ALBERT

Description: Some fifty years after the Snellius I expedition (1929-1930) a Dutch-Indonesian joint expedition is carried out (1984-1985) in the Eastern Indonesian archpelago. Based on two months (September -October 1984) of research at nine different reef localities, a first report will be presented on the general morphology, composition and condition of recent and fossil reefs of these areas. The research areas that will be discussed are the following: Ambon: In the bay of Ambon fringing and patch reefs heavily damaged by silting up, caused by soi1. erosion on the island. North East Ambon an elevated reef from the old Pleistocene. Lucipara islands: Exposed very isolated atoll with some sand cays. Tukang Besi islands: Atoll reefs of Kaledupa. Binongko reef terraces; fossil cliffs modelled from massive Pleistocene reef limestone by coastal abrasion during tectonic uplift of the island; extensive reef terrace dating from the last interglacial; living reef not at the moment constructive. Sumba: East Sumba fringing reefs with influence of land and population. Young Pleistocene reef near Melolo, older terraces higher up. Komodo: Various fringing and patch reefs bordering the east side of the National Park of Komodo. Current swept reefs in the strait of Linta. Gililawa Laut and Tinandja lo~r Miocene reefs. Sumbawa: Fringing reefs in Telok Moti Toi and Sanggar bay near Tambora volcano (erupted in 1815). Coral growth in Bima bay. Pleistocene reef north east of Bima. Taka Bone Rate: Large pseudo atoll with small sand cay reefs (e.g. Tinandja) exposed reefs, coral banks and lagoons. Salayer: fringing reefs at west coast around islands Guang and Sahuluan. Pliocene reefs on both islands; Bahuluan with volcanic core. Sulawesi: Coral reef complex on the shallow shelf off South West Sulawesi, with three rows of reefs, most emerging as sand cay reefs. Because of young Holocene reg~ession in front of Ujung Pandang. Influence of sedimentation and population. Apart from these investigations during the Snellius II expedition, a long term project has been carried out since 1979 in the last area mentioned. A continuation of reef research is planned there, in close cooperation with UnHas (University of Ujung Pandang). The presentation of results will be accompanied by maps and photographs.

Description: In this precursory paper to the forthcoming Flora Neotropica monograph of Rollinia 12 new species are described. One new combination is made, and there is a note on the correct author citation for Rollinia dolabripetala. Mr. E. J. van Marle, a former student at the University of Utrecht, contributed the description of one of the new species.

Description: There exist three different kinds of leaf arrangement in neotropical species of Rinorea. 1. an alternate leaf arrangement consisting of only laminar leaves; 2. an alternate leaf arrangement consisting of laminar leaves in the apical part of the branchlets and scale-like ones subpersistent in the basal part; 3. an apparently opposite leaf arrangement consisting of laminar leaves together with a pair of inconspicuous and soon deciduous scale-like leaves at the base of the inflorescences. In this article hypotheses have been constructed how one kind of leaf arrangement can be derived from the other, how these three different kinds of leaf arrangements can be correlated with the arrangements of the inflorescences and those of the branchlets, and finally how an apparently opposite leaf arrangement also can be correlated with a so called Fagerlind tree model.

Description: -The problems of reconstructing historical relationships for areas of endemism from distributional data for groups of taxa and the cladistic relationships among the members of those groups can be solved by applying the two principles of parsimony and mutual inclusion or exclusion (compatibility) of components. Components can be extracted from a data matrix by means of transcription into partial monothetic sets. The data matrix thus derived represents the distribution over areas for the monophyletic groups in one or more cladograms. It is derived from two different matrices by boolean multiplication. The first matrix gives the binary representation of distributions of taxa over areas of endemism; the second describes the cladogram for the same taxa, in terms of character states converted into binary form by additive binary coding. The derived data matrix can be used in historical biogeography to represent the given phyletic data ( Assumption 0 here newly defined), and can be amended to reflect Assumptions 1 or 2 to accomodate the problems of wide-spread taxa and missing areas. Areacladograms are determined from the derived matrix by searching for the largest sets of mutually compatible components. Area-cladograms are evaluated in terms of support (vicariance) and contradiction (ad hoc interpretations such as dispersal and extinction). Area-cladograms that best fit the data matrix regarding the balance between support and contradiction are selected as the best possible recontructions of relationships among the areas of endemism. The procedure is illustrated by the example of the poeciliid fish genera Heterandria and Xiphophorus, and several other standard examples.

Description: Aublet based Tontelea and its only named species, T. scandens, on material he collected in French Guiana, illustrated as pl. 10 in the original publication. Aublet’s specimens are incorporated in the herbarium of J. J. Rousseau (now located in the Paris Herbarium in herbier Denaiffe) and also in the Herbarium of the British Museum. The sheet in herbier Denaiffe was identified by Lanjouw and Uittien (1940) as the original for Aublet’s pl. 10, which shows a flowering twig, analysis of a flower, and a detached leaf much larger than the leaves on the twig. From a photograph of this sheet it appears that the inflorescence is reproduced only in fragmentary form in the drawing. In the latter the inflorescence is represented as a rather short, few-branched, flowering twig, whereas in the specimen the inflorescence is strictly dichotomously branched many times with occasional supernumerary branches in the leaf axils. The sheet also has four detached leaves.

Description: This catalogue provides an annotated listing of the liverworts and hornworts from the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana), based on the literature and on new data that have become available in the framework of the “Flora of the Guianas” project. In total 375 species in 93 genera are recorded, including more than 100 species and 28 genera new to the Guianas. A list of synonyms (including 30 new ones), a systematic arrangement of the genera and families, and an index to the collectors are also given.

Description: This paper follows upon an earlier paper in the series “Studies in Annonaceae” (Maas et al. 1986). Twelve new species are described, viz. 2 in Duguetia, 1 in Ephedranthus, 5 in Guatteria, 2 in Hornschuchia, 1 in Tetrameranthus, and 1 in Unonopsis. A new combination is made in Enicosanthellum. Some amendments and additions to the revision of Tetrameranthus (Westra 1985), including an updated key, are given. Monocarpia euneura Miq. appears to have priority over M. marginalis (R. Scheffer) James Sincl. Additional collections have been made of the rare species Bocagea longepedunculata Martius, Xylopia crinita R.E. Fries, and Xylopia excellens R.E. Fries. Attention is drawn to several recent collections from Bahia, Brazil, which are perhaps referable to Unonopsis stipitata Diels. H. León, Popayán, and D. Sánchez S., Medellín, contributed to three of the new species.

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: Culmi robusti, foliati. Folia lata, linearia, trinervia. Inflorescentia corymboso-paniculata, multispiculata. Spiculae (”spicae” multorum auctorum) parvae, multiflorae. Flores hermaphroditi (”spiculae androgynae” auctorum) perianthio utriculiformi, compresso, vix carinato, staminibus (”floribus masculinis monandris” auctorum) tribus, binis lateralibus tertio anteriore, ovario (”flore foemineo terminali nudo” auctorum) rostrato, basi angustato, haud stipitato, styli ramis ternis. Nux tri-costata, rugulosa. Generi Hypolytro L. C. Rich. proxima, a quo differt styli ramis tribus et nuce tri-costata. A Thoracostachyo et Paramapania, quibuscum stigmatum numero convenit, et structura florum et perianthio connato et nucis forma longe diversa, faciliter dignoscenda. Mapaniae potius affinis, sed ab omnibus speciebus huius generis inflorescentia a plerisque etiam perianthio connato discrepat.

Description: The genus Trymatococcus has been published in 1838 by Poeppig and Endlicher in Nova Genera ac Spec. Plant II. p. 30, and the genus was based on the species T. amazonicus. In 1876 Baillon added the species T. africanus to the genus. This gave a peculiar distribution for a genus with two species only: one in the Amazone region and one in West Africa. Later on several new species from Africa were described: three by Engler (T. kamerunianus, dorstenioides, and Conrauanus), one by De Wildeman (T. Gilletii) and one by Pellegrin (T. oligogyna). In 1922 (Archivos do Jardim Botanico Rio de Janeiro vol III. p. 22) Ducke described a second species from Amazonian Brazil (T. paraensis) and said in the notes to this new species that Lanessania turbinata Baill. should be transferred to the genus Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus Ducke). In 1925 (Archives IV. p. I) he emphasized his statements Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus as well as turbinatus and amazonicus have the stamens erect in the bud and not inflexed as was described in the former publications. He also emphasized that the place of Trymatococcus in the system has to be changed and the genus has to take the place taken up to this moment by Lanessania. Among the material of the Moraceae from Surinam which I am studying for the Flora of Surinam, I found also a Trymatococcus species. By the study of this genus I was struck by the peculiar geographic distribution of the genus, which fully supported my observations on the Euphorbiaceae (cf. Lanjouw, The Euphorbiaceae of Surinam pp. 70—84). For the preparation of a map of this distribution I studied the african species and after a careful examination I noted a number of important differences between the african species and the american ones. Part of these differences were never noticed before and no attention has ever been given to these facts. The first error in this case was made by Baillon. Most probably he had not seen T. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his T. africanus. This is still more striking as he described in the same paper his genus Lanessania based on L. turbinata, which is a true Trymatococcus species. It is very curious that it was not possible for Baillonto observe his mistake because in his Histoire des Plantes (vol. VI. p. 199) he states „filamentis aestivatione inflexis vel nunc suberectis”. One can not understand why he did not observe that at least one of the species of Trymatococcus is the same as his genus Lanessania. After Baillon’s publication, we could say that we had got two type species, one american (Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl.) and one african (Tr. africanus Baill.). Apparently Engler did not study exactly Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his new species though he states (Monogr. Afr. Pfl. fam. I. Morac. p. 28); ”Ein besonders auffallender Unterschied im Bau der Blüte und Frucht is nicht zu constatieren; bei der amerikanischen Art sind die männlichen Blüten dreimännig mit dreiteiliger Blütenhülle, bei den afrikanischen Arten sind sie zweimännig”. Likewise Ducke knew apparently only the american species when he pointed out the new place for this genus in the family. By these reasons only it is explained how confusion has crept into this genus. I have studied many specimens of Trymatococcus from the following herbaria: Berlin-Dahlem, British Museum (Natural History Museum), Kew, Leiden, Paris and Utrecht. I wish to express mv sincere thanks to the directors for their hospitality or fore sending the material on loan.

Description: Haesselia roraimensis gen. et spec. nov. (Cephaloziaceae) from the foot of Mt. Roraima (Guyana) is described and figured. The new genus has been assigned to the subfamily Trabacelluloideae together with Fuscocephaloziopsis Fulf. and Trabacellula Fulf., two other neotropical genera of Cephaloziaceae with convex leaves.

Description: Chemical analysis of representatives of about thirty genera of Lejeuneaceae has shown that the terpenoid and flavonoid content of the Lejeuneaceae is basically comparable to that of other Hepaticae and quite diversified. Among the terpenoids detected, some are common throughout the family (elemenenes, germacrenes), others are distributed more restrictedly and are indicative of evolutionary relationships among genera, e.g. borneols (Nipponolejeunea), pinguisanines (Acrolejeunea complex), striatenes (Ptychanthoideae, Omphalanthus complex), calamenanes ( Lopholejeunea) and labdanes (Ptychanthus, Tuzibeanthus). Flavonoids are present in smaller amounts than terpenoids and comprise some compounds unique to bryophytes (lutonarin, kaempferol-3-methylether). The genus Omphalanthus stands out by its total inability to biosynthesize flavonoids. At the species level the chemical constitution may vary considerably and in some species evidence for the existence of chemical races was detected.

Description: Es handelt sich hier um ein grosses, zusammenhängendes Hochmoorgebiet, das sich nord-süd über 20 km, ost-west über 10 km ausdehnt. Im Süden und Westen ist es grösstenteils abgetorft. Die besonders im Zentrum und Osten noch erhaltenen Teile sind durch die intensive Trockenlegung meist verheidet; stellenweise, so in den „Engbertsdijkvenen”, wo grosse Flächen heute wenig entwässert sind, findet sich eine lebende Sphagnumdecke (Taf. III). (Lit. 5). Das Moor liegt auf pleistozänem Untergrunde (Fluvioglazial der Riss-Eiszeit und Niederterrasse der Würmeiszeit); im Osten und Westen stosst es an diluviale Rücken; im Nordwesten bildet die Niederterrasse der Vechte die Grenze. Im Südosten und Osten schliesst sich eine ausgedehnte Versumpfungszone an, während sich im Westen zwischen den Hügeln isolierte, ähnliche Bildungen vorfinden. Es handelt sich hier wahrscheinlich um ein Entwässerungsgebiet des Hochmoores. Ein prae-rissglazialer mit nördlichen Erratica bestreuter Rücken dringt vom Osten her, parallel dem Vechtetal, ungefähr bis in die Mitte, in das Moor vor. Für eine ausführliche Angabe der geologischen Verhältnisse verweisen wir auf die „Geologische Kaart van Nederland” vom „Rijks Geologische Dienst” (Blätter Almeloo I und II; Koevorden III und IV). Wir sammelten eine Anzahl Probenreihen. Die angeführten Analysen beziehen sich auf eine süd-nord gerichtete Profillinie im östlichen Teil des Gebietes (Paterswal 1 u. 2, Engbertsdijk, Bruine Haar) und ein Punktprofil im Nordwesten (Boerendijk), nahe dem Vechtetal.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: A revision has been made of the hepatic genus Brachiolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. (family Lejeuneaceae, subfamily Ptychanthoideae). Within this genus two subgenera were recognised: subg. Brachiolejeunea and subg. Plicolejeunea Schust. (n order to distinguish taxonomic entities within these subgenera and to evaluate their affinities, the morphology and anatomy of the gametophyte and the sporophyte have been studied. Data on cytology and sporeling development, obtained from living and cultured specimens, were added. Sporophyte characters have been studied with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides a considerable reduction in the number of accepted species, the main result of this study is that the traditional delimitation of Brachiolejeunea cannot be maintained. The two subgenera appear to be different in many characters, several of them new, and are accordingly elevated to generic level. The genus Brachiolejeunea (4 species) now comprises only the former subgenus of that name; the generic name Frullanoides Raddi is reinstated for the subg. Plicolejeunea (7 species and 1 subspecies). For both genera the morphology and anatomy are described, the previously neglected sporophyte generation being treated in particular detail. In each of the genera a different type of sporophyte is present; a “fenestrate-type” in Frullanoides, a “nodular-type” in Brachiolejeunea. From a of the distribution patterns it appears that both genera probably originated in the western part of Gondwanaland. Brachiolejeunea is confined to that area and may presently be characterized as a Neotropical-montane element. One species of Frullanoides is pantropical, the others are neotropical. The species of Brachiolejeunea are predominantly epiphytes of mountain forests and have a rather narrow drought tolerance; the species of Frullanoides generally occur in a greater variety of habitats and have a wider drought tolerance. A consideration of generic relationships shows that the affinities of genera are very different. For both genera identification keys are provided, each species and subspecies is illustrated and for each taxon the following information is provided: synonymy with relevant literature and typification, a description, geographical distribution with distribution map, and notes on ecology, differentiation and variation. The second part of this study contains a short review of the genus Blepharolejeunea S. Arnell, which has been emended to accommodate several diverging species of Brachiolejeunea and Dicranolejeunea. Blepharolejeunea is related to both genera and is characterized as a Neotropical-montane element. In the third part of this study the sporophyte generation in the subfam. Ptychanthoideae is analysed with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Fenestratetype and nodular-type sporophytes are described and the different affinities of these types are discussed. The new tribe Brachiolejeuneae van Slageren & Berendsen is created to accommodate the genera of Ptychanthoideae with nodular-type sporophytes.

Description: As Prof. Bremekamp has dealt with the genus Pleiocraterium from the taxonomic point of view, I intend to supplement his exposition here with some observations on the ecology of these remarkable additions to the Malaysian mountain flora. Some of these observations have been included already in a general report on the results of the Losir expedition published in Dutch. As a further illustration I am giving two photographs taken from one of the two Sumatran species in its natural habitat. Altitude. Both species were found on the highest parts of the mountains only, viz. Pl. gentianifolium just below the summit of Mt Goh Lembuh, and Pl. sumatranum between our camp at the base of the central Peak of Mt Losir at c. 3250 m. and the summit of the latter at 3460 m. These two mountains lie rather far apart: Mt Losir is the highest top of the Barisan Range proper, whereas Mt Goh Lembuh is a more isolated mountain, rising c. 50 km. NNE of Mt Losir and separated from the latter by a wide depression. The two mountains also differ geologically.

Description: La forme est le phénomène de la vie le plus important. Aussi on pourrait croire que toute étude biologique devait commencer par la forme. En effet aucune fonction n’est imaginable indépendante de la forme, tandis qu’on peut étudier la forme indépendemment de la fonction, par exemple à des objets morts. Cependant depuis Sachs le botaniste moderne est tellement possédé par les conceptions matérialistes et mécaniques, qu’il veut aussi expliquer causalement les formes organiques en oubliant que, même si toutes les formes sont matérielles, cela ne veut pas nécessairement dire que les lois physiques et chimiques qui dominent la matière sont capables d’expliquer la forme, c.à.d. l’organisation des êtres vivants. A l’aide de briques on peut bâtir des bâtiments les plus divers, mais on peut aussi bien construire ces mêmes bâtiments de bois ou de pierre naturelle: le matériel employé n’explique pas le projet de l’architecte. Ce n’est qu’en le contemplant et en le comparant à d’autres qu’on arrive à mieux le comprendre (von Veh, p. 139). La forme („type” ou „idée” dans la conception platonique) est indépendante de la matière. Elle est ce qui reste. C’est par la forme que passe le courant de la cause et de l’effet, comme l’eau passe par un endroit clair d’une rivière (Carus). La forme présente un des problèmes les plus difficiles de la biologie. Le physiologue et le morphologue (deux extrêmes psychologiques) commencent pour ainsi dire aux deux extrémités de la nature, chacun à sa manière (Troll, Meyer), l’un avec sa méthode physique et chimique, l’autre avec sa méthode comparative. Au domaine du premier appartient tout ce qui est dynamique: le métabolisme et la croissance, au domaine du second ce qui est statique: la forme. Que la feuille est la partie principale de la plante, sur cela les physiologues et les morphologues sont d’accord. Le premier la considère comme un organe qui a pour fonctions principales la CO2-assimilation et l’évaporation. Depuis Goethe le second considère tous les appendices de la tige, aussi bien les sépales que les pétales ainsi que les organes sexuels comme des feuilles métamorphosées. Même, sous l’impression de la phyllotaxie des frères Bravais, Nees d’Esenbeck croyait que „la plante n’est rien d’autre qu’une unité de feuilles reliées entre-elles par un ordre défini”. C’est pourquoi on peut aisément considérer la morphologie de la feuille comme le problème central de toute la morphologie. Il est intéressant de se rendre compte comment dans le courant des temps on a essayé d’approcher ce problème de divers côtés. Cela pourrait apporter quelque lumière sur les différentes tendances de l’étude scientifique et sur les manières de penser qui sont caractéristiques pour les différentes périodes.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin—Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: The genus Pausandra Radlk. belongs to the Tribe Cluytieae of the Euphorbiaceae. It was described by Radlkofer in 1870 in Flora LIII pp. 79—95. The genus is based on Thouinia Morisiana of Casaretto. In his paper Radlkofer discussed at length that this species does not belong to the Sapindaceous genus Thouinia, but represents a new genus of the Euphorbiaceae. As at that time female flowers were unknown Radlkofer stated that the systematic position of the new genus was still doubtful, but that most probably it should belong to a new subtribe of the Jatropheae. Two new species were described in the genus in 1873 by Baillon, P. Trianae Baill. based on Pogonophora Trianae Müll. Arg. which was published in 1864, and P. Martinii Baill. based on very young material and erroneously described by Baillon as being 3-merous, as will be discussed below. He placed the genus in the affinity of Argithamnia Sw., which is certainly not right as this genus is quite different both in habit and in flowercharacters. A fourth species was added by Müller Arg. in 1874 in Flora Brasiliensis XI. II., where he inserted the genus in the same group as was suggested by Radlkofer. No more species had been described when Pax published in 1911 his monograph of the Tribe Cluytieae Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. III. He inserted the genus Pausandra Radlk, with the genera Givotia Griff, and Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. in a new subtribe Ricinodendrinae Pax. I think that this is the right position for the genus, though it could be placed in a separate subtribe for its penninerved, glanduliferous leaves and the capsular fruits. It was a pity that Pax published this monograph without studying the original material. He now copied Baillon’s bad descriptions and the lack of a thorough study on the genus caused the publication of several superfluous species in recent years. P. quadriglandulosa Pax et K. Hoffm. and P. extorris Standley described in 1919 and 1929 are the same as P. Trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill. P. flagellorhachis Lanj. is identic with P. Martinii Baill., while it was proved that the latter species is not trimerous. P. integrifolia Lanj. could not be maintained in the genus. Only the two new species published by Ducke in 1925 were truly new ones. Moreover three new species were recognized in the recent collections made by Krukoff in Brazil. It is for all these reasons that it seemed to me highly desirable to give a new treatment of this genus. Perhaps several of the old and new species can be united, as one can find often only small differences, but for the present I think it advisable to keep them separate. Pausandra Radlk, has been described to be dioecious, but recently it has been proved in some species that they are monoecious, so it is probable that most of them are under special cicumstances.

Description: Among the most remarkable finds made by Dr. van Steenis in the higher parts of the mountains of North Sumatra are a number of cushion plants. Two of these he recognized as Rubiaceae nearly related to Hedyotis verticillaris W. et A., a species occurring in similar habitats in the Nilgiri Hills, India, and in Ceylon. Hesitating, however, to express a definite opinion on their taxonomic position, he sent the material to me for further investigation. As I had occupied myself already for some time with the genus Hedyotis L. and its allies, this investigation offered me a Wellcome opportunity to test some of the principles which I had laid down for the subdivision of this group. Apart from the characters of the fruit I lay stress on the position of the inflorescence and on the form of the stipules. The name Hedyotis itself I wish to restrict to H. fruticosa L. and its nearest allies, i.e. to those species that are provided with terminal inflorescences, an ovary not distinctly produced beyond the insertion of the calyx, and fairly large drupes with apically and ventrally dehiscent pyrenes: to a group, therefore, which roughly agrees with Hedyotis section Diplophragma W. et A.

Description: Recent study of the copious material of Melastomaceae conserved in the Botanisch Museum en Herbarium at Utrecht has shown the existence of several undescribed species in Surinam and has given new ideas on the taxonomic status of a few other species. These results are presented below, in advance of the treatment of the family in the „Flora of Surinam”. Ernestia Pullei Gleason, sp. nov. Suffruticosa 4 dm. alta. Caulis purpureo-brunneus 4-angulatus dense glanduloso-pubescens, internodiis 10—15 mm. longis. Petioli graciles 5—10 mm. longi glanduloso-villosi. Laminae tenues ovatae usque ad 25 mm. longae 17 mm. latae acutae minutissime serrulatae basi cordulatae 5-nerviae, supra sparse minuteque glanduloso-pilosae, subtus dense cinereo-tomentellae. Paniculae magnae terminales ramosae 8—12 cm. longae multiflorae glanduloso-polisae, bracteis minimis oblongis. Florum 4- merorum non bene conservatorum structura difficiliter et fortasse non rite observanda. Hypanthium tubuloso-campanulatum 8-costatum dense glanduloso-pilosum. Sepala erecta triangularia acuta sparse glandulosa 1.6 mm. longa. Petala non visa. Stamina valde dimorpha. Filamenta glabra erecta gracilia 3-7 mm. longa. Antherae lineari-subulatae, staminum episepalorum horizontales 4.2 mm. longae, connectivo subtereti in semicirculum 1.5 mm. diam. curvato et supra insertionem filamenti in appendices 2 V-forme connatas dilatato, ad angulam externam appendicum inserto; appendicibus in angulo interno ad filamentum affixis, triangulari-subulatis 3.2 mm. longis, infra filamentum attenuatis in calcaria filiformia et interdum calcaribus similibus lateralibus 1 vel 2 ornatis; antherae staminum epipetalorum erectae 3.3 mm. longae, connectivo ad angulam 90° deflexo 1 mm. longo, infra insertionem filamenti calcaria 2 lineari-subulata erecta 1.7 mm. longa gerente. Ovarium superum, teste cl. Pulle in schedis 3-loculare, sed in uno dissecto distinctissime 4-loculare; stylo stigmateque non visis; seminibus cochleatis.

Description: Some months ago the first author published in his Studies in Moraceae II (Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIII, 1936, pp. 254—276) a synopsis of the genus Clarisia R. & P. The second author traced in the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of this genus which had been described in 1821 as Excoecaria ilicifolia Spreng. As this species is identic with Clarisia strepitans (Fr. Allem.) Lanj., the name of the latter species has to be changed. As in addition some interesting specimens were kindly sent to Utrecht for determination by the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem (D), Geneva (G) and the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain (A), it seemed desirable to publish these notes.

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14. Arbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: Zu meiner Bearbeitung des surinamischen Materials der Gentianaceae für die von Pulle herausgegebene „Flora of Surinam” gehören nog einige kritische Bemerkungen. Ich muszte z.B. in einigen Fällen von der von Gilg in Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien gegebenen Einteilung der Gattungen und deren Umgrenzung abweichen. Auch stellte es sich heraus, dasz sich unter dem Material eine neue Art befand, deren Beschreibung und Abbildung unten folgen.

Description: Juniperus macropoda Boiss. Fl. Orient. V (1884) p. 709; Hooker Fl. Br. Ind. V (1890) p. 647. Umlung (Thalam-buti valley) 4200 m, 28 July no. 58. Big shrubs.

Description: De in deze Jubileumserie van de „Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht” opgenomen artikelen zijn door de schrijvers ingezonden om Prof. Pulle, ter gelegenheid van zijn zilveren jubileum als hoogleeraar, hun waardeering te toonen. Een kort woord over den jubilaris moge hier als inleiding van deze bijdragen volgen. Op 10 Januari 1878, op den dag dat in verschillende plaatsen den Ioosten sterfdag van Linnaeus werd herdacht, werd August Adriaan Pulle te Arnhem geboren.

Description: Since the appearance of my „Notes on the Rubiaceae of Surinam” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXI, 1934, 248; also in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Utrecht no. 11, 1934) a number of species and varieties new to the flora of that country have come to light. The majority have been collected by Mr. Rombouts during the 1935/36 expedition of the Boundary Commission who is surveying at present the border in the southern part of the colony; they were found along the River Corantyne and in the savannahs in the south-western part. One species was secured by Dr. Lanjouw, and has been mentioned already in his „Additions to Pulle’s Flora of Surinam I” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. Néerl. XXXII, 1935, 258) and one, represented by a rather poor fruiting specimen collected years ago by the Forestry Bureau, was found among material provisionally consigned to another family. New to the flora of Surinam are the following twelve species: Alseis longifolia Ducke var. pentamera Brem. n. var., Sabicea cinerea Aubl., S. Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., S. surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Tocoyena surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Thieleodoxa nitidula Brem. n. spec., Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg., Psychotria Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. et S.) Kuntze, Diodia pulchristipula Brem. n. spec., Spermacoce guianensis Brem. n. spec, and Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey (the B. verticillata of the Flora of Surinam IV, 287 proved to be B. suaveolens G. F. W. Mey., under which name it had been recorded already by Miquel), and one variety: Sipanea pratensis Aubl. var. glaberrima Brem. n. var. Four of the ten genera to which these species belong, namely Alseis, Thieleodoxa, Declieuxia and Spermacoce, are also new to the flora of Surinam. Seven species and two varieties are entirely new, and will be described below. Before entering on this part of my task I will make a few remarks however on two of the species known already from elsewhere, namely on Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg. and on Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, and on a third species, Coccocypselum guyanense (Aubl.) K. Sch., which is known since long from Surinam, but of which Mr. Rombouts collected a specimen differing somewhat from the older Surinam findings.

Description: Many countries nowadays have made strict rules (and rightly so) for collectors, partly for the protection of the flora and fauna and to thwart unscrupulous exterminators of butterflies and orchids, partly, we suspect, also as a check on industrial espionage. Obviously, administrators behind their desks have no inkling of what dedicated botanists (and zoologists) are doing in the forest. Especially when the scientists come from the so-called ’rich’ countries the civil servants ask themselves why anybody would like to exchange a nice chair in an air-conditioned office with a lot of paper work for a most uncomfortable, hard log under a leaky fly in an insect-infested, humid, scary forest. Since they themselves certainly are not going to take a look there for themselves, they suspect other motives, and until they find out what these are, scientists are under suspicion and should be kept on a leash. Sometimes the requirements border on the ridiculous, as a few instances that have come to attention show: Unicates must be left with the host institute and can only be had on loan. Well, one could live with this, although especially these collections are often the most interesting.

Description: The major task facing the PROSEA project during the period 1987-1990 is to lay a sound basis for the Implementation Phase 1991-1995, while at the same time concrete results have to be produced. The project will achieve this by internationalization, documentation, consultation, and publication. Internationalization. — PROSEA is trying to establish a network of cooperating institutions in Southeast Asia, which will act as centres of activity for PROSEA in the respective countries. Main objectives are to gather existing information and expertise on the plant resources. Each centre will have a country officer paid by PROSEA. Missions were held to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The following institutes agreed to become a coordinating agency for PROSEA: — Thailand: The Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR) at Bangkok. — Malaysia: FRIM at Kepong, MARDI at Serdang or Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (decision not yet taken by the institutes). — Indonesia: The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) at Jakarta. LIPI has designated the Centre for Research and Development in Biology in Bogor as the executing agency, where also the headquarters of the field network will be housed. Dr. J.S. Siemonsma will be the coordinator for PROSEA (operational summer 1988). — The Philippines: The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) at Los Baños. — Papua New Guinea: The Papua New Guinea University of Technology in Lae.

Description: BROEKHUIJSEN, Dr. H.O. Sent at least 11 specimens to BO, e.g. no. 11 Panicum luzonense from 7 km South of Parungpanjang, Java, collected on 28 October 1943 (’2603’). CAULFIELDS, F.M.G. Collected a Cinnamomum velutinum in Upper Perak for the Perak Museum Herbarium, now in SING.

Description: AIRY SHAW, H.K. see SHAW, H.K.A. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f., Reinier Cornelis (Panjinangan, Java, Indonesia, 11 September 1911 – Leiden, 1 May 1987). Fl. Mal. I, 1 (1950) 32, photo; M. JACOBS, Fl. Mal. Bull. 29 (1976) 2532- 2535; C. KALKMAN, Blumea 23 (1976) 1, photo.

Description: Mssrs. L.G. SAW and K.M. WONG (KEP) collected further in the Endau-Rompin forests of Johore during April and June 1986. Ms. Dr. B.S. PARRIS (K) spent August 1986 based at FRIM collecting fern material and studying fern diversity in montane forests. Together with Mr. K.M. WONG (KEP) she visited the Cameron Highlands (G. Batu Brinchang, G. Berembas, G. Jasar), Penang, the quartzite ridges around Kuala Lumpur, G. Panti (Johore), and G. Ledang (Malacca). 134 numbers were collected, the first set for K, the second for KEP.

Description: Collecting localities are of special interest to those who want to know the exact origin of the material under study: e.g. when citing types, designating neotypes, preparing distribution maps, planning expeditions, comparing species lists, or because of some historical interest. It is not always easy to gather these data, especially in the case of many former colonies where geographical names as used on collections have been changed (or may never have been recorded by the authorities and include on maps or in official gazetteers). As we have spent some time to gather the present information, we thought a wider audience might be interested. For a brief period, 1884 to 1921, the northern half of Papua New Guinea was a German colony, and the mainland portion known as Kaiser Wilhelmsland. German names were given to villages and other places where the colonists settled, and to the rivers and mountains they ’discovered’. When the Mandated Territory of New Guinea came into existence in 1921, the Australian administration proceeded to change many of these names. Some were merely translated, e.g. Aprilfluss became April River, Felsspitze became Rocky Peak, and Hansemann-Berg (near Madang) became Mt. Hansemann. Others underwent a complete change: Kaiser Wilhelmsland was abandoned in favour of ‘North-East New Guinea’, the mighty Kaiserin Augustafluss reverted to being the Sepik, the English names for Neu-Pommern and Neu-Mecklenburg were restored, the names of famous English politicians replaced those of German philosophers for two peaks in the Finisterre Range, and Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen became Madang after the name of the District Officer’s house which had been moved there from Finschhafen. Fortunately relatively few names were changed after the Independence of Papua New Guinea in 1976.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: (a) Algae — (b) Fungi & Lichens — (c) Bryophytes — (d) Pteridophytes — (e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: CITES: In February 1987 Singapore finally ratified the Washington Treaty on the international trade in threatened species, exceptions have been made for the trade in crocodile products. A serious breach has now been closed that was of some impediment to the trade between Singapore and many of its partners. FAO’s Tropical Forestry Action Plan. (Unasylva 38, 1986) develops a strategy for action in five fields, among which conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. The main goals of the latter action plan are: to prevent loss or degradation of the tropical forest resource, while furthering development and the wise use of existing natural resources; to promote the sustainable use of tropical forest ecosystems, either exploited or not, for the production of timber and wood, in such a way that the genetic resources they contain are safeguarded; to encourage and facilitate the integrated management of tropical forest ecosystems so as to provide wildlife and non-wood crops with minimal disturbance of the ecosystems and associated wild genetic resources; to promote the conservation and management of samples of ecosystems as reservoirs of species diversity.

Description: Family name, full name of taxon (incl. all authors), rough locality, date of collection, collector’s name and collection number, place(s) of deposit, previously known distribution, additional remarks, authority for the report. In a footnote the Foundation(s) from which grants were received may be mentioned. For examples see below. The Editors of the Bulletin disclaim any responsibility for possible misidentifications or superfluous records; these should be accredited to the correspondents who have reported them. We will moreover decide whether we will include a record or not depending on their significance as we see it. For the future the exact criteria for inclusion will be formulated after some experience with the subject.

Description: Mr. N. GAPAS (PNH) has made a survey of the phytoplankton of Aklan Bay, the Philippines. Dr. R.J. KING with Mr. C.F. PUTTOCK (Univ. NSW) has finished a complete revision of the Bostrychioideae (Rhodomelaceae) on a worldwide basis which has been accepted for publication in the Austr. Syst. Bot.

Description: Evolution is a complex process and the species produced by evolutionary processes are therefore of necessity not always clear-cut. Problems associated with definition of species boundaries have always plagued taxonomists and, no doubt, always will. However, I would maintain that in most situations there really is a ‘best’ solution to what kind of taxonomic recognition to accord a specific evolutionary pattern. The optimum solution to these kinds of problems depends in part on taxonomic philosophy. Are species real objective evolutionary entities? (Our job being to find out what they are.) Or are they essentially artificial constructs whose delimitation more or less depends on taxonomic convenience and preference? In the latter case, there is no ‘solution’ to the taxonomists’ dilemma. Certainly, many people working in the temperate zone, where rampant autogamy means that every clone of Taraxacum is essentially a different microspecies, tend to feel that this is the case. However, many of us working in the Neotropics feel that species are mostly far better defined and are, for the most part, quite objective entities. Indeed, as I see it, if species are not in some sense real units whose nature and limits we are trying to discover via scientific thought processes, taxonomy would hardly be worth doing, and we should turn our efforts to some other field of endeavor, say, population genetics, where the scientific method does provide insight into the real world.

Description: The Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) has started a project on the conservation of fruit trees. Collecting expeditions have been made in 1988 to the Kraun Game Reserve (c. 102° 30’ E, 3° 40’ N), Maxwell’s Hill, Endau-Rompin. Collections were not only made of fruit trees, but also of any other flowering or fruiting tree. On 16 January, 1988, Mr. A.Z. IBRAHIM and Dr. A.M. LATIFF (UKMB) collected c. 15 numbers on Gunung Pulai, Johor.

Description: Palawan, the most forested and least botanically known island in the Philippines was explored by an international expedition from March 1 to May 31, 1984. The sponsors were the Swedish Match Hilleshog Philippines Inc. and the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Philippines. Palawan separates the South China and Sulu Seas and forms a land bridge between Sabah and Mindoro in the Philippines. It is ca. 440 by 4.5—42 km, laying approximately between 8° and 12° North. There is a mountainous backbone, broken in two places, throughout its length with the three highest peaks at 2085 m (Mt. Mantalingajan), 1798 m (Mt. Victoria) and 1593 m (Cleopatra’s Needle).

Description: This brief guide has been prepared during a stay in Malaysia as an aid to local collectors and turned out to fulfil a need. A wider public may find it of use as well. The writer gratefully acknowledges improvements by Dr. C. Bas, Leiden. (Ed.) As agarics and boleti belong to the most common, but also to the most difficult fungi to collect and preserve, this guide is written particularly for this group of macromycetes. Obviously many recommendations and indications will apply to other fungi with fleshy fruit-bodies as well. Macromycetes with nonfleshy fruit-bodies can be treated in the same way, but for identification afterwards extensive descriptive notes are usually not necessary.

Description: Everybody visiting the Cibodas Mountain Garden must have observed that on the North side of Mt. Pangerango there are roughly between 2300 and 2700 m several sizeable pale green patches visible in the dark green montane forest. They were never visited and it intrigued me to know their vegetation which clearly must differ from the surrounding forest. End May 1950 a rintis was made from Kandangbadak at the base of the Pangerango proper westwards to a large northern spur of Mt. Pangerango, the so-called Geger Prut, over which one can descend to Cibeureum from where the trail to Cibodas can be resumed. The rintis was prepared by Mr. Verheul and Mr. Nurta, curators of the Cibodas Garden. This appeared to be quite an effort, as the rintis went up and down crossing many small ravines. Incidentally we found between the second and third ravine in a lighter place Berberis wallichiana and Anaphalis maxima, both then new for Mt. Gedeh, the latter a very rare species. At times we had to tunnel our way through very large stands of Gleichenia (paku andam), consisting of G. linearis, G. longissima and G. volubilis. These stands are characteristic for earthslides. After three hours having crossed eleven small ravines we reached a singular open sloping rocky plateau, which we called Tegal padas, from where we had a clear view on Cibodas and Rarahan; the altitude was ca. 2600 m. The dimensions of the tegal were estimated at 200—300 by 100—200 m. Soil was almost absent, the stony surface consisted of cemented irregular gravel. A tiny stream cut through it, of which the bottom was a solid dark glassy rock. The preliminary conclusion was that the structure was a lava stream overlain by lahar material. For about 50% the palish rocky surface was visible with a large number of ground lichens identified by Mr. Groenhart as belonging to Stereocaulon, one Baeomyces and two Lecidiaceae. The vegetation was sparse: there were no Gleichenias and no grasses. All woody plants were dwarfed: Rhododendron retusum, Gaultheria fragrantissima, G. nummularioides, Symplocos sp., Eurya sp., Vaccinium varingifolium. Of herbaceous plants I noted several species of Lycopodium (L. cernuum, L. clavatum, L. volubile), Dianella javanica, Nepenthes sp. Along the brook were some specimens of Myriactis nepalensis, Valeriana hardwickii, Thalictrum javanicum, Gahnia javanica and Astilbe indica, obviously descended by water dispersal. Specimens of Leptospermum flavescens flowered in 20 cm high dwarf shrubs.

Description: Dr. M.M.J VAN BALGOOY (L) visited E and K to discuss cooperation with the Flora Malesiana Project and the Pacific Plant Areas. Ms. Dr. B.G. BRIGGS has for a short period been appointed as Acting Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (N.S.W.), Australia.

Description: The botany of mangroves by P.B. Tomlinson has been published in the Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, Cambridge University Press. Checklist of the generic names used for Spermatophytes in Malesian botany. During their last years Dr. R.C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f. and Dr. C.G.G.J VAN STEENIS have revised the Nomina generum Malesianorum, a most useful manual. The manuscript was nearly finished at their deaths and has now been made ready for publication by Ms. M.J. VAN STEENIS-KRUSEMAN and Ms. E.E. VAN NIEUWKOOP. We hope to have it published in 1987.

Description: The Annotated Flora of Kairiru by Bro. O.W. BORRELL (Marcellin College, Bulleen, Australia) has been allocated A$ 3000 by the Papua New Guinea Biological Foundation towards its publication. Brother William is retouching the drawings and hopes for a speedy publication of the Flora. Appreciation of soil fertility by the Dayaks of Central Kalimantan, J. Agric. Trad. & Bot. Appl. (JATBA) 20 (1983) 127—137 (in French) by P. LEVANG.

Description: The symbol of the Flora Malesiana is the Rafflesia, a picture of which adorns the front cover of this Bulletin. It is therefore with mixed feelings that we have heard the news that a new species was discovered in Sabah, but its type locality was nearly immediately destroyed by logging activities (Salleh & Latiff, 1989, and Chapter IX). Fortunately another one seems to have been discovered. This is but one example of many of the irreplaceable losses Nature suffers through the thoughtless activities of Man. The instigators of this instance are known, but will remain free to continue to make a buck. It is a strange world where fines are meted out to smugglers of protected species. One of these defended himself by saying that he had played such a positive role in nature conservation. Of course the judge disagreed, but considering the on-going loss of natural habitats by exploitation and pollution, the defendant did make a point to ponder. What is better: a species irrevocably gone, or one in a zoo or a botanical garden? In the history of the earth a score of periods of extinctions have taken place, the cause of which is a matter of speculation: comet impacts, the passing through galactic dust clouds, a mysterious sister-star, extensive ice ages that drained the seas? Most spectacular were the ones of the middle Perm (c. 250 My) and on the Cretaceous-Tertiary border (c. 65 My), where 90% and 75% of all species respectively disappeared.

Description: The Malayan Nature Society (MNS), a non-governmental organisation with about 3,000 members, has since its formation in 1940 always had a strong emphasis on conservation. The Society’s objective in mounting this expedition, a mammoth undertaking for any Society as it included raising funds to a tune of almost M $ 400,000 (about £ 80, 000), were several: 1. To gain permanent legal protection for the only area in Malaysia where there still is a viable population (estimated at between 20 and 25 animals) of the rare Sumatran rhinoceros. 2. To gain legal protection for one of the few remaining extensive areas of lowland forest left in the Southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. 3. To explore the area and to document the flora and fauna of this Southern forest type, which until then was relatively poorly known scientifically. 4. To increase the awareness among school children and the general public of the beauty and value of Malaysia’s natural heritage.

Description: Please notify the Editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin of any change in address which he will be glad to communicate here if of interest to the readers. Mr. R. ABDULHADI (BO) worked for a year at Brisbane to obtain his Ph.D.

Description: Please submit your announcement to this Bulletin as early as possible! Several were received too late for interested readers to make use of. After the event please send a summary of the doings, and/or the Proceedings, if any. International Symposium on Resource availability and the structure and functioning of tropical ecosystems: 5—12 June 1988. Universities of Miami, Florida, and San Jose, Costa Rica. Contact: Dr. J.M, Savage, Silver Anniversary Symposium, Dept. of Biology, University of Miami, POB 249118, Coral Gables F1 33124, U.S.A.

Description: Herbarium Bogoriense. A fourth floor has been added to the building. Bogor Botanic Gardens. Two heavy storms occurred, one in October, which uprooted 161 trees, among which some of the famous kalong trees, and another one in November, 1984, which blew down or so damaged about 130 trees that they had to be felled.

Description: Fries (1821: 11) established Agaricus series Derminus tribus Inocybe, which was later elevated by him to generic rank (Fries, 1863: 346). Originally Fries based his circumscription of Inocybe solely on macroscopical characters; when it was raised to generic status Fries added that the spores of all Inocybe species were seemingly rough (’sporae scabrae videntur omnibus Inocybis communes’). Almost certainly this was not based on original observation, as Fries considered the use of the microscope unnecessary, but the result of an uncritical appraisal of observations by Berkeley (1860). The relevance of Fries’s statement regarding the typification of Inocybe is discussed on p. 29. Although the genus Inocybe is easily recognisable by macroscopical characters, judging from the fact that the generic concept has scarcely changed to the present day, the delimitation of species is considerably more difficult. The number of species increased continually from 1821 onwards. Massee (1904) published a world monograph of the genus but his work unfortunately lacks precision and it is moreover outdated. Important regional work on the genus has been carried out by Heim (1931) and Kühner (in Kühner & Romagnesi, 1953) in France; Alessio (1980) in Italy; Enderle & Stangl (1981) and Stangl & Enderle (1983) in Germany; Kauffman (1924), Stuntz (1947, 1954), and Grund & Stuntz (1968, 1970, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984) in North America; and Horak (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981) in Australia and Asia.

Description: The sole object of the present work is to furnish a monograph dealing exclusively with the species of the genus Psathyrella (exclusive of Lacrymaria, see Chapter VI) reported from the Netherlands, France and the British Isles. Ever since 1958 we intensively collected, described, depicted and stored in our herbarium these species from many parts of the Netherlands and later studied the exsiccata microscopically. From 1960 on we did the same practically every year for some three weeks in many parts of the British Isles, often during the annual forays of the British Mycological Society, and particularly in Wales and Scotland. Moreover through the valuable aid from Dr. D. A. Reid, Dr. D. N. Pegler and Dr. R. Watling and the information supplied by the ‘New Check List of British Agarics and Boleti’ (Dennis, Orton & Hora, 1960) we became very well acquainted with the British species of Psathyrella. Mr. H. Romagnesi’s vast knowledge of and experience with the French species of Psathyrella and the great co-operation between him and us resulted in our becoming extensively informed about the French species of the genus. Our frequent exchanges of information and exsiccata even led to Romagnesi’s discovery of a new species (P. phegophila Romagn.) in his own herbarium, which he very kindly publishes in the present work. The results of our observations on Psathyrella in the three countries of course were compared with those published by A. H. Smith in his monograph on the North American species, hitherto the only monograph of this genus.

Description: Some additional arguments are provided for a few name changes in Russula. We conclude, contrary to Singer & Machol, that the 1821-starting point rules failed to put the nomenclature of the past into order and that the new sanctioning system will be better in this respect. Some dangers inherent in special provisions for particular taxonomic groups are mentioned. The disadvantage of a special typification status for sanctioned names is discussed.