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  • Chemistry  (37,634)
  • Animals  (4,983)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 2020-2024  (52)
  • 2005-2009  (4,988)
  • 1970-1974  (28,421)
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  • 1
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Mineralogy includes thirteen chapters that discuss the methodology of specific mineralogical methods, the composition of minerals from different igneous rocks, and the composition of minerals from different sedimentary rocks.It contains detailed mineralogical studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Chapters present different scientific mineralogical methods and detailed descriptions of minerals from different magmatic and sedimentary rocks.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Benzimidazole is a comprehensive survey of the known and new methods of benzimidazole synthesis, the spectral and theoretical aspects of existing benzimidazole derivatives, and the anticancer properties of a new class of benzimidazole derivatives. This book examines aspects and newer mechanisms of benzimidazoles containing heterocyclic moiety. Chapters report on anticancer properties of benzimidazole derivatives, novel methods of synthesis of benzimidazoles, versatile nature of the benzimidazoles, spectral and theoretical studies of benzimidazole derivatives, and medicinal importance and pharmacological aspects of benzimidazole derivatives.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Green Chemistry - New Perspectives is at the frontiers of this continuously evolving interdisciplinary science, and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The book covers all aspects of green chemistry, including chemical synthesis, nano synthesis, eco-friendly processes, biomass, extraction techniques, environmental remediation, and energy, making it a unique reference resource. This will continue to encourage scientists around the world to develop novel synthetic methods or improve the existing ones to circumvent some of the problems and favours all aspects of green chemistry. This book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists, as well as graduate and undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 5
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 6
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book consists of several selected chapters on important subjects in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The content addresses aspects related to both improvements in the mainstream HPLC/UPLC technology and utilization, as well as developments of exploratory new materials and equipment. The book presents useful details about the presented subjects as well as describes new applications and/or relevant case studies for each subject. It is addressed to a large audience of analytical chemists involved in separation science. Each chapter is authored by scientists with considerable field and academic experience.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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  • 8
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics provides a comprehensive overview of several types of chemical reactions. It includes six chapters that discuss solvent catalysis, customized flow reactors, p-conjugation in kinetics, kinetics of autoxidation, molecular chameleon for cations and anions, and internal clocks of atoms.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    University of Calgary Press
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: How have our interactions with animals shaped Calgary? What can we do to ensure that humans and animals in the city continue to co-exist, and even flourish together? This wide-ranging book explores the ways that animals inhabit our city, our lives and our imaginations. Essays from animal historians, wildlife specialists, artists and writers address key issues such as human-wildlife interactions, livestock in the city, and animal performers at the Calgary Stampede. Contributions from some of Calgary's iconic arts institutions, including One Yellow Rabbit Performance Theatre, Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, and the Glenbow Museum, demonstrate how animals continue to be a source of inspiration and exploration for fashion, art, dance, and theatre. The full-colour volume is beautifully illustrated throughout with archival images, wildlife photography, documentary and production stills, and original artwork. Calgary: City of Animals is published in co-operation with the Calgary Institute for the Humanities.
    Keywords: Nature ; Animals ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Wie werden Natur und Tiere durch die Multispezies-Ethnographie inklusiv in Forschungsprojekte integriert? Katharina Ameli fokussiert die inter- und multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit. Aus einer Untersuchung der Schnittstellen zwischen gesellschafts- und naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Fachdisziplinen ergibt sich eine komplexe Betrachtung von Natur, Mensch und Tier. Die Einblicke in Interdependenzen unterschiedlicher Fachdisziplinen verdeutlichen den Bedarf an einer Multispezies-Ethnographie zur Analyse von MenschenTiereNaturenKulturen.
    Keywords: Natur ; Mensch ; Tiere ; Naturverständnis ; Interdisziplinarität ; Qualitative Forschung ; Kultur ; Ethnographie ; Umwelt ; Tier ; Human-animal Studies ; Umweltsoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Kultursoziologie ; Kulturwissenschaft ; Nature ; Human ; Animals ; Understanding of Nature ; Interdisciplinarity ; Qualitative Research ; Culture ; Ethnography ; Environment ; Animal ; Environmental Sociology ; Cultural Anthropology ; Sociology of Culture ; Cultural Studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFU Animals and society ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNT Social impact of environmental issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Hydroxyapatite coatings are of great importance in the biological and biomedical coatings fields, especially in the current era of nanotechnology and bioapplications. With a bonelike structure that promotes osseointegration, hydroxyapatite coating can be applied to otherwise bioinactive implants to make their surface bioactive, thus achieving faster healing and recovery. In addition to applications in orthopedic and dental implants, this coating can also be used in drug delivery. Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Biomedical Applications explores developments in the processing and property characterization and applications of hydroxyapatite to provide timely information for active researchers and newcomers alike. In eight carefully reviewed chapters, hydroxyapatite experts from the United States, Japan, Singapore, and China present the latest on topics ranging from deposition processes to biomedical applications in implants and drug delivery. This book discusses: Magnetron sputtering and electrochemical deposition The modification of hydroxyapatite properties by sol–gel deposition to incorporate other elements found in natural bones, such as zinc, magnesium, and fluorine The use of pure hydroxyapatite in drug delivery applications The growth or self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on shape memory alloy Hydroxyapatite composite coatings—with carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and others—on the titanium alloy Offering valuable insights and a wealth of data, including numerous tables and figures, this is a rich source of information for research on hydroxyapatite coatings. Each chapter also covers material that provides an accessible stepping stone for those who are new to the field.
    Keywords: Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; Chemistry ; Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    University of Calgary Press
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Animal Metropolis brings a Canadian perspective to the growing field of animal history, ranging across species and cities, from the beavers who engineered Stanley Park to the carthorses who shaped the city of Montreal. Some essays consider animals as spectacle: orca captivity in Vancouver, polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, fish on display in the Dominion Fisheries Museum, and the racialized memory of Jumbo the elephant in St. Thomas, Ontario. Others examine the bodily intimacies of shared urban spaces: the regulation of rabid dogs in Banff, the maternal politics of pure milk in Hamilton and the circulation of tetanus bacilli from horse to human in Toronto. Another considers the marginalization of women in Canada’s animal welfare movement. The authors collectively push forward from a historiography that features nonhuman animals as objects within human-centered inquiries to a historiography that considers the eclectic contacts, exchanges, and cohabitation of human and nonhuman animals. With contributions by: Kristoffer Archibald, Jason Colby, George Colpitts, Joanna Dean, Carla Hustak, Darcy Ingram, Sean Kheraj, William Knight, Sherry Olson, Rachel Poliquin, and Christabelle Sethna
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Environmental Science ; History ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemiebezogene Kompetenzen werden bereits im Sachunterricht der Grundschule entwickelt und sollen im Chemieunterricht der Sekundarstufe I aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt werden. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die chemiebezogenen Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Übergangsphase zwischen Sachunterricht und Chemieunterricht zu analysieren. In einer Ergänzungsstudie wurden zusätzlich sowohl die Auswirkungen der Schulschließungen aufgrund der SARS-CoV-II Pandemie auf die Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler als auch der Einfluss einer veränderten Testadministration untersucht. Insgesamt wurden die Kompetenzen von 2262 Lernenden der Jahrgangsstufen 5 bis 9 zu drei Messzeitpunkten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die chemiebezogenen Kompetenzen sowohl zum Ende der Grundschulzeit als auch zu Beginn des Chemieunterrichts über alle Kompetenzbereiche hinweg sehr heterogen ausfallen. Dennoch sind sie zu Beginn des Chemieunterrichts in einigen Kompetenzbereichen höher ausgeprägt als zum Ende der Grundschulzeit. Nach den pandemiebedingten Schulschließungen waren die Kompetenzen ähnlich ausgeprägt wie in den gleichen Jahrgangsstufen vor den Schulschließungen. Eine während der Schulschließungen notwendige Bearbeitung der Testhefte von zu Hause aus führte vor allem bei den jüngeren Schülerinnen und Schülern zu besseren Testergebnissen als die Bearbeitung in der Schule. Um die Entwicklung chemiebezogener Kompetenzen in der Übergangsphase zu optimieren, sollte der Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen bereits im Sachunterricht einheitlicher gestaltet werden.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Redox reactions are involved in biochemistry, energy, corrosion, and much more. In both biology and electrochemistry, the redox reaction is complex and varied. For example, redox shuttles in supercapacitors show aspects of molecular electrochemistry applied to electrode porosity. In pseudocapacitors, the formalism associated with their electrochemical response requires investigation and formalism. Similarly, the simple definition of redox potential opens fundamental questions about its measurement in solutions without supporting salts. This book illustrates the variety of redox reactions in its examination of the importance of redox molecules in the development of new electrical energy storage devices.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In 2005, the hybrid model was published by Prof. H.-D. Alber and Prof. P. Zhu as an alternative to the Allen-Cahn model for the description of phase field transformations. With low interfacial energy, it is more efficient, since the resolution of the diffuse interface is numerically broader for the same solution accuracy and allows coarser meshing. The solutions of both models are associated with energy minimisation and in this work the error terms introduced in the earlier publications are discussed and documented using one and two dimensional numerical simulations. In the last part of this book, phase field problems, initially not coupled with material equations, are combined with linear elasticity and, after simple introductory examples, a growing martensitic inclusion is simulated and compared with literature data. In addition to the confirmed numerical advantage, another phenomenon not previously described in the literature is found: with the hybrid model, in contrast to the examples calculated with the Allen-Cahn model, an inclusion driven mainly by curvature energy does not disappear completely. The opposite problem prevents inclusions from growing from very small initial configurations, but this fact can be remedied by a very finely chosen diffuse interface width and by analysing and adjusting the terms that generate the modelling errors. The last example shows that the hybrid model can be used with numerical advantages despite the above mentioned peculiarities.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Science ; Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We are living in a critical time, both for humanity and the planet, which has led us to look for more sustainable formulas to interact with the environment. One of the important changes in the design and operation of chemical processes is the search for environmentally friendly technologies. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been revealed as a promising environmentally friendly solvent that is energy efficient, selective and capable of reducing waste, making it a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. However, reliable and versatile mathematical models of phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in process design and viability studies. This book reviews experimental procedures for obtaining high-pressure phase equilibria data and describes the phase diagrams of binary mixtures and some thermodynamic models capable of determining the conditions of phase equilibria at high pressures. These concepts are applied to the components of the transesterification reaction of rac-2-pentanol with a vinyl ester, which is important in the pharmaceutical industry because (S)-2-pentanol can be obtained as a reaction product. This product is a key intermediate in the synthesis of drugs against Alzheimer’s disease.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nanofibers, particularly those of a carbonaceous content, have received increased interest in the past two decades due to their outstanding physico-chemical characteristics and their possibility to form and contribute towards a plethora of potentially advantageous materials for consumer, industrial and medical applications. Despite this, and together with the numerous research studies and published articles that have sought to investigate these aspects, the potential impact of CNTs is still not understood. Whether or not nanofibers may be able to provide a sophisticated alternative to conventional materials is still debatable, whilst their effects upon both environmental and human health are highly equivocal. How nanofibers are conceived can determine how they may interact with different environments, such as the human body. Understanding each key step of the synthesis and production of nanofibers to their use within potential applications is therefore essential in gaining an insight into how they may be perceived by any biological system and environment. Thus, obtaining such information will enable all scientific communities to begin to realize the potential advantages posed by nanofibers. The aim of this Special Issue therefore, was to provide a collective overview of nanofibers; ‘from synthesis to application’. The Issue particularly focuses upon carbon-based nanofibers, but also highlights alternative nanofiber types. Emphasis is given holistically, with articles discussing the production routes of nanofibers, their plight during their life-cycle (origin to applied form and effects over time), as well as how nanofibers could either incite conflict, or provide aid to human and environmental health.
    Keywords: QD1-999 ; Toxicology ; Chemistry ; Biology ; Material Science ; Nanofibers ; Nanotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In recent decades, artificial porous structures have attracted increasing enthusiasm from researchers inspired by the fascinating molecular pores in nature and their unique biological functions. Although substantial achievements in porous materials have been realized, the construction of topologically designed pores is still challenging. Recently, the emergence of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are constructed based on organic and polymer chemistry, has made it possible to design artificial pores with controlled pore size, topology and interface properties. COFs are crystalline porous materials constructed by the precise reticulation of organic building blocks via dynamic covalent bonds. Distinct from non-covalent interactions which tend to produce isostructures, covalent bonds enable accurate pore design owing to their predetermined reaction pathways. In addition, the appropriate polycondensation of organic building units enables the formation of extended two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) polymer architectures with periodically ordered skeletons and well-defined pores. With their large surface area, tailorable structures, and tunable chemistry, COFs are regarded as potentially superior candidates for various applications including catalysis, energy storage and conversion, mass transport and biotechnology. This book examines the historic achievement of COFs, providing clear and comprehensive guidance for researchers on their structural design, synthetic protocols and functional exploration.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Fluoride covers a continuum of topics that are frequently studied in the broad area of fluoride (F) research. It provides an overview of the primary sources of environmental fluoride in typical high-fluoride environments and demonstrates the transitions and transformations that emerge and culminate in hydro-geochemical interactions that result in fluoride-fouling of large portions of the world’s water and agricultural resources. This way, the book pinpoints the connection between F enrichment of water sources and the prevalence of endemic fluorosis in certain areas of the world. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the global fluoride problem, new fluoride detection and quantification technologies are proposed with an in-depth analysis of emerging trends in the use of portable user-friendly devices in point-of-use measurements of water fluoride. This has been presented against the backdrop of a robust overview of traditional fluoride quantification methodologies that are still in wide application among the scientific communities. In addressing fluoride toxicities, which are not limited to dental and skeletal dilapidations, the authors have explored the role of natural antioxidants in ameliorating physiological fluoride-induced noxious effects in mammalian systems. Nonetheless, since community dependence on high-fluoride water due to a lack of alternative clean water sources remains to be the principal pathway of human fluoride over-exposure, a review chapter on F mitigation techniques applied all over the world is incorporated aiming at providing a succinct overview of water defluoridation techniques and strategies being used to combat the impacts of human F overexposure around the globe. Since every cloud has a silvery lining, the possibility of using ammonium fluorides as a novel reagent in mineral processing has been considered convenient industrial fluorinating agents, which present the possibility of complete regeneration that is not afforded by the reagents presently used in decomposing silicon component of the ores.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book discusses the chemistry and applications of pyridine derivatives. The library of pyridine derivatives is growing steadily with numerous synthetic analogues already described and the identification of new, naturally occurring pyridine-based compounds. The book includes ten chapters organized into two parts. The first part focuses on the numerous types of reactions that arise from pyridine derivatives. The second part examines the pharmaceutical applications of pyridine derivatives as well as their usefulness as sensors for metal cations and extracting agents for platinum group metals.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book discusses multiple issues associated with modern dosimetry in physics and treatment planning and how investigators from diverse world centers and institutions approach problem-solving in these important areas. It examines topics including pretreatment validation and factors affecting reference dosimetry. It also addresses unique issues affecting pediatric populations as well as the modern role of thermoluminescence validation. Several chapters discuss intensity modulation, including defining modern problems associated with both treatment planning and the definition of tumor and normal tissue contours. Furthermore, the book examines the role of imaging as both a vehicle to define tumor targets and normal tissue as well as a tool for dose validation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRL Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Das selbstgesteuerte Experimentieren ist laut den nationalen Bildungsstandards sowie den Lehrplänen im Fach Chemie ein wichtiger Bestandteil der naturwissenschaftlichen Schulbildung. Offene Experimentierformen sind jedoch wenig etabliert. Um das selbstgesteuerte Experimentieren in die Unterrichtspraxis zu implementieren, wurde im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojekts eine eintägige Lehrkräftefortbildung zur Konzeption von selbstgesteuerten Experimenten im Chemieunterricht durchgeführt. Dazu wurde ein literaturbasiertes Strukturierungskonzept entwickelt, mit dem die Lehrkräfte kochbuchartige Schulversuche zu selbstgesteuerten und kompetenzorientierten Experimenten mit beliebigen Öffnungsgraden modifizieren können. Begleitend zur Fortbildung wurde im Prä-Post-Follow-Up-Design das fachdidaktische Wissen der Teilnehmenden hinsichtlich der Planung von selbstgesteuerten Experimenten empirisch überprüft. Zur Erfassung dieses Konstrukts wurde ein neues Messinstrument literaturbasiert entwickelt und die Güte des Messinstruments evaluiert. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass die Fortbildung hinsichtlich des fachdidaktischen Wissens der Lehrkräfte kurz- sowie langfristig lernförderlich ist und die Fortbildung von den Teilnehmenden positiv bewertet wird. Die Reliabilitätsanalyse sowie die Validierungsstudie zeigen, dass der Test sowohl reliabel als auch valide ist. In Folgestudien könnte die langfristige Verhaltensänderung der Lehrkräfte bezüglich der Implementierung des selbstgesteuerten Experimentierens in den Unterricht untersucht werden.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Science ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 23
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    University Press of Colorado | University Press of Colorado
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World explores the current trends in the social archaeology of human-animal relationships, focusing on the ways in which animals are used to structure, create, support, and even deconstruct social inequalities. The authors provide a global range of case studies from both New and Old World archaeology—royal Aztec dog burial, the monumental horse tombs of Central Asia, and the ceremonial macaw cages of ancient Mexico among them. They explore the complex relationships between people and animals in social, economic, political, and ritual contexts, incorporating animal remains from archaeological sites with artifacts, texts, and iconography to develop their interpretations. Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World presents new data and interpretations that reveal the role of animals, their products, and their symbolism in structuring social inequalities in the ancient world. The volume will be of interest to archaeologists, especially zooarchaeologists, and classical scholars of pre-modern civilizations and societies.  Contributors: Alejandra Aguirre Molina, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Levent Atici, Douglas V. Campana, Roderick Campbell, Ximena Chá­vez Balderas, Pam J. Crabtree, Susan D. deFrance, Kitty F. Emery, Abigail Holeman, H. Edwin Jackson, Leonardo López Lujá­n, Michael MacKinnon, Arkadiusz Marciniak, Sue Ann McCarty, Neil L. Norman, Gilberto Perez, Bernardo Rodriguez, William A. Saturno, Ashley E. Sharpe, Nawa Sugiyama, Charlotte K. Sunseri, Naomi Sykes, Fabiola Torres, Raul Valadez, Norma Valentin Maldonado, Adam S. Watson, Joshua Wright, Belem Zuniga-Arelleno
    Keywords: History ; Ancient ; Social Science ; Archaeology ; Nature ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHC Ancient history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WN Nature and the natural world: general interest::WNC Wildlife: general interest
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book comprises 14 chapters covering all the issues related to water desalination. These chapters emphasize the relationship between problems encountered with the use of feed water, the processes developed to address them, the operation of the required plants and solutions actually implemented. This compendium will assist designers, engineers and investigators to select the process and plant configuration that are most appropriate for the particular feed water to be used, for the geographic region considered, as well as for the characteristics required of the treated water produced. This survey offers a comprehensive, hierarchical and logical assessment of the entire desalination industry. It starts with the worldwide scarcity of water and energy, continues with the thermal - and membrane-based processes and, finally, presents the design and operation of large and small desalination plants. As such, it covers all the scientific, technological and economical aspects of this critical industry, not disregarding its environmental and social points of view. One of InTech's books has received widespread praise across a number of key publications. Desalination, Trends and Technologies (Ed. Schorr, M. 2011) has been reviewed in Corrosion Engineering, Science & Technology – the official magazine for the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, and Taylor & Francis's Desalination Publications. Praised for its “multi-faceted content [which] contributes to enrich it,” and described as “an essential companion...[that] enables the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the desalination industry,” this book is testament to the quality improvements we have been striving towards over the last twelve months.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is a voluntary international partnership that promotes methane recovery and reuse activities in developing and transition economies. The U.S. Department of State requested an evaluation of the activities and outcomes supported in whole or in part by its contributions to GMI to gauge its value added to the program.
    Keywords: Physics ; Environmental Science ; Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology and climatology
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This volume, occasioned by the centenary of the Fritz Haber Institute, formerly the Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, covers the institute's scientific and institutional history from its founding until the present. The institute was among the earliest established by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and its inauguration was one of the first steps in the development of Berlin-Dahlem into a center for scientific research. Its establishment was made possible by an endowment from Leopold Koppel, granted on the condition that Fritz Haber, well-known for his discovery of a method to synthesize ammonia from its elements, be made its director. The history of the institute has largely paralleled that of 20th-century Germany. It undertook controversial weapons research during World War I, followed by a "Golden Era" during the 1920s, in spite of financial hardships.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry ; Fritz Haber Institute ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Progress in agricultural, biomedical and industrial applications' is a compilation of recent advances and developments in gas chromatography and its applications. The chapters cover various aspects of applications ranging from basic biological, biomedical applications to industrial applications. Book chapters analyze new developments in chromatographic columns, microextraction techniques, derivatisation techniques and pyrolysis techniques. The book also includes several aspects of basic chromatography techniques and is suitable for both young and advanced chromatographers. It includes some new developments in chromatography such as multidimensional chromatography, inverse chromatography and some discussions on two-dimensional chromatography. The topics covered include analysis of volatiles, toxicants, indoor air, petroleum hydrocarbons, organometallic compounds and natural products. The chapters were written by experts from various fields and clearly assisted by simple diagrams and tables. This book is highly recommended for chemists as well as non-chemists working in gas chromatography.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book discusses electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for energy, water electrolysis, water treatment, CO2 conversion, and green chemistry. It reviews various electrocatalysts and their properties and electrochemical performances. The first section of the book covers topics in direct alcohol fuel cells including Pt-based electrocatalysts as non-carbon electrode support materials and the development of electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. The second section of the book covers various topics in electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for a cleaner environment, including electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to valuable products and SYNGAS, electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, and much more.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Language: English
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    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Die Chemie büßt zugunsten physikalischer und lebenswissenschaftlicher Konzeptionen zunehmend an Deutungsmacht über die molekulare Welt ein. Sandra Lang untersucht, inwiefern die Ausdifferenzierung der chemischen Wissenschaften mit sich ebenfalls ausdifferenzierenden Zugriffen auf das Molekulare zusammenhängt. Anhand der vier exemplarischen Grenzfelder Materialwissenschaften, Biomedizin, Pharmazie und Quantenchemie und deren Narrative zur molekularen Eigenschaft der Chiralität veranschaulicht sie die transformative Phase der Chemie angesichts sich wandelnder Innovationsdispositive.
    Keywords: Chemie ; Chiralität ; Molekülkonzept ; Naturwissenschaften ; Grenzarbeit ; Interdisziplinarität ; Hybridität ; Wissenschaft ; Technik ; Wissenschaftssoziologie ; Techniksoziologie ; Wissenssoziologie ; Wissenschaftsgeschichte ; Soziologie ; Chemistry ; Chirality ; Molecule Concept ; Natural Sciences ; Border Work ; Interdisciplinarity ; Hybridity ; Science ; Technology ; Sociology of Science ; Sociology of Technology ; Sociology of Knowledge ; History of Science ; Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDR Impact of science and technology on society ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: German
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Surfactants are ubiquitous and have applications in diverse areas, including food, cosmetics, detergents, lubricants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and targeted drug delivery systems. Their wide diversity of applications owes to their unique structure, namely, a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic group present in the same molecule. Although most surfactants used industrially are synthetic, there is a growing need for natural surfactants, as the latter is obtainable from renewable sources and are less toxic and highly biodegradable in contrast to their synthetic counterparts. This book is a compilation of interesting articles by various experts that cover various applications of both synthetic and natural surfactants.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRC Colloid chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The chemical sensor plays an essential role in the fields of environmental conservation and monitoring, disaster and disease prevention, and industrial analysis. A typical chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information in a selective and reversible way, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. Much research work has been performed to achieve a chemical sensor with such excellent qualities as quick response, low cost, small size, superior sensitivity, good reversibility and selectivity, and excellent detection limit. This book introduces the latest advances on chemical sensors. It consists of 15 chapters composed by the researchers active in the field of chemical sensors, and is divided into 5 sections according to the classification following the principles of signal transducer. This collection of up-to-date information and the latest research progress on chemical sensor will provide valuable references and learning materials for all those working in the field of chemical sensors.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Presents technologies and key concepts to produce suitable smart materials and intelligent structures for sensing, information and communication technology, biomedical applications (drug delivery, hyperthermia therapy), self-healing, flexible memories and construction technologies. Novel developments of environmental friendly, cost-effective and scalable production processes are discussed by experts in the field.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Industrial & Technical ; Technology & Engineering ; Textiles & Polymers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Distillation is an important separation technique that has been used for many centuries to exploit the volatility differences between components in a mixture. The distillation process has many variations and applications. This book includes two sections on desalination and reactive distillation. It discusses desalination in the processes of solar and membrane distillation, with a focus on the reduction of energy costs to obtain potable water. It also discusses reactive distillation, which can be used in some cases to reduce the power duty in the separation process by using the reaction heat directly in the separation. The book includes cases of mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of the distillation process.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent cause of dementia, representing a burden for public health systems (especially in middle and middle-high income countries). Although most research on this issue is concentrated in first-world centers, growing efforts in South America are affording important breakthroughs. This emerging agenda poses new challenges for the region but also new opportunities for the field. This book aims to integrate the community of experts across the globe and the region, and to establish new challenges and developments for future investigation. We present research focused on neurodegenerative research in South America. We introduce studies assessing the interplay among genetic, neural, and behavioral dimensions of these diseases, as well as articles on vulnerability factors, comparisons of findings from various countries, and works promoting multicenter and collaborative networking. More generally, our book covers a broad scope of human-research approaches (behavioral assessment, neuroimaging, electromagnetic techniques, brain connectivity, peripheral measures), animal methodologies (genetics, epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, other molecular biology tools), species (all human and non-human animals, sporadic, and genetic versions), and article types (original research, review, and opinion papers). Through this wide-ranging proposal, we hope to introduce a fresh approach to the challenges and opportunities of research on neurodegeneration in South America.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; South America ; Multicenter research ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurosciences ; Public Health ; Animals ; Clinical Protocols ; Research ; Human Experimentation ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Konsumgüter werden beispielsweise mit Slogans wie "Gut in Bio. Schlecht in Chemie." beworben. Dabei wird intendiert, sich gezielt von "Chemie" abzugrenzen und sich das positive Bild von "Natur" zu Nutze zu machen. Dies prägt die öffentliche Meinung und trägt zu einer antagonistisch-wertenden Sicht von "Chemie" und "Natur" bei. Dass Chemie als Naturwissenschaft der Beschreibung der Natur dient, um deren Stoffe und Stoffumwandlungen zu erklären, ist dem Laien selten bewusst. Chemie findet überall statt, insbesondere in der Natur! Genau an diesem Punkt setzt das Unterrichtskonzept "Chemie Pur - Unterrichten in der Naturglqq an. Ziel ist es, im Freiland, mit direkt vor Ort gewonnenen Naturstoffen, Umweltprozesse experimentell zu erarbeiten. Die projektbegleitende Evaluationsstudie stellte sich der Forschungsfrage, wie sich das Unterrichtskonzept auf das Fach- und Sachinteresse, auf die Naturverbundenheit sowie auf die Einstellung zu Chemie und Natur von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe II auswirkt. Die Auswertung der Fragebogenergebnisse mit latenten Veränderungsmodellen haben gezeigt, dass die Intervention im Freiland das inhaltsbezogene Sachinteresse steigert und die Einstellung zu Chemie und Natur positiv beeinflusst sowie ein erhöhten Fachwissenszuwachs ermöglicht. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können die Grundlage für die Entwicklung und Evaluation von good-practice-Ansätzen naturwissenschaftlicher Lernsituationen bilden. Das Unterrichtskonzept Chemie Pur leistet zudem einen Beitrag im Bereich Outdoor Education, um den Antagonismus von Chemie und Natur zu verringern.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Science ; Education ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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    De Gruyter | De Gruyter
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Comprise definition of 1500 terms. Innovation from A to Z presents a glossary, including: Terms, older terms whose meanings have changed, acronyms, synonyms, famous names, selected abbreviations, and cross-references. A highly interdisciplinary approach incorporating strategy and entrepreneurship with technology and engineering sciences, economics, marketing, organizational behavior and theory. Ideal for engineers, managers, sales people and economists. Innovation Technology from A to Z Glossary of terms, including acronyms, synonyms, abbreviations, cross-references 1500 terms supplemented by figures and tables that clearly demonstrate the state-of-the-art in Innovation Technology
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Agriculture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming
    Language: English
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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    Berghahn Books | Berghahn Books
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Employing methodological perspectives from the fields of political geography, environmental studies, anthropology, and their cognate disciplines, this volume explores alternative logics of sentient landscapes as racist, xenophobic, and right-wing. While the field of sentient landscapes has gained critical attention, the literature rarely seems to question the intentionality of sentient landscapes, which are often romanticized as pure, good, and just, and perceived as protectors of those who are powerless, indigenous, and colonized. The book takes a new stance on sentient landscapes with the intention of dispelling the denial of “coevalness” represented by their scholarly romanticization.
    Keywords: Social Science ; Sociology ; Rural ; Nature ; Animals ; Social Science ; Anthropology ; Cultural & Social ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSF Rural communities ; bic Book Industry Communication::W Lifestyle, sport & leisure::WN Natural history::WNC Wildlife: general interest ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: English
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The book presents a comprehensive overview of sorption, which is a multi-parametric separation process. It is extensively used in the removal of various pollutants from the tertiary stage of wastewater treatment, from leachates, etc. It discusses fundamental points of the technique as well as kinetic theories and isotherms. It also examines the synthesis and characterizations of all studied adsorbent materials to find their paths of sorption. Finally, it highlights the importance of having a cost-estimation plan for the synthesis of sorbent materials as well as predictions for their reusability.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRX Surface chemistry and adsorption
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry;Materials science
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    The MIT Press | The MIT Press
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The original 1818 text of Mary Shelley's classic novel, with annotations and essays highlighting its scientific, ethical, and cautionary aspects. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein has endured in the popular imagination for two hundred years. Begun as a ghost story by an intellectually and socially precocious eighteen-year-old author during a cold and rainy summer on the shores of Lake Geneva, the dramatic tale of Victor Frankenstein and his stitched-together creature can be read as the ultimate parable of scientific hubris. Victor, “the modern Prometheus,” tried to do what he perhaps should have left to Nature: create life. Although the novel is most often discussed in literary-historical terms—as a seminal example of romanticism or as a groundbreaking early work of science fiction—Mary Shelley was keenly aware of contemporary scientific developments and incorporated them into her story. In our era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and climate engineering, this edition of Frankenstein will resonate forcefully for readers with a background or interest in science and engineering, and anyone intrigued by the fundamental questions of creativity and responsibility. This edition of Frankenstein pairs the original 1818 version of the manuscript—meticulously line-edited and amended by Charles E. Robinson, one of the world's preeminent authorities on the text—with annotations and essays by leading scholars exploring the social and ethical aspects of scientific creativity raised by this remarkable story. The result is a unique and accessible edition of one of the most thought-provoking and influential novels ever written. Essays by Elizabeth Bear, Cory Doctorow, Heather E. Douglas, Josephine Johnston, Kate MacCord, Jane Maienschein, Anne K. Mellor, Alfred Nordmann
    Keywords: science fiction ; gothic ; horror ; European ; British ; literature ; fiction ; cautionary tale ; STEM ; science ; bioethics ; classic ; bicentennial ; Josephine Johnston ; Cory Doctorow ; Jane Maienschein ; Kate MacCord ; Alfred Nordmann ; Elizabeth Bear ; Anne K. Mellor ; Heather E. Douglas ; Frankenstein ; Creature ; Monster ; Mary Shelley ; Makers ; women in science ; science and anti-science ; values in science ; responsible innovation ; Industrial Revolution ; Mary Wollstonecraft ; William Godwin ; Percy Bysshe Shelley ; Galvanism ; Mount Tambora ; Myths ; Two Cultures ; epistolary novel ; Victor Frankenstein ; Geneva ; Prometheus ; Arctic ; Lord Byron ; John Polidori ; ghost stories ; Revisions ; Electricity ; Lightning ; Vitalism ; Chemistry ; Extinction ; Magnetism ; Moral responsibility ; Legal responsibility ; Social responsibility ; Consequences ; Obligations ; Ethics ; Maker Culture ; DIY ; Technology Adjacent Possible ; Facebook ; Surveillance ; Aristotle ; Fetal development ; Epigenesis ; Embryo ; Person ; Technoscience ; Alchemy ; uncanny valley ; animation ; complexity ; Morality ; Monstrosity ; Christianity ; Otherness ; Gender ; Nature ; Domestic Affections ; Women ; Sexuality ; Technical Sweetness ; Los Alamos ; Trinity Test ; Scientific Responsibility ; Nuclear Weapons ; adjacent possible ; synthetic biology ; robotics ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FB Fiction: general and literary::FBC Classic fiction: general and literary ; thema EDItEUR::F Fiction and Related items::FL Science fiction::FLC Classic science fiction
    Language: English
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    Coimbra University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This work brings together various contributions from experts in very diverse areas of knowledge, to discuss the theme ‘Light’ from various points of view. The subjects gathered in this work come from the areas of Physics, Philosophy, Transcendence, Chemistry, Optics, Literature, History of Sciences, History, Geography, International Relations, Biology, Psychology, Art, Cinema and Photography, Medicine and Museology. The texts partially reflect the contents presented at the interdisciplinary colloquium ‘Visões da Luz’ held in October 2015, on the occasion of the International Year of Light 2015, under the aegis of III-UC and open to academia and society, to teachers of the Basic and Secondary Education.
    Keywords: Geography ; Chemistry ; Literature ; Geology ; Light ; Optics ; Biology ; History ; Physics
    Language: Portuguese
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Carotenoids are natural and versatile secondary metabolites, most of them showing colours that vary from yellow to red. They are widespread among living beings where they are involved in many biological roles reporting beneficial actions. To date, more than 750 carotenoids have been described in nature. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, thus they are mainly obtained through diet. In fact, carotenoids are consistently found in tissues or biological fluids where they play a beneficial decreasing the risk of developing some diseases.During the last half-century, significant advances in carotenoids research have been made. This book highlights new perspectives and applications of carotenoids including characterization and isolation of new compounds (including rare carotenoids), their production at a mid-large scale (involving new innovative approaches), and uses of carotenoids in different biotechnological fields like food science, biomedicine, and cosmetics.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Language: English
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    EDP SCIENCES
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chemistry
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Language: French
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications is a compendium of contributions from experts in the field of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This assembly of investigations and reviews provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals as well as the groundbreaking applications in the field. Chapters discuss IR spectroscopy applications in the food and biomedicine sectors and for measuring transport through polymer membranes, characterizing lignocellulosic biomasses, detecting adulterants, and characterizing enamel surface advancements. This book is an invaluable resource and reference for students, researchers, and other interested readers.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry
    Language: English
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    Logos Verlag Berlin | Logos Verlag Berlin
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: When auralizing moving sound sources in Virtual Reality (VR) environments, the two main input parameters are the location and radiated signal of the source. An array measurement-based model is developed to characterize moving sound sources regarding the two parameters in this thesis. This model utilizes beamforming, i.e. delay and sum beamforming (DSB) and compressive beamforming (CB) to obtain the locations and signals of moving sound sources. A spiral and a pseudorandom microphone array are designed for DSB and CB, respectively, to yield good localization ability and meet the requirement of CB. The de-Dopplerization technique is incorporated in the time-domain DSB to address moving source problems. Time-domain transfer functions (TDTFs) are calculated in terms of the spatial locations within the steering window of the moving source. TDTFs then form the sensing matrix of CB, thus allowing CB to solve moving source problem. DSB and CB are further extended to localize moving sound sources, and the reconstructed signals from the beamforming outputs are investigated to obtain the source signals. Moreover, localization and signal reconstruction are evaluated through varying parameters in the beamforming procedures, i.e. steering position, steering window length and source speed for a moving periodic signal using DSB, and regularization parameter, signal to noise ratio (SNR), steering window length, source speed, array to source motion trajectory and mismatch for a moving engine signal using CB. The parameter studies show guidelines of parameter selection based on the given situations in this thesis for modeling moving source using beamforming. Both algorithms are able to reconstruct the moving signals in the given scenarios. Although CB outperforms DSB in terms of signal reconstruction under particular conditions, the localization abilities of the two algorithms are quite similar. The practicability of the model has been applied on pass-by measurements of a moving loudspeaker using the designed arrays, and the results can match the conclusions drawn above from simulations. Finally, a framework on how to apply the model for moving source auralization is proposed.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Construction ; Technology & Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Neuere Erkenntnisse zum Umsatzverhalten an Dieseloxidationskatalysatoren (DOCs) zeigen, dass das Umsatzverhalten von Schadstoffen vom Oxidationsgrad der verwendeten Edelmetallkatalysatoren abhängen kann. Dabei wird deutlich, dass sich der Oxidationsgrad bei typischen Abgaszusammensetzungen langsam und reversibel mit der Katalysatortemperatur ändert. Das kann bei periodischen Katalysatortemperaturänderungen zu einem ausgeprägten Hystereseverhalten führen. Bisherige Ergebnisse liegen insbesondere zum Verhalten der NO-Oxidation an Platin-Katalysatoren vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, die Untersuchungen auf seriennahe Pd- und PtPd-Mischkatalysatoren sowie auf andere abgastypische Schadstoffe, wie CO und Kohlenwasserstoffe, zu erweitern und dabei auch den Einfluss der Katalysatoralterung zu erfassen. Es wurde ein globalkinetisches Modell entwickelt und an die experimentellen Befunde angepasst. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es in der Regel möglich ist, das Umsatzverhalten bei reinen Pt- und Pd-Katalysatoren mit diesem örtlich eindimensionalen, makrokinetischen Zweiphasenmodell zutreffend zu beschreiben, wohingegen das Verhalten auf Pt/Pd-Mischkatalysatoren weniger gut simuliert werden kann. Dies ist vermutlich auf die heterogene Struktur der Pt/Pd-legierten Partikel zurückzuführen.
    Keywords: Science ; Chemistry ; Technology & Engineering ; Chemical & Biochemical ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
    Language: German
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: This paper introduces the three-dimensional Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), which treats atmospheric dynamics, radiation, and chemistry interactively for the height range from the earth’s surface to the thermosphere (approximately 250 km). It is based on the latest version of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, which is extended to include important radiative and dynamical processes of the upper atmosphere and is coupled to a chemistry module containing 48 compounds. The model is applied to study the effects of natural and anthropogenic climate forcing on the atmosphere, represented, on the one hand, by the 11-yr solar cycle and, on the other hand, by a doubling of the present-day concentration of carbon dioxide. The numerical experiments are analyzed with the focus on the effects on temperature and chemical composition in the mesopause region. Results include a temperature response to the solar cycle by 2 to 10 K in the mesopause region with the largest values occurring slightly above the summer mesopause. Ozone in the secondary maximum increases by up to 20% for solar maximum conditions. Changes in winds are in general small. In the case of a doubling of carbon dioxide the simulation indicates a cooling of the atmosphere everywhere above the tropopause but by the smallest values around the mesopause. It is shown that the temperature response up to the mesopause is strongly influenced by changes in dynamics. During Northern Hemisphere summer, dynamical processes alone would lead to an almost global warming of up to 3 K in the uppermost mesosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3903-3931
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Sensitivity ; Chemistry ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The anthropogenic affectation was evaluated on the coast N of the Gulf of Batabanó in May 2003 (corresponding to the provinces of Matanzas and Havana), in areas located in the line of the coast. The results were compared with the historical information of the sector. In the coast N and the Ensenada of the Broa, the parameters oxygen saturation, DBO5 and DQO showed characteristic high values of eutrofication. The biggest contribution in the Cianoficies was in the near coastal areas to sources of organic contamination. In the case of the nutrients they show specific data of mesothrofic waters with tendency to the eutrofization and the silts presented a high affectation for toxic metals. The area near to Guanímar is distinguished to present conditions of organic contamination that favor heterothrofic conditions, corroborated by a prevalence of the processes of mineralization of the organic matter over primary production and lows values of fitoplankton concentration. On the contrary, in the region of Surgidero of Batabanó, the processes of synthesis of organic matter prevail suggested by a high primary production, and concentration of fitoplankton, with low breathing levels and mineralization of the organic matter, that indicates that the system is behaving autothrofically. In a general way, this sector is very affected by the anthropogenic impact. The information obtained is of great importance for the development of the fishing and tourist industries in the area.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Water quality ; Primary production ; Chemistry ; Environmental monitoring ; Phytoplankton ; Water quality ; Primary production ; Chemistry ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Alexandria: National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This journal is published by the NIOF, Egypt
    Description: Lake Manzalah; the largest delta Lake in Egypt represents a dynamic system that has been undergoing continuous and pronounced changes since long times. In the last year’s this Lake faced drastic problems that retarded its environmental and fisheries development; the most serious one is the discharge of waste water. It is attempted in the present study to investigate the chemical characters of Lake Manzalah water during 2001-2002. Water temperature ranged from an average of 12.35oC in January and 29.14oC in July. Dissolved Oxygen, pH and total dissolved solids were found in ranges optimum for the living of marine and freshwater fish species. The average concentrations of nutrients lied in the following ranges: 1.24 to 4.89 μmol PO4 -3 l-1 , 5.08 to 28.73 μmol SiO4 -2 l-1 and 1.81 to 17.7 μ_mol NO3-1 l-1 The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds were found to be relatively higher at the southern regions of the Lake near to the outlets of the drains.
    Description: NIOF
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Hydrography ; Water ; Chemistry ; Chemical composition ; Water content ; Environment ; Chemical composition ; Environments ; Water content ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) abundances as a function of the distance from the source were measured by ground-based scattered-light Multi AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) in the volcanic plumes of Mt. Etna on Sicily, Italy in August-October 2004 and May 2005 and Villarica in Chile in November 2004. BrO and SO2 spatial distributions in a cross section of Mt. Etna’s plume were also determined by Imaging DOAS. We observed an increase in the BrO/SO2 ratio in the plume from below the detection limit near the vent to about 4.5 x 10-4 at 19 km (Mt. Etna) and to about 1.3 x 10-4 at 3 km (Villarica) distance, respectively. Additional attempts were undertaken to evaluate the compositions of individual vents on Mt. Etna. Furthermore, we detected the halogen species ClO and OClO. This is the first time that OClO could be detected in a volcanic plume. Using calculated thermodynamic equilibrium compositions as input data for a one–dimensional photochemical model, we could reproduce the observed BrO and SO2 vertical columns in the plume and their ratio as function of distance from the volcano as well as vertical BrO and SO2 profiles across the plume with current knowledge of multiphase halogen chemistry, but only when we assumed the existence of an ”effective source region”, where volcanic volatiles and ambient air are mixed at about 600°C (in the proportions of 60% and 40%, respectively)
    Description: Published
    Description: D06311
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Volcanic Plumes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 57
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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  • 58
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
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  • 59
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Mineral ; Phase ; Chemistry ; Synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des diagrammes de phase d'équilibre ont été déterminés pour le système CaO-P2O5-H2O en utilisant des techniques de synthèse hydrothermique au cours de variatio nsde température allant de 300–600° et 2 Kb H2O de pression. De l'hydroxyapatite bien cristallisé a été synthétisé et caractérisé. De faibles variations de paramètres de la maille cristalline, liées à la température de synthèse et composition globale du matériel initial, ont été déterminées. Des conditions chimiques précises sont nécessaires pour obtenir de l'apatite, en tant que seule phase solide en équilibre dans la solution. Les résultats de diagramme de phase d'équilibre sont comparés avec ceux obtenus dans des milieux synthétiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme für das System CaO-P2O5-H2O bestimmt, indem hydrothermale Synthese-Techniken im Temperaturbereich von 300–600° und bei einem Druck von 2 Kb H2O verwendet wurden. Es wurde gut-kristallisiertes Hydroxyapatit erzeugt und charakterisiert. Es wurden geringe Unterschiede in den Parametern der Zelleinheiten festgestellt, welche von der angewandten Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung des Startmaterials abhingen. Es waren genaue chemische Bedingungen nötig, um Apatit als die einzige feste Phase im Gleichgewicht mit der Lösung zu erhalten. Die Resultate der Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme werden mit früheren Untersuchungen mit der Synthesetechnik verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium phase diagrams have been determined for the system CaO-P2O5-H2 using hydrothermal synthesis techniques in the temperature range 300–600° and 2 Kb H2O pressure. Well-crystallized hydroxyapatite has been produced and characterized. Small variations in unit cell parameters dependent on temperature of synthesis and bulk composition of the starting materials have been determined. Precise chemical conditions were required to obtain apatite as the only solid phase in equilibrium with solution. Equilibrium phase diagram results are compared with previous synthetic investigations.
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  • 60
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 150-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Uranium ; Bone ; Distribution ; Fission ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une concentration moyenne de 2.4×10−8 g U/g de cendre a été obtenue à partir de l'os humain normal. La microdistribution de l'uranium dans l'os indique que cet élément est surtout limité à surface de l'endoste et, en particulier, aux surfaces de l'os lamellaire et aux parois des canaux de Havers, ouverts dans l'os corticol. Cette répartition suggère que l'uranium se présente sous une forme chimique impropre à son incorporation dans l'apatite osseux: il ne semble donc pas exister une distribution diffuse significative de l'uranium dans l'os.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mittlere Konzentration von 2,4×10−8 g Uran/g Asche wurde in normalen menschlichen Knochen gefunden. Die Feinverteilung von Uran im Knochen zeigt, daß dieses Element hauptsächlich an der endostalen Oberfläche vorkommt, insbesondere an der Oberfläche des trabeculären Knochens und an den Wänden der offenen Haversschen Kanäle im kortikalen Knochen. Diese Verteilung läßt vermuten, daß Uran in einer chemischen Form vorliegt, welche sich für den Einbau in das Knochenapatit nicht eignet. Daraus folgt, daß keine signifikante diffuse Verteilung des Urans innerhalb des Knochens vorliegt.
    Notes: Abstract A mean concentration of 2.4×10−8 g U/g ash has been obtained for normal human bone The microdistribution of uranium in bone indicates that this element is mainly restricted to endosteal surfaces; in particular the surfaces of trabecular bone and the walls of open Haversian canals in cortical bone. This distribution suggests that uranium is present in a chemical form that is not acceptable for incorporation into bone apatite and consequently there does not appear to be a significant diffuse distribution of uranium throughout bone.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Morphology ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Cartilage ; Chemistry ; Audioradiography ; Healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une perte de substance ostéo-cartilagineuse, de taille limitée et identique, est réalisée chez le lapin adulte et la cicatrisation est étudiée histologiquement et par autoradiographie après marquagein vitro au35S-sulfate. Une analyse microchimique est pratiquée pour le contenu et la composition en glycosaminoglycanes. 1. Entre la première semaine et la 4ème et 8ème semaine, un tissu conjonctif non-métachromatique se différencie en un cartilage métachromatique et la quantité de sulfate de chondroitine augmente de façon significative aux dépens des glycoprotéines. 2. Jusqu'à la 4ème semaine, la perte de substance est surtout comblée par de l'os néoformé: après cette période, la région est comblée au delà de la limite de la surface articulaire. 3. Le cartilage hyalin, ressemblant morphologiquement, autoradiographiquement et chimiquement au cartilage articulaire, en ce qui concerne la distribution en glycosaminoglycanes, constitute la surface articulaire de la perte de substance comblée dans un tiers des cas après 8 semaines. Le cartilage hyalin s'observe surtout dans les régions où de l'os néoformé a comblé la cavité médullaire. 4. Dans les deux tiers des cas, après 8 semaines, les surfaces articulaires des zones comblées comportent, non seulement du cartilage, mais aussi du tissu fibreux se formant essentiellement sur les parties latérales et dans les régions, où la cavité médullaire, fliant face, à la surface articulaire, n'a pas été comblée par du tissue osseux. La fraction glycoprotéique augmente par rapport à la fraction chondroitine sulfate. 5. Dans la majorité des cas, après 20 semaines, le cartilage néoformé subit des phénomènes dégénératifs, qui se traduisent par une diminution en chondroitine sulfate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei ausgewachsenen Kaninchen wurde ein begrenzter, standardisierter, osteochondraler Defekt hervorgerufen, und das regenerierte Gewebe wurde histologisch und autoradiographisch durch Markierung in vitro mit35S-Sulfat und durch mikrochemische Bestimmung des Gehaltes und der Zusammensetzung der Glykosaminglykane untersucht. Die wichtigsten Befunde waren: 1. Zwischen 1 und 4–8 Wochen veränderte sich nichtmetachromatisches Bindegewebe zu metachromatisch gefärbtem Knorpel, und der Anteil an Chondroitin-Sulfat nahm auf Kosten der Glykoproteine signifikant zu. 2. Bis zu 4 Wochen war der Hauptteil des defekten Gebietes mit neugebildetem Knochen gefüllt; nach dieser Zeit lag dieser Bezirk oberhalb der Verknöcherungsgrenze in Richtung der Gelenkoberfläche. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 4. Nach 8 Wochen bestanden Teile der Gelenkoberfläche des Defektes in zwei Dritteln der Fälle nicht nur aus Knorpel, sondern auch aus fibrösem Gewebe, welches vor allem in den seitlichen Teilen des Defektes und an Stellen vorlag, wo die Markhöhle gegenüber der Gelenkoberfläche nicht mit Knochengewebe verschlossen worden war. Die Glykoproteinfraktion nahm im Vergleich zur Chondroitin-Sulfatfraktion zu. 5. Nach 20 Wochen zeigten sich in den meisten Fällen bei neugebildetem Knorpel degenerative Veränderungen, welche durch eine gewisse Abnahme des Chondroitin-Sulfats wiedergegeben wurden.
    Notes: Abstract A limited, standardized osteochondral defect was created in adult rabbits and the regenerated tissue was examined histologically and autoradiographically after labellingin vitro with35S-sulphate, and microchemically for its content and composition of glycosaminoglycans. The principal findings were: 1. Between 1 week and 4 to 8 weeks, non-metachromatic connective tissue differentiated to metachromatically stained cartilage, and the proportion of the chondroitin sulphate increased significantly at the expense of the glycoproteins. 2. Up to 4 weeks, the major part of the defect area was filled with newly formed bone; after this time, the area lay above the level of the “tidemark”, towards the articular surface. 3. Hyaline cartilage with morphological, autoradiographic and chemical resemblance to the articular cartilage in terms of the distribution of glycosaminoglycans constituted the articular surface of the defect area in one-third of the cases at observation times after 8 weeks. Hyaline cartilage was observed mainly in areas where newly formed bone had closed the medullary cavity. 4. In two-thirds of the cases, after 8 weeks, parts of the articular surface of the defect consisted not only of cartilage but also of fibrous tissue, occurring mainly in the lateral parts of the defect and in areas where the medullary cavity facing the articular surface had not been sealed by bone tissue. The glycoprotein fraction increased relative to the chondroitin sulphate fraction. 5. In most cases after 20 weeks, newly-formed cartilage underwent degenerative changes, which were reflected in some reduction of the chondroitin sulphate.
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  • 62
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 228-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Skin ; Calcinosis ; Keratin ; Chemistry ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études histologiques antérieures ont montré que le follicle pileux est particulièrement susceptible de se calcifier, lorsque la peau de rats hypercalcémiques est lésée. Des analyses chimiques et par diffraction aux rayons X du follicule ont confirmé ce résultat. — En se basant sur l'augmentation du calcium et du phosphore, les calcifications débutent dans le tissue folliculaire 6–12 h après une blessure d'intensité moyenne de la peau de rats, ayant reçu du dihydrotachysterol (DHT), et 24–48 h après une blessure similaire chez des rats non injectés. Les diagrammes de diffraction aux rayons X sont diffus. Trois heures après la blessure, on note une augmentation du calcium du tissu folliculaire qui ne semble pas en rapport avec le DHT qui traduit probablement une liaison de calcium plutôt qu'un dépot minéral.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Frühere histologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß der Haarfollikel besonders anfällig für Verkalkungen ist, wenn die Haut von hypercalcämischen Ratten verletzt wird. Dieses Resultat wurde nun durch direkte chemische Bestimmungen und Röntgendiffraktions-analysen von Follikelgewebe bestätigt. Aufgrund der erhöhten Calcium- und Phosphatwerte kann gesagt werden, daß nach einer leichten Quetschung der Haut von Ratten, die mit Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) behandelt wurden, im Haarfollikelgewebe nach 6–12 Std Mineral-ablagerungen stattfanden, wogegen Kontrollratten mit der gleichen leichten Hautverletzung diese Ablagerungen erst nach 24–48 Std zeigten. Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen ergaben ein diffuses Apatit-Muster. Innerhalb 3 Std nach der Verletzung wurde ein Anstieg des Calcium-gehaltes im Follikelgewebe beobachtet, der nicht im Zusammenhang mit der DHT-Behandlung stand, also nicht eine Mineralablagerung, sondern eher eine Bindung von Calcium widerspiegelte.
    Notes: Abstract Previous histological investigations have shown that the hair follicle is particularly susceptible to mineralization when the skin of hypercalcaemic rats is injured. Direct chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses of follicle tissue have now confirmed this finding. As judged by increases in both calcium and phosphorus, mineral deposits began to form in hair follicle tissue 6–12 h after a mild crush injury to the skin of rats dosed with dihydrotachysterol (DHT), and 24–48 h after a similar injury to the skin of non-dosed rats. X-ray diffraction gave a diffuse apatite pattern. Within 3 h of injury there was a rise in the calcium content of follicle tissue which was not related to DHT-dosing and which was probably a reflection of calcium binding rather than mineral deposition.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 304-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Solubility ; Computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un programme d'ordinateur a été mis au point pour calculer les activités ioniques du calcium et l'orthophosphate dans un grand nombre de solutions. Dans le cas de solutions synthétiques, les calculs sont vérifiés en comparant les valeurs de pH, obtenues par ordinateur, avec celles observées expérimentalement. Des essais de ce type, avec des solutions possèdant des concentrations de calcium et d'orthophosphate trouvées dans les liquides biologiques et à des valeurs de pH variant de 3.00 à 10.00, indiquent que le programme est adapté pour des applications biologiques. Le programme n'est pas effectif pour des solutions, dans les lesquelles l'ion bromure est la source principale de la force ionique, sans doute, par manque d'équation étendue de Debye-Hückel dans ces circonstances. Aucune formation de complexe de phosphate de sodium n'a été notée à des concentrations biologiques normales.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Computer-Programm ausgearbeitet, um die Ionenaktivitäten von Calcium und Orthophosphat in einer breiten Varietät von Lösungen zu berechnen. Die Berechnungen wurden bei synthetischen Lösungen durch Vergleiche zwischen den auf diese Weise errechneten pH-Werten und den experimentell gefundenen kontrolliert. Diese Art Kontrollen mit Calcium-und Orthophosphatkonzentrationen, wie sie in biologischen Flüssigkeiten gefunden werden, und mit pH-Werten zwischen 3,0 und 10,0 wies darauf hin, daß das Programm für biologische Anwendungen geeignet war. Das Programm konnte nicht benützt werden für solche Lösungen, bei welchen hauptsächlich das Bromidion zur Einstellung der Ionenstärke verwendet wurde, vermutlich weil die erweiterte Debye-Hückel-Gleichung unter diesen Umständen nicht anwendbar ist. Die Bildung eines Natriumphosphat-Komplexes unter normalen biologischen Konzentrationen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Abstract A computer program has been designed to calculate the ionic activities of calcium and orthophosphate in a wide variety of solutions. In the case of synthetic solutions the calculations were checked by comparing the computed pH values with those observed experimentally. Tests of this type with solutions having the concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate found in biological fluids and with pH values ranging from pH 3.0–10.0 indicated that the program was suitable for biological applications. The program was not effective for solutions in which the bromide ion was a principal source of ionic strength probably because of the failure of the extended Debye-Hückel equation under those circumstances. No evidence for the formation of any sodium phosphate complex at normal biological concentrations could be found.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 171-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Crystalline ; Calcium phosphate ; Chemistry ; Composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des échantillons non lavés de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) contiennent une fraction labile, non remplaçable, riche en phosphate acide avec un rapport Ca/P faible: cette fraction est perdue de façon irréversible au cours du lavage. De l'ACP frais, précipité entre pH 6.6–10.6, varie dans un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.18 à 1.50 et dans un rapport HPO 4 2− /P total de 33.0% à 10.1%. A pH 7.40, de l'ACP frais a un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.36±0.02 et contient 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Les résultats obtenus avec du précipité non lavé ne peuvent s'expliquer par du Ca2+ emprisonné et de l'HPO 4 2− ou du Na+, Cl− et CO 3 2− exogènes. Les phosphates de calcium amorphes constituent une classe de sels ayant des caractères chimiques variables et des propriétés physiques identiques, comparables au verre. Le CaHPO4·xH2O non cristallin peut être un ACP, surtout au cours des phases précoces de formation. A des pH physiologiques, l'ACP se transforme en petits cristaux applatis contenant de fortes quantités de phosphate acide facilement remplaçable. Le fait de laver la couche de surface produit un changement chimique dans les nouveaux cristaux: des cristaux non lavés donnent des diagrammes de diffraction d'apatite peu cristallins, ainsi que des spectres infra-rouges peu nets, intermédiaires entre des apatites et du phosphate octocalcique. Des explications structurales sont proposées et les compositions minérales amorphe/cristalline de l'os et du cartilage sont recalculées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ungewaschene Proben von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) enthalten eine unersetzliche labile Fraktion, welche reich an saurem Phosphat ist und ein niederes Ca/P-Verhältnis hat und welche während des Waschprozesses unwiderruflich verloren geht. Natives ACP, welches im pH-Bereich 6,6–10,6 ausgefällt wurde, variierte im molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis zwischen 1,18 und 1,50 und in HPO 4 2− /totales P zwischen 33,0 und 10,1%. Bei pH 7,40 hatte natives ACP ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,36±0,02 und enthielt 22,8 (±2,2)% HPO 4 2− . Die Werte beim ungewaschenen Niederschlag rühren weder von aus dem Überstand aufgenommenem Ca2+ und HPO2−, noch von außen kommendem Na+, Cl− und CO 3 2− her. Die amorphen Calciumphosphate werden als eine Klasse von Salzen erkannt, welche veränderliche chemische, aber identische glasartige physicochemische Eigenschaften haben. Nicht kristallines CaHPO4·xH2O kann auch ein ACP sein, besonders in den frühen Bildungsstadien. Bei physiologischem pH verwandelt sich ACP in kleine plattenförmige Kristalle, welche große Mengen von leicht ersetzbarem saurem Phosphat enthalten. Das Waschen dieser Oberflächenschicht erzeugte chemische Veränderungen in den resultierenden Kristallen; ungewaschene Kristalle zeigten ein Diffraktionsmuster, das nur schwach demjenigen des kristallinen Aspatites glich, aber ein schlecht aufgelöstes Infrarotspektrum, welches zwischen Apatit und Octocalciumphosphat war. Es werden strukturelle Erklärungen für alle diese Phenomena diskutiert, und revidierte amorph/kristalline Mineralzusammensetzungen von Knochen und Knorpel wurden neu berechnet.
    Notes: Abstract Unwashed samples of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) contain an irreplaceable labile fraction, rich in acid phosphate and low in Ca/P ratio, which is irreversibly lost during the washing process. Native ACP precipitated in the pH range 6.6–10.6 varied in Ca/P molar ratio from 1.18 to 1.50 and in HPO 4 2− /total P from 33.0% to 10.1%. At pH 7.40, native ACP had a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.36±0.02 and contained 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Unwashed precipitate data could not be attributed to either trapped supernatant Ca2+ and HPO 4 2− or extraneous Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− . The amorphous calcium phosphates are recognized as a class of salts having variable chemical but identical glass-like, physicochemical properties. Non-crystalline CaHPO4·xH2O may also be an ACP, especially during early formative stages. At physiological pH, ACP transforms to small platy crystals containing large amounts of readily-replaceable acid phosphate. Washing this surface layer produced chemical alterations in the resultant crystals; unwashed crystals had poorly-crystalline apatitic diffraction patterns but exhibited poorly-resolved infrared spectra intermediate between apatite and octacalcium phosphate. Structural explanations for all these phenomena are discussed, and revised bone and cartilage amorphous/crystalline mineral compositions have been re-calculated.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 197-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Calcium ; Collagen ; Chemistry ; Bone ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des composants fluorescents de l'os et la dentine sont séparés des hydrolysats alcalins de leur marice sur des colonnes Sephadex C25 CM d'échange cationique. Les concentrations en fluorescence et le spectre d'excitation (λ max 330 nm) et d'émission (λ max 395 nm) sont les mêmes que ceux observés au niveau des matrices intactes et gélatinisées. Les paramètres de fluorescence ne sont pas altérés par hydrolyse. La filtration sur gel à l'aide de colonnes Sephadex G 10 perment de différencier le matériel isolé en deux composants, ayant la même fluorescence et la même absorption UV. La fluorescence est indépendante de pH de 3.5–9.5. Des études de dialyse et de filtration sur gel de matrices gélatinisées indiquent une association étroite du matériel fluorescent avec les chaines polypeptidiques de collagène.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Fluorescierende Bestandteile aus Knochen und Dentin wurden in Sephadex C25 CM Kationen-Austauschersäulen von alkalischen Hydrolysaten ihrer Matrices getrennt. Die Fluorescenzintensitäten sowie die Erregungs- (λ max 330 nm) und Emissions- (λ max 395 nm) Spektren waren dieselben wie bei intakten und gelatinisierten Matrices. Die Fluorescenzparameter wurden durch die Hydrolyse nicht verändert. Eine Gelfiltration über Sephadex-G10-Säulen trennte das isolierte Material in 2 Komponenten auf, welche gleiche Fluorescenz- und UV-Absorptionseigenschaften zeigten. Im pH-Bereich zwischen 3,5 und 9,5 war die Fluorescenz unabhängig vom pH. Dialysierversuche sowie Gelfiltrationsexperimente mitden gelatinisierten Matrices zeigten eine starkgefügte Bindung des fluorescierenden Materials mit den Polypeptidketten des Kollagens.
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent components in bone and dentine were separated from alkaline hydrolysates of their matrices on Sephadex C25 CM cationic exchange columns. The fluorescence levels, and the excitation (λ max 330 nm) and emission (λ max 395 nm) spectra, were the same as those observed in the intact and gelatinised matrices. The fluorescence parameters were unaltered by the hydrolysis procedure. Gel filtration on Sephadex G. 10 columns further resolved the isolated material into two components with the same fluorescence and UV absorption properties. The fluorescence was independent of pH over the range 3.5–9.5. Dialysis and gel filtration studies on the gelatinised matrices indicated a firmly-bonded association of the fluorescent material with the collagen polypeptide chains.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorapatite ; Exchange ; Chemistry ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un échantillon minéral provenant de Burgess, Canada s'est révélé être un speciment exceptionnellement pur de fluoroapatite après analyse chimique et cristallographique. La composition globale de cet échantillon est la suivante: $$(Ca^2 )9.98(Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )0.02(PO_4^{3 - } )5.98(HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )0.02(F^ - )2$$ . L'axe cristallographique C est de 6.865 A et l'axe a de 9.374 A. Des expériences d'échanges réalisés à l'aide de45Ca,32P et18F indiquent la présence de gros cristallites de surface spécifique de l'ordre de 1 m2/g. Il apparait que l'interprétation physique des processus d'échange ne nécessite pas l'existence de compartiments séparés, avec chacun son propre facteur cinétique, les échanges semblent être simplement liés à un changement exponentiel dans l'énergie libre de la réaction. Pour la réaction suivante: $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH solide + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F solide + (OH^ - )$$ , la constante thermodynamique de 101.26 a été calculée, suggérant que le fluorapatite se forme toujours aux dépens de l'hydroxyapatite dans des conditions physiologiques. Cette transformation se continue en abaissant le pH.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Mineralprobe aus Burgess, Kanada, erwies sich nach chemischer und kristallographischer Analyse als außergewöhnlich reines Fluorapatit. Die Gesamtzusammensetzung entspricht: $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9,98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0,02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5,98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0,02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . Die kristallographische c-Achse wurde bestimmt und ergab 6,865 Å, und die a-Achse ergab 9,374 Å. Austauschwerte, welche durch Anwendung von45Ca,32P und18F erhalten wurden, deuteten auf große Kristalliten mit einer spezifischen Oberfläche von ca. 1 m2/g. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß für die physikalische Erklärung des Austauschvorganges keine separaten Kompartimente mit eigenen kinetischen Faktoren nötig sind, sondern daß der Austausch mit dem exponentiellen Wechsel in der freien Energie der Reaktion in einfacher Beziehung steht. Für die Reaktion $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{in fester Form} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{in fester Form} + (OH^ - )$$ wurde als thermodynamische Konstante 101,26 errechnet, was darauf deutet, daß unter physiologischen Bedingungen immer Fluorapatit auf Kosten von Hydroxyapatit entsteht. Diese Umwandlung wird erhöht, wenn das pH erniedrigt wird.
    Notes: Abstract A mineral specimen from Burgess, Canada, proved upon chemical and crystallographic analyses to be an exceptionally pure sample of fluorapatite. The over-all composition corresponds to $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9.98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0.02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5.98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0.02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . The crystallographic c-axis was determined to be 6.865 Å, and the a-axis 9.374 A. Exchange data obtained by employing45Ca,32P, and18F indicate the presence of large crystallites with a specific surface of the order of 1 m2/g. It is indicated that the physical interpretation of the exchange process does not require the existence of separate departments, each with its own kinetic factor, but that the exchange may be simply related to the exponential change in the free energy of the reaction. For the reaction $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{solid} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{solid} + (OH^ - )$$ the thermodynamic constant has been calculated to be 101.26, implying that fluorapatite always will form at the expense of hydroxyapatite under physiologic conditions. This transformation will be furthered by lowering the pH.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1049-1057 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultrastructural morphology and x-ray and electron diffraction of poly (Gly-Gly-Ala) have been studied. The polymer has two forms; the first, form I possesses a super-folded cross-β structure, long fibers of which show some twisting and intertwining. Form II precipitates in a less distinct fibrous form from aqueous solution. The x-ray diffraction and oriented electron diffraction data suggest that form II is a polyglycine II helix situated in a monoclinic cell with dimensions a = 8.86 Å, b = 22.0 Å, c = 9.42 Å, and β = 90°. Combined with the morphological evidence it appears likely that form II is also in an antiparallel superfolded array.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1099-1101 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A statistical mechanical model was developed for use in connection with the problem of preferential binding of solvent components to proteins and of conformational transition in water-organic solvent systems. The model is a statistical one for the conformational transition of globular proteins induced by the adsorption of solutes in the solution, considered as a nearest-neighbor problem in statistical mechanics. Although a few illustrative examples are given, the actual interpretations of the experimental data using this theory are reserved for a later paper.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1103-1103 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1121-1138 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept and representation of a logical tree as defined in computer science is applied to obtain a suitable representation of protein molecules in computer programs which handle or calculate atomic coordinates of protein molecules. On the basis of this analysis and of the analysis of the calculation and modification of the structure of a protein from bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles, which is reproduced in an appendix, program modules which accomplish the various required computations are described. Three such modules are given in Iverson notation; in fact, it is hoped that this article will serve as a reasonably complete basis for the preparation of machine programs by moderately proficient programmers.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1207-1212 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dichroism spectrum obtained from a dilute aqueous solution of poly (ala-gly-gly) resembles that described for charged polypeptides such as the salt form of poly glutamic acid. A similar spectrum is found for films cast from aqueous solution where x-ray studies reported elsewhere have indicated a poly-glycinc II conformation. Evidence is presented for a heat induced poly-glycine II to unordered state transition similar to that described for collagen. The interpretation of this, the first observation of the optical properties of a poly-amino acid in the poly glycine II conformation, is further rationalized on the basis of spectra obtained from a number of polypeptides whose conformation approaches that of a 31 helix.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1229-1242 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of cupric ion on the emission of tryptophan, tyrosine, and serum albumins is studied by emission spectroscopy and lifetime measurements. It is found that whenever cupric ion is bound to tryptophan or tyrosine, their emissions are quenched completely. The quenching may be due to an electron transfer mechanism. The fluorescence of complexes of cupric ions with serum albumins is partially quenched; this is because energy is transferred from tryptophan to the complexed cupric ions by a dipolar energy transfer mechanism. It is deduced from the present study that the tryptophan in the human serum albumin molecule is between 11 and 16 Å from the nearest eupric ion binding sites (assumed to be at the surface of the protein) and that one of the tryptophan in the bovine serum albumin molecule is very close to the cupric ion binding sites and the other is near the center of the bovine serum albumin molecule. It is also found that the deuterium solvent effect on serum albumin fluorescence is very small, and that the quenching of bovine serum albumin fluorescence at the N-F transition is the result of quenching of the fluorescence of both tryptophans. The phosphorescence lifetime apparatus, capable of measuring decay times of signals with intensities changing over a few orders of magnitude, and the ratio spectrofluorometer, both of which were constructed in this laboratory, are also described.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1253-1260 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The measurements were made for the volume and the sound velocity changes (ΔV and ΔU) on titrating the sodium salt of poly (S-carboxymethyl L-cysteine) with dilute HCl. For the reaction, —COO- + H+ → —COOH, ΔV per mole of H+ bound was + 12. 7 ml and +11. 4 ml in salt-free and 0. 2 M NaCl solutions, respectively. Corresponding ΔU was about -13 cm/sec in salt-free polymer solution where 11.5 mM carboxylate ion reacts with equimolar hydrogen ion. ΔV associated with the coil-to-β transition was found to be +2. 35 ml in H2O and +1. 90 ml in 0. 2 M NaCl per mole of amino acid residue, respectively. These values are larger than those obtained for the coil-to-helix transition of poly (L-glutamic acid). ΔU for the transition was about -30 cm/sec in salt-free solution of polymer concentration 0.0115 mole/liter. Possible sources of ΔV and ΔU for reaction; coil → β, are (1) the formation of void volume and (2) the changes in the extent of solvation in amide linkage and in side chain.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1317-1329 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding of three aromatic molecules to apomyoglobin has been investigated. In each case equilibrium dialysis studies and tryptophan fluorescence quenching studies indicate that a one to one complex has been formed. The fluorescence quenching studies further suggest that the binding of the aromatic molecules is at the heme site with possible involvement of the arginine CD3. Xenon, which is known to quench the fluorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons, is found to be bound to apomyoglobin-aromatic molecule complexes and quenches the emission of the aromatic molecule in the complexes. Oxygen quenches pyrene fluorescence in water solution but does not quench the pyrene fluorescence from the apomyoglobin-pyrene complex. This is explained by a slower rate of diffusion of oxygen to pyrene in the apomyoglobin-pyrene complex.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1365-1369 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotor speed-dependent aggregation of T4 DNA in the analytical ultracentrifuge is studied in the presence of high pressure generated by compressed nitrogen gas in the cell. The extents of aggregation at various speeds are found to be practically the same in the presence and absence of pressure.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1331-1349 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The time-dependent theory developed in Part I is specialized to treat tetrameric hemoglobin, and the results of the theory for dimeric-and tetrameric hemoglobin are compared with data on the kinetics of the reactions of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen at various salt concentrations for the case of large concentration of ligand relative to that of hemoglobin. The fit of the theoretical results to the data suggests that hemoglobin at a 2 M salt concentration is predominantly dimeric and that the tetramer should be taken as the functional unit to explain the kinetics of the reactions of normal hemoglobin. A relationship is established between the time-dependent theory arid Adair's Intermediate Compound Hypothesis (I.C.H.) for hemoglobin, as brought to its present state by Gibson and Roughton. A generalization (G.I.C.H.) of the I.C.H. is presented and is shown to be equivalent to the time-dependent theory in the limit of infinite ligand concentration. The I.C.H. is shown to be an excellent approximation to the centralized theory (G.I.C.H.) in this limit.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1421-1425 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1427-1428 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1429-1454 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of oligodesoxyribonucleotides of various chain lengths to form complexes has been compared with that of oligoribonucleotides. Four series of oligonucleotidcs were prepared and investigated, i.e., dCn at acid pH versus rCn, dAn and dTn versus. rAn and rUn at neutral pH. The results indicate that in dilute solution, the formation of complexes is greatly facilitated in the case of desoxyoligomers and occurs for shorter oligomere than in the corresponding ribooligomers. The spectrophotometric titration of deoxyribooligo C indicates the appearance of two pK values in the 4-5 pH region characteristic of the double-stranded form, which occurs for much shorter dCn than rCn. The circular dichroism (CD.) spectra of deoxycytidylies in dilute solution starting from the trimer are conservative, characteristic of the double-stranded helical form of poly C at acid pH. In contrast, the CD spectra of a series of corresponding ribo Cn, under identical conditions is of nonconservative character similar to that of the single-stranded form of poly C at neutral pH, but differs in the band position. This spectrum is called intermediate. Only at higher concentrations of oligonucleotidcs (i.e., 10-3Minstead of 10-4M) does the circular dichroism spectrum of longer ribocytidylics assume conservative character. Thermal denaturation of deoxycytidylces at acid pH are strongly dependent on chain length and concentration, its one would expect for a cooperative helix-coil transition. The circular dichroism spectra measured at different temperatures shows one isosbestic point. In dilute solution, the standard-state enthalpy change found was 5-6 kcal/mole for higher oligomers (dC7). These properties are all in agreement with a structural transition from the d-Cn double-stranded form to a coil for n 〉 3. Studies of dAn and dTn in solutions of high ionic strength at low temperature indicate that complex formation occurs already at the level of trimer and for high oligomers. Under identical conditions a complex between rAn and rUn is detected only for oligomers longer than the hexamer. The nature of the “intermediate” form of oligoribo C at acid pH and low temperature was investigated by sedimentation and circular dichroism. A model of rCn is proposed of linear molecules which are partially double-stranded and partially single-stranded, which probably are slowly rearranged by “slippage” into a regular-double-stranded helical form.
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  • 82
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The number average molecular weight, Mn, of low molecular weight dextran was determined through endgroup analysis, and the intrinsic, viscosities of these materials in aqueous solution were determined at 25°C. The ultrasonic velocities in their aqueous solutions were also measured at 25 and 45°C. As concerns the molecular weight dependence of the intrinsic viscosity, partial specific compressibility of solute and the hound water around the solute, the following results were obtained. (1) log [η]-log Mn and [η]/Mn0.5 - Mn0.5 plots were in accord with the Mark-Houwink and Stockmayer-Fix-man equations respectively for Mn 〉 2, 000, but these plots deviated from the equations for Mn 〈 2, 000. (2)The partial specific compressibility, β1°, of dextran is expressed by following equation for Mn 〈 2,000: β1° = 10-12 × (13.6 log Mn - 51.7) (cm2/dyne). In contrast, it, becomes the constant value, -- 7.3 × 10-12 cm2/dyne, for Mn 〉 2,000. (3) The amount of bound water of dextran calculated from the sound velocity measurement lakes constant value of 0.17 ml g for Mn 〉 2, 000, but the amount of hydration increase with decreasing molecular weight for Mn 〈 2,000. From these results, a dextran molecule in aqueous solution is expected to change its conformation from random coiling to uncoiling stretched form at the molecular weight of around 2, 000 or about 12 glucose units.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1559-1581 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical rotation studies were performed on five compounds containing two peptide groups. Four of the molecules were confined to restricted regions of conformational space by the presence of closed rings. Solvent and temperature were varied, and theoretical calculations were done for each compound covering the appropriate conformational space. The interpretation which results is qualitatively successful over the conformational regions covered by the compounds. Quantitative correlation between theory and experiment will require compounds of high rigidity.
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  • 84
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1617-1623 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational energy maps have been calculated for α-D-mannuronic acid (1-4) α-L-guluronic acid and for α-L-guluronic acid (1-4) β-D-mannuronic acid. These have been used, together with maps previously calculated for the homomonomeric dimers, to estimate the characteristic ratios and Kuhn lengths of the alternating copolymer and of a stochastic copolymer similar in composition to that extracted from L. digitata.The results show that the alternating copolymer is less extended than either homopolymer. Kuhn lengths calculated for the stochastic copolymer agree well with experimental results on high ionic strength solutions of alginate isolated from L digitata.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1635-1648 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-S-carboxyethyl-L-cysteine, a higher side-chain homolog of poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, has been prepared from poly-S-carbobenzoxyethyl-L-cysteine with hydrogen bromide in chloroform or acetic acid. The polymer is found to be in the β-conformation of an antiparallel arrangement of polypeptide chains in solid films, both in acid and salt forms, when examined by infrared spectra. Aqueous solutions of t he polymer have been investigated by measurements of rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism as well as by infrared spectra in D2O. These properties show sharp changes around pH 5.5, as the pH of solution is varied. At higher ionization the polymer is randomly coiled, but at lower ionization it is in the β-conformation. Dependence of the rotatory properties upon polymer concentration as well as on ionic strength has been observed even at the lowest degree of ionization attained, and this has been attributed to the formation of intermolecular β-conformation in solutions. The β-structure is characterized by a negative circular dichroic band at 223 mμ and a positive dichroic band at a wavelength lower than 200 mμ, and furt her by a negative bo value, -140°. The pH-induced coil-β transition of the polymer is compared with that of poly-S-carboxymethl-L-cysteine.
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  • 86
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1681-1699 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific heat, of rat tail tendon at various water contents was measured as a function of temperature. The resulting graphs showed peaks arising from the melting, near 50°C, of helical material in the collagen, and from the melting of absorbed water in the range -40°C to 0°C. The heat of melting of helical material was 11.7 cal per gram of dry tendon. Determination of the heat and temperature of fusion of the absorbed water allowed resolution of the water into four states in the case of tendon before denaturation, and three states after denaturation. The four states are (1) water not freezable on cooling to - 70°C, (2) freezable water with-both heat and temperature of fusion different from the values for ordinary water, (3) freezable water with the heat of fusion of ordinary water, but a different temperature of fusion, and (4) water not distinguished from ordinary water. The fourth state was absent in denatured tendon. The results are discussed in terms of increasing size of clusters of absorbed water molecules.
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  • 87
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1743-1757 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absorption and rotatory properties of acridine orange-poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine system in water and in 0.2 M NaCl have been measured at different pH and polymer-to-dye mixing ratios. The absorption spectra indicate that the dyes are bound to the polymer in dimeric or highly aggregated forms. At neutral pH where the polymer is randomly coiled, no optical activity is induced on the absorption bands of bound acridine orange. At acid pH where the polymer has the β-conformation, a pair of positive and negative circular dichroic bands occur at each of the absorption bands, centered around 458 and 261 mμ. The signs of those bands are opposite to those found for α-helical poly-L-glutamic acid. A model for the binding of dye to the β-form polymer is presented, in which dimeric dyes are attached to ionized carboxyl groups and slack one another to form linear arrays on both sides of an extended polypeptide chain. The observed circular dichroism spectra can be explained by the Tinoco's exciton mechanism, based on this model. Low molecular weight poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine induces quite a different circular dichroism on bound acridine orange.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1853-1863 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dicrosim (CD) spectra of complexes of DNA with ethidiun bromnide, profiavine, 9-aminoacridine and 4-etliyl-9-amino-acridine have been determined between 220 and 450 nm, the range lieing extended to 600 nm for ethidiufm bromide. The variation of the magnitude of the visible and near - ultraviolet CD spectra of ethidium bromide - DNA complexes with the amount of ligand bound (r) suggests a common binding position with profiavine. On the other hand, 4-ethyl-9-aminoacndine complexed to DNA shows CD spectra not distinguishable from those of 9-aminnoacnidmc in both the visible and ultraviolet. The interpretation of these results with respect to the stereochemistry of the DNA-ligand complexes is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1901-1924 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The various treatments of sedimentation equilibrium are compared on a theoretical and an experimental basis. Particular attention is paid to the polyelectrolyte nature of the problem and the choice of a neutral component. The effective density gradients of several cesium salts for DNA are measured. Two previous theories for the effective density gradient are shown to be equivalent, and the experimental values are interpreted with respect to these theories. It is clear t hat sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient may be used for the determination of unambiguous molecular weights.
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  • 91
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1949-1972 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of friction-limited DNA unwinding is developed explicitly for moderate tind large perturbations. This extension of the earlier theory of the relaxation kinetics is necessary because of the complex nature of the rate limitation for small perturbations. The assumption of the theory that is violated under relaxation conditions is that base pairing reactions occurring at a constant local degree of twist of the strands are fast compared to the net unwinding of the molecule. However, these reactions that are slow for small perturbations have a large activation energy, and become faster than friction-limited un winding for large enough temperature jumps and sufficiently large DXA molecules. Thus only the rate for moderate and large perturbations is clearly limited by frictional resistance to turning the molecule in solution. The model used is a diffusional unwinding of the two strands, driven by the accompanying decrease in free energy. For large perturbations a numerical solution of the diffusion equation is required, since the diffusion coefficient is not constant. Two new parameters must be introduced into the equilibrium statistical theory to describe friction-limited unwinding kinetics. These are the force constant b, for winding up coil regions and the frictional coefficient per base pair βcfor rotating coil regions in solution. We find by fitting the theory to experiment that b = 1.8 × 10-13 ergs/ rad2- and βc = 3.5 × 10-21 erg see/base pair, both for DNA melted in alkali at 0.4.M Na + and ∼30 °C. The latter value is in agreement with predictions based on the viscosity of single stranded DNA in alkali. The quoted value of bcan be interpreted to mean that the number of conformational states of a nucleolide is reduced by an average factor of 1.55 when it is wound around another strand to the degree of twist in a double helix, but without forming a base pair.
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  • 92
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The properties of oligonucleotide helices of adeuylic- and uridylic acid oligomers have been investigated by measurements of hypo-and hyperchromieity. High ionic strengths favor the formation of triple helices. Thus, the double helix-coil transition can be studied (without interference by triple helices) only at low ionic-strength. A “phase diagram” is given representing the Tm-values of the various transitions at different ionic strengths for the system A(pA)17 + U(pU)17. Oligonucleolides of chain lengths 〈8 always form both double and triple helices at the nucleotide concentrations required for base pairing. For this reason the double helix-coil transition without coupling of the triple helix equilibrium can only be measured for chain lengths higher than 7. Melting curves corresponding to this transition have been determined for chain lengths 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 18 at different concentrations. An increase in nucleotide concentration leads to an increase in melting temperature. The shorter the chain length the lower the Tm-value and the broader the helix-coil transition. The experimental transition curves have been analysed according to a staggering zipper model with consideration of the stacking of the adeuylic acid single strands and the electrostatic repulsion of tlip phosphate charges on opposite strands. The temperature dependence of the nucleation parameter has been accounted for by a slacking factor x. The stacking factor expresses the magnitude of the stacking enthalpy. By curve fitting xwas computed to be 0.7, corresponding to a stacking enthalpy of about S kcal/mole. The model described allows the reproduction of the experimental transition curves with relatively high accuracy. In an appendix the thermodynamic parameters of the stacking equilibrium of poly A and of the helix-coil equilibria of poly A + poly U at neutral pH are calculated (ΔHA = -7.9 kcal/mole for the poly A stacking and ΔH12 = -10.9 kcal/mole for the formation of the double helix from the randomly coiled single strands). A formula for the configurational entropy of polymers derived by Flory on the basis of a liquid lattice model is adapted to calculate the stacking entropies of adenylic oligomers.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2049-2049 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2071-2077 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The data on the band widths and band shapes of several DNA's at various concentrations in sedimentation equilibrium in a CsCl density gradient have recently become available. In the present report, these literature data are treated in the following manner: (1) based on a theory of isotope-substitution, calculations are made of the molecular weights at infinite dilution, and (2) to explain the concentration dependence of band widths and band shapes, a theory of charge and hydration is put forth, and it is shown that by retaining the terms involving the charge of the macromolecules, it is possible to account for most of the concentration dependence.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2083-2094 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of the unique and specific association of a given amino acid to its t-RNA is investigated by theoretical methods. Several possible schemes are proposed to explain specificity. The physical forces which act within these mechanisms are illustrated by the computer simulation of probable interactions between glycine and nucleotide bases and base pairs. It is demonstrated that glycine has direct and selective affinities for the nucleotide bases and that these interactions are principally determined by the polar groups. Energies have been calculated for the interaction of glycine with several base pairs. From these, the possibility that specificity arises through direct complexing of an amino acid with its anticodon is evaluated.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2147-2160 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equations are developed to describe the shift in the temperature of the helix-coil transition when small molecules bind to nucleic acids. Included are high polymers, oligonucleotides, and oligomer-polymer interactions. The equations prescribe simple ways of plotting experimental data to evaluate transition and binding parameters.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2181-2197 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The helix-coil transitions for poly-L-lysine (PL) were investigated by the methods of spectropolarimetry, viscometry and potentiometric titration in 0.2M NaCl at different temperatures as well as in 0.2MNaBr, 1MKCl, and in mixtures of 0.2MNaCl or NaBr with methanol at room temperature. The enthalpy and entropy differences between the helical and coillike states of uncharged PL molecules in 0.2.M NaCl were determined from the potentiometric titration curves. The cooperativity parameters σ for PL in different solvents were determined by two methods (from the sharpness of the transition and from the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the helical content in the transition region). In 0.2MNaCl σ has a value of (2.3 ± 0.5) × 10-4 and does not depend on temperature, i.e., the cooperativity of the helix-coil transition, as for PGA, is mainly of an entropy origin (the initiating of the helical region is accompanied by the entropy decrease ΔSi = -12 eu/mole of helical regions). A comparison of the obtained results for PGA and PL with the molecular theories of the helix-coil transitions shows that the role of dipole-dipole interactions of nonneighboring peptide groups is greatly overestimated in these theories, leading to a considerable enthalpy contribution to the free energy of initiating helical regions which is not observed in the experiment.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2029-2037 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The variation of the polarized components of fluorescence of a rodlike particle bearing a fluorescent label upon partial orientation is calculated for some special geometry of the dye macromolecules complexes. Explicit expressions are given for the case where the energy of the molecule in the field depends only on one angle θ, showing that the result is a function of both 〈sin2θ〉 and 〈sin4θ〉. For the case of orientation in an electric field through an anisotropic induced moment, the expressions allow the calculation of this anisotropy of polarizability. The method is applied to the measurement of the polarizability of rodlike fragments of DNA labeled by intercalated molecules of Acridine Orange.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2039-2048 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As the temperature of solid poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) (PBLA), (CO.NH.CH.-CH2COOCH2C6H5)n, in the α-helieal form is raised from -150 °C, tlie line width and second moment of the proton magnetic resonance (PMR) signal decrease in stages until the conformational transition to the ω-helix occurs at about 90 °C. A similar temperature dependence of the PMR parameters is observed as the transformed polymer is cooled. Below -100°C (where the lattice is presumed to be rigid), the measured second moments are 9.5 Oe2 and 10.7 Oe2 for the α and ω forms, respectively. Second moments, calculated from the Van Vleck formula for the rigid lattice and also estimated for possible motional cases in which the polymer is taken to be in the ω form, are compared with the PMH data. By combination with the results of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic measurements, a tentative explanation can be made of the types of motion occurring in PBLA.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2133-2145 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have performed potentiometric titrations of poly-L-lysine. From these data we have calculated the free energy and enthalpy changes for the folding of the random coil to the α-helix in 10% ethanol (-120 and -120 cal/mole) and from the random coil to the β-structure in water (-140 and 870 cal/mole) and in 10% ethanol (-180 and 980 cal mole). Comparison of these values with each other and with values for the coil → α- helix transition in water (-78 and -880 cal/mole) led to the following conclusions. The stabilization by ethanol of ethanol of the α-helix with respect to the coil is that predicted from the known free energy of transfer of the peptide group from water to 10% ethanol. Similar data to explain the enthalpy difference are not available. The thermodynamic functions for the transition from α-helix to β-structure, obtained by subtracting those for the coil → α-helix and coil → β-structure transitions, are explained from a consideration of the structural differences: non bonded interactions of the polypeptide backbone are less favorable in the β-structure than in the α-helix, causing an increase in the energy, while hydrophobic contacts between side chains raise the entropy of the β-structure as compared with the α-helix, so that the free energy difference between the two structures is small, but enthalpy and entropy differences are large. The observation of only small differences in the free energy and enthalpy changes for the transition from coil β-structure upon going from water to 10% ethanol is expected by considering both the free energy of transfer of the peptide group (as for the α-helix) and the free energy and enthalpy of transfer of the apolar part of the side chain involved in hydrophobic bond formation.
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