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  • 1
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Biogeography ; geographic variation ; taxonomy ; Amazilia ; Trochilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Biogeographie, geographischen Variation, Habitatwahl und Taxonomie der Lesson-Amazilie (Amazilia amazilia) vor. Das Taxon umfaßt gegenwärtig fünf Unterarten, die von W-Ecuador bis SW-Peru verbreitet sind und überwiegend submontane Lebensräume besiedeln. Die Ventralfärbung unterliegt klinaler Variation; weiße Gefiederanteile nehmen von nördlichen zu südlichen Populationen ab, rotbraune Partien dagegen zu. Eigenständige morphologisch-morphometrische Kennzeichen sowie Unterschiede in den Habitatpräferenzen und in der Gesangsstruktur rechtfertigen es, die bisherige UnterartA. a. alticola als Paraspezies (A. alticola, Loja-Amazilie) anzuerkennen. Der Vulgärname weist auf den rezenten Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in den südecuadorianischen Anden hin. Aufgrund der engen Verwandtschaft bildenA. amazilia undA. alticola sowie die in Kolumbien endemische ArtA. castaneiventris eine Superspezies.
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews the biogeography, geographic variation, and habitat characteristics of the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia). Based on morphological features, habitat preferences, and bioacoustics, I propose that the currently recognized subspeciesA. a. alticola should be regarded as a species distinct fromA. amazilia. Synapomorphic characters found in both taxa indicate membership of the same superspecies, together with the Colombian speciesA. castaneiventris. Considering the distributional focus ofA. alticola in the Andes of southern Ecuador, the English species name Loja Hummingbird is suggested.
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  • 2
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    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: East Asia ; taxonomy ; species delimitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über die Gliederung der ostasiatischen Dickschnabelkrähen (Corvus macrorhynchos s.l.) in Biospezies besteht bisher keine einhellige Meinung. In dem großen Verbreitungsgebiet zwischen Indien, Japan und Timor werden gegenwärtig eine, zwei oder drei Arten anerkannt. Hier versuchen wir, in akustischen Merkmalen artanzeigende Merkmale zu finden. Eine Diskriminanzanalyse der Rufstruktur (76 Parameter) trennt dreiCorvus-Taxa (levaillantii undjaponensis aus der ‘macrorhynchos-Gruppe’,splendens) von der Südabdachung des Himalaya (Nepal, Kashmir) vollständig voneinander. BeiC. japonensis bleiben die trennenden Merkmale über große geographische Gebiete konstant. Die akustischen Unterschiede werden als taxonomisch relevant angesehen; sie zeigen Artgrenzen an. Folglich werden die Dickschnabelkrähen aus den Tief- und Hochlagen Nepals (Kontaktzone um 2 000 m) zwei Biospezies zugeordnet (C. japonensis undC. levaillantii), in Übereinstimmung mit morphologischen, ökologischen und parasitologischen Daten. Taxonomische Extrapolation der Befunde auf die Systematik anderer ‘macrorhynchos’-Populationen erscheint über die Rufstruktur (bis zum Fernen Osten Rußlands) und über Federling-Parasiten (Mallophaga) auf große Teile SO-Asiens möglich, bedarf aber für die stimmlichen Merkmale noch weiterer Klärung. Wahrscheinlich müssen immacrorhynchos-Komplex mindestens drei biologische Arten anerkannt werden (C. japonensis, C. levaillantii, C. macrorhynchos s. str.).
    Notes: Summary A discriminant analysis of the call structure completely separates threeCorvus taxa (levaillantii andjaponensis of the ‘macrorhynchos group’,splendens) inhabiting the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Nepal, Kashmir). The acoustic differences are considered taxonomically relevant, indicating species boundaries. Therefore the Jungle Crows of lower and upper Nepal (contact zone at around 2,000 m) are assigned to two biospecies (C. japonensis andC. levaillantii), as is consistent with morphological, ecological and parasitological data. It appears possible to extrapolate the findings regarding call structure to the systematics of other ‘macrorhynchos’ populations as distant as the Russian Far East, and those regarding mallophagan parasites to large areas of SE Asia; regarding the vocal characteristics, however, further clarification is needed.
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  • 3
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    Conservation genetics 1 (2000), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; phylogeny ; phylogeography ; speciation ; species concepts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
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    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; membrane topography ; biogenic silica deposition ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: DNA ; Exophiala dermatitidis ; Exophiala gougerotii ; Exophiala jeanselmei ; mitochondria ; restriction profiles ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis with Hae III, Hind. III and Msp I was performed in 45 Exophiala jeanselmei strains (30 Phialophora jeanselmei and 15 Phialophora gougerotii strains) and 31 Exophiala dermatitidis strains. The results were as follows, 1) P. jeanselmei and P. gougerotii are identical, 2) E. jeanselmei is classified into 18 types based on restriction profiles, 3) two strains of E. jeanselmei CBS 577.76 and CBS 578.76 are identified as E. dermatitidis, 4) E. dermatitidis has no intraspecific variation and is definitely distinct from E. jeanselmei, 5) E. jeanselmei is suggested to be a complex organism because of extensive mtDNA polymorphism.
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  • 7
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: fluorescent Pseudomonas ; root associated ; siderophores ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic taxonomy of 110 fluorescent bacterial strains, isolated from the roots of tomatoes and other plants was numerically studied through 97 features including 69 assimilation tests. Thirty-two reference strains of various Pseudomonas spp. were additionally included. The strains clustered into 16 clusters at the 74% similarity level when using Jaccard similarity coefficients. Almost all field strains belonged to the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex while none clustered with P. syringae and allied bacteria. The biovar II branch, as well as the newly described biovar VI of P. fluorescens, made up 55% and 20% respectively, of the field strains; two % were allocated to P. fluorescens biovar I and three % to biovar IV. Eleven % of the root associated strains were designated P. putida; six strains were biovar A, three strains biovar B while four strains could not be referred to any known biovar. The continuum within the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex as well as the taxonomic status of the six biovars of P. fluorescens and the three biovars of P. putida are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58 (1990), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Zygozyma smithiae ; Lipomycetaceae ; ambrosia yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genus Zygozyma, Z. smithiae, was recovered from frass of the ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus externedentatus in Northern Natal. A description of the new species and key to the genus are given.
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  • 9
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 59-61 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Arxula ; Candidaceae ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The new genus Arxula is proposed for the classification of xerotolerant, ascomycetous, anamorphic, arthroconidial yeasts. The genus is considered to be of endomycetaceous affinity.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: basidiomycetous yeasts ; Kurtzmanomyces tardus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new yeast species of basidiomycetous affinity Kurtzmanomyces tardus was isolated from contaminated demineralized water. It differs from K. nectairii, the only other Kurtzmanomyces species so far described, in its carbon assimilation pattern and low DNA-DNA homology (2.3%±2.1).
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  • 11
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Sporobolomyces lactosus ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of ballistospore-forming yeasts was recovered and its description given.Sporobolomyces lactosus, isolated from activated sludge treating petrochemical wastes, produces pinkish-coral to pink colored colonies, assimilates lactose and has Q-10 as the major ubiquinone.
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  • 12
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 289-316 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Trichosporon ; white piedra ; systemic mycosis ; taxonomy ; nDNA ; rRNA ; ubiquinone systems ; basidiomycetous yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusTrichosporon was revised using characters of morphology, ultrastructure, physiology, ubiquinone systems, mol% G+C of DNA, DNA/DNA reassociations and 26S ribosomal RNA partial sequences. A total of 101 strains was used, including all available type and authentic cultures of previously described taxa. Nineteen taxa could be distinguished, 15 of which having Q-9 coenzyme systems and 4 having Q-10. Sixteen previously described names were reduced to synonymy. One new species was described. The genus is characterized by the presence of arthroconidia. Few species possess further diagnostic morphological characters, such as the presence of appressoria, macroconidia or meristematic conidiation. The septa of two species were found to be non-perforate, while those of the remaining species contained dolipores at variable degrees of differentiation, with or without vesicular or tubular parenthesomes. All species were able to assimilate a large number of carbon compounds; visible CO2 production was absent. The genus was found to be fairly homogeneous on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of partial 26S rRNA sequences, with the exception ofT. pullulans which proved to be unrelated. Most taxa were found to occupy well-defined ecological niches. Within the group of taxa isolated from humans, a distinction found be made between those involved in systemic mycoses and those which mainly caused public or non-public white piedras, respectively. One species was consistently associated with animals, while others came mainly from soil or water. One species was mesophilic and another psychrophilic.
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  • 13
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66 (1994), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Debaryomyces ; phylogeny ; ribosomal RNA ; taxonomy ; Wingea ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extent of divergence in partial nucleotide sequences from large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs was used to estimate the evolutionary relationship between the generaWingea andDebaryomyces. These data showed the monotypic genusWingea to be congeneric withDebaryomyces, and it is proposed to transferW. robertsii toDebaryomyces.
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  • 14
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    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 27-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: ants ; E. O. Wilson ; Ernst Mayr ; systematics ; Systematics and the Origin of Species ; taxonomy ; William L. Brown ; William Morton Wheeler ; William Steel Creighton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Ideas about the natural world are intertwined with the personalities, practices, and the workplaces of scientists. The relationships between these categories are explored in the life of the taxonomist William Steel Creighton. Creighton studied taxonomy under William Morton Wheeler at Harvard University. He took the rules he learned from Wheeler out of the museum and into the field. In testing the rules against a new situation, Creighton found them wanting. He sought a new set of taxonomic principles, one he eventually found in Ernst Mayr's Systematics and the Origin of Species. Mayr's ideas tied together a number of themes running through Creighton's life: the need for a revised taxonomy, the emphasis on fieldwork, and the search for a new power center for ant taxonomy after Wheeler died. Creighton's adoption of Mayr's ideas as part of his professional identity also had very real implications for his career path: field studies required long and intensive studies, and Creighton would always be a slow worker. His method of taxonomy contrasted sharply not only with Wheeler's but also with two of his younger colleagues, William L. Brown and E. O. Wilson, who took over Wheeler's spot at Harvard in 1950. The disputes between these men over ant taxonomy involved, in addition to questions of technical interest, questions about where and how best to do taxonomy and who could speak withthe most authority. Creighton's story reveals how these questions are interrelated. The story also reveals the importance of Mayr's book for changes occurring in taxonomy in the middle of the twentieth century.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
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  • 16
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1055-1058 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Moderate halophiles ; taxonomy ; Salinicoccus roseus ; Marinococcus hispanicus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Gram-positive moderately halophilic cocci validly described up to date areMicrococcus halobius, Sporosarcina halophila, Marinococcus halophilus, Marinococcus albus, Marinococcus hispanicus, and the recently proposedSalinicoccus roseus. Our chemotaxonomic studies on these bacteria have revealed thatMarinococcus hispanicus should be placed in the genusSalinicoccus. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that this species should be considered as a separate species ofS. roseus. Thus, we have proposed transferring it to the genusSalinicoccus, asS. hispanicus. Besides, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features of the culture collection moderate halophilesMicrococcus sp. strains CCM 168 and CCM 1405 indicate that they should be included in the speciesSalinicoccus roseus. The description of this species was based only on one strain.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Heterotrophic bacteria ; sediments ; taxonomy ; seasonal variations ; aerobic bacterial population ; anaerobic bacterial population ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research was carried out with the aim to explore the heterotrophic microbial population of two sediments in different oxic conditions of the Lake of Lugano (Lago di Lugano). The values of the viable bacterial counts found in our sediment samples were typical for an eutrophic lake. The increase in the proportion of anaerobic to aerobic bacteria at 30 °C observed in the sediment samples of Agno may reflect the depletion of oxygen concentrations in the water column. The generaAeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus andClostridium, as well as strains belonging to the Coryneform-group, represented the major taxonomic groups of heterotrophic bacterial communities in the water-sediment interface.
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  • 18
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Intelligent screening ; microbial hydroxylation ; multivariate analyses ; taxonomy ; terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Forty strains of bacteria and 60 of fungi were screened with globulol, 1,8-cineol and cedrol and the strains compared, on the basis of the resulting products, using multivariate analyses. The taxonomic position of the strains is mirrored in their biotransformation capability. Fungi and bacteria, fungal phyla, and Gram-positive and-negative bacteria could all be distinguished in a discriminant analysis using 12 substrates. Hierarchical clustering yielded five groups of strains with distinct biotransformation activity. Such clustering will allow a more efficient screening than before.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Tenebrionidae ; larvae ; defensive glands ; quinone ; naphthoquinone ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal glands of three bark-inhabiting larvae of generaBolitochara, Leptusa (Staphylinidae), andHypophloeus (Tenebrionidae) were studied chemically and morphologically. Behavior of the larvae indicated that secretion is emitted only after severe disturbance of the larvae. These mechanical contacts may also occur incidentally with coinhabiting nonpredatory arthropods when the beetle larvae move within small interstices under bark. Depending on the species, the secretions contained 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and three 6-alkyl-naphthoquinones dissolved within various alkanes, alkenes, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and isoamylesters. More erratically distributed gland constituents also detected were acetophenone, benzyl propionate, and methyl hydroxybenzoate. In the laboratory, synthetic quinone-containing solutions simulating those found inLeptusa andBolitochara larvae acted as strong topical irritants and caused further damage to last-stageCalliphora vomitoria larvae if hydrocarbons or esters were used as solvents. The natural secretions ofHypophloeus versipellis elicited considerable mortality in two subcortical sciarid larvae cooccurring with tenebrionid larvae. Bioassay and secretion chemistry of the Staphylinidae/Tenebrionidae larval secretions indicated that they are typical defensive secretions that act topically. Morphological data characterized Bolitocharini larvae as possessing protuberant abdominal tergites supplied with an interiorly situated gland reservoir. After mechanical contact, the defensive secretion is topically applied to other arthropods by dabbing this tergal protuberance on targets. The defensive gland ofHypophloeus versipellis is unusual in possessing a movable reservoir opening situated at the anterior border of tergite IX. By this peculiar gland morphologyHypophloeus larvae are capable of shooting secretion droplets frontally from their slightly depressed dorsal abdominal surface without bending their abdominal tips dorsally. This seems an adaptation to the interstitial habitat of the larvae. The types of defensive glands and their phylogenetic value in Aleocharinae/Tenebrionidae larvae are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 377-389 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes strobi ; ecotype ; phytophagy ; speciation ; host selection ; feeding bioassay ; weevil ; dispersal ; chemoreception ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In forced feeding bioassays,Pissodes strobi reared from eastern white pine, Engelmann spruce, or Sitka spruce failed to discriminate between these three host species. However, results of choice feeding bioassays suggest that eastern white pine is the ancestral host of the two westernP. strobi populations. Comparative feeding data obtained under conditions of choice support the hypothesis thatP. strobi has dispersed westward across the North American continent, adapting its host selection behavior in turn to Engelmann spruce and then Sitka spruce. WhereasP. strobi reared from eastern white pine preferred to feed on its natural host rather than on the two western spruces,P. strobi reared from Engelmann spruce did not discriminate between eastern white pine and its natural host, Engelmann spruce, but fed significantly more on these two hosts than on Sitka spruce.P. strobi reared from Sitka spruce, on the other hand, fed equally on all three native host species. Our data support the contention of Smith and Sugden (1969) that the two western weevils are eco types ofP. strobi. Comprehensive research on behavioral adaptations to new host species may allow the threeP. strobi populations to be distinguished as legitimate ethospecies.
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  • 21
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    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 363-373 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: eukaryotic ; arbitrary oligonucleotide primer ; PCR ; prokaryotic ; silver staining ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis has been used for centuries as a nitrogen biofertilizer in rice paddies. Genetic improvement of the symbiosis has been limited by the difficulty in identifying Azolla-Anabaena accessions and Anabaena azollae strains. The recently developed technique of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was applied to this problem. DAF uses single, short, oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence to direct amplification of a characteristic set of DNA products by a thermostable DNA polymerase in a thermocycling reaction. The products are separated in polyacrylamide gels and detected by silver staining. DAF could easily distinguish and positively identify accessions of Azolla-Anabaena with DNA extracted from the intact symbioses. The contribution of prokaryotic Anabaena sequences to the fingerprint of the intact symbioses, however, ranged from 0 to 77%, depending on the primer sequence. Therefore, DNA extracted from the intact symbioses would not be suitable for Azolla taxonomy studies. The fingerprints of Anabaena strains isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from different species of Azolla could be easily distinguished, and DAF patterns were used to confirm the maternal pattern of transmission of Anabaena in a sexual hybrid. Template DNA extracted from roots was used to produce fingerprints for Azolla without interference from the microsymbiont. Comparison of the patterns from the parents and a hybrid gave strong evidence confirming sexual hybridization.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: collecting expedition ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A joint Argentina/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Argentina between February 4–28 and March 28–April 18, 1990. This was followed by a short expedition between February 27 and March 3, 1991. Collections were made in the Andes Mountains from southern Tucumán Province (27°20′S), south to southern Rio Negro Province (40°52′S) and comprised 88 lots of germplasm of ten species, 76 as true-seed and 12 as tubers. The most important new collections included germplasm ofS. brevidens, S. maglia, S. x rechei andS. venturii. By summarizing details of these collections with those of existing collections, we have been able to suggest future collecting in Argentina.
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  • 23
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Agaricales ; Clitocybe trogioides var.odorifera ; Gerronema nemorale ; Psathyrella cineraria ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new species and one new variety of Agaricales are described and illustrated from central Honshu, Japan:Clitocybe trogioides var.odorifera var. nov. (subgenusCystoclitus sectionCystoclitus), forming white, infundibuliform basidiomata, was collected from leaf litter in theQuercus-Pasania forests;Gerronema nemorale sp. nov. (sectionXanthophylla), forming small, olivaceous, omphalinoid basidiomata, was found on dead fallen twigs in theQuercus-Pasania forests;Psathyrella cineraria sp. nov. (subgenusMycophylla sectionArgillosporae), forming basidiomata covered by detersile, dark grey, fibrillose-squamulose veil, was found on decayed wood ofQuercus myrsinaefolia.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Diaporthe kyushuensis ; grapevine swelling arm ; Phomopsis vitimegaspora ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diaporthe kyushuensis sp. nov. is described and named as the teleomorph of causal fungus of grapevine swelling arm. The anamorph of the fungus isPhomopsis vitimegaspora.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: distribution ; Pinus ; Quercus ; taxonomy ; Uredinales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Asian pine gall rust, which has hitherto been assigned toCronartium quercuum distributed in North America, is described asC. orientale, sp. nov. The spermogonial and aecial states occur on hard pines, and the uredinial and telial states occur on various oaks.Cronartium orientale has globose, almost hyaline basidiospores in contrast to the ellipsoid, yellow-orange ones of North AmericanC. quercuum s.l. Characteristics of the new rust species in morphology, DNA analysis, and host alternation are discussed.
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    Mycoscience 35 (1994), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: rust fungus ; taxonomy ; Puccinia tarennicola ; Uredinales ; Uredo daphniphylli ; Uredo pipturi
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    Notes: Abstract Three species of rust fungi were reported based on the specimens collected in the islands of the Yaeyama group and Okinawa, Japan.Puccinia tarennicola onTarenna gracilipes andUredo daphniphylli onDaphniphyllum teijsmannii were described as new species.Villebrunea frutescens was added to the host plants ofUredo pipturi.
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: China ; Leptographium ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Tomicus piniperda
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    Notes: Abstract Tomicus species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are serious pests of pines with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia and America. In Yunnan, south-western China,T. piniperda has destroyed more than 0.5 million ha ofPinus yunnanensis in the past 15 years. A blue stain fungus belonging to the genusLeptographium is associated with both the shoot-feeding and trunk-attacking stages of the beetle's life cycle. The fungus is morphologically similar to the anamorph ofOphiostoma crassivaginatum and toL. pyrinum, which are both characterised by short robust conidiophores and hyphae covered by a granular layer. Both these species have been isolated from conifers and are associated with insects. After comparing the fungus fromT. piniperda with similarLeptographium species, using light and scanning electron microscopy, we concluded that it represents a new taxon, which is described here asL. yunnanense sp. nov.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 128 (1977), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chenopodiaceae ; Beta sect.Beta (=Vulgares) ; B. adanensis ; B. bourgaei ; B. macrocarpa. ; Morphological variation ; chromosome numbers ; distribution ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Among the morphological variation in wild annual populations of sect.Beta only tepal characters show a geographic pattern, and hence can be used to distinguish different taxa. Two morphological types correspond with taxa already described:B. macrocarpa (incl.B. bourgaei) has a Macaronesian and W. to E. Mediterranean andB. adanensis an E. Mediterranean distribution area. A third type in the Aegean region is not well known yet and possibly has to be included inB. macrocarpa. Both diploid and tetraploid (x = 9) cytotypes are found withinB. macrocarpa, the latter exclusively on the Canary Islands.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 129 (1978), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Characiaceae ; Hydrianum ; Zoospore reproduction ; life cycle ; taxonomy ; epiphytism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The little known epiphytic algaHydrianum viride was studied and pictured. The morphology and the variability of the vegetative cells are described in detail and compared with the observations of other authors. For the first time typical biflagellate zoospores of the chlorophycean-type have been recognized and the course of the asexual reproduction is studied. The residual protoplasm, that is the proximal half of the zoosporangium protoplast, growth up to the original size, typical for the genusHydrianum. The life cycle, especially the settling down of the zoospores, is described.Hydrianum viride belongs to the characteristic inhabitants of peaty waters; it belongs together with the host alga,Microspora loefgrenii, to the dominants of algal association of peat-springs. At last the taxonomic position and the synonyma of this organism are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hamamelidaceae ; Rhodoleia ; Leaf morphology ; stipules ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodoleia has long been believed to be the only member of theHamamelidales lacking stipules, and its systematic position has been doubtful. The present investigation shows, in contrast, thatRhodoleia championi Hook. f. produces conspicuous stipules which are, however, restricted to a few leaves of the transition region between bud scales and foliage leaves. In the foliage leaves stipules are apparently reduced, except sometimes in the outermost leaf. The presence of stipules and other correspondences clearly shows thatRhodoleia belongs to theHamamelidaceae.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Onagraceae ; Oenothera sect.Oenothera subsect.Raimannia, subsect.Euoenothera, subsect.Munzia, subsect.Emersonia ; Chromosomal analysis ; plastid analysis ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Based on an analysis of results from experimental hybridization, the plants assigned byMunz toOenothera subg.Oenothera and subg.Raimannia, now divided into approximately 76 species, are referred to a single section,Oenothera. This section is in turn divided into five subsections:Euoenothera, Munzia, Raimannia, Emersonia, and an undescribed group of three species related toOenothera pubescens. Euoenothera is maintained in the traditional sense, and includes about 14 species of North America, widely naturalized elsewhere.Munzia consists of 45 species, comprising three series, and native to South America.Raimannia is restricted to a group of approximately 11 North American species.Emersonia comprises four rather heterogenous species of northern Mexico and southern New Mexico, of whichOenothera macrosceles, O. maysillesii, andO. organensis have been described. Within these four subsections, interspecific hybrids can be made in general, although plastid differentiation often leads to incompatibilities. With varying degrees of difficulty, hybrids were produced in all intersectional combinations involvingEuoenothera, Emersonia, Munzia, andRaimannia, the most difficult being those betweenEmersonia andRaimannia. Based on their habit and distribution,Emersonia species, and especiallyOenothera maysillesii, appear to resemble most closely the common ancestor of the section,Euoenothera andMunzia to have been derived from it or its common ancestor, andRaimannia perhaps to be more closely related to the phylogenetic branch that leads toEuoenothera.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 133 (1979), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Trigonella ; T. foenum-graecum ; T. berythaea ; T. macrorrhyncha ; T. gladiata ; Seed protein electrophoresis ; taxonomy ; cultivated plants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seed proteins ofTrigonella foenum-graecum, T. berythaea, T. macrorrhyncha andT. gladiata were fractionated on polyacrylamide gels in anodic and cathodic systems. Similarity indices between the profiles of any two species indicated close affinity betweenT. gladiata andT. macrorrhyncha and betweenT. foenum-graecum andT. berythaea. It has been pointed out that according to morphological resemblance and similarity index of the seed protein profileT. berythaea is closer to the cultigen than any other species of sectionFoenum-graecum, but these two species are strongly isolated from one another by the albino seedlings of their F1 hybrids.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 123 (1975), S. 263-281 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Cyanophyceae Geitleribactron ; Ultrastructure ; reproduction ; periphyton ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract In the littoral of the lakes Titisee (FRG) and Neusiedler See (Austria) and in a backwater near Stockerau (Austria) two periphytic unicellular blue-green algae with rod-like cells have been found. They were formerly thought to be members of the exosporine generaChamaesiphon orCyanophanon. Now the alga from Titisee was studied in culture, particularly with reference to cell division, reproduction and ultrastructural cytology. Similarities with the genusSynechococcus are evident, but there is a small mucilaginous disc at the basis of the cells. Because of differences between this and all other known genera of unicellular blue-green algae, a new genus,Geitleribactron, with two species,G. periphyticum (= type species) andG. subaequale, is described.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Conjugatophyceae ; Desmidiales ; Phymatodocis nordstedtiana ; Cell wall ; pore apparatus ; taxonomy ; ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Filaments ofPhymatodocis nordstedtiana Wolle were isolated from a sample of a Texan lake. Cultures were established and examined by light and scanning electron (SEM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the pores apparent on light microscopical examination are not of the cosmaroid type as expected. TEM examination disclosed that they are similar to those found in the generaClosterium Ralfs andPenium Bréb. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated by light and SEM microscopy that the primary cell wall is shed during cell division. The remaining secondary cell wall of the mature cell consists of interwoven bands of parallel microfibrils. A conspicuous overlap of the semicell walls clearly denotes the isthmus region. The significance of these deviations unusual for desmids is discussed. Suggestions are made that the taxonomic position ofPh. nordstedtiana should be re-evaluated.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Puccinellia ; Pollen maximum diameter ; pollen fertility ; taxonomy ; Flora of the Iberian Peninsula
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    Notes: Abstract Diameter and fertility of pollen grains were surveyed in nine species ofPuccinellia Parl. (Poaceae), mainly from the Iberian Peninsula, allowing information about reproductive behaviour and biological characteristics of pollen of these taxa. Maximum diameter was measured with an image processor and fertility was evaluated by staining the grains with Müntzing's mixture. Significant differences in both characters were found between the taxa. In consequence, maximum diameter and fertility proved to have some taxonomic relevance inPuccinellia.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Hordeum ; Isoenzymes ; taxonomy ; phylogenetic species ; sibling species
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological differentiation of diploid accessions ofHordeum marinum Huds. s.l. into two varieties, var.marinum and var.fouilladei (Rouy)Nevski is associated with isoenzyme differentiation. The tetraploid form ofH. marinum s.l. exhibited fixed heterozygosity of several heterozymes with one homoeozyme shared with var.fouilladei and the second homoeozyme not found in the two diploids. It also differed from both diploids in the mobility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. All three taxa differed in morphs of EST-A. It is concluded that the tetraploid is an allopolyploid with one genome closely related to the diploid var.fouilladei and with the second genome divergent from those of both diploids by genes for unique morphs of eight homoeozymes. On the basis of the isoenzyme data, three phylogenetic sibling species—H. marinum Huds. s.str. (2x),H. geniculatum All. s.str. (= var.fouilladei, 2x), andH. caudatum Jaaska, spec. nova (4x), are proposed within theH. marinum s.l. complex and a key is given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichenized fungi ; Lecanoraceae ; Lecanora epibryon ; L. subimmersa ; Chemotaxonomy ; biogeography ; taxonomy ; xanthones
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    Notes: Abstract The chemical variation inLecanora epibryon andL. subimmersa, two species of theL. subfusca group, has been examined. In both species the chemical differences are correlated with geographical distribution, but not with morphological differences. As a consequence the chemotypes are recognized at subspecific level. InL. epibryon three chemical races are segregated according to the various chemosyndromes present. Subspeciesepibryon, containing atranorin and triterpenoids, occurs in the northern hemisphere and South America, while the other two subspecies occur only in the southern hemisphere. The subsp.broccha (Nyl.)Lumbsch, comb. nova, contains atranorin, the stictic acid and the 2,5,7-trichloro-3-O-methylnorlichexanthone chemosyndromes, while subsp.xanthophora Lumbsch, subsp. nova, is similar but lacks the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Two chemical races occur in the pantropical speciesL. subimmersa. While subsp.subimmersa contains atranorin and zeorin, subsp.ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix, subsp. nova, contains an additional ten chlorinated xanthones.L. impressa is reduced to synonymy toL. subimmersa.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Senecioneae ; Blennospermatinae ; Ischnea ; Revision ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The endemic New Guinean genusIschnea F. Muell. (Asteraceae, Senecioneae, Blennospermatinae) is revised and four species are recognized. Characters of special interest are tubeless ray florets, male disc florets, and secretory spaces in leaves. A principal component analysis is made on theIschnea elachoglossa F. Muell. complex which shows great variation. One new species,I. capellana Swenson, from the Star Mountains, is described. A key, illustrations, and distribution maps to all species are supplied.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 11-29 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hamamelidae ; Juglandaceae ; rbcL ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of molecular data from the chloroplast generbcL was used to examine the taxonomic relationships of the walnut family (Juglandaceae). In addition, chemical and morphological data from a previous study byHufford (1992) were incorporated, expanded, and analyzed independently and in combination with the molecular data. The results of these analyses suggest that theJuglandaceae are more closely related to theFagaceae, Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, andUrticaceae and their relatives (sensuCronquist 1981) than they are to theAnacardiaceae (sensuThorne 1983). However, sequence data fromrbcL also suggest a relationship between the higherHamamelidae and certain families in theRosidae sensuCronquist 1981 (such asRosaceae andRhamnaceae), an outcome which would add credence to the widely accepted view of the polyphyletic nature of theHamamelidae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Volvocales ; Chlamydomonas ; Morphology ; reproduction ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Chlamydomonas chlorococcoides, a morphologically most interesting new species with a lobate chloroplast was isolated from soils of the island Lavsa (Adriatic Sea, Yugoslavia). Description, pictures and remarks on the reproduction are given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bacillariophyta ; Pennatae ; Fragilariaceae ; Licmophora gracilis var.anglica ; Auxospore formation ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract InLicmophora gracilis var.anglica two auxospores are produced per pair of mother-cells, through the allogamic fusion of migratory and stationary gametes. Both active gametes are produced from the same mother-cell and hence both zygotes are formed in the other mother-cell. Pairing can occur between two stalked cells, or between a stalked cell and a detached cell; in the latter case the migratory gametes derive from the detached cell. The auxospores expand parallel to one another and to the apical axis of the donor mother-cell. Behavioural anisogamy of this kind, which may be termed thecis-type, seems to be characteristic of most araphid pennates and contrasts with thetrans-type exhibited byCymbella, Gomphonema and some other raphid taxa, where each mother-cell produces one migratory and one stationary gamete.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 125 (1976), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: (Bio)systematics ; genealogy ; phylogenetics ; taxonomy ; hierarchy ; categories ; sib and taxon
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    Notes: Abstract The only concrete basis for the discontinuous and hierarchical organization of extant organisms lies in their genealogical (i. e. germ line) relationships. Individuals and populations of common descent are called “sib” or “stirps”. Ideally, systematic classification is based on the formulas: (1) sib + taxonomic category + name = taxon, and (2) divergent genealogy of sibs + hierarchy of taxonomic categories + names = taxonomic system (Fig. 1).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 182 (1992), S. 149-227 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Heliantheae ; Blepharispermum ; Revision ; taxonomy ; phylogeny ; cladistics
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    Notes: Abstract The palaeotropic genusBlepharispermum (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) is revised for the first time. Fifteen species from Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, India, and Ceylon are recognized. Two new species are described, viz.B. arcuatum andB. canescens. Aspects of the systematic position and morphology of the genus are discussed. A hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships is presented by way of a cladistic analysis. A key to all species in the genus as well as typification, descriptions, drawings and distribution maps are supplied. Chromosome counts of two species are reported.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 145 (1984), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rubiaceae ; Coffeeae ; Gardenieae ; Pavetteae ; Dictyandra ; Leptactina ; Tarenna ; Pavetta ; Dictyandra congolana sp. nova ; taxonomy ; morphology ; seed-coat ; palynology ; Flora of tropical Africa
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    Notes: Abstract The closely related African generaDictyandra andLeptactina are redelimited. The two genera are distinguished by long tubular corolla-tubes with included anthers (Leptactina) vs. much shorter tubes with exserted anthers (Dictyandra), rather than—as previously thought—presence or absence of multilocellate anthers. The discovery of a new species (Dictyandra congolana from the Congo and W-Zaire) confirms this. It can be concluded, especially from comparative morphological studies of fruits and seeds, thatDictyandra andLeptactina are related toPavetta, Tarenna, Ixora, etc., i.e. the group of genera in theCoffeeae s.l. with terminal inflorescences. It is proposed that the tribePavetteae be revived to accomodate those genera.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 31-46 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis ; Dunaliella ; D. salina ; Green flagellates ; ultrastructure ; taxonomy ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the type species of the genusDunaliella, D. salina, has been reinvestigated in an attempt to clarify the relationships betweenDunaliella andSpermatozopsis. Dunaliella salina differs in the following ultrastructural characters fromSpermatozopsis (as exemplified byS. similis Preisig etMelkonian): presence of a distinctive surface coat covering the plasmalemma; presence of a prominent pyrenoid (with pairs of thylakoids partially entering the pyrenoid matrix); dictyosomes parabasal; endoplasmic reticulum closely underlying the plasmalemma around most of the cell; contractile vacuoles absent; cell form ovoid to elongated and not spirally twisted; mitochondrial profiles near the flagellar apparatus. Differences in the ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus: basal body angle more or less fixed; distal connecting fibre cross-striated; system II fibre (rhizoplast) present, associated with mitochondrial profile; system I fibre underlying two-stranded microtubular root; mating structure present. These ultrastructural differences justify distinction between the two taxa at generic level. The problematical status of “freshwater” species ofDunaliella is briefly discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Spermatozopsis similis ; Green flagellate ; new species ; algal culture ; electron microscopy ; taxonomy ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract The green flagellateSpermatozopsis similis spec. nova has been studied in culture by light and electron microscopy. The flagellate bears two flagella, is naked and has a characteristic crescent and spirally twisted cell shape. The two flagella are of subequal length, each with a prominent hair-point. Each cell contains two contractile vacuoles, a single chloroplast with an anterior eyespot but lacking a pyrenoid, an anteriorly located nucleus, a single dictyosome associated with the posterior end of the nucleus, a single mitochondrion posterior to the nucleus and associated with a small microbody, some conspicuous vacuoles, and a greater number of secondary cytoskeletal microtubules which probably are responsible for maintaining the peculiar shape of this species. SinceS. similis in culture is only biflagellate, it cannot be accommodated within the quadriflagellate, but otherwise very similar speciesS. exsultans. Spermatozopsis similis is compared with other green flagellates and is shown to share common ultrastructural characters withChlamydomonas-type green algae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 103-117 
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    Keywords: Algae ; Chrysophyceae ; Spiniferomonas septispina sp. n. ; S. enigmata sp. n. ; Chrysosphaerella ; Morphology ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Two new species of non-colonial silica-scaled chrysophytes were discovered in Ontario and were assigned to the genusSpiniferomonas (Chrysophyceae) owing to their solitary cell habit. Scale structure in the two new species is distinctive but includes features common to bothSpiniferomonas andChrysosphaerella. The use of scale structure as the main diagnostic feature to distinguish the two genera is no longer acceptable. A more expedient separation of the two genera based on cell habit (solitary vs. colonial) is proposed and includes the transfer ofChrysospharella salina Birch-Andersen andChrysosphaerella coronacircumspina Wujek & Kristiansen to the genusSpiniferomonas as new combinations. The proposed revision is consistent with existing generic circumscriptions of other ochromonadalean forms with either solitary or colonial cell habit.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cryptophyceae ; Bodonaceae ; Proteromonas steinii sp. n. ; Cryptomonas spp. div. ; Intracellular parasite ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract A new intracellular parasite inCryptomonas spp. div. previously known is described asProteromonas steinii spec. nova. The flagellate (infectious) stage isBodo-like, with a distinct kinetoplast. The immobile parasitic stage occurs in the cells of Cryptomonads as a multinucleate trophocyst with a thin mucilage envelope (pseudocyst), while the hypnocyst is uninucleate, walled and bearing two horned projections.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Genome analysis ; morphology ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Seven tetraploid species ofElymus, viz.E. sibiricus, E. caninus, E. gmelinii, E. semicostatus, E. caucasicus, E. parviglume, andE. longearistatus subsp.canaliculatus, representing five sections were studied morphologically and used in interspecific hybridizations. The aim was to investigate whether the present sectional delimitation of the genus was in agreement with genomic data and if there was a correlation between genome constitution and morphology. The study revealed: (i) further information on the genomic affinities between the different species, (ii) that there is no congruence between genome constitution of the species and current sectional delimitation, and (iii) that there is a correlation between genome constitution and morphology in the palea apex shape and in the size of cilia of the palea.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 221-225 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Ruellia ; Speciation over short distances ; endemism ; taxonomy ; Flora of Mexico
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    Notes: Abstract A new section in MexicanRuellia, R. sect.Urceolata comprising three species (includingR. cedilloi, spec. nova), endemic to Mexico, is described and illustrated. The taxonomic relationship and differentiation of the species are discussed. Evolution in Mexican Ruellas seems to be occurring at the diploid level.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 143-169 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Tocoyena ; Hybridization ; differentiation ; speciation ; homogamic complex ; tropical woody plants ; taxonomy ; Flora of South America
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    Notes: Abstract The variation pattern of a large population ofTocoyena formosa in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and of other samples throughout the species area was analysed by morphometrical, statistical, ecological, and phytogeographical methods. Excessive variation and the remarkable coherence of two different character syndromes within this species strongly suggest that it has originated as a homogamic (diploid) hybrid complex. Possible parental species areT. brasiliensis, mainly from the Amazon region, andT. viscidula from the dry caatinga region of NE. Brazil.T. formosa has a much more extensive geographical range and greater ecological plasticity, ranging from the Amazon basin and the Guyanas throughout the Central Brazilian Plateau and from NE. to S. Brazil and Paraguay. Three (partly sympatric) varieties are distinguished withinT. formosa, i.e. var.formosa, var.pseudobrasiliensis (var. nov.), and var.microdon (comb. et stat. nov.). A provisional taxonomic revision, key, and conspectus covers the 12 accepted species ofTocoyena with blunt flower buds and ovate obtuse corolla lobes (group A, includingT. formosa); their distribution is shown in a map.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Diatoms ; plankton ; Chaetoceros ; New species ; morphology ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new planktonic diatom species of the genusChaetoceros are described herein:Ch. octagonus andCh. rectus, from material of Baja California coasts and the Gulf of California, respectively;Ch. rectus was also found in a sample from Australian waters.Ch. octagonus is a robust species, with a characteristic pyramidal valve shape, heavily silicified valves and setae, and one central rimoportula on every valve in the chain; it is compared with related species, which show a similar morphology, especially by electron microscopy. It belongs into subg.Chaetoceros, sect.Borealia. Ch. rectus is placed in subg.Hyalochaete, and provisionally within sect.Anastomosantia. Its major characters are: chains, cells, and setae are delicate and fragile, cells are joined in the chain by a “bridge” which connects sibling intercalary setae, valves and setae are weakly silicified, and one rimoportula is present on terminal valves only. Comparison is made with another species of the same section.Ch. rectus shows a different manner of chain-forming within the genus than previously described in the literature.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium ; Catapyrenium velebiticum comb. nov. ; Catapyrenium pyrenaicum spec. nova ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Austria, Croatia, France, Spain, and Switzerland
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    Notes: Abstract Catapyrenium pyrenaicum is described as new from northern Spain and adjacent France, and the new combinationCatapyrenium velebiticum is made. The new species differs fromC. velebiticum mainly in its laminal pycnidia. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology, and distribution of the species are given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericales ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of theEricales based on morphological, anatomical, embryological, and phytochemical data has been undertaken. Resulting from the analysis, 56 equally parsimonious cladograms were obtained. The tribeEnkiantheae was found to be the sister-group of the rest of theEricaceae, in which theEmpetraceae, theEpacridaceae, Pyrolaceae, andMonotropaceae are forming derived ingroups. It is thus concluded that theEricaceae are a paraphyletic assemblage as presently circumscribed, and thatEmpetraceae andEpacridaceae are better treated as members of theEricaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 17-33 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pyrenocarpous lichens ; Verrucariaceae ; Catapyrenium ; Dermatocarpon ; Catapyrenium analogicum spec. nova ; C. andicolum spec. nova ; C. chilense comb. nov. ; C. corticolum comb. nov. ; C. exaratum spec. nova ; C. lachneoides spec. nova ; C. podolepis spec. nova ; C. ruiz-lealii comb. nov. ; C. squamulosum var.argentinum comb. nov. ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; Flora of Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brasilia ; Chile ; Ecuador ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay
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    Notes: Abstract 13 species of the lichen genusCatapyrenium are reported from South America. Five species (C. analogicum, C. andicolum, C. exaratum, C. lachneoides, andC. podolepis) are described as new. A key to the species known from South America is presented. Remarks on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the species are given.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Nepetoideae ; Ocimeae ; Isodon ; Plectranthus ; Pyramidium ; Rabdosiella ; Systematics ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed storage proteins ; electrophoresis ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic studies on seed storage proteins of various gymnosperm species showed that both salt soluble and insoluble protein fractions give taxonomic information. Among species of the genusPinus evident differences are found between the subgeneraHaploxylon (Strobus) andDiploxylon (Pinus). In sect.Strobus the two subsectt.Strobi andCembrae are readily distinguished fromP. bungeana (sect.Parrya) which appears to fall in an intermediate position between haploxyl and diploxyl pines. Among the species of subg.Diploxylon, “mountain pines” show very similar protein patterns in agreement with their recent speciation (Quaternary).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 186 (1993), S. 95-122 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Polygonaceae ; Persicarieae ; Rubrivena ; Persicaria sect.Rubrivena ; P. wallichii var.wallichii (=Polygonum polystachyum) ; P. wallichii var.tomentosa ; var. nov. ; P. pinetorum ; Anatomy ; micromorphology ; pollen morphology ; cladistics ; heterostyly ; taxonomy ; Flora of Himalaya
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological and anatomical characters (including pollen morphology) of the genusRubrivena are described. The phylogenetic relationships ofRubrivena, the putatively related genusKoenigia and the four sections of the genusPersicaria are analyzed by the application of cladistic methods.Persicaria s. str. turns out to be paraphyletic; however, inclusion ofRubrivena produces a clade which is marked by five synapomorphies (e.g., long styles, semitectate reticulate pollen grains and some seed characters). In order to eliminate the paraphyly ofPersicaria as well as to avoid nomenclatural changes of all taxa of sect.Cephalophilon, Rubrivena is included in the genusPersicaria. Sect.Rubrivena differs from the other sections in pollen morphology [granulated muri and 6 (–7)-zonocolpate aperture system] and inflorescence type (well-branched panicles). In addition, heterostyly is confirmed inPersicaria wallichii, and is reported here also forP. pinetorum. Keys and descriptions are provided for all taxa and a distribution map is given. Two species are illustrated by line drawings. One new variety,Persicaria wallichii var.tomentosa, is described. Five lectotypes are selected.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 165-191 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Zanthoxylum ; Fagara ; Flower morphology ; perianth ; gynoecium ; acrostylous and anacrostylous-basistylous carpels ; compitum ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Colchicaceae ; Androcymbium ; Allozymes ; evolution ; taxonomy ; genetic conservation
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    Notes: Abstract Levels of allozymic and morphological diversity amongAndrocymbium gramineum, A. europaeum, andA. psammophilum have been assessed using data on 17 allozyme loci and 18 morphological characters. No apparent pattern of geographic or ecological variation was found. Our results also suggest thatA. gramineum andA. europaeum should be considered members of a single species and that the insular speciesA. psammophilum can no longer be thought of as the result of a founder effect fromA. gramineum. Intrapopulational variability was greater than inter-populational variability at both levels studied, which is of strategic interest for the “ex-situ” conservation of these threatened endemic species.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; Epoicocladius ; symbiosis ; taxonomy ; Ephemeridae
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    Notes: Abstract The larvae of four species ofEpoicocladius from eastern North America are described along with a redescription of the European species,Epoicocladius ephemerae (Kieffer). A key to known 4th instar Nearctic and western PalaearcticEpoicocladius larvae is presented. Previous species descriptions and records of NearcticEpoicocladius spp. are discussed in reference to the larvae described here. Larvae ofEpoicocladius ephemerae (Kieff.), a species described from Europe which is currently synonymized with the NearcticE. flavens, have yet to be collected in North America. This suggests that the synonymy is invalid andE. ephemerae should be considered a legitimate species. A likely candidate to be the larva ofEpoicocladius flavens (Malloch) is suggested. However, until reared adults are obtained, the larva ofE. flavens remains unknown.
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    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 527-531 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; Chironomidae ; taxonomy ; larval subfossils
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Collections of adults ofParakiefferiella nigra Brundin indicate that this chironomid occurs widely in arctic and subarctic zones. In addition, it has occasionally been collected in cool temperate and boreal forest lakes of both North America and Europe. Although widely distributed, the larva and its habitat have not previously been described. Identity of the larva ofP. nigra has been established by studying associated reared specimens. The distinctive larva, with reduced second lateral mental teeth, is stenotopic, and on the basis of modern collections appears to be most abundant in cold, oligotrophic lakes. More data is required to establish the range of thermal environments inhabited by the larva. Larval head capsule remains ofP. nigra are common in late-glacial sediments of southwestern British Columbia lakes and provide important evidence for oligotrophic conditions during late-glacial time.
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    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: taxonomy ; morphology ; morphogenesis ; Terpsinoe musica
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of intact cells ofTerpsinoe musica Ehrenberg and aspects of their morphogenesis have not been described before. Cells attach by apical mucus pads to form long bands; the chloroplast consists of numerous small granules. Formation of the new valvae on cell division starts from a central primary silicification site immediately adjacent to the postmitotic nuclei. The septa mentioned in reference works are erroneous interpretations of freely suspended transverse bars, formed at a later moment than the valvae. The absence of septa, and the presence of a labiate process said to be absent in Terpsinoe americana (Bailey) Ralfs, indicate the necessity of a taxonomic revision of the genus. The features said to distinguishTerpsinoe intermedia Grunow are unstable and cannot be regarded to define a separate entity. No evidence has been found for the euryhaline, brackish and even marine ecology mentioned in the literature forTerpsinoe musica, which typically lives in hardwater springs of (sub)tropical regions. The studies were made on populations collected alive at an interval of over half a century, from the same location.
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    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 375-382 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; taxonomy ; organellar DNA restriction ; anatomy ; chromosome number ; interfertility
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    Notes: Abstract Gracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlanet Oliveira from Chile andG. sordida Nelson from New Zealand have been compared with respect to reproductive anatomy, chromosome number, interfertility, and organellar DNA restriction profiles. No differences were found in reproductive anatomy, which in these species is distinguished by deeptextorii-type spermatangial conceptacles and prominent tubular nutritive cells directed only to the floor of the cystocarp. The species share a chromosome number ofn = 24 and are readily interfertile. Electrophoretic profiles of organellar DNA digested with four different restriction endonucleases were virtually identical between the species except for bands that represented accompanying plasmids. However, previous research has indicated that the four plasmid bands inG. chilensis and the single one inG. sordida have a common origin. On these groundsG. chilensis andG. sordida are
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    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 349-388 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: cline ; definition ; deme ; evolutionary synthesis ; experimental taxonomy ; J. Heslop-Harrison ; J.S. Huxley ; J.S.L. Gilmour ; nominalism ; systematics ; Systematics Association ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The word ``deme'' was coined by the botanists J.S.L. Gilmour and J.W.Gregor in 1939, following the pattern of J.S. Huxley's ``cline''. Its purposewas not only to rationalize the plethora of terms describing chromosomaland genetic variation, but also to reduce hostility between traditionaltaxonomists and researchers on evolution, who sometimes scorned eachother's understanding of species. A multi-layered system of compoundterms based on deme was published by Gilmour and J. Heslop-Harrison in1954 but not widely used. Deme was adopted with a modified meaning byzoologists leading the evolutionary synthesis – Huxley, Simpson, Wright,and Mayr. Connections are shown between Gilmour's ideas around definingthe deme, his role in founding the Systematics Association, and his chapter``Taxonomy and Philosophy'' in the book The New Systematics. Thishistorical episode raises questions about the role of carefully-definedwords in scientific practice.
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    Biology and philosophy 6 (1991), S. 255-274 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Classification ; diagrams ; evolution ; history ; natural history ; natural system ; ornithology ; phylogeny ; representation ; systematics ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract ‘The Natural System’ is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century.
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 295-313 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Clade ; class ; composite whole ; definition ; defining property ; essentialism ; evolution ; individual ; intension ; name ; ostensive definition ; phylogeny ; population ; set ; species ; taxon ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.
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    Mycoscience 35 (1994), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: taxonomy ; Ustilaginales of Commelinaceae ; Ustilago combensis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seven reported smut fungi on Commelinaceae are revised. Of these, five are recognised and described:Ustilago aneilematis, U. burkillii, U. commelinae, U. nawaschinii andU. tinantiae. Entyloma commelinae is considered to be a doubtful species andU. rwandensis is a synonym ofU. aneilematis. A new species,Ustilago combensis (type onCommelina benghalensis) is proposed. A key to thesee species is presented.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 87-89 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius elatior var.albipes ; Cortinarius Sect.Defibulati ; new variety ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cortinarius elatior var.albipes var. nov., found in the deciduous forest is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from the type variety by having a white stipe and longer spores. The differences betweenCortinarius elatior var.albipes and similar taxa are briefly discussed.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: East Asia ; freshwater fungi ; taxonomy ; tropical mycology ; Xylariales
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    Notes: Abstract Ceratostomella hyalocoronata is described and illustrated as a new species from old decaying wood immersed in a stream in Guangdong Province, southern China. It is compared toC. hyalostoma, a temperate terrestrial species.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: arenicolous ; marine fungi ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Caryospora australiensis sp. nov.,Platystomum scabridisporum sp. nov. andSavoryella melanospora sp. nov. are described from driftwood collected from a sand dune at Rye, on the Mornington Peninsula Nature Park, Victoria, Australia. These species are compared with other taxa in these and related genera.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Platygloea ; Platygloeales ; Sigmogloea ; taxonomy ; Tremellales
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    Notes: Abstract Specimens of two heterobasidiomycetous species, collected in Ontario and studied respectively by H. S. Jackson and R. F. Cain, are described as new; they arePlatygloea jacksonii andSigmogloea tremelloidea. P. jacksonii is characterized by small basidia and basidiospores and by sympodially developing conidia.Sigmogloea tremelloidea is an anomalous taxon with cylindric, mostly transversely septate (“auricularioid”) basidia, but some features suggest a possible relationship to the Tremellales.
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    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 407-410 
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius purpurascens var.largusoides ; Cortinarius herpeticus var.fageticola ; Cortinarius Sect.Scauri ; mycoflora ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Two species ofCortinarius Sect.Scauri collected in forests ofQuercus serrata andQ. mongolica var.grosseserrata, Q. serrata andFagus crenata, orQ. mongolica var.grosseserrata andF. crenata in Niigata prefecture were identified asCortinarius purpurascens var.largusoides andC. herpeticus var.fageticola, new to Japan. Macro- and microscopical descriptions of each species are given.
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: aquatic insects ; midges ; chironomidae ; taxonomy ; Diptera
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    Notes: Abstract Polypedilum (Tripodura) digitifer Townes andPolypedilum (Tripodura) griseopunctatum (Malloch) are morphologically similar species of Chironomidae. Using associated material from New York State, the adult males for both species are redescribed (adding previously ignored characters) and the mature larva and pupa are thoroughly described for the first time. Traits for distinguishing these species from each other and possibly from other Nearctic species ofPolypedilum (Tripodura) are provided.
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    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: taxonomy ; palaearctic Chironomidae
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    Notes: Abstract An extensive list of corrections to the Chironomidae part of the ‘Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera’ (ASHE and CRANSTON, 1990) is given.
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: galago ; taxonomy ; vocalization ; morphology ; zoogeography
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown the taxonomic value of vocal repertoires and hand (volar) pad characteristics in the classification of cryptic nocturnal primates such as bush babies. However, no study included quantitative comparisons within the geographical range of any one species. We investigated levels of intraspecific variation in calls and hand pad characteristics of the southern lesser bush baby (Galago moholi), using the northern lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis) for interspecific comparisons. Examination of calls recorded from different regions along a transect of 1500 km across southern Africa revealed low levels of intraspecific variation in Galago moholi, whereas comparisons with homologous call-types in G. senegalensis revealed them to be significantly different. Volar pad measurements across the ranges of both species also showed low levels of intraspecific variation and relatively high interspecific variation. These findings demonstrate that vocal and volar pad characteristics can be used as consistent measures of difference between species that look almost identical. These methods provide a practical means of distinguishing between cryptic species, whether in the field, in captivity, or, in the case of volar pads, of preserved specimens.
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    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 963-1019 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: mouse lemurs ; Microcebus ; taxonomy ; revision ; new species
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs) are the smallest extant primates. Until recently, they were considered to comprise two different species: Microcebus murinus, confined largely to dry forests on the western portion of Madagascar, and M. rufus, occurring in humid forest formations of eastern Madagascar. Specimens and recent field observations document rufous individuals in the west. However, the current taxonomy is entangled due to a lack of comparative material to quantify intrapopulation and intraspecific morphological variation. On the basis of recently collected specimens of Microcebus from 12 localities in portions of western Madagascar, from Ankarana in the north to Beza Mahafaly in the south, we present a revision using external, cranial, and dental characters. We recognize seven species of Microcebus from western Madagascar. We name and describe 3 spp., resurrect a previously synonymized species, and amend diagnoses for Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller, 1777), M. myoxinus Peters, 1852, and M. ravelobensis Zimmermann et al., 1998.
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    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 381-420 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: phylogenetics ; taxonomy ; systematic ; Ateles ; Cebidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our goal was to determine phylogenetic relationships among geographically and taxonomically distinct haplotypes of spider monkeys (Ateles) based on DNA sequence variation for the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene. We obtained samples from most previously recognized subspecies of Ateles, ranging from Central America throughout the Amazon Basin, to determine phylogenetic relationships among racially recognized groups. Comparison of DNA sequences using both parsimony analysis and genetic distance analysis produced phylogenetic relationships that were very similar for each genetic region. We analyzed the phylograms produced, along with associated bootstrap support, confidence probabilities, and genetic distances between taxonomic groups, to identify four monophyletic species of Ateles: Ateles paniscus, composed of haplotypes from the northeastern Amazon Basin; A. belzebuth in the southern Amazon Basin; A. hybridus, located primarily along the Magdalena River valley of Colombia; and A. geoffroyi, which includes two former species: A. geoffroyi and A. fusciceps. This arrangement is contradictory to long-held taxonomies of Ateles based on pelage variation and is similar to a recent analysis based on craniodental variation. Results of this investigation suggest patterns of gene flow, evolutionary relationships, and speciation patterns that are more plausible than previous pelage-based taxonomies, which required seemingly impossible patterns of gene flow. Conservation efforts aimed at protecting Ateles, one of the Neotropics most endangered genera, will also benefit from the findings presented in this paper.
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  • 80
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    International journal of primatology 14 (1993), S. 573-586 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: colobus ; taxonomy ; hybridization ; Ivory Coast ; multivariate analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two West African black-and-white colobus taxa,Colobus polykomos andC. vellerosus, are distinct species. A supposedly intermediate subspecies,C. polykomos dollmani, is actually a hybrid swarm, in whichC. vellerosus genes greatly predominate. We propose a hypothesis to explain this situation.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Ateles ; spider monkeys ; average heterozygosity ; protein polymorphism ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract We studied 20 electrophoretic loci in two populations ofAteles (Ateles paniscus paniscus andAteles paniscus chamek). We observed intrapopulational variation at the following loci: esterase D, glyoxalase 1, adenosine deaminase (A. p. chamek) and carbonic anhydrase 2 (A. p. paniscus). The two populations share the most frequent alleles at 17 loci, but we noted great differences in glyoxalase 1, adenosine deaminase and phosphoglucomutase 1.A. p. paniscus is monomorphic for theGLO1 *1 allele, which has a frequency of 6% inA. p.chamek. They did not share alleles in relation to the ADA and PGM1 loci. We found a CA2 allele, named hereCA2 *1, which has not been described previously in other neotropical primates (Sampaio et al., 1991a), inA. p. paniscus. The present results suggest that the geographical isolation represented by the Rio Amazonas has lasted long enough to support this level of divergence. These observations taken together with chromosomal findings, led us to endorse the proposal of two distinct species:Ateles paniscus andAteles chamek.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: vocalization ; sexual advertisement ; predator advertisement ; taxonomy ; evolution ; mouse lemur ; primate ; Madagascar
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    Notes: Abstract Advertisement calls are often important noninvasive tools for discriminating cryptic species and for assessing specific diversity and speciation patterns in nature. We investigated the contribution of these calls to uncover specific diversity in nocturnal Malagasy lemurs. We compared sexual advertisement and predator advertisement calls of two mouse lemur species, western gray and eastern rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and M. rufus, respectively) living in two contrasting habitats (dry deciduous vs. rain forest), and analyzed them statistically. Both species emitted several highly variable whistle calls in the context of predator-avoidance. Intrapopulation variation was high and overlapped interspecific variation. Sexual advertisement calls, given in the mating context, displayed a totally distinct, species-specific acoustic structure. Whereas gray mouse lemurs produced rapidly multifrequency modulated, long trill calls, rufous mouse lemurs gave slowly frequency-modulated short chirp calls. Our results suggest specific status for gray and rufous mouse lemurs and indicate the importance of predation and social needs in shaping vocal communication.
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  • 83
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    Mathematical geology 26 (1994), S. 817-832 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: micropaleontology ; Neogene ; chronology ; taxonomy ; DSDP ; ODP
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Marine micropaleontology must in the future provide more precise chronologic and paleoenvironmental information, which in turn must be based on better, more consistent taxonomic and distributional data. Better tools for synthesis and standardization of this data are needed, as the ever expanding published literature is rapidly becoming unmanageable by purely manual compilation methods. The micropaleontology group at the ETH has developed a large relational database of marine microfossil data to partially meet this need. It currently contains biogeographic data on the distribution in Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) holes of nearly 8,000 species of Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera, radiolaria, diatoms and calcareous nannofossils. The database also includes full stratigraphic occurrence (range chart) data for these fossil groups from more than 100 selected Neogene holes. A particular feature of the database is that all sample information and species names in the original reports are linked to newly created, updatable, comprehensive age models and synonymy lists which reflect modern chronology and taxonomic usage. Searches of the database automatically make use of this information in producing reports. Species ' occurrences, including first and last occurrence information, can be further analyzed using external spreadsheet and statistics packages; plotted by mapping programs; or displayed by a new program which creates composite age-range charts.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chlorophyceae ; Chlorosarcinopsis ; C. pseudominor ; C. gelatinosa ; C. auxotrophica ; C. minor ; C. dissociata ; Comparative ultrastructure ; zoospores ; flagellar root system ; function ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of biflagellate zoospores in seven species of the green algaChlorosarcinopsis (Chlorosarcinales) was studied, particularly the cruciate flagellar root system, and a comparative approach was attempted. The seven species constitute four groups on the basis of pyrenoid ultrastructure, presence or absence of a cell envelope covering zoospores, and details of the flagellar root system. Variable structures include root tubule number (4-2-4-2 or 5-2-5-2), association of electron dense material with root tubules and root tubule configurations. Otherwise the root system is similar in all species. Zoospores which lack a cell envelope (three species) show characteristic reorientation of basal bodies with flagellar beat. This results in different images of some basal body associated structures (e.g. distal striated fiber). A fixed basal body orientation was noted in those species where zoospores are covered by a cell envelope. Structural contact of root tubules from root type II (4- or 5-stranded root) with the outer chloroplast membrane in the region of the eyespot was demonstrated for all species. On the basis of some new observations a general description of the cruciate flagellar root system in biflagellate green algae is given and a new nomenclature is offered. Taxonomic implications and functional aspects of cruciate flagellar root systems in biflagellate green algae are discussed.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Palaeobotany ; cone morphology ; apophysis characters ; shape and position of umbo and mucro ; taxonomy ; evolution ; distribution pattern and fossils
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new approach to the classification ofPinus based on analyses of umbo and mucro on the cone scales is presented. It matches the basic frame of existing classification systems and allows determination of sections or even species. In particular, the subdivision ofDiploxylon pines into groups with centric or excentric mucro separates most Eurasian from American species. Fossils with well preserved mucro now can be grouped better and determined with more accuracy. Furthermore, umbo analyses which consider the ontogeny of the conelets and the shift from primitive to derived character states from the apex to the basis of mature cones lead to an additional evaluation of relationships and evolutionary lines among pines.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1982), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cyanophyceae ; Chamaesiphonales ; Chamaesiphon ; Ultrathin sections ; cell wall ; cell structures ; cell division ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin sections were studied in 2 strains and 2 samples from the nature of the genusChamaesiphon, representing 4 different species. Thylakoids are distributed mainly on the periphery of the cells, the cell-wall is probably 2-layered, and variable multilayered mucilaginous envelopes are developed around the cells. The cell division starts, as well as in otherCyanophyceae, by the invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and of cell-wall layers into the protoplast; the mucilaginous envelopes—pseudovaginae—do not participate in this process but they form only the firm sheaths around the cells. The way of reproduction is, therefore, essentially the same as that described in other chroococcal Blue-Green algae (e.g.,Synechococcus), and the main difference is the polarized growth of theChamaesiphon cells. The taxonomical position of chamaesiphonoid algae is not as isolated as it was earlier supposed, the similarity withEntophysalidaceae is evident.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Monocotyledonae ; Epicuticular wax ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Based on SEM examinations of some 1600 species of monocotyledons out of 61 families the characteristics of their epicuticular waxes are described in this preliminary paper and illustrated by 20 SEM micrographs. Four basic types of waxes are recognized. Two of them occur throughout the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous orders of angiosperms; two others are of high systematic significance and restricted to particular orders of the monocotyledons: The “Convallaria-Type” is characterized by fine wax platelets with parallel orientation, forming a pattern around the stomata reminiscent of electromagnetic field lines. This type is restricted to the three liliiflorous ordersAsparagales, Liliales, andBurmanniales. The “Strelitzia-Type” is characterized by massive compound wax rodlets; it is restricted to the superordersAreciflorae, Commeliniflorae, Zingiberiflorae, plus the two liliiflorous ordersBromeliales andVelloziales. The data are compared with the classifications ofDahlgren & Clifford (1982); they tentatively indicate the exclusion ofBromeliales, Velloziales, andTyphales from theLiliiflorae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 219-235 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia ; Siphonoglossa ; Cytology ; flavonoids ; systematics ; taxonomy ; generic relationships
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    Notes: Abstract The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 199-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Teucrium ; SEM ; nutlet sculpturing ; oil glands ; trichomes ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutlet sculpturing of 23Teucrium species belonging to six sections was studied. The nutlets of analysed species were characterized by the presence of the oil glands of various density. SectionTeucrium is well defined by very densely distributed trichomes and oil glands on nutlets. Trichomes on nutlets were absent in all other species, except inT. marum from sect.Chamaedrys. Sect.Polium is a homogeneous group, distinguished from the other sections. There are some similarities of this sect. with sect.Scordium. Species of sect.Chamaedrys are heterogeneous and overlap according to the surface sculpturing characters with the other sections. The significance of nutlet microcharacters as additional taxonomical markers in the infrageneric classification of the genusTeucrium is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rosaceae ; Rosa ; Caninae ; epicuticular waxes ; taxonomy ; hybridism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Classification within the genusRosa is problematic due to ± continuous variation of morphological characters. The dogroses, (Rosa, sectionCaninae) are classified only by their unique meiotic system not by directly visible characters. The intrasectional structure remains insufficient, as the characters (glands, hairs and prickles) are known to exhibit great morphological divergence affected by both genetic plasticity and environmental influences. Taxonomy of dogroses follows a highly artificial system which allows us to identify morphospecies, which are not necessarily evolutionary species. However, SEM-studies in theCaninae revealed that all taxa of the subsectionRubiginosae are characterised by a granule type of epicuticular waxes, whereas members from the other subsections (with three exceptions) form triangular rodlets. Comparison with specimens grown under the same conditions confirmed these findings on natural populations and additionally revealed that following artificial hybridism, offspring develop the maternal type of wax structure due to the matroclinal inheritance in this section.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 135 (1980), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ulothrix ; Ulotrichales ; Ohlorophyceae ; Morphology ; reproduction ; cytology ; polymorphism ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present communication deals with the observations made on the morphology, reproduction and cytology ofUlothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr)Kütz. in culture. The alga displays a remarkable phenotypic plasticity in nature as well as in culture. The present study provides additional evidence of karyology in support ofLokhorst andVroman's treatment ofU. zonata which merges a number of earlier described species in it. The cytological details and chromosome number (n = 10) determined for the Indian isolates ofU. zonata agree with those ofSarma for the British material.
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  • 92
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera sect.Oenothera subsect.Oenothera ; O. nutans ; Chromosomal analysis ; complex analysis ; structural heterozygosity ; complex heterozygosity ; taxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; factor analysis ; reciprocal translocations ; Sifactors ; lethal factors ; sublethal factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oenothera nutans, common to the Appalachian Mts between 650 and 1 700 m altitude, was investigated cytogenetically and taxonomically. The species is permanently structurally heterozygous. It consists of two genomes of the B-type which are more or less indistinguishable phenotypically. Nearly all of the strains investigated possess a self-incompatibility factor in one of the two complexes. Both complexes show a close relationship to the predominantly homozygousO. grandiflora, a native of the southern lowlands.O. nutans andO. grandiflora possess the same plastid type, plastome III. Probably,O. nutans evolved by an accumulation of reciprocal translocations within an originally structurally homozygous population, which must be regarded ancestral to the present forms ofO. grandiflora.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyotype evolution ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium sect.Ciconium and sect.Dibrachya have a basic chromosome number of x = 9, whereas sect.Jenkinsonia has x = 9, 11, and 17.
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  • 94
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    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Quercus ; Gene mapping ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of the genusQuercus is still unclear. In order to elucidate the taxonomy of Mediterranean oaks we have analyzed ribosomal RNA genes ofQuercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. trojana, Q. ilex, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis by means of Southern blot hybridization. Oak nuclear DNA was extracted from root tips of 300 acorns and from catkins of single plants. EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonucleases were used. DNA electrophoresis and rRNA/DNA hybridization were performed usingVicia faba rRNA 18 S and 25 S as probes. The rRNA genes of all the species studied have an identical restriction mapping in the 18 S and 25 S regions, while differences in length are present in the intergenic regions.Q. cerris possesses at least four types of genes of 12.1, 11.5, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. coccifera at least three types of 12.4, 10.4, and 10.1 kb;Q. trojana possesses the same rRNA genes asQ. cerris plus another gene type 12.0 kb long, with EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites in the intergenic spacer;Q. ilex at least three types of 12.4, 10.85, and 9.5 kb;Q. suber at least five types of 11.5, 11.0, 8.6, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. macrolepis, finally, at least seven types of 11.5, 11.0, 10.2, 8.6, 8.5, 8.3, and 8.15 kb.Q. coccifera andQ. ilex rDNA appears quite different respect to other species examined, while high similarity seems to exist betweenQ. cerris, Q. trojana, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis. These results are in agreement with the taxonomic model proposed bySchwarz for the genusQuercus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Velloziaceae ; Vellozia hirsuta ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of the campos rupestres ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and leaf anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta is analysed and classified into several types (A1, A2, A4, B3, B5, C3). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The variation of the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
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