ALBERT

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉〈span〉This study delves into the management of electronic waste (e-waste) stemming from the disposal of personal electronic items and mobile phones, primarily in response to the remarkable surge in the utilization of these devices within the Hassan city populace in recent years. The principal objectives revolved around investigating the existing disposal methods for electronic devices including mobile phones and collecting fundamental data concerning their disposal practices within the geographical confines of Hassan city of Karnataka State. Additionally, an endeavor was undertaken to gauge the level of awareness among respondents regarding the potential hazards posed by e-waste. It was observed that a significant proportion of the Hassan population typically retains especially electronic devices is cell phones, once these devices become outdated and obsolete. Among the prevalent disposal methods, the most widespread approach involves selling these gadgets to scrap dealers or junk shops, whereas recycling practices remain relatively underutilized. Notably, a mere minority of individuals engage in recycling activities. An intriguing revelation emerged, with 65% of respondents expressing concern about the adverse repercussions of improper e-waste disposal on human health and the environment. Astonishingly, all respondents admitted to having no knowledge of the fate of their discarded electronic devices. Based on the findings gleaned from this survey, it is strongly recommended that a comprehensive review be conducted on the overarching management of e-waste stemming from this electronic waste including mobile phones, gadgets in the Hassan city of Karnataka State. The purpose of these surveys and data collection endeavors is to approximate the volume of e-waste generated through the disposal of these devices. This information is envisioned to assist stakeholders and government agencies in formulating effective and efficient legislation and policies for the proficient management of e-waste〈/span〉〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Indian Railroads is one of the largest railroad systems in the World. The Indian railway system has grown significantly over the years, as seen by the massive construction of its railroads; nonetheless, some accidents are caused by fractures in the railway track. Splits may occur because of the track's expansion or contraction brought on by seasonal variations. This study proposes a crack monitoring vehicle that employs an ultrasonic sensor to detect fractures on railway tracks and uses an Arduino Uno to facilitate the GSM and GPS module to send an SMS to the testing station, thereby mitigating the problems caused by these cracks. This intelligent system works like a remote monitoring system which gives an alert to stop the passage of trains in that path. The proposed model involves the use of Arduino, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, GSM module, and GPS module.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Road safety is a critical concern in the modern world, where advancements in technology have made our lives easier but have also given rise to increased traffic hazards and road accidents. The "Car Accident Detector and Informer" project is an innovative system aimed at enhancing road safety by accurately detecting and informing about car accidents in real-time. This project integrates advanced sensors, microcontroller technology, and communication protocols to create an efficient accident detection and notification system. Utilizing GPS and GSM technology for precise location tracking and instant notifications, this system has the potential to reduce emergency response times, save lives, and minimize property damage. This research paper presents a detailed overview of the project, including its objectives, working principles, components, advantages, disadvantages, and prospects.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Spatiotemporal data analytics is a dynamic field that seeks to extract valuable information from data that integrates both spatial and temporal dimensions. This article explores the importance of this emerging field and its applications in a variety of fields, including environmental science, public health, and urban planning. Spatiotemporal data analysis addresses important research questions, such as determining event probabilities, understanding change patterns, identifying associations between events, and predicting events Future. However, this comes with many challenges, including managing large datasets, ensuring data quality, dealing with spatial and temporal autocorrelation, and more. To address these challenges, proposed solutions include data reduction and sampling, dimensionality reduction, data compression, use of spatial and temporal indexes, parallel and distributed processing, data filtering and pre- processing. Furthermore, strategies to handle spatial and temporal autocorrelation include exploratory data analysis, using spatial weight matrices, including spatially lagged variables, and regression models. spatial attribution, cluster analysis, etc for spatial autocorrelation and for temporal autocorrelation, solutions include time series analysis, differencing, ARIMA models, lagged variables, time series decomposition, exponential smoothing, state space modelling, machine learning, cross-validation, and regularization techniques. These approaches provide valuable insights to address the complexity of spatio-temporal data analysis and unlock its potential in various fields.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Diamond drilling, a core drilling technique employing diamond-encrusted drill bits, has emerged as a critical method for extracting cylindrical rock samples from diverse geological formations. This article provides an extensive overview of diamond drilling, encompassing its equipment, applications, challenges, and its pivotal role in geological exploration, mining, and construction projects. The versatility of diamond drilling is evident in its adaptability to various rock types, spanning the gamut from soft sedimentary strata to formidable crystalline structures. In mining, it serves as an indispensable tool for assessing the quality, depth, and size of mineral deposits. Likewise, in construction and civil engineering, diamond drilling aids in ascertaining geological conditions for safe and stable foundation design. Environmental considerations are paramount in contemporary drilling practices, with containment measures for drilling fluids to mitigate ecological impacts. Safety precautions are rigorously adhered to, ensuring the well-being of workers and the integrity of drilling operations. Furthermore, core samples extracted through diamond drilling are instrumental in geological investigations. These samples, meticulously analyzed, yield insights into rock composition, mineral content, and geological structures. They inform decisions in resource exploration, mine planning, and construction project management. This review underscores the invaluable contributions of diamond drilling to our understanding of the Earth's subsurface, emphasizing its adaptability, environmental consciousness, and safety. By examining the critical aspects of this technique, this article illuminates the profound impact of diamond drilling on various industries and the scientific community, positioning it as an indispensable tool for unlocking the secrets hidden beneath the Earth's surface.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity for digital infrastructure and accessibility, particularly in the education sector. This paper investigates the benefits and effectiveness of utilizing Green Cloud Computing (GCC) techniques for the dissemination of educational library data in remote regions of India during this critical period. The GCC model, known for its energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact, is proposed as a robust, scalable, and eco-friendly solution for providing remote educational access. The research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative assessments of data reach and usage, and qualitative surveys to understand user experiences. The study reveals that GCC techniques can significantly improve educational resource distribution, thereby mitigating the educational disparities further exacerbated by the pandemic. These findings reinforce the potential of GCC techniques as a sustainable and inclusive technology in reshaping the educational landscape in remote regions.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉One of the most crucial global issues of our era is climate change, whose consequences are presently being felt all over the world. As climate change keeps on forgoing, it's important that governments, organizations, and businesses take visionary actions for adapting and protecting themselves from calamities.〈/em〉〈em〉 This paper summarizes the application of Remote Sensing (RS) and 〈/em〉〈em〉Geographic Information System (〈/em〉〈em〉GIS) in observing impact of climate change on drought, soil moisture, land degradation, food security, EHIs’ characterization and blue carbon science and review of AI based climate solutions. The〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉integration of advanced machine learning algorithms,〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉real-time data analysis, and other cutting-edge technologies could lead to even more effective climate change〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉adaptation strategies. AI-activated climate change adaptation strategies have the prospective to significantly〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉improve the resilience of infrastructure communities, and businesses to the changing climate.〈/em〉〈strong〉〈/strong〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Urban transportation systems face significant challenges due to rapid population growth and development. This study delves into the enhancement of road safety in Navi Mumbai by employing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The escalating rate of vehicular accidents in Navi Mumbai presents a pressing concern. This research investigates accident data and traffic patterns, identifying vulnerable areas prone to accidents and congestion. By conducting spatial analysis using GIS and RS, the study aims to uncover accident hotspots and traffic congestion zones, offering insights into underlying road safety issues. The research methodology involves a multi-stage process. Initial data collection from various sources, including police reports, live traffic data, and satellite imagery, forms the foundation. Geographic coordinates extracted and processed through GIS applications aid in plotting accident locations and creating density maps. Additionally, on-site investigations at strategically chosen locations provide invaluable insights into local conditions, traffic patterns, and contributing factors to congestion and accidents. The findings are presenting tailored solutions for each area, ranging from optimized traffic signal timings to infrastructural improvements. The findings of this study present actionable insights aimed at improving road safety and traffic management in Navi Mumbai. Recommendations encompassing signal optimizations, infrastructure enhancements, and community engagement strategies offer a holistic approach to mitigate traffic congestion and reduce accidents. The collaborative effort with relevant authorities, as highlighted in the study, serves as a crucial step towards implementing these recommendations for meaningful change. This research not only identifies critical areas for intervention but also serves as a model for leveraging GIS and RS techniques to enhance the road safety in urban areas, paving the way for safer and efficient transportation networks in the future.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉The urgency to transition to renewable energy sources is underscored by the environmental crises stemming from our reliance on non-renewable fuels. This study focuses on assessing wind energy potential in Odisha, India, utilizing satellite data and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. The research addresses the critical need for strategic planning and site selection before investing in renewable energy infrastructure. By employing a model that integrates various free satellite datasets and leverages fundamental physical principles, the study calculates wind power density (WPD) at a height of 90 meters above the surface for both onshore and offshore locations. The methodology involves acquiring and processing datasets such as temperature, wind speed, digital elevation model (DEM), pressure, air density, and land use/land cover (LULC) classifications. The model applies equations derived from physical laws to determine key parameters necessary for calculating WPD. Specifically, temperature and pressure data are used to estimate air density, while surface roughness is assigned based on LULC classes with windspeed at 10m to extrapolate wind speed at 90 meters above ground level. The method can be used at any hub height. Results reveal significant wind energy potential in Odisha, particularly along the coastal regions. Jagatsinghpur and Puri emerge as areas with high WPD onshore, while the offshore exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Odisha exhibits substantial wind energy resources. The model outputs provide valuable insights for various studies related to renewable energy and facilitate informed decision-making in site selection analyses. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the simplicity and effectiveness of the developed model,〈/em〉〈br〉〈em〉making it a practical tool for assessing wind energy potential in other regions as well. Overall, this research contributes to the global effort towards transitioning to sustainable energy sources and combating climate change. By highlighting the renewable energy potential of Odisha, it underscores the importance of harnessing wind energy as a viable pathway towards a cleaner, greener future.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉The research strives to enhance digital surveying methodologies for precise and detailed land mapping, utilizing advanced instruments like terrestrial scanners, SLAM scanners, total stations, DGPS, and drones. The survey conducted at Ratnagiri Hill in Udaipur aims to scrutinize and compare the merits and drawbacks of each surveying method. The study outlines a systematic process encompassing data collection, processing, output generation, and validation of survey techniques. It highlights the adaptability of these methods across various〈br〉domains, such as building conservation, restoration, and mapping of typically inaccessible areas, emphasizing their potential for time and resource savings. The research underscores the effectiveness of a one-time data collection process for subsequent work, laying the groundwork for the advancement of digital surveying technologies. When integrated with the Total station and DGPS survey, the combination of terrestrial scanners, drones, and SLAM scanners achieves a vertical accuracy of around 32 mm.〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Landuse play a role in the determination of main’s social, economic, and cultural progress. In general, the idea of land use is connected to the local physical environment. Landuse reflect a complex correlation between natural historical and socio-economic factors. Besides, size of holding and caste structure determine the changing of land use on the agricultural crops. Such as undulating terrain and hilly poor land determine the process of farming and as-well-as sometime at the capacity of farmers. The present study characteristics of changing pattern of land use in the Sagar district. Slightly more-than half (52.64%) of the total geographical area is net sown in 2021. This proportion is higher than the 48.93% statewide average. An additional 2.29% of the total area is made up of fallow areas. As a consequence, around 75% of the land had farmed. The forest land (24.46%) is quite similar to the average distribution. Around 1.69% of the area is designated as barren and uncultivable due to physical limitations. For a number of reasons, other uncultivated land accounts for about 10.65% of the total area. Land use patterns are influenced by cropping practices and intensity of farming as well as human social and economic position, institutional makeup, and technology advancements. The terrain of its land is ridged on a big chunk of it. Therefore, regional balances of natural processes within them are crucial prerequisites for the rising population's access to food security and its ability to get the most out of the resources at hand.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉The ruling aspect of the present investigation is to study the textural characters as well as to understand the grain size relationship and distributionby engaging granulometric analysis, along the Pennar estuary, South east coast of India. An aggregate of 36 Surface sediment samples were retrieved and a comprehensive study of textural parameters and various size distribution of sediments were analysed at six various stations in six different micro – environments viz., dune, backshore, berm, upper foreshore (UFS), middle foreshore (MFS) and lower foreshore (LFS).  These were further subjected to statistical treatment viz., Mean size (Mz), Skewness (Sk), Standard deviation (σ〈strong〉〈sub〉I〈/sub〉〈/strong〉), and Kurtosis (K〈sub〉G〈/sub〉). The procured results indicates that the sediment samples were coarse to fine grained, very negatively skewed to positively skewed, very well to moderately sorted, and platy tovery leptokurtic in nature and also indicates two mixed environments at some stations. Scatter plots were help to understand the mode of deposition, geological significance and transportation of grains along the coast. Scatter plots also divulges that the sediments along the coast were mainly associated with fluvial process. C-M diagrams demonstrate the type of transportation and deposition of the beach sediments. Ebbing and flooding shows prominent role in changing the characteristics of grains in the Pennar estuary, especially in the estuarine mouth and adjoining river areas.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉〈span〉Currently, wind and solar power generation systems have many drawbacks. Wind and solar power generation Full use of new energy will break the barrier to growth. Location for wind/solar hybrid power plant the primary problem is how to choose scientifically. This article selects six wind/solar hybrid power plants and implements them as a case study and evaluates these six areas via VIKOR by weighting the indicators through the MCDM method. Conclusions Related research findings and better valid, this demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. This macro-site selection plants may provide some theoretical basis. In this statistical methods in the literature and established by statistical analysis. Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka taken this alternative in this method and evaluation parameters are Total investment, Wind direction, Wind speed and speed change, sunshine stabilization, wind power density, energy saving, Environmental factors. Gujarat is on 2nd rank, Rajasthan is on the 1st rank, Tamil Nadu is on the 3rd rank, Indian Karnataka is on the 4th rank, Maharashtra is on the 5th rank and finally Andhra Pradesh is on the 6th rank.〈/span〉〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Flood hazard mapping, which uses model and satellite remote sensing data, is extremely useful for flood monitoring and risk management. The flood inundation extent and flooding depth on Majuli Island and its surrounding area in Assam, India, were simulated using MIKE FLOOD, a coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic model. MIKE FLOOD is a platform that integrates the MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models into a dynamically coupled single modeling framework. The study employed daily discharge and water level data from several gauging stations operated by the Centre Water Commission (CWC), Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS), and Water Resource Department (WRD) of Assam. First, the MIKE Hydro River (1D) model was calibrated using discharge and water level data from 2016 to 2018 and validated for the period of 2019-2021. The MIKE Hydro River (1D) model's calibration and validation results were evaluated using a numerous of performance metrics. From ALOS PALSAR DEM data / SRTM DEM data, a fine mesh and bathymetry of Majuli Island with a spatial resolution of 10m has been created and provided as an input to the MIKE 21 FM (2D, Flow Model). The MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models were then linked to the MIKE FLOOD model for simulating two-dimensional flood inundations in the study area through lateral linkages. Flood inundation has been simulated for the year 2020, and the model's maximum flood inundation extent has been compared to the actual flooded area retrieved from Sentinel-1 C-Band satellite data. The R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in the study area was ranging between 0.86 and 0.97, but the WBL in the MIKE Hydro River model was less than 1.23. On the opposite hand, the MIKE FLOOD's total accuracy is 93.6 percent according to the confusion matrix. According to the most recent model simulation, flooding will occur between July 19 and July 21, 2020, with the greatest and lowest flood depths being 2.38 and 0.786 m, respectively〈/em〉〈em〉. In addition, the MIKE FLOOD model may be used for flood control in the future, and this research will aid policymakers in the field of water management in achieving successful mitigation measures.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉A simulation tool of a sky wave over-the-horizon radar performance and detection process includes many stages based on different models, which creates a synthetic searching scenario as a first step followed by a digital signal processing to detect and locate a potential target. Its accuracy will depend on the quality of the input and adequacy degree of the model assumptions. A sensitivity analysis of this simulation tool is carried out analyzing outputs’ variation as a consequence of changes in input factors. The architecture of this tool allow easy implementation and the study of input variables impact on detection and location results that can be useful towards dimensioning features and elements of a real radar〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉This work provides an overview of the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for mineral exploration. The integration and analysis of various data types, including geological, geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing data, using remote sensing and GIS tools allow for the creation of comprehensive maps and models of mineral deposits. The advantages of remote sensing and GIS in mineral exploration include more effective targeting of exploration activities, assessment of environmental and social impacts of mining activities, and creation of predictive models of mineral deposits. However, limitations to their use include the quality and resolution of input data, the expertise of the user, and availability and accessibility of data. As technology continues to improve and the availability of data increases, the use of remote sensing and GIS is likely to become even more important for the efficient and sustainable exploration and development of mineral resources.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: We would like to announce that the latest issue of the Acta Geologica Slovaca Journal (Volume 15, Issue 1) has already been released at 30th June 2023.

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Himachal Pradesh state is very vulnerable to flash floods, landslides, and riverbank erosion. Efforts have been made to develop a tool that can predict these disasters before the event, so that the authorities can take the protection measures. A web-enable 〈/em〉〈em〉vulnerability assessment tool has been developed for identification of vulnerable reaches for flood, riverbank erosion, and landslide in Himachal Pradesh. 〈/em〉〈em〉Historical excessive rainfall events, flash floods events and its causes, largest instrumented earthquake events have been reviewed and analyzed in detail. A flash flood risk index for rainfall-induced events occurring during the monsoon, glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) risk index to monitor glacial lakes, and landslide risk index have been developed. 〈/em〉〈em〉River model (HecRAS,1D) model has developed for 〈/em〉〈em〉inflow forecasting system and 〈/em〉〈em〉early warning system; flood model (TUFLOW/SOBEK, 2D) has developed to identify the flood prone areas; river morphological model (Delft, 3D) has developed to find out the morphological active areas; historical satellite imageries between 1973-2023 have been analyzed by using 〈/em〉〈em〉artificial intelligence technology〈/em〉〈em〉 to identify the riverbank erosion areas, landslide active area; these imageries have also analyzed for snowmelt forecasting and GLOF study. 〈/em〉〈em〉Multi criteria analysis model has been developed for identification of vulnerable reaches.〈/em〉〈em〉 These all five activities have been integrated in the web-enable real-time vulnerability assessment tool of Himachal Pradesh. This tool can be identified of vulnerable reaches for riverbank erosion, flood, and landslide in real-time meaner, and can predict the flash floods. The tool is available at: https://www.hpVulnerableReach-kupa.com. This tool is very useful for authorities, communities, and stakeholders, who take the protection measures during the disaster. There is still a need for some improvement, this tool can be upgraded at large scale, which can be done with the help of concern department or can be done with more accurate data as well when funds will available.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Urban sprawl is increasing rapidly with the increased rate of rural to urban migration and with the tremendous population growth. Due to rural-urban migration and continuous population growth; urban centers tend to expand outwards to lodge the ever-increasing population pressure. Urban sprawl has to be considered in spatio-temporal terms to understand the phenomena of urban growth, land use and land transformation.  Urban sprawl is momentous to the quality of life of urban dwellers as well as quantity of rural land lost and land degradation; key issues of agricultural as well as environmental perspectives. Himalayan state of Uttarakhand is witnessing steady and continuous urban growth. Urban sprawl in Ranikhet tehsil has resulted in loss of productive agricultural land of the surrounding rural areas, open green spaces, loss of surface water bodies, and depletion of groundwater too. Problems of dwellings, slums, and unhygienic livings are also growing rapidly with the rapid urban sprawl. There is regular competition between urban and rural areas for land needed for growth and development.  The present study finds out that the built-up areas of different towns of Ranikhet tehsil have been increased from 4.92km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2000 to 6.19km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2010 which has further been increased to 7.70km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2020 witnesses a continuous struggle for space in Ranikhet tehsil.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: The Jaskyňa Dezidera Horváta Cave is located in the inner city of the town of Nitra, south of the Kalvária Hill (227.3 m asl.). The Jaskyňa Dezidera Horváta Cave has thus become the longest cave of the karst areas in the Tribeč Mts. It currently reaches a length of 610 m, with a denivelization of 45 m. Several geological, geomorphological, and geochemical methods have been used to clarify the genesis of the cave. The cave evolved in the Jurassic limestones belonging to the Tatric Unit. NW–SE, W–E, and NNE–SSW discontinuities were significant to the genesis of the cave. The raised air and water temperatures in the cave (12.5–13.5°C) and the occurrence of various, not-so-common speleothem types, such as helictites, corraloids, and calcite crystals make this cave unique within the Western Carpathians. The morphology of the cave spaces, together with the increased temperature of the water and cave air, indicates that it could be a hypogenic cave, and even more specifically, a hypogenic-hybrid in origin. During its speleogenesis, the mixing corrosion by mixing of atmospheric waters and groundwater played an important

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉A simulation tool of a sky wave over-the-horizon radar performance and detection process includes many stages based on different models, which creates a synthetic searching scenario as a first step followed by a digital signal processing to detect and locate a potential target. Its accuracy will depend on the quality of the input and adequacy degree of the model assumptions. A sensitivity analysis of this simulation tool is carried out analyzing outputs’ variation as a consequence of changes in input factors. The architecture of this tool allow easy implementation and the study of input variables impact on detection and location results that can be useful towards dimensioning features and elements of a real radar〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉This work provides an overview of the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for mineral exploration. The integration and analysis of various data types, including geological, geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing data, using remote sensing and GIS tools allow for the creation of comprehensive maps and models of mineral deposits. The advantages of remote sensing and GIS in mineral exploration include more effective targeting of exploration activities, assessment of environmental and social impacts of mining activities, and creation of predictive models of mineral deposits. However, limitations to their use include the quality and resolution of input data, the expertise of the user, and availability and accessibility of data. As technology continues to improve and the availability of data increases, the use of remote sensing and GIS is likely to become even more important for the efficient and sustainable exploration and development of mineral resources.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Himachal Pradesh state is very vulnerable to flash floods, landslides, and riverbank erosion. Efforts have been made to develop a tool that can predict these disasters before the event, so that the authorities can take the protection measures. A web-enable 〈/em〉〈em〉vulnerability assessment tool has been developed for identification of vulnerable reaches for flood, riverbank erosion, and landslide in Himachal Pradesh. 〈/em〉〈em〉Historical excessive rainfall events, flash floods events and its causes, largest instrumented earthquake events have been reviewed and analyzed in detail. A flash flood risk index for rainfall-induced events occurring during the monsoon, glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) risk index to monitor glacial lakes, and landslide risk index have been developed. 〈/em〉〈em〉River model (HecRAS,1D) model has developed for 〈/em〉〈em〉inflow forecasting system and 〈/em〉〈em〉early warning system; flood model (TUFLOW/SOBEK, 2D) has developed to identify the flood prone areas; river morphological model (Delft, 3D) has developed to find out the morphological active areas; historical satellite imageries between 1973-2023 have been analyzed by using 〈/em〉〈em〉artificial intelligence technology〈/em〉〈em〉 to identify the riverbank erosion areas, landslide active area; these imageries have also analyzed for snowmelt forecasting and GLOF study. 〈/em〉〈em〉Multi criteria analysis model has been developed for identification of vulnerable reaches.〈/em〉〈em〉 These all five activities have been integrated in the web-enable real-time vulnerability assessment tool of Himachal Pradesh. This tool can be identified of vulnerable reaches for riverbank erosion, flood, and landslide in real-time meaner, and can predict the flash floods. The tool is available at: https://www.hpVulnerableReach-kupa.com. This tool is very useful for authorities, communities, and stakeholders, who take the protection measures during the disaster. There is still a need for some improvement, this tool can be upgraded at large scale, which can be done with the help of concern department or can be done with more accurate data as well when funds will available.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Urban sprawl is increasing rapidly with the increased rate of rural to urban migration and with the tremendous population growth. Due to rural-urban migration and continuous population growth; urban centers tend to expand outwards to lodge the ever-increasing population pressure. Urban sprawl has to be considered in spatio-temporal terms to understand the phenomena of urban growth, land use and land transformation.  Urban sprawl is momentous to the quality of life of urban dwellers as well as quantity of rural land lost and land degradation; key issues of agricultural as well as environmental perspectives. Himalayan state of Uttarakhand is witnessing steady and continuous urban growth. Urban sprawl in Ranikhet tehsil has resulted in loss of productive agricultural land of the surrounding rural areas, open green spaces, loss of surface water bodies, and depletion of groundwater too. Problems of dwellings, slums, and unhygienic livings are also growing rapidly with the rapid urban sprawl. There is regular competition between urban and rural areas for land needed for growth and development.  The present study finds out that the built-up areas of different towns of Ranikhet tehsil have been increased from 4.92km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2000 to 6.19km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2010 which has further been increased to 7.70km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in 2020 witnesses a continuous struggle for space in Ranikhet tehsil.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉〈em〉Flood hazard mapping, which uses model and satellite remote sensing data, is extremely useful for flood monitoring and risk management. The flood inundation extent and flooding depth on Majuli Island and its surrounding area in Assam, India, were simulated using MIKE FLOOD, a coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic model. MIKE FLOOD is a platform that integrates the MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models into a dynamically coupled single modeling framework. The study employed daily discharge and water level data from several gauging stations operated by the Centre Water Commission (CWC), Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS), and Water Resource Department (WRD) of Assam. First, the MIKE Hydro River (1D) model was calibrated using discharge and water level data from 2016 to 2018 and validated for the period of 2019-2021. The MIKE Hydro River (1D) model's calibration and validation results were evaluated using a numerous of performance metrics. From ALOS PALSAR DEM data / SRTM DEM data, a fine mesh and bathymetry of Majuli Island with a spatial resolution of 10m has been created and provided as an input to the MIKE 21 FM (2D, Flow Model). The MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models were then linked to the MIKE FLOOD model for simulating two-dimensional flood inundations in the study area through lateral linkages. Flood inundation has been simulated for the year 2020, and the model's maximum flood inundation extent has been compared to the actual flooded area retrieved from Sentinel-1 C-Band satellite data. The R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in the study area was ranging between 0.86 and 0.97, but the WBL in the MIKE Hydro River model was less than 1.23. On the opposite hand, the MIKE FLOOD's total accuracy is 93.6 percent according to the confusion matrix. According to the most recent model simulation, flooding will occur between July 19 and July 21, 2020, with the greatest and lowest flood depths being 2.38 and 0.786 m, respectively〈/em〉〈em〉. In addition, the MIKE FLOOD model may be used for flood control in the future, and this research will aid policymakers in the field of water management in achieving successful mitigation measures.〈/em〉〈/p〉