powdery mildew ; common wheat ; environmental effects ; Puccinia striiformis ; Puccinia graminis ; Puccinia recondita ; Erysiphe graminis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The expression of rust resistances conferred by closely linked genes derived from VPM1 varied with environmental conditions and with genetic backgrounds. Under low light and low temperature conditions seedlings carrying Yr17 showed susceptible responses. Stem rust and leaf rust resistance genes Sr38 and Lr37 tended to confer more resistance at 17±2° C than at normal temperatures above 〉 20° C. These studies supported the hypothesis that Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 were derived from Aegilops ventricosa, whereas Pm4b was probably derived from T. persicum. Studies on certain addition lines and parental stocks indicated that wheat cytoplasm may enhance the expression of Sr38.
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    Effects of growth period, plant age and changes in solution aluminium concentrations on aluminium toxicity in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; growth period ; phosphorus ; plant age ; root length ; root width ; solution culture ; techniques ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of growth period (time between transplanting and harvesting), plant age at which aluminium (Al) was added to solution, changes in Al concentration, and solution culture techniques (monitoring and adjusting solution Al concentrations thrice weekly or weekly replacement of the solutions) were investigated using a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M) solution culture technique. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Waalt (Al-tolerant) and Warigal (Al-sensitive), or the near isogenic lines bred from these cultivars (RR for the Al-tolerant line and SS for the Al-sensitive line) were grown. In all experiments and treatments, Al additions were required to maintain the nominal concentration. The decline in solution Al concentrations was partially attributed to formation of an Al-hydroxy-phosphate precipitate with an Al:P molar ratio of 2.8 to 4.0. Increasing the growth period from 14 to 28 days increased Al sensitivity in Warigal but not in Waalt. When plants were exposed to Al for the same time, increasing the age of the plants that Al was added to solution decreased sensitivity to Al. Differential Al tolerance between the two lines was evident when solutions were monitored thrice weekly or replaced weekly. However, the Al concentration required to reduce relative yield by a given amount when the solutions were replaced weekly was about twice that when the solutions were monitored. With a constant growth period of 28 days, increasing solution Al concentrations for 3 or more days resulted in decreased yields at harvest. The exact effect depended on the cultivar, plant part (tops or roots), when solution Al concentrations were increased and the duration of the increase. For example, increasing Al concentrations from 5 μM to 20 μM for 10 days reduced yield in the RR line by approximately 50% in the tops and 30% in the roots beyond the effect of 5 M but had no effect in the SS line due to yields already being low at 5 μM. Adding 10 μM Al to solution for 6 days at the beginning of the experiment reduced yield by 25% in the RR line and 50% in the SS line. In contrast, adding 10 μM Al for 6 days in the middle of the growth cycle had no effect on the RR line but reduced yield by approximately 25% in the SS line. These results show that growth period, the age of the plants at which Al is added and the technique used (monitored or weekly replacement) all need to be considered when comparing results from different experiments. These results also show that the Al concentrations in solution need to be regularly monitored in long term experiments.
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    C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangements detected in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; C-band polymorphism ; structural rearrangements ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Giemsa C-banding allows for the identification of all 21 chromosome pairs of hexaploid wheat. However, variation in banding patterns of individual chromosomes and structural rearrangements exist between different cultivars making chromosome identification more difficult. The paper summarizes the available data on C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangement present in wheat cultivars and germplasms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021392
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    The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; intergeneric hybridization ; influence of temperature ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination. Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021397
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    Effects of homobrassinolide application on plant metabolism and grain yield under irrigated and moisture-stress conditions of two wheat varieties (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 14 (1994), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: homobrassinolide ; irrigated ; membrane stability ; moisture-stress ; nitrate reductase activity ; photosynthesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Homobrassinolide (BR) was applied either as a seed treatment or foliar spray to two contrasting wheat varieties, viz. C306 (drought tolerant) and HD2329 (drought susceptible), to examine its effects on plant metabolism and grain yield under irrigated and moisture-stress/rainfed conditions. BR application resulted in increased relative water content, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis under both conditions. BR application also improved membrane stability (lower injury). These beneficial effects resulted in higher leaf area, biomass production, grain yield and yield related parameters in the treated plants. All the treatments were significantly better than the untreated control. Generally, 0.05 ppm either as a seed treatment or foliar spray was more effective than the 0.01 ppm treatment. The drought-tolerant genotype C306 showed more response to BR application under moisture-stress/rainfed condition than HD 2329. Increased water uptake, membrane stability and higher carbon dioxide and nitrogen assimilation rates under stress seemed to be related to homobrassinolide-induced drought tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025220
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    Ethylene as promoter of wheat grain maturation and ear senescence (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: aminoethoxyvinylglycine ; ear senescence ; ethephon ; ethylene ; grain maturation ; silver thiosulfate ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was aimed at testing the involvement of ethylene in the maturation of grain and senescence of the foliar structures of the wheat inflorescence. Whole wheat ears emitted ethylene to the atmosphere. From pre-anthesis, ethylene emission progressively increased from 0.76 nl g−1FW h−1 to a peak 1.53 nl g−1FW h−1 at the hard dough stage of the grains, to fall to a minimum of 0.10 nl g−1FW h−1 at the dormant seed stage. Ethephon increased the ethylene release, hastened the process of grain maturation and senescence of the ears. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and silver thiosulfate produced the opposite effects. It is concluded that ethylene plays a role in grain maturation and in the senescence of the green bracts of the inflorescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024098
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    Effectiveness of two partially acidulated rock phosphates, coastal superphosphate and Ecophos, compared with North Carolina reactive rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: coastal superphosphate ; Ecophos ; North Carolina rock phosphate ; ordinary (single) superphosphate ; partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) ; reactive rock phosphate ; relative effectiveness ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of coastal superphosphate, a partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) made from apatite, and Ecophos, a PARP made from calcium iron aluminium (crandallite millisite) rock phosphate, was compared in pot experiments with the effectiveness of ordinary superphosphate (OSP) and North Carolina reactive apatite rock phosphate (NCRP). There were three experiments using different lateritic soils collected in Western Australia. Fertilizer effectiveness was measured using yield of dried wheat (Triticum aestivum) tops grown for 28 days. Three successive crops were grown. The phosphorous (P) fertilizers were applied and mixed with the soils before sowing the first crop. In addition, OSP was added to extra pots before sowing crops 2 and 3 in order to measure the effectiveness of the original P fertilizers relative to freshly-applied OSP for these crops. As measured using plant yield, coastal superphosphate was the most effective P fertilizer for three crops on an acidic peaty sand (pH water 5.0). Relative to freshly-applied OSP, it was 154% as effective for crop 1, 75% as effective for crop 2, and 36% as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 44, 29 and 19%, and for NCRP, 77, 67 and 29%, with the original OSP treatment being 61 and 56% as effective for crops 2 and 3. For three crops on a lateritic gravel loam (pH 6.5), both coastal superphosphate and OSP were the most effective fertilizers, and were equally effective for crop 1, and relative to freshly-applied OSP, were about 31% as effective for crop 2, and 16 and 21 % as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 47,15 and 11%, and NCRP, 33,15 and 5%. For two crops in a loamy sand (pH 5.4), OSP was the most effective fertilizer, and, relative to fresh OSP, it was 36% as effective for crop 2. Relative to fresh OSP, the effectiveness for crops 1 and 2 of coastal superphosphate was 57 and 18%, for Ecophos 71 and 27%, and for NCRP 50 and 36%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750060
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    Evaluation for resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Aegilops tauschii Coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheat amphiploids (1994)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 41 (1994), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; synthetic wheats ; tan spot resistance ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 59 diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. (syn. Aegilops sguarrosa auct. non L.) and 39 synthetic hexaploid wheat accessions were evaluated for reaction to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. in a controlled environment, and classified using a disease rating system based on lesion type. 27 Ae. tauschii and 20 synthetic wheats were found to be resistant to tan spot disease. The overall mean disease ratings of Ae. tauschii and the synthetic wheat lines scored on a scale of 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible) were 1.80 and 2.38, respectively. Synthetic wheats generally showed a decrease in resistance, although several lines of synthetic wheat expressed a higher resistance than the diploid parents. Five synthetic wheat lines exhibited higher resistance than the standard resistant common wheat cultivar ‘Red Chief’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051420
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  • 87
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    Powdery mildew resistance in Aegilops tauschii coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheats (1994)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 41 (1994), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici resistance genes ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A collection of 400 Ae. tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) Coss. accessions were screened for powdery mildew resistance based on the response patterns of 13 wheat cultivars/lines possessing major resistance genes to nine differential mildew isolates. 106 accessions showed complete resistance to all isolates, and 174 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance, among which were 40 accessions exhibiting an identical response pattern as wheat cultivar ‘Ulka/*8Cc’ which is known to possess resistance gene Pm2. Expression of both complete and isolate-specific resistance from Ae. tauschii was observed in some synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from four mildew susceptible T. durum Desf. parents, each crossed with five to 38 resistant diploid Ae. tauschii accessions. Synthetic amphiploids involving different combinations of T. durum and Ae. tauschii generally showed a decrease in resistance compared with that expressed by the Ae. tauschii parental lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051631
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  • 88
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    Genetics of leaf rust resistance in 13 accessions of the Watkins wheat collection (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust resistance ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of leaf rust resistance was studied in 13 accessions of the A.E. Watkins wheat collection. Eight of the accessions (V409, V624, V628, V712, V731, V734, V745, and V855) were shown to have gene Lr33 and four of these (V409, V624, V628, and V731) also have LrW. Accessions V624 and V338 have LrB, and V377 and V488 have Lr11. V46 has an unidentified gene that gives an intermediate level of resistance. V860 has a partially dominant gene that gives a fleck reaction to avirulent isolates in the seedling stage. This gene is different from LrW and may be previously unidentified. It has been assigned the temporary gene symbol LrW2. In addition to seedling-effective genes, V46, V731, and V745 may have Lr34 and V745 may have Lr13. The adult-plant resistance in V488, V624, and V860 could not be identified. Seedling gene LrW2 and some of the adult-plant resistance should be useful sources of resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039311
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  • 89
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    Evolution of virulence patterns in yellow rust races and its implications for Ereeding for resistance in wheat in Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; durable resistance ; race-specific resistance ; residual resistance ; races ; virulence, Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence patterns of yellow rust isolates collected in Kenya between 1986–1989 were compared with earlier results. The number of virulence factors per race and the range in virulence factors both increased considerably. Before 1976 races carried on average 4.5 to 5.0 virulence factors, whereas the races after 1986 had a mean of 6.5 virulence factors. The range in the number of virulence factors increased from some seven to eight in the first period to 12 in the second out of the 17 evaluated. In the period 1986–1989 another three virulence factors (2, 9 and A) were assessed. All three occurred at a high frequency. Virulence neutralizing the resistance genes Yr2, Yr2+, Yr6, Yr6+, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr8, Yr9, Yr9+ and those in the cultivars Anza (A), Strubes Dickkopf (SD) and Suwon92/Omar (SU) occurred at a high frequency, while virulence for Yr3V, Yr4+, Yr5, CV and SP (resistance in Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific resp.) were not found. The remaining three virulence factors for Yr1, 10 and 3N were rare. In the past ten years the resistance of most released cultivars became ineffective in less than six years. They were shown to carry race-specific major resistance genes such as Yr7+, Yr9+, SD and A. However, in the field, the resistance of the cultivars was not completely neutralized. A residual resistance, ranging from moderate to fairly high, was observed in all cultivars in which the major gene resistances were neutralized by corresponding virulence genes. Other wheat cultivars such as Africa Mayo, Kenya Kudu, Enkoy, Kenya Leopard, Bounty, Frontatch, Bonny and Kenya Plume appeared to keep their resistance over a condiserable period of time. They are considered to be durably resistant to the Kenyan yellow rust populations. This form of resistance, together with the residual resistance, can be recommended for use in breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039647
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    A fluorimetric assay for determining variation of lysine in wheat gliadin proteins (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; high performance liquid chromatography ; HPLC ; nutrition ; wheat breeding ; lysine content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An effective method for estimating lysine in wheat gliadin proteins could contribute to increasing lysine in wheat. Wheat gliadin proteins were separated and collected by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A fluorimetric assay with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) was used to determine the lysine content of wheat gliadin proteins. The OPA reagent reacts specifically with the amino group of lysine in protein. Twenty fractions of wheat gliadins were collected and analyzed by the fluorimetric assay. Nine of these fractions were also analyzed for lysine content by an amino acid analyzer. The results obtained from the fluorimetric assay were significantly related to the results obtained from the amino acid analyzer (R=0.93 for quadratic regression of the nine selected gliadin fractions). Lysine content of the wheat gliadins varied from 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the protein. This study determined that the fluorimetric assay could accurately estimate lysine in wheat gliadin proteins. Identification of high-lysine gliadin subunits could be implemented into a program of breeding for increased lysine in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024025
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  • 91
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    Combining abilities of in vitro traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) immature embryo cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; in vitro culture ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Combining ability for six in vitro culture traits in wheat were studied in a 8×8 diallel cross (excluding reciprocals). Specific combining ability effects (sca) were significant for all six traits derived from immature embryos on two media protocols, whereas general combining ability (gca) variances were significant only for five of them. Furthermore, based on ratios obtained by comparing the ratio of K2 gca to K2 sca, sca was more important than gca for all six traits. Genetic correlations between shoot formation and other in vitro traits, except callus weight and root formation, were higher in magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlations estimates, indicating the importance of genetic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022161
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    Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity in two wheat crosses (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; gene action ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity were estimated from generation means in two wheat crosses during two stages (5 th leaf and flag leaf between 2 and 5 days after anthesis). Six generations were available for each cross: parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and backcrosses (BC1 and BC2). Correlations between some morphophysiological characters and photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was also determined. The joint scaling test described by Mather & Jinks was used to determine the gene action. It showed that them; [d]; [h]; [i], [l] (mean, additivity, dominance, additive x additive interallelic interaction effects, dominance x dominance interallelic interaction effects) model fits the two crosses at both measurement times. All the model genetic components were significant for the flag leaf, however for the 5 th leaf only [h]; [i] and [l] were significant. The presence of additive and additive x additive effects suggested the possibility of selecting for this character using the flag leaf so as to obtain pure inbred lines. Dominance effects [h] were negative and dominance x dominance effects [l] were positive. Broad sense heritability values were medium to low. There were no correlations between the studied morphophysiological characters and the photosynthetic activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022168
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    Genetic control of frost tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 77 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; frost tolerance ; diallel cross ; monosomics ; Triticum aestivum ; chromosome substitutions ; wild species ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The frost tolerance of winter wheat is one component of winter hardiness. If seedlings are frost resistant, it means that they can survive the frost effect without any considerable damage. To study the genetic control of frost tolerance, an artificial freezing test was used. Frost tolerance is controlled by an additive-dominance system. The results of diallel analyses indicate the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of this character. The dominant genes act in the direction of lower frost tolerance and the recessive genes in the direction of a higher level of frost tolerance. The results of monosomic and substitution analyses show that at least 10 of the 21 pairs of chromosomes are involved in the control of frost tolerance and winter hardiness. Chromosomes 5A and 5D have been implicated most frequently. The geneFr1 (Frost 1) was located on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Crosses between cultivars, chromosome manipulation and the induction of somaclonal variation may be suitable methods for broadening the gene pool for frost tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262642
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    The derivation of compensating translocations involving homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: intergeneric gene transfer ; misdivision ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Sr27 translocation in WRT238 was found to consist of chromosome arms 3RS of rye and 3AS of common wheat. An attempt was made to purposely produce compensating translocations having 3RS and a wheat homoeologous group 3L arm. To achieve this, plants, double monosomic for 3R and a wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosome, were irradiated (7.5 Gy gamma rays) or left untreated before being used to pollinate stem rust susceptible testers. Segregation for stem rust resistance was studied to identify F2 families with Sr27-carrying translocated chromosomes, these were confirmed by means of C-banding. Compensating translocations 3RS3AL and 3RS3BL) were obtained readily and at similar frequencies from untreated and irradiated plants (respectively, 7.2% and 9.3%). Both translocation types have impaired transmission and segregate approximately 3: 2 (present: absent) in the F2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023578
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    Coleoptile tiller development is associated with fast early vigour in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coleoptile tiller ; Triticum aestivum ; vigour ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Faster canopy development in temperate cereals can result in more efficient utilization of wate, light and nutrients if these are in limited supply. It can also result in more competitive plants and less use of herbicides. The possible importance of the coleoptile tiller for increasing early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was determined for twelve F4 lines in two experiments. Each F4 line was chosen for variation in the presence and absence of a coleoptile tiller in plants in the previous generation; each F4 line was traced to a single F2 plant from a multiple convergent cross of sixteen parents. Eight plants of each of the F4 lines were grown in a single row in both experiments. Just after the coleoptile tiller appeared, plants within each line were classified into one of two groups; one group contained plants with large coleoptile tillers whereas the other group had either small coleoptile tillers or none at all. Leaf expansion rates were determined non-destructively at regular intervals, and plants were harvested to determine leaf and tiller characteristics when there were about five mainstem leaves. There was substantial variation in the leaf area of the coleoptile tiller both between groups and among lines. In both experiments plants with a large coleoptile tiller had 24–30% more leaf area and dry weight than plants selected with a small or absent coleoptile tiller up to the final harvest. Leaf expansion rates (increase in leaf area per day) were 25 to 35% greater in the large coleoptile tiller selections from the time tillers first appeared to the time of harvest, whereas the relative leaf expansion rate (increase in leaf area per unit of leaf area present per day) of the large selections was significantly greater than the small selections only at the time of appearance of the coleoptile tiller and just after. There was no evidence that the early appearance of a coleoptile tiller was associated with the largest seedlings or that it inhibited the growth of later tillers. It is concluded that selection for the appearance of a large coleoptile tiller should improve the early vigour of temperate cereals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039306
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    The homoeologous relationships of the arms of wheat chromosomes 2A and 2D to chromosome 2B and their effect on homoeologous pairing (1994)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 2 (1994), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: C-banding ; homoeologous pairing ; homoeologous relationships ; pairing genes ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homoeologous relationships between the arms of wheat group 2 chromosomes were analysed by studying homoeologous pairing in wheat—rye hybrids. Chromosomes 2A and 2D were identified using telocentrics 2AS, 2DS or 2DL. The remaining wheat chromosomes and their arms were identified by C-banding. Wheat chromosomes in the hybrids were derived from plants which were heterozygous(Ph1/ph1b) and monotelocentric for 2AS, 2DS or 2DL. In these plants, chromosome 2B and the telocentric showed regular bivalent pairing. From the results of homoeologous pairing in wheat—rye hybrids, normal homoeologous relationships between 2AS, 2BS and 2DS, as well as between 2AL, 2BL and 2DL, were deduced. There was no evidence that wheat group 2 chromosomes were involved in evolutionary chromosome rearrangements. The existence of a pairing promoter gene on chromosome arm 2DS was supported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552721
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    Three inhibitor types from wheat endosperm are differentially active against α-amylases of Lepidoptera pests (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: LepidopteraEphestia kuehniella ; α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; endosperm ; α-amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crude α-amylase preparations from seven Lepidoptera pests were susceptible to inhibition by salt-soluble proteins of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm. Protein fractions that corresponded to tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric wheat α-amylase inhibitors, were decreasingly effective against the insect α-amylase activity. To further confirm these results, purified inhibitors were tested against an α-amylase preparation fromEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). This preparation showed decreased activity when increasing amounts of an heterotetrameric inhibitor (reconstituted from its isolated subunits WTAI-CM2, -CM3 and -CM16) were assayed. Activity was only partially inhibited by homodimeric (WDAI-1, synonym 0.53; WDAI-2, synonym 0.19) and monomeric (WMAI-1, synonym 0.28) inhibitors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381546
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    Occurrence of Chaperonin 60 and Chaperonin 10 in primary and secondary bacterial symbionts of aphids: Implications for the evolution of an endosymbiotic system in aphids (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 568-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aphids ; Endosymbiosis ; Symbionin ; Chaperonin 60 ; Chaperonin 10 ; Immunoblotting ; Immunohistochemistry ; Primary symbiont ; Secondary symbiont ; Endosymbiotic evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All aphids harbor symbiotrophic prokaryotes (“primary symbionts”) in a specialized-abdominal cell, the bacteriocyte. Chaperonin 60 (Cpn60, symbionin) and chaperonin 10 (Cpn10), which are high and low molecular weight heatshock proteins, were sought in tissues of more than 60 aphid species. The endosymbionts were compared immunologically and histologically. It was demonstrated that (1) there are two types of aphids in terms of the endosymbiotic system: some with only primary symbionts and others with, in addition, secondary symbionts; (2) the primary symbionts of various aphids are quite similar in morphology whereas the secondary symbionts vary; and (3) irrespective of the aphid species, Cpn60 is abundant in both the primary and secondary symbionts, while Cpn10 is abundant in the secondary symbionts but present in small amounts in the primary ones. Based on these results, we suggest that the primary symbionts have been derived from a prokaryote that was acquired by the common ancestor of aphids whereas the secondary symbionts have been acquired by various aphids independently after divergence of the aphid species. In addition, we point out the possibility that the prokaryotes under intracellular conditions have been subject to some common evolutionary pressures, and as a result, have come to resemble cell organelles.
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    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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