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  • Coleoptera
  • Springer  (399)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (131)
  • 1985-1989  (170)
  • 1980-1984  (98)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of selected physical and chemical treatments of Colorado potato beetle eggs on host acceptance and development of the parasitic wasp, Edovum puttleri (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: physical and chemical effects ; parasitization ; Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Edovum puttleri ; Hymenoptera ; Eulophidae ; UV irradiation ; host age ; freezing ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of various physical and chemical treatments of Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] eggs on parasitization and development of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were investigated. UV irradiation did not affect host acceptance but reduced host suitability for UV exposure times ≥90 min. Susceptibility of host eggs to UV irradiation varied with host age; eggs were most vulnerable to damage from irradiation at 12, 18, and 24 h post-oviposition. The rate of parasitization also was influenced by host age. Percent parasitization was greatest in freshly laid eggs and 24–30 h old eggs. Seventy-seven percent of host eggs frozen at −20 °C (5 min) were parasitized by E. puttleri, but extended exposure of eggs to −20 °C reduced both acceptance and suitability. Host eggs that had been washed with hexane (removal of kairomone and sticky layer) also were parasitized. After 5 min of washing, application of kairomone significantly increased the rate of parasitism (from 74.7% to 88.2%), but with longer periods of washing, kairomone application had no significant effect on percent parasitism. Thus, the sticky material(s) coating the egg did not appear to be essential for parasitization to occur. Our results provide effective methods and times for treating Colorado potato beetle eggs to maximize parasitization and development of E. puttleri.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026425813762
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing dispersal of larval Coleomegilla maculata from the weed Acalypha ostryaefolia to sweet corn (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Euphorbiaceae ; Acalypha ostryaefolia ; Zea mays ; dispersal ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous predator, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), commonly oviposits on the native weed, Acalypha ostryaefolia Riddell (Euphorbiaceae), in and around Kentucky sweet corn fields. Cannibalism of eggs by C. maculata adults and larvae is drastically lower on A. ostryaefolia than on nearby sweet corn plants. We examined ovipositional preference of C. maculata for A. ostryaefolia plants or sweet corn plants, dispersal of larvae from A. ostryaefolia plants, capability for dispersal of larvae across bare soil (e.g., to nearby plants), ability of larvae to climb from ground level up A. ostryaefolia plants or sweet corn plants, and effect of A. ostryaefolia borders adjacent to sweet corn plots on C. maculata population density in sweet corn. The ovipositional preference study revealed that C. maculata laid more eggs on A. ostryaefolia than on corn. First-instar C. maculata that hatched from egg clusters on A. ostryaefolia dispersed predominantly by falling, rather than crawling, to the ground. Glandular trichomes on A. ostryaefolia petioles and stems apparently inhibited intraplant movement of first instars, resulting in those larvae falling directly from leaves to the ground. Some first instars were capable of moving at least 8 m across bare soil in 24 h. From the ground, significantly more first instars climbed sweet corn plants than climbed A. ostryaefolia plants. Significantly more larvae were present in sweet corn plots bordered by A. ostryaefolia plants than in sweet corn plots without an A. ostryaefolia border. These findings show that physical attributes of companion plants can significantly influence natural enemy populations on crop plants by affecting interplant dispersal of natural enemies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429217088
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive status and flight activity of the overwintered Colorado potato beetle (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; mating ; flight ; insecticide resistance management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating behavior of post-diapause Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was observed within an overwintering site, a rotated potato field, newly colonized potato plants, and under laboratory conditions. The influence of spring mating on beetle flight in the presence and in the absence of host plants was investigated using a computer-linked flight mill system. Diapause was terminated simultaneously in male and female beetles, and the first matings were observed as early as within the first 24 h after the beetles emerged from the soil (60–90 DD accumulated). The beetles mated within the overwintering site, the potato field, and the fields rotated out of potatoes. Mating status did not affect flight behavior of overwintered beetles; however, unfed beetles displayed higher flight activity than fed beetles. Most flight activity took place soon after flight muscle regeneration, and then declined sharply by the 5th day after flight initiation. Mating in or near overwintering sites soon after diapause termination might be an important factor in providing gene flow between insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible Colorado potato beetle populations, and should be considered in designing resistance management plans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003603107890
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum, in historical buildings: monitoring the pest and its predators (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: deathwatch beetle ; Xestobium rufovillosum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; timber pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trapping and monitoring experiments were conducted in the roof spaces of four buildings infested with deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum de Geer (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Data from sticky traps and an ultra-violet insectocutor showed that adult deathwatch beetles were trapped from May to July. The beetles were attracted to natural and UV light, and more beetles were caught on white coloured traps than yellow, blue or red traps. Deathwatch beetles comprised 30–40% of all arthropods caught. The weekly trap catch of all arthropods, including deathwatch beetle, was positively correlated with ambient temperature. Adult beetles flew in buildings at ambient temperatures greater than 17 °C. Arthropods caught in the buildings were categorised as resident, over-wintering or non-resident arthropods. Predatory spiders comprised 13% of arthropods caught and the predatory beetle, Korynetes caeruleus de Geer, was found in all four buildings. There was no evidence of other predators or parasitoids of the deathwatch beetle
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003824910137
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is the basis of pederin polymorphism in Paederus riparius rove beetles? The endosymbiotic hypothesis (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Paederus riparius ; pederin polymorphism ; hemolymph toxin ; matrilineal trait ; endosymbionts ; cannibalism ; Staphylinidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paederus riparius (Coleoptera:Staphylinidae) females are polymorphic with regard to their ability to synthesize the hemolymph toxin pederin, a character confined to that sex: (+)-females endow their eggs with pederin whereas (−)-females lay eggs devoid of the substance. When reared without access to conspecifics, (+)-females can only be obtained from (+)-mothers. Ingestion of (+)-eggs during larval development, however, enables the offspring of (−)-females to also become (+)-females. This is only the case if untreated (+)-eggs are eaten, while sterilized (+)-eggs do not alter larval fate as (−)-females. The character can thus be transferred to unrelated specimens. These experiments suggest that microorganisms might be involved in the biosynthesis of this unusual compound. Pederin appears to be the first defensive substance in insects traceable to endosymbionts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003842927497
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modifications in dispersal and oviposition of Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetles as a result of exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; flight ; oviposition ; resistance management ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory strains of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), physiologically resistant and susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin were reared to adults on caged potato plants. Influence of three different diets (transgenic potatoes, regular potatoes, and regular potatoes followed by the transgenic potatoes) on beetle mortality, fecundity, and flight behavior were tested under laboratory conditions. A computer-linked flight mill system was used to quantify beetle flight, and dissections were performed to determine the level of flight muscle development. Susceptible beetles continuously fed on transgenic foliage suffered heavy mortality, did not develop flight muscles, and did not produce any eggs. Resistant beetles continuously fed on transgenic foliage were capable of flight and reproduction; however, it took them longer to initiate flight behavior, and their fecundity was lower than fecundity of other treatments. In both strains, detrimental effects became significantly less severe when the beetles were allowed to feed on regular foliage prior to toxin ingestion. In the resistant strain, ingestion of Cry3A toxin significantly increased flight activity, indicating that physiological resistance was probably reinforced by the behavioral escape from toxic environments. No such response was observed for susceptible beetles. When fed on regular foliage, resistant Colorado potato beetles engaged in significantly fewer flights than susceptible beetles. Behavioral differences between resistant and susceptible beetles observed in the present study are likely to affect gene flow between transgenic crops and adjacent refugia, and should be taken in consideration when designing resistance management plans for transgenic potato crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003597616214
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of aphid prey quality on searching behaviour of Adalia bipunctata and its susceptibility to insecticides (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Phorodon humuli ; Aphis fabae ; Aphis craccivora ; Aphis spiraephaga ; pyrethroids ; insect growth regulators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After consumption of one individual of a suitable prey, such as Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Aphididae), Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) adults changed from extensive to intensive searching behaviour. However, after the consumption of one individual of three other aphid species: Aphis fabae Scop., Aphis craccivora Koch or Aphis spiraephaga Müller, which are unsuitable prey, this coccinellid remained immobile for 12–76 min and did not switch to intensive search after moving off. Adult A. bipunctata fed an unsuitable prey, A. fabae, for 2 weeks were 2–4 times more susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, esfenvalerate, alfa-cypermethrin and bioresmethrin) and insect growth regulators (diflubenzuron, triflumuron, fenoxycarb, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron) than those fed a suitable prey, P. humuli. The searching behaviour of coccinellids could thus be another criterion for determining the suitability of aphids as prey. The fact that the nutritional quality of aphids can affect the susceptibility of predatory coccinellids to insecticides should be borne in mind in integrated pest management programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003726106479
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring colonisation of orchards by Anthonomus pomorum from adjacent forest borders (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dispersal ; mark-release-recapture ; Anthonomus pomorum ; apple blossom weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; apple orchard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The early-season dispersal of the overwintered apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a crucial stage in the colonisation of dwarf apple orchards adjacent to forests. We have conducted release-recapture studies with 1700 to 4000 marked weevils at two orchard sites in Switzerland over 2 years to characterise the spatial and temporal pattern of the dispersal process. The dispersal and colonisation of orchards in spring by overwintered weevils is dependent upon the prevailing temperature. An orientated dispersal from the forest border to the centre of the orchard was observed consistently, irrespective of the angle of the apple tree rows with respect to the forest border or of climatic conditions. The average dispersal distance of the weevils was 19 m. Approximately one third of the weevil population remained on the first tree encountered, the remainder of the population moved over short distances mainly along the tree rows. This dispersal pattern led to a strong ‘edge effect’ with higher numbers of weevils occurring at the edges adjoining the forests as compared to the centre of orchards. The relevance of these findings to population dynamics and management of the pest is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003844902445
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence, Mating, and Postmating Behaviors of the Oriental Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 175-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; oriental beetle ; Exomala orientalis ; sustained-flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-7-tetradecen-2-one ; mating behavior ; mate guarding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous field-trapping study of the oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), by using synthetic sex pheromone on golf course fairways, numerous males were observed and trapped during the hours of peak mating activity. However, very few beetles were observed in the same areas when synthetic pheromone was absent. To investigate the hypothesis that mating in nature occurs cryptically within vegetation at the soil surface, laboratory studies on female emergence and pheromone release, male emergence and mate-locating, and female and male mating behaviors were conducted. Mate acquisition and copulation occurred on the soil surface near the female emergence site, with both sexes engaging in pheromone-mediated behaviors after having emerged from the soil. A highly stereotyped female pheromone release, or calling, behavior was observed, consisting of insertion of the female's head into the soil and elevation of the tip of her abdomen into the air. Bioassays conducted in a wind tunnel that simulated a turf fairway environment showed that walking and flying were both important in the upwind response of males to females. Mating and copulation occurred without an obvious complex courtship, but observations of postmating behaviors suggested that mate guarding occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020910732029
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The Effect of Habitat Changes on the Endangered Ground Beetle Carabus Nitens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabus nitens ; heathlands ; habitat fragmentation ; age structure ; allozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Carabus nitens, one of the most endangered ground beetles in Central Europe, was investigated with pitfall traps at 30 sampling sites in 17 heath fragments of the largest German heath landscape under nature conservation (nature reserve 'Lüneburger Heide'). The preference for damp Erica heaths and dry Calluna heaths in the building phase was thereby evident. Calluna heaths in the mature and degenerate phase, with and without extensive coverage by Avenella flexuosa, are either not inhabited or are avoided. The results of ovary dissections indicate that the populations in two successive spring seasons consisted mainly of animals which had already reproduced and were therefore older than one and a half years. Allozyme electrophoreses revealed variation for three of the nine investigated enzyme loci, and large differences in the allele frequency at one of these loci indicated genetic drift and fluctuations in the size of local populations. According to these results and statements in the literature, the loss of heathland areas and habitat quality are both responsible for the decline of the species. Suitable measures for preserving the species are (1) restoration of building phases of the Calluna heaths and (2) interconnection of at least the smaller heath fragments. Finally, recommendations are given for reintroductions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009673721288
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, Ecology and Population Dynamics of the American Burying Beetle [Nicrophorus Americanus Olivier (Coleoptera, Silphidae)] in South-central Nebraska, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; endangered ; pit fall trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, was previously widespread throughout eastern North America. In the past century numbers of this beetle have drastically declined and currently remnant populations are known from only six states despite intensive surveying efforts conducted for the last nine years. Efforts aimed at discovering and managing remnant populations have been generally limited by a lack of knowledge concerning N. americanus biology. We used baited pitfall traps to define the range of the Gothenburg, Nebraska population of N. americanus. Using mark-recapture techniques, we estimate that the annual Gothenburg population consists of more than one thousand individuals, meeting the recovery plan criterion to become the third breeding population in the Midwest region. Beyond estimates of population size and range, we present novel data on seasonal and daily activity, sex ratio, age-grading and foraging distances. In 1995 and 1996, the Nebraska population was univoltine and female biased, with over-wintering mature beetles emerging in early June and teneral beetles emerging in August. Nocturnal activity was highest in the third and fourth hours following sunset but was not strongly correlated with temperature. During foraging, beetles travel up to six kilometers, but the majority of our recaptures occurred at distances of less than 0.5 km, suggesting that distances between traps be increased to ensure independence of sampling units. This information will allow future work on captive breeding, re-introduction and genetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684926873
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eversible Pheromone Gland in a Melolonthine Beetle, Holotrichia parallela (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 825-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone gland ; Holotrichia parallela ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Melolonthinae ; columnar cells ; accessory gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of an eversible pheromone gland of a melolonthine beetle, Holotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), was characterized. Through careful dissection of the gland and GC-MS analysis of tissue extracts, we determined that the pheromone is produced in the posterior part of a ball-shaped sac exposed during female calling. Light microscope observation of the posterior part of the gland revealed a layer of cuticular epithelium composed of columnar cells, which was assigned as the tissue involved in pheromone production. Other morphological features, such as a soft cuticular layer adjacent to the epithelium and groups of retractor muscles attached to the gland, were characterized according to their functions. Paired accessory glands, which in some other melolonthine species house symbiotic bacteria that produce a sex attractant, were found not to be involved in pheromone production in H. parallela.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020896801562
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Exploring potential biodiversity indicators in boreal forests (1999)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1417-1433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: bryophytes ; coarse woody debris ; Coleoptera ; fungi ; lichens ; monitoring and inventories nested subsets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study evaluates indicators in Swedish spruce forests. We ask whether different species groups co-vary in their occurrence and to what extent species richness and composition is predictable from habitat structures. We studied 10 boreal spruce forest stands constituting a gradient in degree of selective logging. Occurrences of vascular plants, bryophytes, epiphytic lichens and wood-inhabiting fungi as well as habitat structures was inventoried. In addition, in five of the stands, beetles were sampled with windows traps. Total species richness was correlated with several habitat factors, mainly particular substrates and degree of forestry impact. However, the richness of a set of species regularly used as indicators did not correlate with habitat factors. Correlation in species richness among different organism groups were few and scale dependent. Only lichens and vascular plants formed nested subset patterns (i.e. species composition at poorer sites is subsets of the species present at richer sites) among the study sites. The study shows that in this forest type one cannot a priori assume that richness in one group of species correlated with richness in other, and measures of single habitat features may be relevant only to particular groups of species. Instead, monitoring and inventories should be based on a set of factors reflecting important aspects for different groups of organisms and if indicator species are to be used these should be chosen from several species groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008900309571
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  • 14
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    Reproductive biology of the Andean-disjunct genusRetanilla (Rhamnaceae) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 281-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rhamnaceae ; Retanilla ; Diptera ; Coleoptera ; Hymenoptera ; Breeding system ; Chilean matorral ; maternal success ; phenology ; Patagonia ; pollination biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various aspects of the reproductive biology of the Andean-disjunct genusRetanilla (DC.) Brongn. were studied in populations ofR. trinervia andR. ephedra located in central Chile and ofR. patagonica in southern Argentina. Flowering extends from -austral- winter (early spring inR. patagonica) to early summer. The small, white, entomophilous flowers are incompletely protandrous and last four to five days. A weak pleasant odor along with nectar and pollen attract thirty-seven diurnal insect species, ten of which are probable pollinators: these include the honey bee, eight species of solitary bees pertaining toAnthophoridae (1 sp.),Colletidae (3 spp.) andHalictidae (4 spp.), and a nemestrinid fly. Although flower morphology and individual flower phenology do not fully prevent self-pollination (and geitonogamy can easily take place), the level of autogamy is low. Therefore, some self-incompatibility mechanism seems operative inRetanilla. Fruit set of open-pollinated flowers is extremely low, with a maximal value of c. 3% inR. patagonica. In this species, ripe fruits contain on average 1.37 viable seeds. Predispersal (maternal) reproductive success (percent ovules becoming viable seeds) is 2.3%. For medium to full-sized individuals this corresponds to c. 4600 potential offspring per year. As presently known,Retanilla is a reproductively uniform group, in which the Andean disjunction seems to have exerted no particular impact, which is consistent with the view that pollination generalization exerts some stabilizing influence on floral morphology and other reproductive traits.Retanilla expresses a basic rhamnacean set of traits (including protandry and self-incompatibility) showing also high pollen production and secondary pollen presentation. The latter two traits seem characteristic of theRetanilla-Trevoa clade, suggesting that a trend to increased male effort and, perhaps, dependence upon polleneating has evolved within the tribe Colletieae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089232
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  • 15
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    Electroantennogram Responses of a Predator, Perillus bioculatus, and its Prey, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to Plant Volatiles (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2313-2325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemiptera ; Pentatomidae ; Perillus bioculatus ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; electroantennography ; EAG ; tritrophic interactions ; infochemicals ; synomones ; plant volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The two-spotted stinkbug, Perillus bioculatus, is a predator of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Behavioral tests revealed that P. bioculatus is attracted to potato plants, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), infested by the CPB. Electroantennograms from the antennae of P. bioculatus were recorded in response to compounds present in the headspace of CPB-infested potato plants. (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol and 2-phenylethanol elicited the highest EAG amplitudes. Linalool, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3(E),7-nonatriene, nonanal, decanal, and (R)-(+)-limonene evoked lower EAG amplitudes. The major headspace components β-caryophyllene and β-selinene produced only weak EAG responses. Antennal sensitivity of the CPB to (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol was higher than that of P. bioculatus, whereas the stinkburg was more sensitive to 2-phenylethanol, β-caryophyllene, (R)-(+)-limonene, and decanal. Among these compounds, 2-phenylethanol is of special interest since it was observed to be emitted by potato foliage only after being damaged by CPBs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020825924703
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  • 16
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    Sequestration, Maintenance, and Tissue Distribution of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid N-Oxides in Larvae of Two Oreina Species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2385-2395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina spp. ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; alkaloid sequestration ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxide ; senecionine N-oxide ; chemical defense ; larval defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oreina cacaliae and O. speciosissima are leaf beetles that, as larvae and adults, sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PAs) as defensive compounds from their host plants Adenostyles alliariae and Senecio nemorensis. As in most Oreina species, O. speciosissima is also defended by autogenously produced cardenolides (mixed defensive strategy), whereas O. cacaliae does not synthesize cardenolides and is exclusively dependent on host-plant-acquired PAs (host-derived defense). Adults of the two Oreina species were found to have the same PA storage capacity. The larvae, however, differ; larvae of O. speciosissima possess a significantly lower capability to store PAs than O. cacaliae. The ability of Oreina larvae to sequester PAs was studied by using tracer techniques with 14C-labeled senecionine N-oxide. Larvae of the two species efficiently take up [14C]senecionine N-oxide from their food plants and store the alkaloid as N-oxide. In O. cacaliae, there is a slow but continuous loss of labeled senecionine N-oxide. This effect may reflect the equilibrium between continuous PA uptake and excretion, resulting in a time-dependent tracer dilution. No noticeable loss of labeled alkaloid is associated with molting. Senecionine N-oxide is detectable in all tissues. The hemolymph is, with ca. 50–60% of total PAs, the major storage compartment, followed by the integument, with ca 30%. The alkaloid concentration in the hemolymph is approximately sixfold higher than in the solid tissues. The selectivity of PA sequestration in larvae is comparable to PA sequestration in the bodies of adult beetles.
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    Ethanol and Ambrosia Beetles in Douglas Fir Logs Exposed or Protected from Rain (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2793-2809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Gnathothrichus spp. ; ethanol ; host selection ; anaerobic respiration ; fermentation ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Logs from the base of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees cut in October 1993 were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) wet logs—cut from the fallen tree and left exposed to rain, (2) dry logs—cut from the fallen tree, placed on blocks, and protected from rain under a plastic tent, and (3) crown logs—left attached to the fallen tree with its branches intact and exposed to rain. The following May, ethanol concentrations were highest in the phloem and sapwood of wet logs (0.24 and 0.35 μmol/g fresh wt, respectively). Ethanol concentrations in tissues from dry and crown logs were similar to each other (ranging from 0.002 to 0.03 μmol/g fresh wt), but were significantly lower than in wet logs. It appears that rain absorbed by the outer bark of wet logs creates a barrier to gas exchange between living tissues and the atmosphere, which facilitates the development of hypoxic conditions necessary for ethanol synthesis and accumulation. Branches on crown logs exposed to rain help maintain low ethanol concentrations in the log tissues; we discuss several potential mechanisms to explain this response. By early September, the densities of Gnathothrichus spp. gallery entrance holes were high on wet logs (21.5/m2) and low on dry (2.5/m2) and crown logs (5.8/m2), indicating their preference for logs with higher ethanol concentrations. Protecting logs from rain will significantly reduce ethanol concentrations and the density of ambrosia beetle galleries. Leaving branches attached to logs will produce similar results, but its effectiveness may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Host selection by secondary scolytid beetles that use ethanol as a kairomone can be manipulated and possibly managed by controlling the production of ethanol in the host resource.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020859726152
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    Contrasting Responses of Southern House Spiders and Raccoons to Blister Beetle Prey (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1295-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cantharidin ; chemical defense ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Araneae ; Filistatidae ; Mammalia ; Procyonidae ; feeding aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female southern house spiders, Kukulcania hibernalis, readily consumed blister beetles, Lytta polita, regardless of cantharidin content when field-tested late in January and again three weeks later in February 1997. In contrast, free-ranging raccoons, Procyon lotor, initially ate many L. polita, particularly female beetles that contained only one third as much cantharidin as males, but when retested the raccoons ate only a few meloids. These results suggest that raccoons, unlike southern house spiders, quickly form an aversion to blister beetle prey, which is induced by cantharidin. Chemical analyses revealed that southern house spiders ingested 99% of the cantharidin contained within their prey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020970624529
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    Perception of Oviposition-Deterring Pheromone by Cabbage Seed Weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1655-1670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition-deterring pheromone ; host marking pheromone ; marker ; electrophysiology ; contact chemoreception ; gustatory sensilla ; antenna ; behavior ; Ceutorhynchus assimilis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Following oviposition into a pod of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), the female cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) marks the pod with oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) by brushing it with her eighth abdominal tergite. On an unmarked pod, oviposition site selection was always accompanied by intensive antennation of the pod. Females approaching a freshly ODP-marked pod brought their antennae within 1 mm of the pod but usually did not antennate it before rejecting it for oviposition. Females with the clubs of their antennae amputated continued to discriminate pods from stems or petioles as oviposition sites but showed no behavioral response to ODP. Extracts of volatiles air-entrained from ovipositing weevils failed to inhibit oviposition. Air passed over a behaviorally active extract of ODP did not elicit a detectable electroantennogram response. By contrast, when presented as a gustatory stimulus to the sensilla chaetica of the antennal club, a behaviorally active extract of ODP from postdiapause, gravid females elicited a strong electrophysiological response. This response usually involved more than one cell and displayed a phasic–tonic time course over the recording period of 10 sec. Extract from prediapause (and hence sexually immature) females elicited neither behavioral nor electrophysiological (contact) responses. Thus the ODP of the cabbage seed weevil is sensed primarily by contact chemoreception at the sensilla chaetica of the antennae, and the electrophysiological responses recorded from these gustatory sensilla are of value as the basis of a bioassay to assist identification of the active constituent(s) of the pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020801319251
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    Electrophysiologically and Behaviorally Active Volatiles of Buffalo Gourd Root Powder for Corn Rootworm Beetles (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 51-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; buffalo gourd root powder ; Cucurbita foetidissima ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; D. undecimpunctata howardi ; D. barberi ; attractants ; solid-phase microextraction ; gas chromatography–electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dried, powdered roots of buffalo gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima, were tested in a cornfield and shown to attract adult northern and southern corn rootworm beetles. Coupled gas chromatography–electroantennography (GC-EAG) analyses of headspace samples of the root powder showed several GC-EAG-active compounds on the antennae of female northern, southern, and western corn rootworms. Among other techniques, solid-phase microextraction and GC-mass spectrometry identified the following GC-EAG-active compounds: hexanol, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, (E)-3-octen-2-one, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, and (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one. EAG dose–response studies of several of the identified root powder volatiles also were performed and compared with results from known attractants. Field tests of synthetic root powder volatiles in commercial cornfields showed that northern corn rootworm adults were attracted to (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one. The antennae of the Diabrotica species and the field tests showed specificity for different geometrical isomers of 3,5-octadien-2-one, with a behavioral preference for (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one. In addition, we have shown that the efficacy of buffalo gourd root powder as a feeding stimulant and arrestant can be enhanced for northern and western corn rootworm adults by augmenting buffalo gourd root powder with additional (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020885032397
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    Green Leaf Volatiles Interrupt Pheromone Response of Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2847-2861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; semiochemicals ; pheromones ; green leaf volatiles ; GLV ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (E)-3-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; hexanal ; (E)-2-hexenal ; (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate ; linalool ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A synthetic mixture of nine green leaf volatiles (GLVs) including linalool was tested on antennae of Ips typographus (L.) with coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Strong responses were found to 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol. Weak responses were recorded to (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol and linalool, while hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-3-hexenyl acetate elicited no EAD responses. In a laboratory walking bioassay, the attraction of I. typographus females to a synthetic pheromone source was significantly reduced when a mixture of the three most EAD-active GLV alcohols was added to the source. Further reduction in response was obtained when these three alcohols were combined with verbenone (Vn). In field trapping experiments, a blend of 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol reduced I. typographus trap catches by 85%, while ca. 70% reduction of trap catch was achieved by Vn or a blend of (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and linalool. The strongest disruptive effect was found when Vn plus a blend of the three most EAD active GLV alcohols was added to the pheromone trap (95% catch reduction). Adding the blend of the three most EAD active alcohols to pheromone-baited traps significantly reduced the proportion of males captured. These three GLV alcohols were also disruptive in the laboratory and in the field when tested individually. Hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were inactive both in the lab and in the field. Our results suggest that these nonhost green leaf alcohols may explain part of the host selection behavior of conifer-attacking bark beetles and may offer a source of inhibitory signals for alternative management strategy for forest protection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020816011131
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    Three new species of Apheviderulix gen. nov. and proposal of Apheviderulicidae fam. nov. (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Eylaoidea) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 397 (1999), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Apheviderulicidae fam. nov. ; Hydrachnidia ; Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents descriptions of known instars of three new species of Apheviderulix gen. nov., including larvae and deutonymphs of the type species Apheviderulix welwitschioides sp. nov. from Sicily, deutonymphs of A. leptomastax sp. nov. from Morocco and deutonymphs of A. santana sp. nov. from California. Apheviderulicidae fam. nov. is proposed to accommodate the new genus, and the phylogenetic affinites and classification of this highly distinctive taxon are discussed. The host associations of larval Apheviderulix with dytiscid beetles are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003645301876
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    Ribosomal DNA Location in the Scarab Beetle Thorectes Intermedius (Costa) (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) Using Banding and Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization (1999)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 7 (1999), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromosome banding ; Coleoptera ; rDNA FISH ; Scarabaeoidaea ; Thorectes intermedius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of the scarab beetle Thorectes intermedius (Costa) (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupidae) were analyzed using various banding methods and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) with a ribosomal probe. The results obtained indicate that silver and CMA3 staining are unable to localize the chromosome sites of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Such an inadequacy is a consequence of the extensive silver and CMA3 stainability of both constitutive heterochromatin and heterochromatin associated to the NORs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009270613012
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    Human impact on Mediterranean wetland Coleoptera: an historical perspective at Tourves (Var, France) (1999)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 391-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; France ; human impact ; Mediterranean ; Neolithic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Very little is known about the Neolithic human impact on the coleopteran fauna in the Mediterranean region. The site of Tourves provides an exceptional opportunity to document this major event in Provence because it offers a continuous upper Holocene sedimentary record, showing unambiguous pollen signals for anthropic activities during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods. The level dated 4310 BP is marked by a drastic change in the coleopteran assemblages: a rich marshy fauna is suddenly replaced by an impoverished fauna in which running-water elements suggest a change in the hydrological regime, probably induced by drainage of the site which may be attributed to human activities. Some wetland species such as Odacantha melanura and Cerapheles lateplagiatus, present below the level dated 4310 years BP, are now extinct in the area.
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    Two Pheromones of Coniferophagous Bark Beetles Found in the Bark of Nonhost Angiosperms (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 805-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; nonhost volatiles ; frontalin ; conophthorin ; 1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ; (E)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Batesian mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles from fresh bark of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa; trembling aspen, P. tremuloides; paper birch, Betula papyrifera; bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum; red alder, Alnus rubra; and Sitka alder, Alnus viridis, were collected on Porapak Q and subjected to coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analyses by utilizing the antennae of several scolytid beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, D. rufipennis, D. ponderosae, Ips pini, and Dryocoetes confusus). Among the antennally active volatiles identified by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis were frontalin, 1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane, in the two Alnus species and conophthorin, (E)-7-methyl-1,6-diox-aspiro[4.5]decane, in the other four species. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that conophthorin had a significant disruptant effect on the response to a pheromone-host kairomone blend by both Dendroctonus pseudotsugae and D. ponderosae. Our results, and the recent identification of other scolytid pheromones in various tree species, pose major questions regarding the evolution and ecological roles of these semiochemicals, including the possibility of Batesian mimicry by the beetles. They also suggest a need for comparative studies on the biosynthetic pathways for these compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020892700653
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    Effects of Attraction Radius and Flight Paths on Catch of Scolytid Beetles Dispersing Outward Through Rings of Pheromone Traps (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 985-1005 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Effective attraction radius ; dispersion ; dispersal ; host finding ; host selection ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; Ips typographus ; I. paraconfusus ; Trypodendron lineatum ; computer simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Results were analyzed from six previous studies in which marked bark and ambrosia beetles, Ips typographus, I. paraconfusus, and Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), were released at the center of concentric rings of pheromone traps. Assuming nearly straight flight paths, a “filtering” equation model predicts recapture percentages on several trap rings of specified radii, trap numbers, and effective attraction radius (EAR) of a pheromone trap. Equations were used to calculate recapture percentages on concentric trap rings as a function of increasing EAR and gave polynomial relationships for each ring with terms equal to the number of inner rings plus one. Results were confirmed by computer simulations. Filtering equations were iterated with increasing EAR values to find one that gave a recapture percentage for the innermost trap ring that matched the field results. The estimated EAR for a synthetic pheromone bait of I. typographus was similar in five tests (range 1.39–1.78 m), but in two other tests was larger (3.27 and 15.9 m). The EAR for pheromone of 75 male I. paraconfusus in ponderosa pine logs ranged from 0.35 to 34.5 m (mean of 4.7 m) and was generally larger for previously pheromone-responding beetles than for freshly emerged ones. For T. lineatum, the EAR of lineatin-baited traps at 100-m radius was 2.43 m. Recaptures of I. typographus were reasonably predicted by the estimated EARs in the filtering model. To obtain perfect fits, another model assumed the EAR could vary with ring radius (dispersal distance) and found that the EAR for I. typographus decreased with dispersal distance in four experiments, but increased or was variable in two others. However, in I. paraconfusus and T. lineatum, the EAR increased with dispersal distance. Simulations that varied combinations of the EAR and random angles of maximum turning (AMT) of beetles stepwise showed that a nearly straight flight path for I. typographus explained observed catches on trap rings best, while a higher AMT of 36° was better to explain catches of T. lineatum. Simulations show that catch per trap ring in relation to radial distance can be influenced by the beetle's AMT (still unobserved in the field). A conceptual model of dispersal and host selection in “aggressive” bark beetles with regard to pioneer and joiner colonization strategies is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020869422943
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    Leaf Volatiles from Nonhost Deciduous Trees: Variation by Tree Species, Season and Temperature, and Electrophysiological Activity in Ips typographus (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1923-1943 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Birch ; Betula pendula (=verrucosa) ; B. pubescens ; Betulaceae ; aspen ; Populus tremula ; Salicaceae ; elder ; Sambucus nigra ; Caprifoliaceae ; green-leaf volatiles ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; seasonal variation ; temperature effect ; host selection ; habitat ; Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf volatiles emitted from four nonhost tree species of Ips typographus, i.e. Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Populus tremula, and Sambucus nigra, were collected outdoors by headspace sampling in situ and analyzed by GC-MS. Three major classes of compounds, aliphatics [mainly green-leaf volatiles (GLVs)], monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, existed in all the deciduous tree species investigated. In June, when the bark beetles are searching in flight for host trees, GLVs mainly consisting of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the dominant constituents in B. pendula and S. nigra. In B. pubescens and P. tremula, sesquiterpenes (and their derivatives) and monoterpenes made up the major part of whole volatile blends, respectively. Surprisingly, sesquiterpene alcohols and other oxides released from B. pubescens in considerable amounts were not found in the closely related species, B. pendula. By August, both the total volatiles and individual compounds significantly decreased, mainly due to the maturation of leaves, since the light intensity and temperatures during sampling were the same as in June. There were almost no volatiles detected from P. tremula and S. nigra leaves in August. The total emissions from these deciduous species were significantly different among the species, with B. pubescens releasing 5–10 times more than other species. Under the conditions of constant light intensity and humidity, emissions of both total volatiles and most individual components of severed B. pendula and S. nigra branches (with fresh leaves) increased according to a saturation curve from 16°C to 40°C. Ips typographus antennae responded strongly to green leaf alcohols: (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, but not to aldehydes or acetates in GC-EAD analyses of B. pendula and B. pubescens leaf volatiles. No antennal responses to monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, or sesquiterpene oxides were found. These three antennally active GLVs emitted from nonhost tree leaves might be indicators of a wrong habitat in the host selection of conifer bark beetles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020994119019
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    Rearing of the colydiid beetle predator, Dastarcus helophoroides, on artificial diet (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; cerambycid ; Coleoptera ; pine wood borer ; poplar wood borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Artificial diets for the colydiid beetle, Dastarcus helophoroides, a predator of cerambycid beetles and xylocopid bees, were evaluated. Hatched larvae were reared on artificial diets composed of silkworm pupa-powder, dry yeasts, yeast extract, sucrose, peptone, squid liver oil, preservatives and distilled water, but their emergence rate was very low. If larvae were fed paralyzed cerambycid larvae till they became approximately 8 mm in body length and then reared on artificial diet, emergence rates were high. Using the latter method, mass-production of this colydiid beetle is feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009936609401
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    Manipulating carabid beetle abundance alters prey removal rates in corn fields (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1999), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: agroecosystems ; biological control ; Carabidae ; carabid community ; Coleoptera ; generalist predators ; natural enemy abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Generalist natural enemies such as carabid beetles have the potential to maintain a variety of pests below outbreak levels in annual crops. To assess the relationship between carabid beetle abundance and field rates of prey removal, we created plots surrounded by different boundaries that selectively affected dispersal of edaphic arthropods, primarily carabids. Three treatments were established: (1) naturally occurring communities, (2) augmented communities using ingress boundaries, and (3) reduced communities using egress boundaries. Selective boundaries altered carabid communities with minimal habitat alteration and without use of insecticides. Three times during the growing season, a fixed number of onion fly pupae were placed in plots to evaluate the impact of carabid abundance on predation rates. A combination of vertebrate and invertebrate exclosures allowed us to evaluate prey removal by invertebrates alone. In comparison to the no boundary treatment, carabids increased 54.2% and decreased 83.1% in plots surrounded by ingress and egress boundaries respectively. Predation rates were positively correlated with carabid abundance (r2 = 0.70, p 〈 0.0001). Significantly more pupae were removed from exclosures allowing access to invertebrates alone than from total exclosures, suggesting that invertebrates represented an important group of predators. Laboratory trials tested the feeding potential of the four most abundant carabid species and showed that they readily consumed onion fly pupae, supporting our hypothesis that carabids were the main predators in field tests. This study corroborates and extends previous observations of the importance of carabid beetles as generalist predators of insect pests in agricultural fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009946004251
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    The impact of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga on Callosobruchus maculatus populations and the damage to cowpea in a traditional storage system (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Uscana lariophaga ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; cowpea ; storage pest ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In West Africa, Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizes the eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), an important pest of stored cowpea. The impact of the egg parasitoid on pest populations was evaluated in clay pots used in traditional storage in Niger. At the beginning of the storage period cowpeas were infested with different densities of larval instars and adults of C. maculatus and inoculated with one density of U. lariophaga. The higher the initial densities of C. maculatus, the better the egg parasitoid was able to establish itself and to control the population of C. maculatus, limiting the damage to cowpea. After three months of storage, the egg parasitoid significantly reduced the number of C. maculatus adults by 68 at the lowest and 86 percent at the highest initial density of the beetle; the percentage of damaged beans was reduced by 13 and 19% respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003555413273
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    Effects of leaf pubescence in Salix borealis on host- plant choice and feeding behaviour of the leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf pubescence ; host-plant preference ; consumption rate ; feeding behaviour ; delayed induced resistance ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Kola Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Density of leaf trichomes in Salix borealis affected both the choice of individual host plants and feeding behaviour of adults and last instar larvae of the willow feeding leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica. Beetles clearly preferred shaved disks to unshaved ones taken from the same leaf; this preference was highest in leaves of the most pubescent plants. High leaf pubescence explained the low preference for willow clones from the high density site in among-site preference trials; shaving significantly increased the consumption of these pubescent willow clones. In no-choice experiments, the food consumption by both adults and last instar larvae decreased with an increase in leaf pubescence. The time budget of adults did not depend on leaf pubescence of the host plants, however adults compelled to feed on highly pubescent plants changed their feeding sites twice as often as on less pubescent willow clones. Larvae feeding on highly pubescent plants spend moving three times as much time as larvae feeding on less pubescent plants. Combined with our earlier observations on the increase in leaf pubescence in the year(s) following defoliation, these data suggest that leaf hairiness may have contributed to the delayed induced resistance in S. borealis by disturbing the feeding behaviour of M. lapponica.
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    Selection of fruits for oviposition by the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chestnut weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; selection of fruits ; host-markers ; larval noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Under field conditions, females of the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas select their oviposition sites. In sleeve experiments, when the number of fruits is limited, females avoid 17% of available chestnuts and concentrate their eggs in the others. In the field, on average, 56.3 and 27.8% of the infested fruits contain one or two immatures (eggs and larvae). The oviposition site selection is neither influenced by host size nor by the presence of immature conspecifics. Choice experiments in the laboratory suggest that female weevils do not deposit repellent chemical markers on the fruits. Moreover, sleeve experiments indicate that selection is not influenced by the noise made by larvae while feeding inside a fruit. In general, the most probable hypothesis is that Curculio elephas exploits only hosts of highest feeding quality.
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    Genetic differentiation of groundnut seed-beetle populations in Senegal (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Caryedon serratus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; genetic differentiation ; biotypes ; Senegal ; groundnut ; Caesalpinioideae ; Leguminosae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caryedon serratus, the groundnut seed-beetle, is a major pest of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), an introduced legume in the subfamily Papilionoideae. Native hosts of C. serratus in Senegal include Bauhinia rufescens, Cassia sieberiana, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica, all of which belong to the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The biology and natural history of C. serratus suggest that it is a candidate for population differentiation via host-race formation. Evidence for host-tree associated differentiation in C. serratus would be important for the design of rational pest management practices. To test this possibility, we analyzed the genetic structure of 20 adult collections of C. serratus from six sites in Western Senegal, on its five hosts. Results show a strong differentiation of insects from different host trees, with specimens from C. sieberiana possibly representing a sibling species and insects from B. rufescens a distinct host-race.
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    Effects of fumonisin B1 on growth and metabolism of larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: yellow mealworm ; contaminated diet ; fungi ; Fusarium moniliforme ; mycotoxins ; feeding bioassay ; toxicity ; nutritional indices ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chronic and acute toxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin from Fusarium moniliforme, to the larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, was assessed. The toxin was administered via the diet or injected directly into the larvae. Young T. molitor larvae fed on a diet containing 450 µg FB1 per g diet exhibited reduced growth performance but only after consuming the fumonisin-contaminated diet for several weeks. FB1-contaminated diet also reduced the rate of carbon dioxide production, food consumption and protein metabolism. The concentrations of FB1 in the diet did not increase mortality, even when tested at the highest dose of 450 µg FB1 per g of diet. Injection of 25 ng FB1 per larva decreased the CO2 production, but became significant only 11 days after the injection and was reversible with time. A parallel analysis of the retention of FB1 by the larvae indicated that about 40% of the ingested FB1 was excreted in the faeces.
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    Fecundity and juvenile survival of shape Bembidion lampros and Tachyporus hypnorum (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Age-dependent fecundity ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Staphylinidae ; life history traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fecundity and development from first instar larvae to adult beetles were studied for Bembidion lampros Herbst (Coleoptera; Carabidae) and Tachyporus hypnorum F. (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae). Both species reproduce in arable fields, where they are known to contribute to the natural control of cereal aphids. They are univoltine and have similar life cycles and development times. T. hypnorum females laid approximately 3 times more eggs than B. lampros females. Relative lifetime fecundity of B. lampros was very low with an average of 10 eggs per female. Based on the time where half of the populations had dispersed from the overwintering sites into an arable field B. lampros started egg-lay 100°D (°C〉9) and T. hypnorum 200°D (°C〉3) after dispersal. Mortality in the juvenile stages was found to be an important factor in the population dynamics of both B. lampros and T. hypnorum. The survival from first instar larvae to adults was on average 34% for B. lampros independent of soil type, 21% for T. hypnorum developed in sandy soil and 49% when developed in clayey soil under semi-field conditions. Enlargement of B. lampros and T. hypnorum populations to increase the natural control of aphids during their establishment in cereal fields may be possible if the conditions for juvenile development are improved.
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    Flight behavior of pre- and postdiapause apple blossom weevils in relation to ambient temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 97-99 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diapause ; flight behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003269621622
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    Comparative effect of short term exposures of Callosobruchus subinnotatus to carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on behavior and fecundity (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; bruchidae ; anesthesia ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; cold ; oviposition and mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of anesthetizing with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on the reproductive behavior and fecundity of Callosobruchus subinnotatus was investigated. Males and females anesthetized with N2 as virgins had shorter recovery time, copulated earlier, and had shorter mating time than those subjected to CO2 or low temperature. Exposure of males and females to 2.0±0.5 °C for 10 min had the most profound effect on the recovery periods, copulation time, and duration of mating. Adults anesthetized with CO2 and low temperature laid fewer eggs than those anesthetized with N2. Females were more affected than males by the treatments, except when males were chilled for 10 min, and this prolonged the time for commencement of mating. The mode of anesthesia could affect egg production because vitellogenesis and choriogenesis take place in the imago stage of bruchids.
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    Host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum: Oviposition preference choice assays testing old vs new oak timber, Quercus sp. (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: deathwatch beetle ; Xestobium rufovillosum ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Quercus sp. ; host selection behaviour ; oviposition ; timber pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a choice bio-assay adult female deathwatch beetles were offered two dendrochronologically dated wood blocks from oak timber to study oviposition preference behaviour. There was a clear preference for ovipositing on old wood dating from the 13th to 19th centuries rather than new wood from the 20th century. Control, same-century choice, experiments showed that beetles will oviposit on young wood and that the age of the wood does not alter the overall oviposition potential. Oviposition frequency varied with insect age. Fecundity of insects collected from an infested building was similar to that of insects maintained in culture.
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    Treatment of adult Coleoptera with a chitin synthesis inhibitor affects mortality and development time of their progeny (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecticide ; chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) ; chlorfluazuron ; insect growth regulators (IGRs) ; bioassays ; Sitophilus oryzae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Coleoptera ; stored grain pests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A group of insect growth regulators, the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), are being more widely used as many insects have become resistant to broad-spectrum insecticides. This study investigated the mode of action of one CSI, particularly looking at the delayed effect of treating adult insects on the survival and development of their progeny. The study describes the responses of adult stored grain beetles Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) to wheat treated with chlorfluazuron. For both species, wheat treated with chlorfluazuron reduced progeny survival at a constant rate from 1 day to 8 weeks after it had been treated. There was a direct, negative concentration-time relationship between the treatment of the adults with chlorfluazuron-treated wheat and the survival and developmental rate of their progeny. Adults that were pre-exposed for one or more weeks before oviposition to wheat treated with chlorfluazuron had significantly lower progeny survival than adults that were not pre-exposed. The EC95 values were 16-fold higher for R. dominica and 40-fold higher for S. oryzae from assays without pre-exposure, than with pre-exposure. Pre-exposure of R. dominica with 0.1 mg kg-1 and of S. oryzae with 0.4 mg kg-1 of chlorfluazuron reduced progeny survival by 95%. Higher concentrations of chlorfluazuron produced a reduction in mean population developmental time of several days. These findings have important implications for bioassays of CSIs, since pre-exposure of the adults can significantly reduce the numbers of F1 progeny. Therefore standard bioassays may seriously underestimate the efficacy of the CSI being assayed.
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    Interaction of treatment of both adult and immature Coleoptera with a chitin synthesis inhibitor affects mortality and development time of their progeny (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insecticide ; chitin synthesis inhibitors ; CSIs ; chlorfluazuron ; insect growth regulators (IGRs) ; bioassay ; pre-exposure ; Sitophilus oryzae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Coleoptera ; stored grain insect pests ; development time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chitin synthesis inhibitors, like many other insect growth regulating insecticides, do not kill adult insects but cause mortality of the immature stages. Pre-exposure of adult stored grain Coleoptera, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Curculionidae) and development of their progeny in grain treated with the chitin synthesis inhibitor, chlorfluazuron, influenced the mortality and development rate of the progeny. Hatch rate of eggs from R. dominica adults that had both developed and laid on wheat treated with 0.75 mg kg−1 chlorfluazuron was reduced by almost 50% compared with untreated eggs, with an LC50 of 0.84 mg kg−1 . Eggs laid on treated wheat by R. dominica adults that had been exposed only to treated wheat for 2 weeks before oviposition showed greater reduction in hatch: 75% reduction of normal hatch rate at 0.25 mg kg−1 and almost 100% reduction at 2 mg kg−1 chlorfluazuron, with an LC50 of 0.19 mg kg−1 chlorfluazuron. X-rays were used to monitor the development and mortality of the immature stages of S. oryzae that developed within the wheat grains. Numbers of eggs laid were not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment. The combination of pre-exposure of adults and chlorfluazuron concentration had an additive effect on mortality of immature S. oryzae. Pre-exposure of adults caused most mortality in the first three weeks of development (eggs and larvae), whereas development in treated wheat caused mortality from weeks 3 to 8 (pupae and adults); higher concentrations of chlorfluazuron caused higher mortality. Development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg−1 chlorfluazuron caused 12% corrected overall mortality of progeny while pre-exposure to the same concentration and development in untreated wheat caused 29% corrected mortality. Pre-exposure combined with development in wheat treated with 1 mg kg−1 caused 30% corrected mortality. Thus, pre-exposure of adults appears to have a greater effect on mortality of S. oryzae progeny than development of immature stages in treated grain. Development on treated grain had no effect on development rate. Pre-exposure of adults did not appear to affect the rate of immature development, as assessed by X-rays, but did slow the emergence of adults, lengthening development time by about 2 days. This significant, additive effect of pre-exposure of adults on the mortality of their progeny will enhance the toxicity of chitin synthesis inhibitors such as chlorfluazuron, since most adults receive treatment when the immature stages are treated in crops either before they are harvested or in storage. Assessing the proportion of eggs that hatch from pre-exposed adults would be a simpler bioassay for CSIs.
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    Response of first-instar Aleochara bilineata larvae to the puparium morphology of its dipteran host (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 217-220 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cabbage maggot ; Delia radicum ; Aleochara bilineata ; entrance hole distribution ; preference ; external puparium relief ; incidental protection ; host vulnerability ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003145304139
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    Distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates within peatland pool complexes in the Flow Country, Scotland (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 377 (1998), S. 95-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: peatland pools ; invertebrates ; Coleoptera ; Hemiptera ; spatial variation ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stationary water traps were used to sample the aquatic invertebrates from both shallow, drought-sensitive pools and deeper, more permanent pools on blanket bog in the Flow Country, northern Scotland during 1994–1995, an area important for nature conservation. The differences in numbers of invertebrates trapped, and the differences in species composition and abundance of adult aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera (the two most abundant groups caught) between these two pool types, and spatially within the deeper pools, were investigated. Using the same trapping effort, seven times more invertebrates and five times more adult Coleoptera were taken in the deep (A4) pools compared to the shallow (A3) pools, and Hemiptera were almost exclusively trapped in the A4 pools (only 2% of the catch was from A3 pools). DECORANA showed that the Coleoptera species composition of the two pool types was different, although a small overlap existed, presumably because of the proximity of the pool types and of the continuous nature of the variation between them. There was little difference in the numbers taken or species composition of Coleoptera or Hemiptera from the edges or centre of the A4 pools. Smaller Coleoptera species were found in both pool types, although one species was more common in the centre of the larger pools. Larger Coleoptera with a body length of more than 11.6 mm were not found in the A3 pools, only in the deeper A4 type. The A4 pools were found to be more stable seasonally than the shallow pools with respect to invertebrate numbers trapped, and this may be linked to the chance of drying out of the latter in dry periods. The influence of pool stability (through water level) on invertebrate abundance, development and individual species size is discussed, as is the sampling method used, the significance of the peatland fauna and its importance to breeding bird life associated with peatland pool complexes.
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    Influence of Some Fatty Acids on Oviposition by the Bruchid Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1577-1593 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; oviposition behavior ; host acceptance ; behavior sequences ; epicuticular lipids ; waxes ; fatty acids ; oleic acid ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, will lay its eggs on many potential hosts and inert surfaces. Oviposition on glass beads is stimulated by coating them with individual fatty acids. Nevertheless, female beetles reject mung seeds less frequently than beads treated with either an extract of mung seeds or, especially, an extract of mung seeds plus oleic acid. The addition of oleic acid to the extract resulted in a change in the sequence of oviposition behavior, notably an increase in a raised body position indicative of hosts of low acceptability. Fatty acids are present in the epicuticular waxes of legume seeds; wax extract of mung bean contains 32.4% fatty acid and 14 alkanes, whereas a wax extract of chickpea contains 5% fatty acid and 18 alkanes. Thus, chickpea may be a less acceptable host for oviposition than mung bean because of physical differences and/or because of chemical differences, including a reduced total level of fatty acid or the high proportion of oleic acid it is reported to contain. It is concluded that an appropriate mixture of fatty acids in the epicuticular waxes stimulates oviposition but that an elevated level of oleic acid in conjunction with others is deterrent.
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    Quantitative Variation in Chemical Defense Within and Among Subgenera of Cicindela (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 451-472 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Cicindelidae ; Cicindela ; benzaldehyde ; evolution of chemical defense ; lineage variation ; predator deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pygidial secretions of more than 40 species of adult Cicindela were quantitatively assayed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the presence of benzaldehyde, the major defensive compound of cicindelids. All species showed evidence of benzaldehyde secretion, with the range in benzaldehyde spanning three orders of magnitude. Subgenera, species, and subspecies all accounted for a significant portion of the total variation in benzaldehyde secretion, while populations within subspecies sampled at different localities did not vary significantly; thus phylogenetic analyses of benzaldehyde secretion within and among both species and subgenera would be appropriate. The evidence suggests that a single origin of the pathway producing benzaldehyde occurred in the ancestors of Cicindela spp. and that differences among taxa in the amount of benzaldehyde secreted are the result of changes in that pathway's regulation.
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    Field Attraction of Hoplia communis to 2-Phenylethanol, A Major Volatile Component from Host Flowers, Rosa spp. (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1491-1497 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hoplia communis ; Scarabaeidae ; Coleoptera ; attractant ; kairomone ; 2-phenylethanol ; geranyl acetate ; floral scent ; Rosa spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attractiveness of volatile compounds from the floral scent of Rosa, one of the most preferred plants for adult Hoplia communis, was evaluated under field conditions. The beetles were attracted to most compounds tested, but 2-phenylethanol exhibited the highest capture rate. Catches increased with increasing emissions of between 9.1 and 287.2 mg/day. Catches in white traps were significantly larger (17.4-fold) than those in green traps when both were baited with anethole, an already known attractant; however, the trap color was not significant when a more attractive lure, 2-phenylethanol, was used. The use of a single funnel trap baited with 2 g of 2-phenylethanol at a heavily infested nursery exhibited promising results for mass trapping. Approximately 90,000 beetles of both sexes, which nearly corresponds to the estimated maximum population per 1000 m2, were captured within six days.
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    A pest on Calliandra calothyrsus in Cameroon (1998)
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    Agroforestry systems 41 (1998), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Central Africa ; Cerambycidae ; Coleoptera ; Tragocephala
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A beetle pest, Tragocephala guerini White (Col.: Cerambycidae) was observed damaging the branches of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner in Cameroon, Central Africa. The pests biology and details of the damage on the host plant are described.
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    Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis – insecticides on population dynamics and egg predation of the Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina potato plantings (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 65-75 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis ; biological control ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Coccinellidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies to assess the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Btt)-insecticides on Colorado potato beetle populations, egg survivorship and levels of predation on egg masses were conducted in replicated field research plots during two years. Stage-specific abundance of the Colorado potato beetle and predation on egg masses were monitored in Btt-treated and untreated potato plots in both years. The Btt-treatments significantly reduced densities of large (third and fourth instar) Colorado potato beetle larvae. The densities of large larvae remained below 0.5 and 3 per plant in the Btt-treatment while peak densities of 4.5 and 21 large larvae per plant occurred in the untreated control in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Regular sampling of egg masses indicated that predation rates in Btt-treated and untreated plots did not differ significantly although, in 1993, predation rates of up to 100% were recorded, only in Btt-treated plots. In a predator exclusion study carried out in 1992, survivorship of protected eggs was consistently higher than of eggs exposed to predation. Seasonal survivorship of exposed eggs was significantly lower in the Btt-treated than in untreated plots. Btt insecticides for control of Colorado potato beetles provided direct protection of the crop and were compatible with naturally-occurring biological control of Colorado potato beetle eggs due to predation.
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    Environmental influences on fecundity, egg viability and egg cannibalism in the scale insect predator, Chilocorus nigritus (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 39-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: age-specific fecundity ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature on age-specific fecundity, egg viability and egg cannibalism were examined in the coccidophagous coccinellid, Chilocorus nigritus being fed on the cyanophyllum scale, Abgrallaspis cyanophylli. There were no significant differences in lifetime fecundity or oviposition rate at constant temperatures in the range of 20 to 30°C although there was a trend for both parameters to increase with increasing temperatures. Total fecundity ranged from five to 1890 eggs per female whilst the oviposition rate varied from 0.2–12.1 eggs day-1. Egg viability was significantly greater at 26 and 30°C (63 and 74%, respectively) than at lower temperatures (18 to 30%) whilst egg cannibalism was highest at 24 and 26°C (being the mid range of the temperatures tested). Mean pre-oviposition periods varied from 54 days at 20°C to 8.2 days at 30°C. The effect of relative humidities in the range of 33% to 75% on oviposition rate, egg viability and egg cannibalism was measured and found to have no significant effect on either parameter.
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    An artificial non-flying mutation to improve the efficiency of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis in biological control of aphids (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: abnormal wings ; adult ; biological control ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; mutagenesis ; mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of coccinellids in the biological control of aphids is restricted to the release of larvae because adults tend to fly away. Non-flying adults may stay longer in one place and so they and their progeny could give longer term protection to plants. This work is an attempt to produce a non-flying population by the use of a chemical mutagen and selection of adults with wing malformations through their subsequent generations. These adults are characterized by open elytra and extended wings. Some general features of this mutation were disclosed. The mutation is either unexpressed or results in malformed wings. It also seems recessive and lethal when homozygous. The adults with the mutation suffered a high level of mortality and a drastic reduction in reproductive capacity that prevents their mass rearing for biological control. This study revealed a negative relationship between wing malformations and reproductive capacity. Nevertheless, when adults with the mutation were released in greenhouses containing cucumbers infested with the aphid Aphis gossypii, they remained on the plants in higher numbers and laid eggs over a longer period of time than the control adults but their progeny were less numerous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009970004842
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    In vitro rearing of Edovum puttleri, an egg parasitoid of the Colorado potato beetle – development from egg through the pupal stage (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: artificial diet ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Eulophidae ; Hymenoptera ; metamorphosis ; molting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A variety of semi-defined artificial diets were developed and tested for their ability to support the in vitro development of Edovum puttleri. In the most effective diet, 2.6% of E. puttleri pupated. This diet contained high levels of hen egg yolk combined with Manduca sexta larval hemolymph, or with a mixture of M. sexta egg homogenate and larval hemolymph. Egg homogenate alone (without the addition of hemolymph) was not capable of supporting the parasitoid's development. Thus, hemolymph appears to contain unidentified factor(s) important for inducing pupation of the wasp. Addition of M. sexta pupal fat body tissue extract (in place of hemolymph) also promoted pupation of E. puttleri. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval hemolymph could not replace M. sexta larval hemolymph. Fractionation irreversibly reduced the growth-promoting effects of M. sexta larval hemolymph. However, the most effective fraction contained components whose molecular weights were ≥1000 kd. In diets that were devoid of insect materials, the best results were achieved when hen egg yolk, FreAmine, yeast extract, lactalbumin, trehalose, fetal bovine serum and bovine milk were included. This is the first report of an artificial diet for in vitro rearing an eulophid parasitoid from the egg through the pupal stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009955804243
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    Effect of three diaspididae prey species on development and fecundity of the ladybeetle Chilocorus bipustulatus in the laboratory (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aonidiella aurantii ; Aspidiotus nerii ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; development ; fecundity ; predator ; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the most suitable prey for the development and fecundity of the predatory coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) on three different diaspidid species: Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti). Life tables were constructed at constant 25°C and the developmental time, longevity, fecundity, and the sex ratio were determined. Individuals fed with A. nerii displayed the shortest larval and pupal developmental time (26.0 days), lowest immature mortality rate (16.6%), highest net reproduction rate (264.7 females/ female), shortest generation time (72.9 days), and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.077 females/female/day). The results showed that under laboratory conditions C. bipustulatus developed best on A. nerii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009955718925
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    Identification of chemicals attractive to the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, in laboratory bioassays (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: 2-methyl ketones ; aldehydes ; analysis ; attractants ; Coleoptera ; monoterpenes ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The semiochemical system of the olive bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides was investigated. During the course of their life-cycle, whole insects, excised hindguts, frass, wood and leaves were collected, from both the field and from a laboratory rearing system. Samples were analysed by capillary GC/MS, after solvent extraction, collection of air volatiles on a sorbent or solid sample injection. Olfactometer bioassays were used to test the different samples and individual compounds for attraction to both sexes. Decanal, undecanal, 2-decanone, 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone, as well as α- and β-pinene, were identified as attractive compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009931601673
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    Biology and host range of Platyphora semiviridis, a leaf beetle evaluated as a potential biological control agent for Solanum mauritianum in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological weed control ; bugweed ; Chrysometidae ; Coleoptera ; expanded host ranges ; host specificity ; woolly nightshade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The South American tree Solanum mauritianum is a major environmental weed in the high-rainfall regions of South Africa and has been targeted for biological control. Potential agents included five species of the genus Platyphora, which were imported from South America in 1994. Platyphora species associated with Solanaceae reputedly have very specific habitat requirements and host plant preferences in the field. Despite this, host-specificity tests on one species, Platyphora semiviridis, revealed a broad physiological host range. Although laboratory tests showed that P. semiviridis is confined to Solanum species and cannot survive on solanaceous crops outside that genus, it developed on potato and cultivated eggplant (aubergine) as well as on 10 native South African Solanum species. With few exceptions, there were no consistent differences in survival and duration of development on these compared with S. mauritianum. Furthermore, at least six of these non-target species, including potato and eggplant, supported breeding colonies of the beetles in cages. During choice tests in both small and larger cages, P. semiviridis avoided potato but did not consistently discriminate between S. mauritianum, eggplant and six native solanums for larviposition. Despite these findings, P. semiviridis has never been recorded on either potato or eggplant in South America, where it was only observed to feed on S. mauritianum. Although there are several reasons why P. semiviridis is unlikely to attack non-target Solanum species in the field, it will not be released in South Africa because there are other imported agents which have displayed narrower physiological host ranges and which may be more effective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009912011121
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    Effects of lectins, CRY1A/CRY1B Bt α-endotoxin, PAPA, protease and ;4-amylase inhibitors, on the development of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, using an artificial seed bioassay (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biomonitor ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; lectin ; PAPA ; E-64 ; artificial seeds ; protease inhibitor ; weevil ; Sitophilus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An artificial maize seed bioassay was developed to evaluate potential resistance factors against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Weevils reared in artificial seeds compared to those reared in whole maize seeds: (i) developed faster, (ii) had similar within-seed developmental mortalities, (iii) were lighter in weight upon emergence and (iv) oviposited the same number of eggs. Using this bioassay we found that E-64, a cysteine protease inhibitor, decreased the number of emerged adults per seed and delayed within-seed developmental time, suggesting that the rice weevil utilizes a cysteine protease to digest its dietary protein. Weevils fed inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin, Bowman-Birk and Kunitz inhibitors respectively, developed normally. Para-amino-l-phenylalanine (PAPA), a non-protein amino acid implicated as an insect resistance factor in Vigna vexillata, was lethal at dietary levels of 0.2% (w/w) and higher. An extract from Amaranthus caudatus seeds delayed the developmental time of the rice weevil at dietary levels of 0.2% (w/w) and increased mortality at dietary levels of 1.0% (w/w). Several proteins tested, including Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin II, phytohemagglutinin extract containing common bean α-amylase inhibitor, pokeweed agglutinin, Bacillus thuringiensis CRY1A/CRY1B endotoxin, and an α-amylase inhibitor from wheat, had no effect on the rice weevil. The artificial maize seed bioassay was adapted by pelleting the seed for use with an ultrasonic insect feeding monitor to determine the finding activity of rice weevils as they developed from egg hatch to pupation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002925301696
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    Allozyme variation among Brazilian and U.S. populations of Rhyzopertha dominica resistant to insecticides (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: allozymes ; genetic variation ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Brazil ; USA ; insecticide resistance ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) is an important pest of stored grain in many parts of the world (Paleartic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Neartic regions) with the ability to fly long distances. These insects have been shown to be resistant to organophosphorus insecticides in several studies. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to assess the genetic variability within and among eight Brazilian and seven United States populations of R. dominica and to determine how insecticide resistance may be spreading within both countries. Significant variation in allele frequency among populations was observed at all six polymorphic enzyme loci that were examined. The Brazilian and U.S. populations were genetically differentiated from one another; populations within the U.S. and those within Brazil were also differentiated from one another. The mean genetic similarity among the seven U.S. populations collected in a small region in northeast Kansas was smaller than that among eight Brazilian populations collected in a relatively large geographical area. These results are consistent with the resistance ratios to chlorpyriphos-methyl in R. dominica populations from Brazil and the U.S. and the information available concerning patterns of flight activity in this insect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003018305244
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    Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; Leptinotarsa ; Coleomegilla ; potato ; resistance ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say egg density and Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer predatory behavior was investigated at different spatial scales (plant-to-plant and plot-to-plot). Both adult C. maculata location and daily egg consumption rates were monitored over time in greenhouse and field tests. Despite aggregation in areas of highest prey density by C. maculata, egg consumption was inversely related to egg mass density at the smallest and the largest spatial scales tested. The experimental data on predation rates in high and low density field treatments were included in a mathematical model to simulate impact of natural enemies on the rate of L. decemlineata adaptation to Bt-toxin-expressing transgenic potato plants when Bt-expressing plants are mixed at the plot-to-plot level with normal potato plants. Results showed that C. maculata predatory behavior could decrease the rate at which L. decemlineata adapted to Bt-toxins if plot-to-plot mixed-plantings were used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002935706990
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    Response of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus to volatiles emitted by intact plants and conspecifics (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Meligethes aeneus ; pollen beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Brassica napus ; oilseed-rape ; Y-tube-olfactometer ; host plant location ; epideictic pheromone ; sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus Fab. (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) to the volatiles of undamaged plants and conspecifics was tested in a Y-tube-olfactometer-bioassay. Beetles that had hibernated preferred significantly the volatiles emitted by their most important host plant, oilseed-rape (Brassica napus L. ‘Lorar’) in the early bud-stage. However, the odour emitted by rye (Secale cereale L.), tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) were also attractive when tested against the corresponding growing-medium. Dock plants (Rumex obtusifolius L.) and touch-me-not (Impatiens parviflora L.) possessed no attractive properties. When tested against each other, oilseed-rape was preferred significantly by M. aeneus above all other plants, with the exception of tomato. The results indicate that M. aeneus is able to locate its host plant by olfactory stimuli in the early bud-stage, i.e. in that stage in which the infestation begins in the field and when the typical yellow colour and floral scent of oilseed-rape are absent. Female pollen beetles avoided significantly the volatiles emitted by female conspecifics and an ether extract of conspecifics of mixed sex, while volatiles from males had no significant effect on females. Furthermore, males showed no preferences when responding to conspecific odour in the olfactometer. These results suggest the existence of an epideictic pheromone for M. aeneus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003040318376
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    Development of pheromone traps for control and monitoring of sweetpotato weevils, Cylas puncticollis and C. brunneus, in Uganda (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cylas puncticollis ; Cylas brunneus ; sweetpotato weevil ; pheromone ; pheromone trap ; Coleoptera ; Apionidae ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out in Uganda to optimise pheromone traps for the African sweetpotato weevil species, Cylas puncticollis Bohe. and C. brunneus F. (Coleoptera: Apionidae). Various designs of funnel, water and sticky traps were compared and a 5-l plastic jerry can trap was the most appropriate design for effectiveness and practicability. A solution of Omo detergent in water was found to be the most effective trapping agent. Fewer weevils were caught in red traps than in yellow, white, green or blue traps. Catches of C. puncticollis increased when the trap was raised above crop height, but catches of C. brunneus were unaffected. When marked weevils were dropped onto the trap, 36% of C. puncticollis and 23% of C. brunneus were captured, and, of weevils placed in the trap, 88% and 92%, respectively, of the two species remained overnight. Lures for the two species showed no significant loss in attractiveness after 8 weeks in the field, and chemical analysis showed 19% of the C. puncticollis pheromone and 72% of the C. brunneus pheromone remaining after this time. Summarizing, the following trap is presently recommended for monitoring/controlling African Cylas species: a 5-l plastic jerry can trap of any colour with rectangular openings of 11×5 and 6×5 cm positioned 15 cm above the crop canopy, filled with 0.5 l Omo solution (1 g/1 l water), with 0.1 mg lures to be replaced every 8 weeks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003031031155
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    Quiescence in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vibration detection ; sensitization ; habituation ; escape behaviour ; death feigning ; startle response ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quiescence (death feigning) was induced in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata by mechanical disturbance of live and artificial plants on which beetles were walking, feeding or grooming. The response consisted of a sudden cessation of activity lasting 12 to 500 s. Recovery from this immobile state was usually preceded by either antennal or leg movement. The time taken for beetles to come out of the immobile state (i.e. recovery time) was not dependent on age or sex of beetles or on stimulus duration, but was dependent on degree of displacement and on satiation level. Repeated stimulations led to longer recovery times and to a smaller proportion of responding beetles. Stimulation within the immobile state also prolonged recovery time. The most effective frequency of mechanical disturbance for startling beetles was 30 Hz. This response is presumed to be part of the extensive defense repertoire of this beetle, but we have so far been unable to discover a natural enemy that will elicit it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002948008807
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    Sequential sampling for adult coccinellids in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; population density ; timed counts ; quadrat sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult aphidophagous coccinellids are important predators of cereal aphids in wheat in the Great Plains of the United States for which sampling methods are needed to facilitate improved management. An equation relating the mean number of adult coccinellids per m2 in a wheat field to its variance was obtained using Taylor's power law. A sequential sampling procedure was developed to estimate the number of adult coccinellids per m2 with constant average statistical precision (standard error/mean). The procedure was constructed by an equation relating the number of adult coccinellids per m2 to the number of adult coccinellids per minute of counting incorporating into the Taylor's power law relationship. The procedure involves conducting a series of 1-min counts while walking through a field at a constant velocity of 10 m per minute. After each 1-min count sequential sampling stop-lines are consulted to determine if the specified level of precision has been achieved. Two methods, a statistical procedure and comparison with independent data, were used to assess the consistency with which the specified level of precision was achieved by the procedure. Results indicated that observed precision was close to that specified by the user over a wide range of adult coccinellid density.
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    Responses to Green Leaf Volatiles in Two Biogeoclimatic Zones by Striped Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2479-2491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; ambrosia beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; green leaf volatiles ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments in the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone on the British Columbia (BC) coast and the Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone in the BC interior revealed pronounced differences in the effect of six-carbon green leaf volatiles on the response by striped ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron lineutum to multiple funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In the IDF zone, four green leaf alcohols [1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], released alone or in a quaternary blend at ca. 4 mg/24 hr/compound, caused a 63–78% reduction in trap catches. Two aldehydes, hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, released together at ca. 13.0 mg/24 hr/compound were weakly disruptive in one of two experiments. Conversely, in the CWH zone, the two aldehydes together caused a slight, but significant, increase in the response over that to lineatin in one of two experiments, and the blend of all four alcohols caused only weak disruption of response in one of two experiments. None of the alcohols released alone was bioactive. These results may reflect adaptations that ensure accurate host location in the two ecological zones. In the CWH zone, T. lineatum attacks conifer logs almost exclusively, and surrenders the cut or broken stump habitat to Gnathotrichus spp. In the IDF zone, T. lineatum readily attacks the base of trees killed by bark beetles or fire and may utilize green leaf alcohols to detect and avoid the vertical silhouettes represented by nonhost angiosperms such as black cottonwood and trembling aspen.
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    Attraction of Colorado Potato Beetle to Herbivore-Damaged Plants During Herbivory and After Its Termination (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1003-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; olfaction ; locomotion compensator ; behavior ; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ; terpenoids ; lipoxygenase ; fatty acid derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Large, undamaged potato plants (〉60 cm, 5–6 weeks old) attract the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), but small potato plants (15–25 cm high, 2–3 weeks old) do not. However, small plants become attractive to CPB when they are damaged. Mechanical damage inflicted with scissors results in short-term (lasting less than 15 min) attraction, while more severe damage with carborundum powder results in a longer lasting attraction (at least 1 hr). CPB adults are also attracted to small plants infested with CPB and Spodoptera exigua larvae. After the larvae had been removed for 50 min following a short duration (30 min) of feeding, CPB adults were no longer attracted to the plants. However, when CPB larvae had been removed after they had fed for 60–90 min, the plants were somewhat attractive to the beetles, although significantly less than they had been when the larvae were feeding. Attraction increased with time after feeding ceased. Furthermore, beetles were strongly attracted to plants 50 min after larvae were removed when the plants had been fed upon by larvae for 18–24 hr. Thus it appears that there are two stages of attraction, first, to volatiles released directly from the wound site, and second, to volatiles that are induced in response to herbivory. Chemical analyses of the headspace of infested potato plants show that infestation results in the emission of a mixture of chemicals that is qualitatively quite similar to that emitted by undamaged plants. The major components of the mixture are that emitted by undamaged plants. The major components of the mixture are terpenoids and fatty acid derivatives such as aldehydes and alcohols. The emission rate of some of these chemicals declines after removal of the beetles, while the emission rate of other chemicals increases with the duration of beetle feeding and remains at a high level even after removal of the beetles. Thus, the composition of the mixture changes temporally during and after herbivore feeding, which may explain the recorded behavior of the beetles.
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    Geographic Variation in Response of Pine Engraver, Ips pini, and Associated Species to Pheromone, Lanierone (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2013-2031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Ips integer ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; lanierone ; ipsdienol ; geographic variation ; synergism ; Enoclerus lecontei ; Cleridae ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lanierone strongly synergized the attraction of male and female Ips pini (Say) to ipsdienol in New York and Wisconsin. Synergy was only weakly significant in Montana and British Columbia and not significant in California. Catches of I. pini in ipsdienol-baited traps were increased 0% ( i.e., nonsignificant) to 9942% by lanierone, with the highest increases in eastern North America. Lanierone had the least effect in California. The effects of lanierone on sex ratios of I. pini in trap catches varied significantly between regions. The addition of lanierone to ipsdienol-baited traps resulted in a general increase in male representation at nine of 12 sites. Ips integer (Eichhoff) was attracted to lanierone alone. Ipsdienol reduced the response of I. integer to lanierone. Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Cleridae) preferred traps baited with the combination of ipsdienol and lanierone. (R)-(–)-Ipsdienol was attractive to E. sphegeus (F.), Thanasimus undatulus (Say) (Cleridae), and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Trogositidae), while racemic ipsdienol was attractive to E. nigrifrons var. gerhardi Wolc. and Thanasimus dubius (F.). Lanierone had no effect on these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006486.39056.48
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    Sitona lineatus Host-Plant Odors and Their Components: Effect on Locomotor Behavior and Peripheral Sensitivity Variations (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2161-2173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea weevil ; olfaction ; EAG ; locomotory behavior ; green odors ; cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate ; host odor ; Sitona lineatus ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult Sitona lineatus L., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feed on the leaves of various species of leguminous plants, and females lay in the vicinity of pea plants, the roots of which are eaten by the larvae. A study of the volatiles from several legumes and of the response of S. lineatus individuals to these substances was undertaken using two complementary techniques: behavioral, to study the locomotory orientation; and electrophysiological, using electroantennography (EAG). Four volatile compounds, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-hexenal, cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, and 3-octanone, were identified from pea, vetch, clover, and lucerne, by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and coupled gas chromatography–infrared spectrometry (GC-IR). After emergence from July to mid-November, the imago display high response to the odor of pea and some other leguminous plants. A second period of enhanced sensitivity was observed during crop colonization from March to May. High EAG response to pea odor and cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate was correlated with periods of enhanced locomotory orientation during these months. Experimental results indicate that cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate could play a key role in discriminating pea among other acceptable leguminous species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006436.21448.b7
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    Production of transgenic eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) resistant to Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bacillus thuringiensis ; var ; Tolworthi ; Coleoptera ; Transgenic plant ; Insect control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A modified gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Tolworthi (Bt), encoding a coleopteran insect-specific CryIIIB toxin, was transferred via Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the female parent of the eggplant commercial F1 hybrid ‘Rimina’. One-hundred and fifty eight transgenic plants were regenerated and tested by PCR and NPTII expression assays. The presence of the CryIIIB toxin in leaf extracts was demonstrated in 57 out of 93 transgenic plants tested by DAS-ELISA assay. High Bt-expressing plants contained a 74-kDa protein cross-reacting with serum anti-CryIIIB toxin. Twenty three out of 44 S. melongena plants tested by insect bioassay showed significant insecticidial activity on neonate larvae of Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB). The Bt transgene and the toxic effect on CPB larvae were transmitted to progenies derived by selfing. Thus, transgenic Bt eggplants represent a very effective means of CPB pest control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050567
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    Evaluation of beetle capture in traps as compared with manual capture on flowers in a long-term investigation in a beech forest (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 2 (1997), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: beech forest ; Coleoptera ; fauna ; flower ; trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Beetle samples captured by traps were compared with those captured manually on flowers in a beech forest in Central Japan. Plastic traps (Sankei Chemical Co., Ltd.) equipped with benzyl acetate were set up from the 2nd of June to the 8th of September 1994, and all beetles captured were collected every week. Beetles were also captured on wild flowers blooming along the forest road. The traps captured 21,650 individuals of 169 species in 37 families. On the other hand, 971 individuals of 77 species in 19 families were captured on the flowers. All of the families and 57 (74%) species of the beetles captured on the flowers were also captured by the traps; all of the species with more than five individuals captured on the flowers were also trapped, except for one species. The present trap system is considered to be useful for faunal monitoring of flower-visiting Coleoptera, because the beetle fauna found on wild flowers was virtually covered by the trap capture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348321
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    Essential Amino Acid Methyl Esters: Major Sex Pheromone Components of the Cranberry White Grub, Phyllophaga anxia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 231-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phyllophaga anxia ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; cranberry white grub ; sex pheromone ; chirality ; L-valine methyl ester ; L-isoleucine methyl ester ; electroantennographic detection ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chiral capillary gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis indicates that L-valine and L-isoleucine methyl esters are the major sex pheromone components released by females of the cranberry white grub, Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte). The GC retention times and GC-mass spectrometry of the two natural compounds were identical to those of authentic standards. Of five reproducible GC-EAD active components revealed with female volatiles, the L-valine and L-isoleucine methyl esters elicited the strongest male antennal responses. The ratio of L-valine and L-isoleucine methyl esters was determined to be 3:1 by analysis of pheromone gland extracts. Chirality was shown to be critical by GC-EAD, since only the L-form of these amino acid methyl esters elicited an EAD response. In field experiments conducted in Massachusetts, a synthetic 3:1 blend of L-valine and L-isoleucine methyl esters on a rubber septum was attractive to P. anxia males.
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    Effect of Visual Cues and a Mixture of Isothiocyanates on Trap Capture of Cabbage Seed Weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 889-902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus assimilis ; cabbage seed weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; isothiocyanates ; attractant ; trap design ; trap color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of trap design, trap color, and a mixture of isothiocyanates on the capture of Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull) was studied in a series of field experiments. Unbaited yellow water traps, a yellow sticky box trap, and a yellow sticky card trap, mounted vertically, or at 45° to the vertical with the yellow card facing upwards were effective for capturing seed weevils, but a horizontal yellow sticky card trap caught few. White, green, and black traps were unattractive. During migratory periods, trap catch could be enhanced two to four times with a lure consisting of a mixture of allyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanates, but this bait did not attract in a trap with ineffective design. The sticky card trap, mounted at 45° to the vertical and baited with the isothiocyanate mixture, may be useful for monitoring movement of C. assimilis during migratory periods. However, during the colonization phase, lures of either a mixture of isothiocyanates or of allyl isothiocyanate alone were not attractive.
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    Aggregation Pheromone of Palm Weevil, Dynamis borassi (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2287-2297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Bursaphelenchus cocophilus ; coconut ; Cocos nucifera ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Dynamis borassi ; 4-methyl-5-nonanol ; palm weevils ; red ring disease ; red ring nematode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 4-Methyl-5-nonanol (1) is the male-produced aggregation pheromone of the palm weevil, Dynamis borassi (F.) from Colombia. The pheromone was identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of male- and female-produced volatiles, and comparative GC–mass spectrometry (MS) of weevil-produced 1. In field experiments in Colombia, traps baited with a stereoisomeric mixture of synthetic 1 (3 mg/day) plus sugarcane captured more weevils than traps baited with 1 or sugarcane alone, suggesting that pheromone and plant volatiles are synergistically attractive. Use of a chiral, stereoisomer-separating Cyclodex-B column in GC-EAD and GC-MS analyses revealed that D. borassi males produce, and antennae of males and females respond to (4S,5S)-1. Previously identified palm weevil (Rhynchophorus spp.) aggregation pheromones 5-methyl-4-octanol (cruentol) and 6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) also elicited antennal responses by D. borassi. In field experiments, D. borassi females were captured equally well in traps baited with sugarcane plus either 1, cruentol or rhynchophorol. In contrast, D. borassi males were captured most often in traps baited with sugarcane plus 1. Because D. borassi is a potential vector of the red ring nematode that causes the lethal red ring disease of palms, pheromone-based trapping of D. borassi could aid in monitoring or management of red ring disease in commercial palm plantations.
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    Field Discrimination of Oilseed Rape, Brassica napus Volatiles by Cabbage Seed Weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2555-2567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus assimilis ; cabbage seed weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; plant kairomones ; isothiocyanates ; phenylacetonitrile ; volatiles ; insect-plant ; trap ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis to yellow water traps baited with some components of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) odor was studied in a series of field experiments. Four isothiocyanates (NCS), five other amino acid derivatives (aromatic compounds), and two fatty acid derivatives are detected by peripheral olfactory receptors of C. assimilis. 3-Butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 2-phenylethyl NCS were attractive when released individually during the period when weevils were immigrating to the host crop, but allyl NCS was not. A mixture of these four isothiocyanates was attractive during the periods of weevil immigration and dispersal. However, during the host colonization phase, 2-phenylethyl NCS, like the mixture of the four isothiocyanates, elicited no response or was repellent. Phenylacetonitrile and benzyl alcohol were attractive during the colonization phase. The fatty acid derivative (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol did not affect weevil catch in an experiment conducted when the insects were already established in the crop, but it depressed the catch in another conducted when weevils were dispersing from the crop. These results suggest that yellow traps baited with 2-phenylethyl NCS can be used to monitor immigration into crops in the spring and that phenylacetonitrile may be useful for assessing numbers of weevils colonizing the crop throughout the summer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006666.77111.ab
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    Effects of Enantiomeric Blend of Verbenone on Response ofIps paraconfusus to Naturally Produced Aggregation Pheromone in the Laboratory (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2825-2839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; verbenone ; aggregation pheromone ; interruption ; Pinus radiata ; enantio-specific response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aggregation pheromone produced by maleIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) tunneling in Monterey pine,Pinus radiata, logs was trapped on Porapak Q. A concentration of an extract of trapped volatiles that attracted beetles was determined in the laboratory through a concentration–response analysis of walking behavior of males and females. The interruptant effects of four concentrations of verbenone on response to a constant concentration of this naturally produced aggregation pheromone were tested with males and females. Independent of its enantiomeric composition [99.5% (S)-(−), 93.1 % (S)-(−), and 98.3% (R)-(+)], verbenone significantly reduced the percentage of females (but not males) reaching the attractant source. However, when the time required for beetles of both sexes taken together to reach the attractant source was considered, verbenone of higher enantiomeric purity had a greater effect on beetle behavior. Solutions of 99.5% (S)-(−)- and 98.3% (R)-(+)-verbenone increased the time required for beetles to reach the attractive source when compared to 93.1% (S)-(−)-verbenone. When pooled across enantiomeric blends, increasing concentrations of verbenone resulted in slower responses in beetles that reached the attractant source within 2 min. Males and females did not respond to verbenone alone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022571212416
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    A Series of Bicyclic Insect Juvenile Hormone Analogs of Czech Origin: Twenty Years of Development (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 605-628 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect juvenile hormone analogs ; 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1-cycloalkanones ; Tenebrio molitor ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Dysdercus cingulatus ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoridae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Phorodon humuli ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Locusta migratoria migratortorioides ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Reticulitermes lucifugus ; Prorhinotermes simplex ; Isoptera ; Rhinotermitidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blattodea ; Blattidae ; Musca domestica ; Diptera ; Muscidae ; Daphnia magna Cladocera ; Daphnidae ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; Euglenozoa ; Trypanosomatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Research results are summarized from a series of insect juvenile hormone analogs derived from 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1-cycloalkanones, which have been investigated at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague during the past 20 years. At present, practical application of several prospective structures for insect control is under investigation. Biological activity values were determined to delineate the most important subseries of compounds and the most promising insect juvenile hormone analogs selected from the subseries. Carbamates, and in particular compound 47 proved to be highly active against aphids, cockroaches, flies, and many other insect species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006399.07779.16
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    Aggregation Pheromones and Host Kairomones of West Indian Sugarcane Weevil, Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 869-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Metamasius hemipterus sericeus ; aggregation pheromones ; pheromone chirality ; (4S, 5S)-4-methyl-5-nonanol ; 2-methyl-4-heptanol ; sugarcane ; ethyl acetate ; ethyl propionate ; ethyl butyrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (MS) of volatiles produced by male and female West Indian sugarcane weevils (WISW), Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Oliv.), revealed eight male specific, EAD-active compounds: 3-pentanol (1), 2-methyl-4-heptanol (2), 2-methyl-4-octanol (3), 4-methyl-5-nonanol (4), and the corresponding ketones. In field experiments in Florida, alcohols 1–4 in combination with sugarcane were most attractive, whereas addition of the ketones or replacement of alcohols with ketones significantly reduced attraction. In Costa Rica field experiments testing alcohols 1–4 singly and in all binary, ternary, and quaternary combinations revealed 4 in combination with 2 was the major aggregation pheromone, equally attracting male and female WISW. Stereoisomeric 4 and (4S,5S)-4, the only isomer produced by WISW, were equally attractive. Addition of 4S-, 4R- or (±)-2 to (4S,5S)-4 significantly enhanced attraction. Sugarcane stalks in combination with 2 plus 4 (ratio of 1:8) were highly synergistic, whereas EAD-active sugarcane volatiles ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate only moderately increased attractiveness of the pheromone lure.
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    Localization and Morphology of Sex Pheromone Glands in Scarab Beetles (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 903-915 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone gland ; Anomala albopilosa albopilosa ; Anomala cuprea ; Popillia japonica ; Holotrichia parallela ; Heptophylla picea ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone glands of female Anomala albopilosa albopilosa have been localized by extracting various parts of the body and analyzing the extracts by GC-MS and by histological and morphological studies. Female-specific epithelial cells line the inner surfaces of anal plates and two apical sternites; these cells are connected through many pores to the cuticle surface. The sex pheromones of other rutelines, A. cuprea and Popillia japonica and a melolonthine species, Heptophylla picea, have been also detected in the extracts from the same abdominal parts. On the other hand, the source of Holotrichia parallela sex pheromone was confirmed to be a ball-shaped abdominal sac that is exposed during the calling behavior, and no trace of the semiochemicals has been found in the anal plates and two apical sternites.
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    Increase of Trap Catches by a Combination of Male Sex Pheromones and Floral Attractant in Longhorn Beetle,Anaglyptus subfasciatus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1635-1640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anaglyptus subfasciatus ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; sex pheromone ; methyl phenylacetate ; trap catches ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A combination of the synthetic sex pheromone [a 125:1 blend of (R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and (R)-3-hydroxy-2-octanone] with methyl phenylacetate captured significantly moreAnaglyptus subfasciatus Pic females than either the sex pheromone or methyl phenylacetate did alone.
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    Field trapping of Metamasius hemipterus with synthetic aggregation pheromone (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 453-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Metamasius hemipterus ; aggregation pheromone ; redundancy ; field trapping ; sex-ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The five synthetic pheromone components of the West Indian sugarcane borer (WISB), Metamasius hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were tested in the field. The combination of sugarcane (SC) and the major pheromone compound, 4-methyl-5-nonanol (1) was attractive. However, the addition of 2-methyl-4-heptanol (2) or 2-methyl-4-octanol (3) was required to reach high catch levels while 5-nonanol (4) or 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-nonanone (5) did not enhance WISB attraction. The redundancy phenomenon, here reported for the first time in rhynchophorinous species, was observed between compounds 2 and 3. SC +1 +3 was more attractive than living male baits, however, the sex-ratio of the catches was equivalent between both treatments. The sex-ratio of catches was affected by the qualitative composition of the pheromone formulation. Compound 3 had a sexual role, attracting more females while 5 seemed to play an aggregation role, luring both sexes in the same proportion.
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    Mortality in Oryzaephilus surinamensis following short-term exposure to conditioned kernels by high-density culture (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 555-557 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucijidae ; population density ; semiochemicals ; lethal secretions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343481
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    Avoidance of willows from moderately polluted area by leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica: effects of emission or induced resistance? (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 355-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aerial pollution ; heavy metals ; sulphur dioxide ; feeding preference ; Salix ; Melasoma lapponica ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; population density ; induced resistance ; plant communication ; Kola Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied preference for willows along a pollution gradient on the Kola Peninsula, Russia, by the leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica. Multiple tests with leaf disks demonstrated low preference for Salix borealis, S. caprea and S. phylicifolia from the plot situated 14 km from the smelter, in comparison with conspecific plants from plots situated at 1 and 29 km distances. This pattern was observed when testing beetles orginating from any plot both in 1993 and 1994, using both young and mature leaves of S. borealis. Although fumigation of S. borealis with realistic SO2 concentration (100 μg/m3) increased plant palatability, preference for plants from our study plots did not correlate with plot-specific mean SO2 concentrations. Furthermore, no correlation with foliar concentrations of the main metal pollutants (Ni and Cu) was found. Palatability of plants was negatively correlated with population density of M. lapponica, which peaked in the moderately polluted plot 14 km from the smelter. Within this plot, beetles clearly preferred non-damaged bushes of S. borealis to previously damaged bushes. We therefore conclude that low preference of S. borealis from the moderately polluted area was caused by plant resistance induced by severe damage from M. lapponica in previous years rather than by pollution impact. However, S. caprea and S. phylicifolia had little damage from M. lapponica, and low palatability of these species in the moderately polluted plot suggests changes in plant quality similar to changes in heavily damaged bushes of S. borealis.
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    Intraspecific variability in adult flea beetle behaviour and larval performance on an atypical host plant (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 160-162 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Phyllotreta nemorum ; Barbarea vulgaris ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Cruciferae ; resistance ; genetics of insects ; inheritance ; Y-linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194748
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    Physiology and costs of resistance to herbivory and disease in Brassica (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 231-237 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Peronospora parasitica ; fungal pathogens ; Phyllotreta cruciferae ; flea beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Cruciferae ; chitinase ; myrosinase ; allocation costs ; plant defense mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used artificial selection experiments to study genetic allocation costs and physiological mechanisms of resistance to herbivory and fungal disease. Genetic costs to resistance were present in some instances and absent in others. Genetic resistance to the fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans was cost-free, while resistance to Peronospora parasitica showed a negative genetic correlation between disease resistance and growth rate. Leptosphaeria resistant genotypes had 13% higher chitinase activity. Genetic increases in myrosinase activity were correlated with increased resistance to flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae), but resulted in lower plant fecundity, presumably due to production costs of myrosinase. Genetic costs of resistance may maintain genetic variation in natural plant populations. These studies demonstrate the predictive and explanatory power of a functional approach to plant-herbivore and plant-pathogen interactions.
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    Tritrophic interactions among larval parasitoids, bruchids and Leguminosae seeds; influence of pre-and post-emergence learning on parasitoids' response to host and host-plant cues (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ectoparasitoids ; semiochemicals ; parasite host-selection ; Eupelmus vuilleti ; Hymenoptera ; Eupelmidae ; Dinarmus basalis ; Pteromalidae ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194778
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    Geographic variation in feeding and mating preferences in the Phratora tibialis complex (1996)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 311-314 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf beetles ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preference ; mating ; willows ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194781
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    Effects of host plant and cucurbitacin on growth of larval Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (1996)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: southern corn rootworm ; plant-insect interaction ; plant chemistry ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host plant and dietary cucurbitacin on the growth of larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini), were investigated. SCR were reared on four hosts: corn, Zea mays; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and two squash varieties, Cucurbita pepo cv. Ambassador (containing cucurbitacin D (0.08 mg g−1 fr.wt.) = bitter), and C. pepo cv. Early Yellow Crookneck (lacking cucurbitacin = non-bitter). Larval growth was significantly greater on corn and peanuts than on either squash variety. After four weeks, adults had emerged from corn and peanut plants, while squash-reared larvae had not yet entered the pupal stage. There was no difference in larval growth on the two varieties of squash. Primary metabolite measurements showed no nutritional differences between the two squash varieties. Artificial diet experiments were used to test the effect of three concentrations of cucurbitacin D (0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 mg g−1 diet) on growth of larval SCR. Larvae reared on diet containing 0.6 mg g−1 cucurbitacin weighed significantly less than larvae reared on diet containing 0.1 mg g−1 or no cucurbitacin after 10 d. No significant difference in growth was measured between the 0.1 mg g−1 diet and the 0.0 mg g−1 diet. Results are discussed relative to theories about the relationship between diabroticites and cucurbitacins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187837
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    Spring behavioral patterns of the apple blossom weevil (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diel cycle ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15°C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5°C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take-off response from flight stands at 20°C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12°C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold-adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333816
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    Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins and avidin as antimetabolites for the control of sugarcane whitegrubs (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Antitrogus consanguineus ; Antitrogus parvulus ; avidin ; snowdrop lectin ; wheatgerm lectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins were found to be insecticidal and growth inhibiting dietary proteins for larvae of the sugarcane whitegrub Antitrogus parvulus. At concentrations as low as 0.5 mg of snowdrop lectin per gram of semi-artificial diet, growth was inhibited by 21 days of feeding and significant mortality was apparent by 28 days. Wheatgerm lectin was active at similar concentrations, although expression of the effects was slower. Avidin was found to be a growth inhibiting dietary protein for larvae of Antitrogus consanguineus. At levels as low as 0.01 mg g-1 of diet, growth was inhibited by 28 days of feeding. Avidin caused no significant mortality after 35 days of feeding. Snowdrop and wheatgerm lectins and avidin are insect growth-inhibiting proteins whose genes potentially could be manipulated into sugarcane and improve host-plant resistance to whitegrubs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188033
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    Flight activity ofProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in relation to population density, resource quality, age, and sex (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Prostephanus truncatus ; larger grain borer ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; flight ; stored product insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Higher flight activity has been observed in aged, high-density cultures ofProstephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), but adults in new, lowdensity culture jars showed less flight activity. In order to understand this change in behavior, the effects of population density, age, resource quality, and sex on the flight ofP. truncatus were studied in a wind tunnel. While an immediate density on the release platform had no significant effect on flight, beetles from high-density cultures were more inclined to fly than those from low-density cultures. Resource quality exerted a major influence on flight; insects in food suitable for boring and oviposition seldomly exhibited flight, however, when food was absent or of inferior quality for boring and oviposition, the dominant behavior was flight. Also, insects maintained for a week in food suitable for boring and oviposition were less ready to fly than those maintained in food unsuitable for boring and oviposition. The optimum age range for flight activity was before the peak of reproduction and insects rarely flew before 4 days or after 32 days of emergence. There were no significant differences between the flight activity of males and that of females. Based on these results, we conclude that age and resource quality are major influences on the flight activity ofP. truncatus and a hypothesis is proposed in which reproductively active male and female beetles disperse from habitats of low resource quality to those that support their reproductive behavior. The practical implications of these results and the possible role of the male-produced aggregation pheromone are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213876
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    Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl, a new defensive alkaloid fromSubcoccinella-24-punctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 628-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Subcoccinella-24-punctata ; chemical defense ; quinoline alkaloid ; Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of Nα-quinaldyl-L-arginine·HCl (1) from the CoccinellidaeSubcoccinella-24-punctata is reported. The structure, first established on the basis of the analysis of the spectral properties of1, has been confirmed by synthesis. The alkaloid is of endogenous origin and markedly deterrent to ants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01969744
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    Performance of first instarChrysophtharta bimaculata larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on nine families ofEucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 94-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: herbivory ; plant resistance ; leaf colour ; leaf toughness ; tree growth rate ; leaf nutrients ; terpenes ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Paropsinae ; Chrysophtharta bimaculata ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus regnans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In bagged and unbagged shoot experiments, we investigated the survival and growth rate of first instar larvae ofChrysophtharta bimaculata on 9 families of a natural host,Eucalyptus regnans. Families used had been previously assessed as being either of low or high susceptibility toC. bimaculata damage. In conjunction with larval experiments, we measured 24 tree and leaf characteristics (including foliar elemental concentrations, foliar terpenes, leaf toughness and tree growth rates) and attempted to correlate the plant characters measured with differences in larval performance and previous scorings ofE. regnans family susceptibility. First instar larval growth and survival did not differ significantly across families or between low and high susceptibility family groups (=susceptibility classes), although survival was significantly greater in bagged than unbagged treatments. As predators were in low abundance at the study site, we attribute higher survival rates of larvae in bagged treatments to increased protection from adverse weather conditions. Only one plant character measured, an unidentified foliar phlorglucinol, was significantly negatively correlated with larval survival. Of the 24 plant characters measured, 11 were significantly different between families and 10 were signficantly different between susceptibility classes. Only 4 plant characters were significantly different at both the family and susceptibility class levels;viz. proportion red leaves, tree height at end of season, trunk volume at end of season and relative growth rate based on tree height. Principle Component Analysis using all plant characters measured, or subsets of them, could not separate individual families or susceptibility classes. Our results suggest that herbivore resistance mechanisms inE. regnans do not affectC. bimaculata larvae, but may influence adult feeding and/or oviposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239486
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    The use of the tergal gland defensive secretion in male intrasexual aggression of the rove beetle,Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), measured by closed-loop-stripping-analyses and tandem bioassay — mass fragmentography (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 24-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: male aggression ; defensive secretion ; tergal gland ; closed-loop-stripping-analyses ; tandem bioassay ; mass fragmentography ; 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara curtula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone as a target compound of the tergal gland secretion of the rove beetle,Aleochara curtula, was quantified from the reservoirs of individual beetles. Males store less secretion than females, and they evaporate more of the secretion as measured by adsorption from the air (closed-loop-stripping-analysis). The amount of emitted quinone is increased during aggressive interactions of rival males. The pulsed emission of the secretion during aggression is demonstrated by a novel technique combining observation of behavior with the on-line measurement of target fragment ions by mass-spectrometry (tandem bioassay — mass fragmentography). The emission of the secretion is used as a weapon in combats between males and may result in the repulsion of subordinate males from the mating site, but may also serve to mimic females chemically in order to avoid aggressive encounters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240634
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    Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: kairomone ; behavior ; cucurbitacin ; Cucurbitaceae ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Luperini ; Aulacophora ; Diabrotica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245968
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    Odour profile congruity in two closely related desert tenebrionid beetles: Homology as the basis for a cleptoparasitic relationship? (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 156-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: subsociality ; cleptoparasitism ; mimetism ; odour congruity ; homology ; defensive secretions ; Kalahari desert ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; Parastizopus armaticeps ; Eremostibes opacus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Parastizopus armaticeps andEremostibes opacus are two closely related desert tenebrionids which also live in close association, the former having biparental brood care and the latter cleptoparasitising the brood.E. opacus is unable to discriminate between the conspecific and host odour even in the absence of physical contact. Gas chromatographic analysis of headspace volatiles of resting animals showed almost complete qualitative and quantitative odour congruity between them. Comparison of these odour profiles with those of two other tenebrionids sharing the same ecological niche,Gonopus agrestis andHerpiscius sp. (damaralis?) showed that congruity was independent of common foodplant utilisation. It is also independent of common defensive gland secretions. Parallels between resting odour spectra, defensive secretion spectra and systematic status suggest that the origins of congruity lie in odour homology, by means of which the cleptoparasite was able to exploit its host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245969
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    Volatile substances in the pygidial secretion of gyrinid beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 191-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: volatile substances ; pygidial secretion ; defence ; communication ; species differences ; Coleoptera ; Gyrinidae ; Gyrinus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gyrinid beetles are common in freshwater habitats. They have paired pygidial glands with a secretion that contains high molecular weight substances rendering them toxic for predatory fish. In this paper we report on a laboratory study on volatile components released by three different gyrinid species when irritated. The volatile pattern had a clear difference between the different species.Gyrinus substriatus andG. aeratus, both produced 3-methyl-1-butanal and 3-methyl-1-butanol when irritated, but in quite different amounts. The third tested species,G. minutus, did not produce any substances above the detection level. It is suggested that the volatile compounds may be part of the beetles' communication and/or defence system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01266313
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    Grain weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.): Antennal and behavioral responses to male-produced volatiles (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1639-1654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus granarius ; grain weevil ; Coleoptera ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram ; coupled GC-EAG ; behavioral bioassay ; circular dichroism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Coupled GC-EAG techniques have been applied to the study of volatiles from the grain weevil,Sitophilus granarius. for the first time. The size of EAG response was independent of the sex of the responding insect but was consistently larger to extracts of males than those of females. This difference was reflected in a behavioral preference for the male extracts by mated adults of both sexes tested together and virgin adults of both sexes tested separately. The GC-EAG results provide evidence for two materials that are released specifically by the males. Using circular dichroism. one has been found to be identical stereochemically with the (2S,3R)-sitophilate reported by others as the aggregation pheromone in a different strain. This enhances the prospects for the development of a single pheromone lure that would be generally applicable whatever the origin of the strain. The small amount of sitophilate found in the males suggests that it is not stored in large amounts. The other material, present in such a small amount that it has yet to be fully characterized, elicits a higher antennal activity than sitophilate and may have a significant role to play in enhancing the trap catch of this economically important pest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272404
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    What factors influence the diversity of saproxylic beetles? A multiscaled study from a spruce forest in southern Norway (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 75-100 
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: saproxylic ; Coleoptera ; spruce forest ; spatial scale ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The diversity in different groups of obligate saproxylic beetles was related to ecological variables at three levels of spatial scale in mature spruce-dominated forest. The variables were connected to: (i) decaying wood, (ii) wood-inhabiting fungi, (iii) the level of disturbance, (iv) landscape ecology, and (v) vegetational structure. Several strong relationships were found at medium (1 km2) and large scales (4 km2), while only weak relationships were found at a small scale (0.16 ha; 1 ha=104 m2). This may be explained by the local variations in habitat parameters and the high mobilities of many beetle species. Factors connected to decaying wood and wood-inhabiting fungi were clearly the most important factors at all scale levels. In particular, the variables diversity of dead tree parts, number of dead trees of large diameter and number of polypore fungi species increased the species richness of many groups and increased the abundance of many species. Eight species were absent below a certain density of decaying wood per 1 or 4 km2. Former extensive cutting was a negative factor at large scale, probably because of decreasing recolonization with increasing distance to the source habitats. Thinning reduced the diversity of species associated with birch. The development of guidelines favouring the diversity of saproxylic beetles are discussed below.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056293
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    Multiple-chromosome sex systems in the darkling beetles Blaps gigas and Blaps gibba (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Genetica 97 (1996), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: karyology ; banded chromosomes ; Coleoptera ; darkling beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in the males of two species of Blaps: B. gigas and B. gibba. Karyological characteristics such as the occurrence of a multivalent configuration at diakinesis and two types of metaphase-II spreads support the notion that multiple-chromosome sex systems involving five chromosomes in B. gigas and eight chromosomes in B. gibba have developed in these species. Results obtained by means of silver staining and C-banding techniques suggest that the complex sex systems occurring in B. gigas and B. gibba may have originated from exchanges of terminal ribosomal genes among the Y chromosome and some autosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054629
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    Green leaf volatiles as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1861-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain pine beetle ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; antiaggregant ; verbenone ; green leaf volatiles ; 1-hexanol ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (E)-3-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol ; (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles act as antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosac Hopkins. In coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis MPB antennae responded to 30 ng doses of all six-carbon green leaf alcohols tested [1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol], but not to the aldehydes, hexanal or (E)-2-hexenal, or to alcohol or aldehyde homologues with more or fewer than six carbon atoms. In field trapping experiments a blend of green leaf alcohols [1-hexanol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol] effectively disrupted the response to attractive semiochemicals; a blend of the aldehydes hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal was inactive. The two best disruptants. (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, reduced catches of both sexes to levels not significantly different from catches in unbaited control traps. They also reduced the attack on trees baited with attractive MBP pheromones to a level not significantly different from that on unbaited control trees. Neither of the clerid predators captured,Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) norThanasimus undatulus (Say), was repelled by green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that green leaf alcohols are promising disruptants which may be used to supplement the antiaggregation pheromone, verbenone, in protecting single high-value trees as well as carefully selected stands with low-level populations of MPBs.
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    Scarab beetleAnomala albopilosa albopilosa utilizes a more complex sex pheromone system than a similar speciesA. cuprea (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2001-2010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; GC-EAD ; methyl benzoate ; 2-(E)-nonenal ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; (R, Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds have been identified as sex pheromone constituents of the scarab beetleAnomala albopilosa albopilosa, namely (R, Z)-5-(−)-(oct-1-enyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one (buibuilactone), 2-(E)-nonenol, 2-(E)-nonenal, and methyl benzoate (in the ratio 10:3:3:1). The diel rhythm of pheromone release inA. a. albopilosa showed a peak at the beginning of the scotophase, which is also a peak of mating activity. On the other hand, the similar speciesA. cuprea utilizes a two-constituent sex pheromone, having a common major component, but the pheromone is released both during scoto-and photophase. Temporal difference in mating activity and pheromone release along with chemical diversity seem to form the basis for maintaining species specificity in pheromonal communication betweenA. a. albopilosa andA. cuprea.
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    Effect of ethanol and α-pinene on response of ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron lineatum, to lineatin-baited funnel and drainpipe traps (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2187-2196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trypodendron lineatum ; Scolytidae ; ambrosia beetle ; lineatin ; ethanol ; α-pinene ; pheromone ; semiochemical ; Coleoptera ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofT. lineatum to ethanol and α-pinene, when used with the pheromone lineatin, was tested for two trap types. Funnel traps, which are passive barrier traps, caught significantly more beetles than drainpipe traps, which require an active response by the beetle to enter the trap. However, the response ofT. lineatum to the semiochemical treatments did not significantly differ for the two trap types. Treatments that included α-pinene with the pheromone, either with or without ethanol, caught significantly moreT. lineatin than those with the pheromone alone. When ethanol and or α-pinene were added to the pheromone significantly more female beetles were trapped than with pheromone alone. Male-female ratios were significantly lower for both types of traps when ethanol was included in the bait than for lineatin alone or with α-pinene. A higher percentage of male beetles entered the drainpipe traps than was captured with funnel traps.
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    Reproductive biology of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle,Psacothea hilaris (pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). III. Identification of contact sex pheromone on female body surface (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbon ; contact pheromone ; sex pheromone ; mating behavior ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Psacothea hilaris ; (Z)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A major component of female contact sex pheromone of the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle,Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe), was isolated from the elytra and identified as (Z)-21-methyl-8-pentatriacontene. The synthetic compound released the typical mating behavior including holding, mounting, and abdominal bending in males, although its activity was considerably lower than the extract of female elytra when treated on a gelatin capsule as an artificial female model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055097
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    Stereoselective synthesis of dominicalure 1 and 2: Components of aggregation pheromone from male lesser grain borerRhyzopertha dominica (F.) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; dominicalure ; (S)-(+)-2-pentanol ; asymmetric reduction ; (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid ; (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dominicalure 1 (9a) and dominicalure 2 (9b), were synthesized by esterification of α,β-unsaturated acids4a and4b with (S)-(+)-2-pentanol (8). The key step was the asymmetric reduction of 3-penten-2-one (5) to give the chiral intermediate6, which, upon diimide reduction, DNB derivatization, recrystallization, and hydrolysis, yielded8 in 63% ee. Acids4a and4b were prepared in a simple and efficient three-step synthesis with an overall yield of 54% and 62%, respectively, in stereoisomerically pure form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033577
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