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  • Other Sources  (1,028)
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  • 1
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 14
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 15
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen, Reihe B, Arlington, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. E35, no. 31, pp. 1-13, pp. B04310, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Source parameters of seismic events at Heinrich Robert mine in the Ruhr basin, FRG: a single station approach (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  in press, Washington, D.C., Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 58-85, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; BUG ; Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Nearfield ; Source parameters ; Schaefer ; Schafer
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  • 17
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    Berechnung des Vorhersagefehleroperators nach der Maximum-Entropie Methode (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Beitrag zum Forschungsvorhaben: "Ableitung von Filterstrukturen zur seismischen Erkundung der tieferen Erdkruste", Washington, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. SSS-R-81-4656, S-CUBED, pp. 844, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: REP ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Filter- ; Spectrum
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  • 18
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    Analoges Modellieren mylonitisierter Zonen im Steinkohlenbergbau und deren Untersuchungen mit Rayleigh-Flözwellen (1988)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Universität Karlsruhe, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988
    Keywords: SEModelling ; Rayleigh waves ; Channel waves ; Mining geophysics ; Fault zone
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  • 19
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    Application of laboratory fracture mechanics data to hydraulic fracturing field tests (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Preprint, Stockholm, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 2-90/91, pp. 177-186, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 20
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    Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von Bohrlochrandausbrüchen (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, New York, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 26, pp. 109-124, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Stress ; Fracture ; Strength ; Borehole geophys. ; 30 ; (Engineering ; Geology) ; rock ; mechanics ; failures ; borehole ; breakouts ; genesis ; fractures ; mechanics ; boreholes ; stress ; strength ; experimental ; studies ; uniaxial ; tests ; marbles ; deformation ; microcracks ; thin ; sections ; numerical ; models ; models ; boundary ; element ; analysis ; stability ; engineering ; geology ; shear ; strength ; Mohring
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  • 21
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    Numerisches Modellieren von mylonitisierten Zonen im Steinkohlenbergbau und deren Untersuchungen mit Love-Flözwellen (1988)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Stavanger, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 339-350, no. 84-770, pp. 541-588, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988
    Keywords: Love-waves ; Channel waves ; Mining geophysics ; Fault zone ; Sturznickel
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  • 22
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    Berechnung von Pseudoimpedanzlogs unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Quellsignals (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Washington, D.C., Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 177-185
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Pseudo Impedance Log ; Waves ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Boennemann ; Bonnemann
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  • 23
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1980 (1981)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 24
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    Die Magnetisierung der ozeanischen Kruste Ein Beitrag zum Vine-Matthews-Modell nach Ergebnissen mariner Tiefbohrungen (1981)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte, Bochum, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1109-1111
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Geomagnetics ; Plate tectonics ; Borehole geophys.
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  • 25
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    Ein Verfahren zur Blockung gemessener oder berechneter Impedanzlogs (1985)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Beitrag zum Forschungsvorhaben DEKORP/Deutsches Kontinentales Reflexionsprogramm, Transformation reflexionsseismischer Profile in Pseudoimpedanzlogsektionen, RG 8312 4, Washington, D.C., Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 177-185
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Pseudo Impedance Log ; Boennemann ; Bonnemann
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  • 26
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1983 (1984)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 27
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1987 (1988)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 28
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1982 (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 29
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    Inversion verrauschter synthetischer Impulsreflexionsseismogramme - Faktorisierung der Spektralfunktion (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Beitrag zum Forschungsvorhaben: "Ableitung von Filterstrukturen zur seismischen Erkundung der tieferen Erdkruste", Washington, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. SSS-R-81-4656, S-CUBED, pp. 844, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: REP ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Inversion ; Synthetic seismograms ; Filter- ; Spectrum
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  • 30
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    Numerische modellseismische Untersuchungen zur Nachweisbarkeit von Auswaschungszonen in Steinkohlenflözen mit Hilfe von Love-Flözwellen (1984)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Oslo, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. AFGL-TR-87-0244, pp. 569-576
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Love-waves ; SEModelling ; Mining geophysics ; Channel waves
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  • 31
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1986 (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 32
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    Detektion transienter Signale in interstationärem Rauschen (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Beitrag zum Forschungsvorhaben: "Kriterien zur Ereigniserkennung bei mehrspurigen digitalen Breitbandseismogrammen", Washington, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. SSS-R-81-4656, S-CUBED, pp. 844, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: REP ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; NOISE ; Inversion ; Spectrum ; Broad-band ; Seismology
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  • 33
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    Seismische Verifikation eines CTB (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Potsdam, 75 pp., Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1, no. XVI:, pp. 65-70, (ISBN 0521824893, 280 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Polarization ; Kruger
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  • 34
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1981 (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 35
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1985 (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 36
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    Seismologische Untersuchungen von Erderschütterungen in Bergbaugebieten 1982-1985 (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Abschlußbericht, Erlangen, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 421, pp. 61-63, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Detectors ; Location ; Schaefer ; Schafer
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  • 37
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    Methoden zur automatischen Erfassung und Auswertung von Erdbeben in seismischen Netzen und ihre Realisierung beim Aufbau des lokalen 'Bochum University Germany'-Netzes (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, St. Louis, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. GL-TR-89-0143, pp. 13-24, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Detectors
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  • 38
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    Der Einfluß der Quelle auf die Wellengruppenbildung bei der Rayleigh-Flözwelle (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Technical Report, Bochum, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2250, pp. 1-53, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: SEModelling ; Mining geophysics ; Rayleigh waves ; Channel waves
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  • 39
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    Numerische Simulation des Hydraulic-Fracturing (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, London, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 83-63, 14 pp., pp. 31-35, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing ; Fracture ; Laboratory measurements ; modelling
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  • 40
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    Ein Array zur Untersuchung der Seismizität des Ruhrgebiets (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, La Jolla, CA, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 77-767, pp. 293-297, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays
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  • 41
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    Bruchzähigkeitsmessungen an Gesteinen (1984)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Universität Frankfurt, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 70, pp. 1143-1146 (SL3.8), (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Instruments ; Elasticity ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Muller
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  • 42
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    Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Rißausbreitung im anisotropen Gestein in der Nähe von Grenzflächen (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Universität Frankfurt, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 22, pp. 1143-1146 (SL3.8), (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Review article ; Rock mechanics ; Anisotropy ; Finite Element Method ; Fracture ; Muller
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  • 43
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    Berechnung von Dispersionskurven und der Amplitudentiefenverteilung für Flözwellen vom Love-Typ für die n-fach geschichtete, planparallele Abfolge Nebengestein/Flöz/Nebengestein (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Menlo Park, California, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 77-3, pp. 262-277, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Mining geophysics ; Channel waves ; Layers ; Layers ; Love-waves ; Dispersion ; Rader
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  • 44
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    Unknown
    Seismoakustische Ereignisse in Steinkohlenflözen als Hilfe zur Erkennung von Abbaubereichen mit erhöten Gebirgsdrücken (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Univ. Karlsruhe, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 27, pp. 262-277, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; Seismology ; Mining geophysics ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Rock mechanics ; Acoustic emission ; Rakers
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  • 45
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    Reflexionsseismische Modellierung von Sedimenten (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Univ. Karlsruhe, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 85-739, pp. 1-109, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismic stratigraphy
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  • 46
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    Waveletextraktion und Inversion von Reflexionsseismogrammen zur Ableitung von akustischen Impedanzen (1988)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Univ. Karlsruhe, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 25, pp. 1-109, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Inversion ; Reflection seismics ; Wavelet processing ; Acoustics ; Impedance
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  • 47
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    Die Ortung von Nahbeben mit Klein-Arrays am Beispiel des BUG-Stationsnetzes (1985)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, La Jolla, CA, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 77-767, pp. 293-297, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Schafer
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  • 48
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    Geschwindigkeitsuntersuchungen am Falkenberger Granit (1981)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Rome, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 1431-1434, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Velocity ; Physical properties of rocks ; Laboratory measurements ; Instruments ; Wohrl
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  • 49
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    Theoretische Impulsreflexionsseismogramme homogener geschichteter Medien (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Beitrag zum Forschungsvorhaben: "Ableitung von Filterstrukturen zur seismischen Erkundung der tieferen Erdkruste", Washington, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. SSS-R-81-4656, S-CUBED, pp. 844, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: REP ; Synthetic seismograms ; Filter- ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Layers
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  • 50
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    Berechnung der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Felder transienter Wellen in geschichteten elastischen Medien (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 19, pp. 844, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Reflectivity method ; Layers ; Waves ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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  • 51
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    Analyse breitbandiger Oberflächenwellen - eine Möglichkeit zur seismischen Diskrimination (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe A), Los Angeles, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 41, pp. 143, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Discrimination ; PIC ; gab ; Seismology ; Surface waves ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Broad-band ; Detectors ; Nuclear explosion
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  • 52
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    Vergleich von Herdflächenlösungen und Momententensoren (1984)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 15, pp. 67-73, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Moment tensor ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism
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  • 53
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    Erzeugung eines großflächigen künstlichen Risses im Falkenberger Granit durch hydraulisches Spalten und Untersuchung seiner mechanischen und hydraulischen Eigenschaften (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Potsdam, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 20, pp. 69, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing ; Fracture
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  • 54
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    Modellseismische Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Bergmitteleinlagerungen in tektonisch ungestörten und gestörten Kohleflözen auf die Ausbreitung von Rayleigh Flözwellen (1981)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Tokyo, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 29, pp. 1321-1323, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: SEModelling ; Channel waves ; Mining geophysics ; Rayleigh waves ; Kuhbach
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  • 55
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    Anwendung von Dispersions- und Polarisationsanalyseverfahren bei der Untersuchung stoßgeführter Flözwellen (1985)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Yaroslavl, U.S.S.R., Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2130, pp. 5-7, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Mining geophysics ; Channel waves
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  • 56
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    Ein- und mehrdimensionale Rekursivfilter und ihre Anwendung in der Seismik (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Vorlesungsskript, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 51, pp. 193-210, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Filter- ; Recursive filters ; Review article ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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  • 57
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    Möglichkeiten und Grenzen hybriden seismischen Modellierens (1985)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, San Antonio, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 18, pp. 205-211, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: SEModelling ; Synthetic seismograms
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  • 58
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    Thermal cracking in glass (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Preprint, New Orleans, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. EL-1021R, pp. 12, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
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    Publication Date: 1983
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  • 59
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    Detektion seismischer Ereignisse mit Dreikomponenten-Breitbanddaten (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. GL-TR-89-0259, pp. 277-280, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Detectors ; Nuclear explosion ; Broad-band ; Three component data
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  • 60
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    Dispersionsanalyse von Rayleigh Wellen regionaler Seismogramme (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. Publ. num. 191, pp. 1-32, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Dispersion ; Rayleigh waves
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  • 61
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    Design of a seismic verification system for a comprehensive test ban treaty (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  report, Essen, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 421, pp. 61-63, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: REP ; Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Seismic arrays ; Seismic networks
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  • 62
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    Unknown
    Frac-Versuche an Granitproben (Bohus-Granit) bei Manteldrücken bis 0.6 kbar (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Teilbericht zum DFG-Vorhaben RU 225/10-1, Berlin, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. paper number 2056, pp. 3-35, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing ; Laboratory measurements ; Fracture
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  • 63
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    Physikalische, bruchmechanische und hydraulische Eigenschaften in der Geothermik-Bohrung Soultz-sous-Forêts (1989)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hamburg, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. C86, vol. 5, pp. 333-342, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks
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  • 64
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    Untersuchungen an zweidimensionalen analogen und numerischen Modellen zur Transmission und Reflexion von Love- und Rayleigh-Flözwellen (1984)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Hanscom Air Force Base, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2250, pp. 1-25, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: SEModelling ; Mining geophysics ; Channel waves ; Love-waves ; Rayleigh waves ; Reflectivity
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  • 65
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    Flözwellenseismische Vorfelderkundung mit Hilfe digitaler Meßwerterfassung: modellseismische Untersuchungen (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Technical Report, Hanscom Air Force Base, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2250, pp. 1-25, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; SEModelling ; Mining geophysics ; Channel waves
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  • 66
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    Der Übergang vom Sprödbruch zum duktilen Fließen in Marmor (1986)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Reykjavík, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. SAND 80-2048, pp. 1-162, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Laboratory measurements ; Rheology
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  • 67
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    Modellieren von Seismogrammen lokaler Erdstöße mit der Reflexionsmethode (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Uppsala, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 3-80, pp. 26-27, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag)
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  • 68
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    Bruchmechanische Gesteinsuntersuchungen mit dem Bezug zu hydraulischen Fracversuchen in Tiefbohrungen (1983)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte, Düsseldorf, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. II.496-II.505, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Stress ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Laboratory measurements
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  • 69
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    Untersuchungen von Bruch- und Scherprozessen im Granit und Serpentinit bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen (1981)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte, Houston, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, no. 10, pp. 103-155
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture ; Laboratory measurements
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  • 70
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    Anwendung des Hydraulic-Fracturing-Verfahrens für Spannungsmessungen im geklüfteten Gebirge, dargestellt anhand von Meßergebnissen aus Tiefbohrungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Frankreich und Zypern (1987)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Berichte, Bochum, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 11, no. TR 80-12, pp. 1-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987
    Keywords: Stress ; Baumgartner ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Baumgaertner
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  • 71
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    Registrierungen seismischer Ereignisse im Ruhrgebiet 1984 (1985)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe B), Hrsg. H.-P. Harjes, Atlanta, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. PL-TR-91-2127, pp. 1219-1222
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985
    Keywords: BUG ; ERDSTOSS (see also rockburst and Gebirgsschlag) ; Mining geophysics ; GEBIRGSSCHLAG (see also rockburst and Erdstoss) ; Earthquake catalog ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG) ; Local earthquakes
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  • 72
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    Enhanced turbulence driven by mesoscale motions and flow-topography interaction in the Denmark Strait Overflow plume (2016)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (10). pp. 7650-7672.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) contributes roughly half to the total volume transport of the Nordic overflows. The overflow increases its volume by entraining ambient water as it descends into the subpolar North Atlantic, feeding into the deep branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In June 2012, a multiplatform experiment was carried out in the DSO plume on the continental slope off Greenland (180 km downstream of the sill in Denmark Strait), to observe the variability associated with the entrainment of ambient waters into the DSO plume. In this study, we report on two high-dissipation events captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) by horizontal profiling in the interfacial layer between the DSO plume and the ambient water. Strong dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of O( math formula) W kg−1 was associated with enhanced small-scale temperature variance at wavelengths between 0.05 and 500 m as deduced from a fast-response thermistor. Isotherm displacement slope spectra reveal a wave number-dependence characteristic of turbulence in the inertial-convective subrange ( math formula) at wavelengths between 0.14 and 100 m. The first event captured by the AUV was transient, and occurred near the edge of a bottom-intensified energetic eddy. Our observations imply that both horizontal advection of warm water and vertical mixing of it into the plume are eddy-driven and go hand in hand in entraining ambient water into the DSO plume. The second event was found to be a stationary feature on the upstream side of a topographic elevation located in the plume pathway. Flow-topography interaction is suggested to drive the intense mixing at this site.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Quantifying the time lag between organic matter production and export in the surface ocean: Implications for estimates of export efficiency (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (1). pp. 268-276.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The ocean's potential to export carbon to depth partly depends on the fraction of primary production (PP) sinking out of the euphotic zone (i.e., the e-ratio). Measurements of PP and export flux are often performed simultaneously in the field, although there is a temporal delay between those parameters. Thus, resulting e-ratio estimates often incorrectly assume an instantaneous downward export of PP to export flux. Evaluating results from four mesocosm studies, we find that peaks in organic matter sedimentation lag chlorophyll a peaks by 2 to 15 days. We discuss the implications of these time lags (TLs) for current e-ratio estimates and evaluate potential controls of TL. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between TL and the duration of chlorophyll a buildup, indicating a dependency of TL on plankton food web dynamics. This study is one step further toward time-corrected e-ratio estimates
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 74
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    The Cd isotope composition of atmospheric aerosols from the tropical Atlantic Ocean (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (6). pp. 2932-2940.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Stable isotope compositions can potentially be used to trace atmospheric Cd inputs to the surface ocean and anthropogenic Cd emissions to the atmosphere. Both of these applications may provide valuable insights into the effects of anthropogenic activities on the cycling of Cd in the environment. However, a lack of constraints for the Cd isotope compositions of atmospheric aerosols is currently hindering such studies. Here, we present stable Cd isotope data for aerosols collected over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. The samples feature variable proportions of mineral dust-derived and anthropogenic Cd, yet exhibit similar isotope compositions, thus negating the distinction of these Cd sources using isotopic signatures in this region. Isotopic variability between these two atmospheric Cd sources may be identified in other areas, and thus warrants further investigation. Regardless, these data provide important initial constraints on the isotope composition of atmospheric Cd inputs to the ocean.
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    Composition and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in a high-resolution numerical model hindcast simulation (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (4). 2830-2846 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The upstream sources and pathways of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and their variability have been investigated using a high-resolution model hindcast. This global simulation covers the period from 1948 to 2009 and uses a fine model mesh (1/20°) to resolve mesoscale features and the complex current structure north of Iceland explicitly. The three sources of the Denmark Strait Overflow, the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC, and the North Icelandic Jet, have been analyzed using Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. The shelfbreak EGC contributes the largest fraction in terms of volume and freshwater transport to the Denmark Strait Overflow and is the main driver of the overflow variability. The North Icelandic Jet contributes the densest water to the Denmark Strait Overflow and shows only small temporal transport variations. During summer, the net volume and freshwater transports to the south are reduced. On interannual time scales, these transports are highly correlated with the large-scale wind stress curl around Iceland and, to some extent, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, with enhanced southward transports during positive phases. The Lagrangian trajectories support the existence of a hypothesized overturning loop along the shelfbreak north of Iceland, where water carried by the North Icelandic Irminger Current is transformed and feeds the North Icelandic Jet. Monitoring these two currents and the region north of the Iceland shelfbreak could provide the potential to track long-term changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow and thus also the AMOC.
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    Flow paths and variability of the North Atlantic Current: A comparison of observations and a high-resolution model (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (4). 2686-2708 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The North Atlantic Current (NAC) is subject to variability on multiannual to decadal time scales, influencing the transport of volume, heat, and freshwater from the subtropical to the eastern subpolar North Atlantic (NA). Current observational time series are either too short or too episodic to study the processes involved. Here we compare the observed continuous NAC transport time series at the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and repeat hydrographic measurements at the OVIDE line in the eastern Atlantic with the NAC transport and circulation in the high-resolution (1/20°) ocean model configuration VIKING20 (1960–2008). The modeled baroclinic NAC transport relative to 3400 m (24.5 ± 7.1 Sv) at the MAR is only slightly lower than the observed baroclinic mean of 27.4 ± 4.7 Sv from 1993 to 2008, and extends further north by about 0.5°. In the eastern Atlantic, the western NAC (WNAC) carries the bulk of the transport in the model, while transport estimates based on hydrographic measurements from five repeated sections point to a preference for the eastern NAC (ENAC). The model is able to simulate the main features of the subpolar NA, providing confidence to use the model output to analyze the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Model based velocity composites reveal an enhanced NAC transport across the MAR of up to 6.7 Sv during positive NAO phases. Most of that signal (5.4 Sv) is added to the ENAC transport, while the transport of the WNAC was independent of the NAO.
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    Role of internal variability in recent decadal to multidecadal tropical Pacific climate changes (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9). pp. 4246-4255.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: While the Earth's surface has considerably warmed over the past two decades, the tropical Pacific has featured a cooling of sea surface temperatures in its eastern and central parts, which went along with an unprecedented strengthening of the equatorial trade winds, the surface component of the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC). Previous studies show that this decadal trend in the trade winds is generally beyond the range of decadal trends simulated by climate models when forced by historical radiative forcing. There is still a debate on the origin of and the potential role that internal variability may have played in the recent decadal surface wind trend. Using a number of long control (unforced) integrations of global climate models and several observational data sets, we address the question as to whether the recent decadal to multidecadal trends are robustly classified as an unusual event or the persistent response to external forcing. The observed trends in the tropical Pacific surface climate are still within the range of the long-term internal variability spanned by the models but represent an extreme realization of this variability. Thus, the recent observed decadal trends in the tropical Pacific, though highly unusual, could be of natural origin. We note that the long-term trends in the selected PWC indices exhibit a large observational uncertainty, even hindering definitive statements about the sign of the trends.
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    Indian Ocean sources of Agulhas leakage (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (4). pp. 3481-3499.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: We examine the mean pathways, transit timescales, and transformation of waters flowing from the Pacific and the marginal seas through the Indian Ocean (IO) on their way toward the South Atlantic within a high-resolution ocean/sea-ice model. The model fields are analyzed from a Lagrangian perspective where water volumes are tracked as they enter the IO. The IO contributes 12.6 Sv to Agulhas leakage, which within the model is 14.1 ± 2.2 Sv, the rest originates from the South Atlantic. The Indonesian Through-flow constitutes about half of the IO contribution, is surface bound, cools and salinificates as it leaves the basin within 10–30 years. Waters entering the IO south of Australia are at intermediate depths and maintain their temperature-salinity properties as they exit the basin within 15–35 years. Of these waters, the contribution from Tasman leakage is 1.4 Sv. The rest stem from recirculation from the frontal regions of the Southern Ocean. The marginal seas export 1.0 Sv into the Atlantic within 15–40 years, and the waters cool and freshen on-route. However, the model's simulation of waters from the Gulfs of Aden and Oman are too light and hence overly influenced by upper ocean circulations. In the Cape Basin, Agulhas leakage is well mixed. On-route, temperature-salinity transformations occur predominantly in the Arabian Sea and within the greater Agulhas Current region. Overall, the IO exports at least 7.9 Sv from the Pacific to the Atlantic, thereby quantifying the strength of the upper cell of the global conveyor belt.
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    AGU style : a guide for contributors (1986)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 67 (39). pp. 743-755.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-22
    Description: AGU considers only original scientific contributions that have not been accepted or published elsewhere and are not under consideration by another publisher. A contribution is considered previously published if its data and conclusions are offered for sale or are generally available in other ways to the public. Regardless of the original publication medium, including print, magnetic tape, or microform, such contributions are not eligible for republication in AGU journals or books.
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    The intrusion of water masses into the sea southwest of Taiwan (1989)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 94 (C12). pp. 18213-18226.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: Characteristics of water masses were analyzed to study the Kuroshio intrusion into the sea southwest of Taiwan. Hydrographic data were obtained from CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) casts during two cruises in May and August 1986. In May, remnants of water intruding from the Kuroshio were found on the continental slope south of the Penghu Channel. By August, these were replaced by water from the South China Sea. During this period, water from the Kuroshio also appeared near the southern tip of Taiwan. The intrusion current reached a depth of at least 500 m and was probably part of a cyclonic circulation in the northern South China Sea. The results support the hypothesis of a seasonal pattern of the intrusion process: intrusion of water from the Kuroshio begins in late summer, intensifies in winter, and ceases by late spring when South China Sea waters again enter this region.
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    Faulting and off-axis submarine massive sulfide accumulation at slow spreading mid-ocean ridges: A numerical modeling perspective (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18 (6). 2305-2320 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The potential of mining seafloor massive sulfide deposits for metals such as Cu, Zn, and Au is currently debated. One key challenge is to predict where the largest deposits worth mining might form, which in turn requires understanding the pattern of subseafloor hydrothermal mass and energy transport. Numerical models of heat and fluid flow are applied to illustrate the important role of fault zone properties (permeability and width) in controlling mass accumulation at hydrothermal vents at slow spreading ridges. We combine modeled mass-flow rates, vent temperatures, and vent field dimensions with the known fluid chemistry at the fault-controlled Logatchev 1 hydrothermal field of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We predict that the 135 kilotons of SMS at this site (estimated by other studies) can have accumulated with a minimum depositional efficiency of 5% in the known duration of hydrothermal venting (58,200 year age of the deposit). In general, the most productive faults must provide an efficient fluid pathway while at the same time limit cooling due to mixing with entrained cold seawater. This balance is best met by faults that are just wide and permeable enough to control a hydrothermal plume rising through the oceanic crust. Model runs with increased basal heat input, mimicking a heat flow contribution from along-axis, lead to higher mass fluxes and vent temperatures, capable of significantly higher SMS accumulation rates. Nonsteady state conditions, such as the influence of a cooling magmatic intrusion beneath the fault zone, also can temporarily increase the mass flux while sustaining high vent temperatures.
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    Niche construction by non-diazotrophs for N2 fixers in the eastern tropical North Atlantic Ocean (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (13). pp. 6904-6913.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Diazotrophic dinitrogen (N2) fixation contributes ~76% to "new" nitrogen inputs to the sunlit open ocean, but environmental factors determining N2 fixation rates are not well constrained. Excess phosphate (phosphate-nitrate/16 〉 0) and iron availability control N2 fixation rates in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), but it remains an open question how excess phosphate is generated within or supplied to the phosphate-depleted sunlit layer. Our observations in the ETNA region (8°N-15°N, 19°W-23°W) suggest that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the two ubiquitous non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria with cellular N:P ratios higher than the Redfield ratio, create an environment of excess phosphate, which cannot be explained by diapycnal mixing, atmospheric, and riverine inputs. Thus, our results unveil a new biogeochemical niche construction mechanism by non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria for their diazotrophic phylum group members (N2 fixers). Our observations may help to understand the prevalence of diazotrophy in low-phosphate, oligotrophic regions.
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    Winter to summer oceanographic observations in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (8). pp. 6218-6237.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Oceanographic observations from the Eurasian Basin north of Svalbard collected between January and June 2015 from the N-ICE2015 drifting expedition are presented. The unique winter observations are a key contribution to existing climatologies of the Arctic Ocean, and show a ∼100 m deep winter mixed layer likely due to high sea ice growth rates in local leads. Current observations for the upper ∼200 m show mostly a barotropic flow, enhanced over the shallow Yermak Plateau. The two branches of inflowing Atlantic Water are partly captured, confirming that the outer Yermak Branch follows the perimeter of the plateau, and the inner Svalbard Branch the coast. Atlantic Water observed to be warmer and shallower than in the climatology, is found directly below the mixed layer down to 800 m depth, and is warmest along the slope, while its properties inside the basin are quite homogeneous. From late May onwards, the drift was continually close to the ice edge and a thinner surface mixed layer and shallower Atlantic Water coincided with significant sea ice melt being observed.
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    Seasonal iron depletion in temperate shelf seas (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (17). pp. 8987-8996.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Our study followed the seasonal cycling of soluble (SFe), colloidal (CFe), dissolved (DFe), total dissolvable (TDFe), labile particulate (LPFe) and total particulate (TPFe) iron in the Celtic Sea (NE Atlantic Ocean). Preferential uptake of SFe occurred during the spring bloom, preceding the removal of CFe. Uptake and export of Fe during the spring bloom, coupled with a reduction in vertical exchange, led to Fe deplete surface waters (〈0.2 nM DFe; 0.11 nM LPFe, 0.45 nM TDFe, 1.84 nM TPFe) during summer stratification. Below the seasonal thermocline, DFe concentrations increased from spring to autumn, mirroring NO3- and consistent with supply from remineralised sinking organic material, and cycled independently of particulate Fe over seasonal timescales. These results demonstrate that summer Fe availability is comparable to the seasonally Fe limited Ross Sea shelf, and therefore is likely low enough to affect phytoplankton growth and species composition.
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    Assessing a New Clue to How Much Carbon Plants Take Up (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Eos: Earth & Space Science News, 98 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-17
    Description: Current climate models disagree on how much carbon dioxide land ecosystems take up for photosynthesis. Tracking the stronger carbonyl sulfide signal could help.
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    Characteristics of the surface water DMS and p CO2 distributions and their relationships in the Southern Ocean, southeast Indian Ocean, and northwest Pacific Ocean (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31 (8). pp. 1318-1331.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is of interest due to its critical influence on atmospheric sulfur compounds in the marine atmosphere and its hypothesized significant role in global climate. High-resolution shipboard underway measurements of surface seawater DMS and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO), the southeast Indian Ocean, and the northwest Pacific Ocean from February to April 2014 during the 30th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition. The SO, particularly in the region south of 58°S, had the highest mean surface seawater DMS concentration of 4.1 ± 8.3 nM (ranged from 0.1 to 73.2 nM) and lowest mean seawater pCO2 level of 337 ± 50 μatm (ranged from 221 to 411 μatm) over the entire cruise. Significant variations of surface seawater DMS and pCO2 in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of SO were observed, which are mainly controlled by biological process and sea ice activity. We found a significant negative relationship between DMS and pCO2 in the SO SIZ using 0.1° resolution, [DMS] seawater = -0.160 [pCO2] seawater + 61.3 (r2 = 0.594, n = 924, p 〈 0.001). We anticipate that the relationship may possibly be utilized to reconstruct the surface seawater DMS climatology in the SO SIZ. Further studies are necessary to improve the universality of this approach. Key Points: • The characteristics of surface water DMS and pCO2 distributions from the Southern Ocean to northwest Pacific Ocean are investigated • The correlations between DMS, pCO2, and environmental parameters are analyzed • Anticorrelation between DMS and pCO2 is found in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean
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    Testing a thermo-chemo-hydro-geomechanical model for gas hydrate-bearing sediments using triaxial compression laboratory experiments (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18 (9). pp. 3419-3437.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Natural gas hydrates are considered a potential resource for gas production on industrial scales. Gas hydrates contribute to the strength and stiffness of the hydrate-bearing sediments. During gas production, the geomechanical stability of the sediment is compromised. Due to the potential geotechnical risks and process management issues, the mechanical behavior of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments needs to be carefully considered. In this study, we describe a coupling concept that simplifies the mathematical description of the complex interactions occurring during gas production by isolating the effects of sediment deformation and hydrate phase changes. Central to this coupling concept is the assumption that the soil grains form the load-bearing solid skeleton, while the gas hydrate enhances the mechanical properties of this skeleton. We focus on testing this coupling concept in capturing the overall impact of geomechanics on gas production behavior though numerical simulation of a high-pressure isotropic compression experiment combined with methane hydrate formation and dissociation. We consider a linear-elastic stress-strain relationship because it is uniquely defined and easy to calibrate. Since, in reality, the geomechanical response of the hydrate-bearing sediment is typically inelastic and is characterized by a significant shear-volumetric coupling, we control the experiment very carefully in order to keep the sample deformations small and well within the assumptions of poroelasticity. The closely coordinated experimental and numerical procedures enable us to validate the proposed simplified geomechanics-to-flow coupling, and set an important precursor toward enhancing our coupled hydro-geomechanical hydrate reservoir simulator with more suitable elastoplastic constitutive models.
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    Tropical forcing of the Summer East Atlantic pattern (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (21). 11,166-11,173.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Description: The Summer East Atlantic (SEA) mode is the second dominant mode of summer low-frequency variability in the Euro-Atlantic region. Using reanalysis data, we show that SEA-related circulation anomalies significantly influence temperatures and precipitation over Europe. We present evidence that part of the interannual SEA variability is forced by diabatic heating anomalies of opposing signs in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean that induce an extratropical Rossby wave train. This precipitation dipole is related to SST anomalies characteristic of the developing ENSO phases. Seasonal hindcast experiments forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SST) exhibit skill at capturing the interannual SEA variability corroborating the proposed mechanism and highlighting the possibility for improved prediction of boreal summer variability. Our results indicate that tropical forcing of the SEA likely played a role in the dynamics of the 2015 European heat wave.
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    Absolute magnetization of the seafloor at a basalt-hosted hydrothermal site: Insights from a deep-sea submersible survey (2015)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (4). pp. 1046-1052.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-22
    Description: The analysis of high-resolution vector magnetic data acquired by deep-sea submersibles (DSSs) requires the development of specific approaches adapted to their uneven tracks. We present a method that takes advantage of (1) the varying altitude of the DSS above the seafloor and (2) high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data acquired separately, at higher altitude, by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, to estimate the absolute magnetization intensity and the magnetic polarity of the shallow subseafloor along the DSS path. We apply this method to data collected by DSS Nautile on a small active basalt-hosted hydrothermal site. The site is associated with a lack of magnetization, in agreement with previous findings at the same kind of sites: the contrast between nonmagnetic sulfide deposits/stockwork zone and strongly magnetized basalt is sufficient to explain the magnetic signal observed at such a low altitude. Both normal and reversed polarities are observed in the lava flows surrounding the site, suggesting complex history of accumulating volcanic flows.
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    Integrated Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Earth's Future, 6 (3). pp. 565-582.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: To maintain the chance of keeping the average global temperature increase below 2 degrees C and to limit long-term climate change, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal, CDR) is becoming increasingly necessary. We analyze optimal and cost-effective climate policies in the dynamic integrated assessment model (IAM) of climate and the economy (DICE2016R) and investigate (1) the utilization of (ocean) CDR under different climate objectives, (2) the sensitivity of policies with respect to carbon cycle feedbacks, and (3) how well carbon cycle feedbacks are captured in the carbon cycle models used in state-of-the-art IAMs. Overall, the carbon cycle model in DICE2016R shows clear improvements compared to its predecessor, DICE2013R, capturing much better long-term dynamics and also oceanic carbon outgassing due to excess oceanic storage of carbon from CDR. However, this comes at the cost of a (too) tight short-term remaining emission budget, limiting the model suitability to analyze low-emission scenarios accurately. With DICE2016R, the compliance with the 2 degrees C goal is no longer feasible without negative emissions via CDR. Overall, the optimal amount of CDR has to take into account (1) the emission substitution effect and (2) compensation for carbon cycle feedbacks.
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    Mesoscale Eddies in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Three-Dimensional Eddy Structures and Heat/Salt Transports (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (12). pp. 9795-9813.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The region encompassing the Kuroshio Extension (KE) in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (25°N–45°N and 130°E–180°E) is one of the most eddy-energetic regions of the global ocean. The three-dimensional structures and transports of mesoscale eddies in this region are comprehensively investigated by combined use of satellite data and Argo profiles. With the allocation of Argo profiles inside detected eddies, the spatial variations of structures of eddy temperature and salinity anomalies are analyzed. The results show that eddies predominantly have subsurface (near-surface) intensified temperature and salinity anomalies south (north) of the KE jet, which is related to different background stratifications between these regions. A new method based on eddy trajectories and the inferred three-dimensional eddy structures is proposed to estimate heat and salt transports by eddy movements in a Lagrangian framework. Spatial distributions of eddy transports are presented over the vicinity of the KE for the first time. The magnitude of eddy-induced meridional heat (freshwater volume) transport is on the order of 0.01 PW (103 m3/s). The eddy heat transport divergence results in an oceanic heat loss south and heat gain north of the KE, thereby reinforcing and counteracting the oceanic heat loss from air-sea fluxes south and north of the KE jet, respectively. It also suggests a poleward heat transport across the KE jet due to eddy propagation.
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    The influence of air-sea fluxes on atmospheric aerosols during the summer monsoon over the tropical Indian Ocean (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (1). pp. 418-426.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: During the summer monsoon, the western tropical Indian Ocean is predicted to be a hot spot for dimethylsulfide emissions, the major marine sulfur source to the atmosphere, and an important aerosol precursor. Other aerosol relevant fluxes, such as isoprene and sea spray, should also be enhanced, due to the steady strong winds during the monsoon. Marine air masses dominate the area during the summer monsoon, excluding the influence of continentally derived pollutants. During the SO234-2/235 cruise in the western tropical Indian Ocean from July to August 2014, directly measured eddy covariance DMS fluxes confirm that the area is a large source of sulfur to the atmosphere (cruise average 9.1 μmol m−2 d−1). The directly measured fluxes, as well as computed isoprene and sea spray fluxes, were combined with FLEXPART backward and forward trajectories to track the emissions in space and time. The fluxes show a significant positive correlation with aerosol data from the Terra and Suomi-NPP satellites, indicating a local influence of marine emissions on atmospheric aerosol numbers.
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    Anthropogenic signatures of lead in the Northeast Atlantic (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (6). pp. 2734-2743.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Anthropogenic activities have resulted in enhanced lead (Pb) emissions to the environment over the past century, mainly through the combustion of leaded gasoline. Here, we present the first combined dissolved (DPb), labile (LpPb) and particulate (PPb) Pb dataset from the Northeast Atlantic (Celtic Sea) since the phasing out of leaded gasoline in Europe. Concentrations of DPb in surface waters have decreased by 4-fold over the last four decades. We demonstrate that anthropogenic Pb is transported from the Mediterranean Sea over long distances (〉2500 km). Benthic DPb fluxes exceeded the atmospheric Pb flux in the region, indicating the importance of sediments as a contemporary Pb source. A strong positive correlation between DPb, PPb and LpPb indicates a dynamic equilibrium between the phases and the potential for particles to ‘buffer’ the DPb pool. This study provides insights into Pb biogeochemical cycling and demonstrates the potential of Pb in constraining ocean circulation patterns.
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    Seasonal Cycles of Oceanic Transports in the Eastern Subpolar North Atlantic (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (2). pp. 1471-1484.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) may play a role in sea surface temperature predictions on seasonal to decadal time scales. Therefore, AMOC seasonal cycles are a potential baseline for interpreting predictions. Here we present estimates for the seasonal cycle of transports of volume, temperature, and freshwater associated with the upper limb of the AMOC in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic on the Extended Ellett Line hydrographic section between Scotland and Iceland. Due to weather, ship‐based observations are primarily in summer. Recent glider observations during other seasons present an opportunity to investigate the seasonal variability in the upper layer of the AMOC. First, we document a new method to quality control and merge ship, float, and glider hydrographic observations. This method accounts for the different spatial sampling rates of the three platforms. The merged observations are used to compute seasonal cycles of volume, temperature, and freshwater transports in the Rockall Trough. These estimates are similar to the seasonal cycles in two eddy‐resolving ocean models. Volume transport appears to be the primary factor modulating other Rockall Trough transports. Finally, we show that the weakest transports occur in summer, consistent with seasonal changes in the regional‐scale wind stress curl. Although the seasonal cycle is weak compared to other variability in this region, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Rockall Trough, roughly 0.5–1 Sv about a mean of 3.4 Sv, may account for up to 7–14% of the heat flux between Scotland and Greenland.
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    The effect of obliquity-driven changes on paleoclimate sensitivity during the late Pleistocene (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (13). pp. 6661-6671.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We reanalyze existing paleodata of global mean surface temperature ΔTg and radiative forcing ΔR of CO2 and land ice albedo for the last 800,000 years to show that a state‐dependency in paleoclimate sensitivity S, as previously suggested, is only found if ΔTg is based on reconstructions, and not when ΔTg is based on model simulations. Furthermore, during times of decreasing obliquity (periods of land‐ice sheet growth and sea level fall) the multi‐millennial component of reconstructed ΔTg diverges from CO2, while in simulations both variables vary more synchronously, suggesting that the differences during these times are due to relatively low rates of simulated land ice growth and associated cooling. To produce a reconstruction‐based extrapolation of S for the future we exclude intervals with strong ΔTg‐CO2 divergence and find that S is less state‐dependent, or even constant (state‐independent), yielding a mean equilibrium warming of 2–4 K for a doubling of CO2.
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    Modeled Chl:C ratio and derived estimates of phytoplankton carbon biomass and its contribution to total particulate organic carbon in the global surface ocean (2016)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30 (12). pp. 1791-1810.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Chlorophyll (Chl) is a distinctive component of autotrophic organisms, often used as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass in the ocean. However, assessment of phytoplankton biomass from Chl relies on the accurate estimation of the Chl:carbon(C) ratio. Here we present global patterns of Chl:C ratios in the surface ocean obtained from a phytoplankton growth model that accounts for the optimal acclimation of phytoplankton to ambient nutrient, light, and temperature conditions. The model agrees largely with observed/expected global patterns of Chl:C. Combining our Chl:C estimates with satellite Chl and particulate organic carbon (POC), we infer phytoplankton C concentration in the surface ocean and its contribution to the total POC pool. Our results suggest that the portion of POC corresponding to living phytoplankton is higher in subtropical latitudes and less productive regions (∼30–70%) and decreases to ∼10–30% toward high latitudes and productive regions. An important caveat of our model is the lack of iron limiting effects on phytoplankton physiology. Comparison of our predicted phytoplankton biomass with an independent estimate of total POC reveals a positive correlation between nitrate concentrations and nonphotosynthetic POC in the surface ocean. This correlation disappears when a constant Chl:C is applied. Our analysis is not constrained by assumptions of constant Chl:C or phytoplankton:POC ratio, providing a novel independent analysis of phytoplankton biomass in the surface ocean. These results highlight the importance of accounting for the variability in Chl:C and its application in distinguishing the autotrophic and heterotrophic components in the assemblage of the marine plankton ecosystem.
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  • 97
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    Research for assessment, not deployment of Climate Engineering: The German Research Foundation's Priority Program SPP 1689 (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Earth's Future, 5 (1). pp. 128-134.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The historical developments are reviewed that have led from a bottom-up responsibility initiative of concerned scientists to the emergence of a nationwide interdisciplinary Priority Program on the assessment of Climate Engineering (CE), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Given the perceived lack of comprehensive and comparative appraisals of different CE methods, the Priority Program was designed to encompass both solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) ideas, and to cover the atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic realm. First key findings obtained by the ongoing Priority Program are summarized and reveal that compared to earlier assessments, such as the 2009 Royal Society report, more detailed investigations tend to indicate less efficiency, lower effectiveness and often lower safety. Emerging research trends are discussed in the context of the recent Paris agreement to limit global warming to less than two degrees and the associated increasing reliance on negative emission technologies. Our results show then when deployed at scales large enough to have a significant impact on atmospheric CO2, even CDR methods such as afforestation – often perceived as ‘benign’ – can have substantial side effects and may raise severe ethical, legal and governance issues. We suppose that before being deployed at climatically relevant scales, any negative-emission or climate engineering method will require careful analysis of efficiency, effectiveness and undesired side effects.
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  • 98
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    Indicators and metrics for the assessment of climate engineering (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Earth's Future, 5 (1). pp. 49-58.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Selecting appropriate indicators is essential to aggregate the information provided by climate model outputs into a manageable set of relevant metrics on which assessments of climate engineering (CE) can be based. From all the variables potentially available from climate models, indicators need to be selected that are able to inform scientists and society on the development of the Earth system under CE, as well as on possible impacts and side effects of various ways of deploying CE or not. However, the indicators used so far have been largely identical to those used in climate change assessments and do not visibly reflect the fact that indicators for assessing CE (and thus the metrics composed of these indicators) may be different from those used to assess global warming. Until now, there has been little dedicated effort to identifying specific indicators and metrics for assessing CE. We here propose that such an effort should be facilitated by a more decision-oriented approach and an iterative procedure in close interaction between academia, decision makers, and stakeholders. Specifically, synergies and trade-offs between social objectives reflected by individual indicators, as well as decision-relevant uncertainties should be considered in the development of metrics, so that society can take informed decisions about climate policy measures under the impression of the options available, their likely effects and side effects, and the quality of the underlying knowledge base.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Compositional heterogeneity of tephras from the 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1982)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, 87 (B13). pp. 10861-10881.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-25
    Description: Samples collected at hourly intervals on May 18–19, 1980, at three sites 200 km downwind from Mount St. Helens, have made possible a detailed reconstruction of the conditions that contribute to the compositional heterogeneity of mineral and glass components observed in distal tephra layers. The air fall tephra deposited at the sites during the first 7 hours of the May 18 eruption is mostly coarse grained, microlite-rich, nonjuvenile glass and feldspar. Grain-size maxima in this initial tephra can be related to the cataclysmic blast at 0832 and a subsequent pulse of the eruption at 1200. Juvenile, microlite-free glass increases in relative abundance at the sampling sites beginning at about 1900. Such a change between nonjuvenile and juvenile tephra can be related to a 5-km increase in column height associated with the last major pulse of the eruption which occurred at 1700 at the volcano. Electron microprobe study of both microlite-rich and microlite-free pumice in the time series samples reveals significant compositional differences. Interstitial glass in nonjuvenile pumice deposited during the first few hours at the sampling sites is enriched in SiO2 and K2O and depleted in TiO2, FeO*, and MgO relative to juvenile glass. By comparison, major element composition of the least evolved juvenile glass sampled during the last several hours of the eruption displays a slight trend toward less evolved composition. Least squares calculations suggest that the more evolved character of the nonjuvenile glass can be explained by greater fractional crystallization brought about by enhanced cooling in a cryptodome prior to eruption, whereas the temporal changes observed in juvenile glass composition during the last several hours of the eruption suggest the presence of a small, slightly zoned magma chamber at depth. Electron microprobe study of glass-coated ilmenites, magnetites, and plagioclases provides the following estimates of the physical conditions in this reservoir: 865°±50°C, PH2O = 2.2 kbar and -log ƒO2 = 11.7. Analyses of bulk pumice, glass and selected mineral phases from May 25, June 12, July 22, and October 16–18 pumices erupted from Mount St. Helens indicate that the bulk pumice (magma) compositions have become slightly more andesitic with time, while mineral and co-existing glass compositions have changed significantly in post-May 18 eruptions with both being more highly evolved than those associated with the May 18 eruption. An application of the magnetite-ilmenite geothermometer to June 12 and July 22 samples indicates temperatures of 919°±30°C and 930°±50°C, respectively. Least squares calculations suggest that such evolved post-May 18 glass and mineral phases can be derived by fractional crystallization of a magma composition like bulk May 18 pumice into approximately 50% crystals and 50% residual liquid. Such partitioning between crystals and residual liquid appears to have occurred on the scale of centimeters and is interpreted as a consequence of accelerated crystallization under reduced water pressure.
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    The Relationship Between Volcanic Eruptions and Climate Change: Still a Conundrum? (1988)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 69 (6). pp. 74-86.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
    Description: What is the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change? More than 200 years after the connection was first proposed, it remains a thorny question. This article provides a brief historical overview of the problem and a review of the various data bases used in evaluating volcanic events and associated climatic change. We use the term “climate” to describe changes in the atmosphere over wide regions for periods of several months and longer. We use “weather” to describe shorter-term, variable atmospheric fluctuations experienced over more restricted areas. We appraise the present state of knowledge and highlight some pitfalls involved in using available information. Cautiously, we suggest future avenues for study, including the possibility of “volcanic winters,” or severe eruption-induced coolings.
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