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  • 42.75
  • Aerodynamics
  • Polymer and Materials Science
  • 2020-2022  (2)
  • 1945-1949  (581)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: As aircraft move to using composite materials as their primary structure they become lighter and more flexible as well. This presents some significant challenges in association with gust load alleviation. In this paper we develop an aeroservoelastic model for use in developing controllers that utilize distributed control surfaces for active gust load alleviation in a set of wind tunnel experiments. The model is based on an preexisting aeroelastic wing tunnel model and compares the baseline functionality to it. We also provide simple full state feedback simulations for the model.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA 2020-0211 , ARC-E-DAA-TN76375 , AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-01-17
    Description: The key measurement to acquire for understanding unsteady flow is surface pressure. Unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint (uPSP) is an emerging optical technique used in wind tunnel testing to measure fluctuating surface pressures. Recently, tests were conducted on NASAs Space Launch System in NASA Ames Research Centers Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel to determine the aeroacoustics environment and assist in developing the buffet forcing functions. Unsteady PSP data was collected during this test campaign. Steady state PSP data, infrared thermography, shadowgraph, accelerometer data, and dynamic pressure transducer data were also collected. In all 50 TB of data were collected during the three days of testing. During these three days of testing, a repeating transonic and supersonic alpha sweep condition was acquired. This paper presents these two wind tunnel conditions and examines how the temperature influences the PSP data. In the first large demonstration of uPSP in 2015 on an NESC-, AETC-sponsored wind tunnel test, lifetime PSP results highlighted the influence the model temperature had on the PSP data. A best practice of heat soaking the model before acquiring calibration images was followed during the test campaign presented in this paper. An infrared thermography camera and thermocouples were installed in the model to collect more details of the model surface temperature. Data processing schemes for uPSP are still in development but will be briefly presented here as well.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN76119 , AIAA SciTech Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L9C04
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aerodynamic forces on an oscillating airfoil or airfoil-aileron combination of three independent degrees of freedom have been determined. The problem resolves itself into the solution of certain definite integrals, which have been identified as Bessel functions of the first and second kind and of zero and first order. The theory, being based on potential flow and the Kutta condition, is fundamentally equivalent to the conventional wing-section theory relating to the steady case. The air forces being known, the mechanism of aerodynamic instability has been analyzed in detail. An exact solution, involving potential flow and the adoption of the Kutta condition, has been analyzed in detail. An exact solution, involving potential flow and the adoption of the Kutta condition, has been arrived at. The solution is of a simple form and is expressed by means of an auxiliary parameter K.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TR-496
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The purpose of this presentation is to give you a survey of a field of aerodynamics which has for a number of years been attracting an ever growing interest. The subject is the theory of flows with friction, and, within that field, particularly the theory of friction layers, or boundary layers. As you know, a great many considerations of aerodynamics are based on the so-called ideal fluid, that is, the frictionless incompressible fluid. By neglect of compressibility and friction the extensive mathematical theory of the ideal fluid (potential theory) has been made possible.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1217
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been made in the Langley stability tunnel to determine the low-speed static stability and control characteristics of a model of the Bell MX-776. The results of the investigation indicated that the basic model configuration was longitudinally stable in the angle-of-attack range from about -16 deg. to 16 deg. but that the stability was a minimum near O deg angle of attack. The data indicated an aerodynamic-center position about 0.64 body diameters behind the center of gravity at low angles of attack. Reduction in the size of the front horizontal fins increased the longitudinal stability. With 20 percent of the span of the normal front horizontal fins cut off the aerodynamic center was about 1.04 body diameters behind the center of gravity, and with front horizontal fins having the same area as the front vertical fins, the aerodynamic center was 2.26 body diameters behind the center of gravity (at low angles of attack).
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9G08
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Rocket-powered models were flown at high-subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds to determine the zero-lift drag of fin-stabilized parabolic bodies of revolution differing in fineness ratio and in position of maximum diameter. The present paper presents the results for fineness ratio 12.5, 8.91 and 6.04 bodies having maximum diameters located at stations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent of body length. All configurations had cut-off sterns and all had equal base, frontal, and exposed fin areas. For most of the supersonic-speed range models having their maximum diameters at the 60-percent station gave the lowest values of drag coefficient. At supersonic speeds, increasing the fineness ratio generally reduced the drag coefficient for a given position of maximum diameter.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L9I30
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A supersonic compressor design having supersonic velocity at the entrance of the stator is analyzed on the assumption of two-dimensional flow. The rotor and stator losses assumed in the analysis are based on the results of preliminary supersonic cascade tests. The results of the analysis show that compression ratios per stage of 6 to 10 can be obtained with adiabatic efficiency between 70 and 80 percent. Consideration is also given in the analysis to the starting, stability, and range of efficient performance of this type of compressor. The desirability of employing variable-geometry stators and adjustable inlet guide vanes is indicated. Although either supersonic or subsonic axial component of velocity at the stator entrance can be used, the cascade test results suggest that higher pressure recovery can be obtained if the axial component is supersonic.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L9G06
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: In the Institute for Flight Mechanics of the DVL a reactor arrangement with a maximum output of 100 kg was investigated as an expedient for the termination of dangerous spins on an airplane of the FW 56 type. reproduce the influence of a disturbance of the steady spin condition by a pitching or yawing moment. The tests were meant to reproduce the influence of a disturbance of the steady spin condition by a pitching and yawing moment.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1221 , Zentrale fuer Wissenschaftliches Berichtswesen bei der Deutschen Versuchsanstalt fuer Luftfahrt Nr. 1027
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: When auxiliary jet engines are installed on airframes; as well as in some new designs, the jet engines are mounted in such a way that the jet stream exhausts in close proximity to the fuselage. This report deals with the behavior of the jet in close proximity to a two-dimensional surface. The experiments were made to find out whether the axially symmetric stream tends to approach the flat surface. This report is the last of a series of four partial test reports of the Goettingen program for the installation of jet engines, dated October 12, 1943. This report is the complement of the report on intake in close proximity to a wall.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1214 , Untersuchungen und Mitteilungen; 3057
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In an earlier report UM No.1117 by Gothert,the single-source method was applied to the compressible flow around circles, ellipses, lunes, and around an elongated body of revolution at different Mach numbers and the results compared as far as possible with the calculations by Lamla ad Busemann. Essentially, it was found that with favorable source arrangement the single-source method is in good agreement with the calculations of the same degree of approximation by.Lamla and Busemann. Near sonic velocity the number of steps must be increased considerably in order to sufficiently approximate the adiabatic curve. After exceeding a certain Mach number where local supersonic fields occur already, it was no longer possible, in spite of the substantially increased number of steps, to obtain a systematic solution because the calculation diverged. This result,was interpreted to mean that above this point of divergence the symmetrical type of flow ceases to exist and changes into the unsymmetrical type characterized by compressibility shocks.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1203 , Untersuchungen und Mitteilurgen; 1471
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The problem of the motion of an elongated body of revolution in an incompressible fluid may, as is known, be solved approximately with the aid of the distribution of sources along the axis of the body. In determining the velocity field, the question of whether the body moves uniformly or with an acceleration is no factor in the problem. The presence of acceleration must be taken into account in determining the pressures acting on the body. The resistance of the body arising from the accelerated motion may be computed either directly on the basis of these pressures or with the aid of the so-called associated masses (inertia coefficients). A different condition holds in the case of the motion of bodies in a compressible gas. In this case the finite velocity of sound must be taken into account.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1230 , Prikladnaya Matematika I Mekhanika; 10; 4; 521-524
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Various ways were tried recently to decrease the friction drag of a body in a flow; they all employ influencing the boundary layer. One of them consists in keeping the boundary layer Laminar by suction; promising tests have been carried out. Since for large Reynolds numbers the friction drag of the laminar boundary layer is much lower than that of the turbulent boundary layer, a considerable saving in drag results from keeping the boundary layer laminar, even with the blower power required for suction taken into account. The boundary layer is kept laminar by suction in two ways: first, by reduction of the thickness of the boundary layer and second, by the fact that the suction changes the form of the velocity distribution so that it becomes more stable, in a manner similar to the change by a pressure drop. There by the critical Reynolds number of the boundary layer (USigma*/V) (sub crit) becomes considerably higher than for the case without suction. This latter circumstance takes full effect only if continuous suction is applied which one might visualize realized through a porous wall. Thus the suction quantities required for keeping the boundary layer laminar become so small that the suction must be regarded as a very promising auxiliary means for drag reduction.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1216
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Four component measurements of 12 wings of symmetric profile having flaps with chord ratios t(sub R)/t(sub L) = 0.3 and t(sub R)/t(sub L) = 0.2 are treated in this report. As a result of the investigations, the effects of plan form and gap between fixed surface and control surface have been clarified. Lift, drag, pitching moment, and hinge moment were measured in the control-surface deflection range: -23 deg 〈 or = beta 〈 or = 23 deg and the range of angle of attack: -20 deg 〈 or = alpha 〈 or = 20 deg. Six wings with flaps of small chord (t(sub R)/t(sub L) 〈 0.1) were investigated at large flap settings.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1206 , ZWB Forschungsbericht; Rept-552/4
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The present report describes a new method for the prediction of the flow pattern of a gas in the two-dimensional and axially symmetrical case. It is assumed that the expansion of the gas is adiabatic and the flow stationary. The several assumptions necessary of the nozzle shape effect, in general, no essential limitation on the conventional nozzles. The method is applicable throughout the entire speed range; the velocity of sound itself plays no singular part. The principal weight is placed on the treatment of the flow near the throat of a converging-diverging nozzle. For slender nozzles formulas are derived for the calculation of the velocity components as function of the location.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1215 , Luftfahrtforschung; 91-102
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel of a 1/29-scale model of the Republic XF-91 airplane with a.conventional-tail arrangement installed. Previously, tests were made on the model with a vee tail installed. The erect spin and recovery characteristics of the model were determined for the normal loading with the wing installed at various amounts of incidence. The spin investigation also included inverted-spin tests, spin-recovery-parachute tests, tests with the center of gravity moved rearward, and tests with external fuel tanks added to the model. In addition, several tail.modifications were tested,on the model in an attempt, to improve the model's spin-recovery characteristics. The results indicate that any fully developed spin obtained on the airplane with the conventional tail installed will be satisfactorily terminated if rudder reversal is accompanied by moving the ailerons with the spin (stick right in a right spin).Decreasing the wing incidence from 6deg to -2deg should have a beneficial effect on the recovery characteristics of the airplane. Recovery characteristics by normal use of controls (full rudder reversal followed by moving the elevators down) will be satisfactory if the wing incidence,of the airplane is -2deg. Installation of external fuel tanks (with or without fuel) will have a somewhat adverse effect on the recovery characteristics of the airplane, but if the recovery technique includes movement of the ailerons to full with the spin, the spin rotation will be terminated rapidly. Varying the position of the center of gravity within the limits indicated to be possible on the airplane should not affect the recovery characteristics.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9E20
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The plane problem of the vibrating airfoil in supersonic flow is dealt with and solved within the scope of a linearized theory by the method of the acceleration potential.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1238 , ZWB Forschungsbericht Nr. 1903; Rept-1903
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A supplementary investigation on the stabilization of the Jettisonable nose section of the X-2 airplane has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel. It was found that the nose section could be stabilized by the addition of curved fins which could be folded against the fuselage for normal flight.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L9F22
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The characteristics of a cargo-dropping device having extensible rotating blades as load-carrying surfaces have been studied in simulated vertical descent in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel. The investigation included tests to determine the variation in vertical sinking speed with load. A study of the blade characteristics and of the test results indicated a method of dynamically balancing the blades to permit proper functioning of the device.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L9G14
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A 0.1-size powered dynamic model of a large, high-speed flying boat was landed in Langley tank no. 1 into oncoming waves 4 feet high (full size). The model was tested with two afterbodies of differing lengths (4.12 and 6.63 beams). The short afterbody had a constant angle of dead rise of 22.5deg and a keel angle of 6.5deg. The long afterbody had warped dead rise and a keel angle of 8.5deg. The vertical accelerations were slightly greater and the maximum angular accelerations and maxim= trims were slightly less for the model with the long afterbody than for the model with -the short afterbody. A wave length of 210 feet (full size) imposed the highest accelerations on the model with either the long or the short afterbody.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9B09
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The inlet wide vanes for the supersonic compressor of the XJ55-FF-1 engine were studied as a separate component in order to determine the performance prior to installation in the compressor test rig. Turning angles approached design values, and increased approximately to through the inlet Mach number range from 0.30 to choke. A sharp break in turning angle was experienced when the choke condition was reached. The total-pressure loss through the guide vanes was approximately 1 percent for the unchoked conditions and from 5 to 6 percent when choked.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SE9E03
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the past several years it has been necessary for aeronautical research workers to exert a good portion of their effort in developing the means for conducting research in the high-speed range. The transonic range particularly has presented a very acute problem because of the choking phenomena in wind tunnels at speeds close to the speed of sound. At the same time, the multiplicity of design problems for aircraft introduced by the peculiar flow problems of the transonic speed range has given rise to an enormous demand for detail design data. Substantial progress has been made, however, in developing the required research techniques and in supplying the demand for aerodynamic data required for design purposes. In meeting this demand, it has been necessary to resort to new techniques possessing such novel features that the results obtained have had to be viewed with caution. Furthermore, the kinds of measurements possible with these various techniques are so varied that the correlation of results obtained by different techniques generally becomes an indirect process that can only be accomplished in conjunction with the application of estimates of the extent to which the results of measurements by any given technique are modified by differences that are inherent in the techniques. Thus, in the establishment of the validity and applicability of data obtained by any given technique, direct comparisons between data from different sources are a supplement to but not a substitute for the detailed knowledge required of the characteristics of each technique and fundamental aerodynamic flow phenomena.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-X-56649 , NACA Conference on Aerodynamic Problems of Transonic Airplane Design; Sep 27, 1949 - Sep 29, 1949; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lately it has been proposed to reduce the friction drag of a body in a flow for the technically important large Reynolds numbers by the following expedient: the boundary layer, normally turbulent, is artificially kept laminar up to high Reynolds numbers by suction. The reduction in friction drag thus obtained is of the order of magnitude of 60 to 80 percent of the turbulent friction drag, since the latter, for large Reynolds numbers, is several times the laminar friction drag. In considering the idea mentioned one has first to consider whether suction is a possible means of keeping the boundary layer laminar. This question can be answered by a theoretical investigation of the stability of the laminar boundary layer with suction. A knowledge, as accurate as possible, of the velocity distribution in the laminar boundary layer with suction forms the starting point for the stability investigation. E. Schlichting recently gave a survey of the present state of calculation of the laminar boundary layer with suction.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1205 , Schriften der Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung; 8; 1
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 409-410 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 417-434 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During recent years attempts have been made to formulate a viscosity-concentration relationship. The method of Huggins, in introducing a factor k′ as a hydrodynamic correction factor is examined, and in particular the attempts to draw conclusions relating k′ to the thermodynamic properties of the solution. An explanation is offered to correlate the experimental viscosity-concentration relationship and the change of solvent. A possible method for the actual calculation of concentration effects has been applied to the case of a suspension of spherical particles, for which, as a first approximation, a value of 10.6 for the coefficient of the c2 term has been obtained.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 527-529 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 749-749 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 759-761 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 755-757 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 767-768 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 770-770 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 771-771 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 747-748 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 39
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 751-754 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During a definite polymerization time the rate of uncatalyzed polymerization of styrene may be decreased by the use of activated carbon. The intrinsic viscosities of the polymers formed may be either increased or decreased by the addition of active carbon, depending upon the activity of the carbon sample used.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 405-407 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various mechanisms which have been proposed for the reaction between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide are reviewed. Two of these mechanisms appear equally satisfactory on the basis of present evidence: that of Bray and Gorin, involving formation of tetravalent (ferryl) iron, and that of Haber and Weiss, involving formation ofhydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals. Mechanisms involving these intermediates have been developed for the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the mechanism of Bray and Gorin appears satisfactory, while that of Haber and Weiss leads to certain inconsistencies. A mechanism with ferrous iron and hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals as intermediates is presented, which accounts for the experimental observations in the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron induces the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and various organic compounds; this induced reaction (termed a Fenton reaction) is a chain reaction which is initiated by the active intermediates (ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical) formed in the primary reaction. The determination of hydrogen peroxide by reaction with ferrous iron, if carried out in the presence of various organic compounds (termed promoters), gives incorrect results, due to induced oxidation of the promoters; other compounds, termed suppressors, reduce the extent of this induced oxidation of promoters. It appears that both types of compounds react with ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical to form radicals, which if formed from promoters, reduce ferric iron or hydrogen peroxide, while the radicals formed from suppressors oxidize ferrous iron. These considerations are of particular importance in the determination of organic hydroperoxides. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides and ferrous iron can induce, or initiate, the polymerization of vinyl monomers; this is an example of redox polymerization, which is of considerable practical importance at present.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 404-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 45
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cellobiose wird als Glykolsäure-glykosid nach der Azid-methode mit Protein kondensiert. Ferner werden aus Lacto-bionsäure und Proteinen nach der Azid-methode Lacto-bionyl-proteine synthetisiert.
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  • 46
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 223-246 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2-Chlorbutadien-1,3 (Chloropren) bildet schon bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit molekularem Sauerstoff ein Peroxyd. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit dieses Peroxyds ist so groß, daß es schwierig ist, peroxydfreies Chloropren herzustellen. Dies gelingt durch sorgfältige Destillation unter reinstem Stickstoff.Die Versuche zur Isolierung des Chloroprenperoxyds ergaben wegen seiner leichten Zersetzlichkeit keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Peroxyds in Chloropren gelingt nach den üblichen Methoden nicht oder nur sehr schwierig. Chloroprenperoxyd oxydiert Antioxydantien, wie z. B. Phenyl-β-naphthylamin, zu gefärbten Produkten. Da Phenyl-β-naphthylamin die weitere Autoxydation des Chloroprens unterbindet, kann auf dieser Grundlage eine photometrische Bestimmung des Peroxyds durchgeführt werden.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffaufnahme von Chloropren bei 0°C wurde volumetrisch gemessen. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme ist ein autokatalytischer, gleichförmig beschleunigter Vorgang. Er wird von Tetralinperoxyd stark beschleunigt, nicht aber von Benzoylperoxyde. Es wurden andere katalytisch wirkende Stoffe und der Einfluß des Lichtes untersucht.Da Chloroprenperoxyd die Polymerisation des Chloroprens auslöst und stark beschleunigt, ist es zweckmäßig, für die Stabilisierung dieser ungesättigten Verbindung solche Stoffe anzuwenden, die nicht nur die Polymerisation, sondern auch die Autoxydation hemmen. Die stabilisierende Wirkung der Antioxydantien wird bei Anwesenheit von Chloroprenperoxyd und Chlorwasserstoff nach einer Induktionsperiode durchbrochen. Dies kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß Phenyl-β-naphthylamin im Falle des Chloroprenperoxyds durch Oxydation, im Falle des Chlorwasserstoffs als Salz unwirksam gemacht wird.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren angegeben, den Transport von Wasser durch Textilfaserschichten zu messen, die einerseits in Wasser tauchen und andererseits an Luft mittlerer relativer Feuchtigkeit grenzen. Proteinfasern transportieren das Wasser langsam, Baumwolle rascher und Viskosekunstfasern sehr rasch.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 251-280 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird der Einfluß von Seitenketten auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl Zη von niedermolekularen Estern untersucht. Bei Dicetylmalonestern und Dicetylessigestern hat die Länge der Estergruppe keinen Einfluß auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl. Bei substituierten Malonsäuredicetylestern resp. Disterylestern ändert sich dagegen die Viskositätszahl mit der Länge der in die CH2-Gruppe substituierten Alkylreste, und zwar ist sie bei kurzkettigen Substituenten kleiner, bei langgliedrigen größer als bei den unsubstituierten Verbindungen gleicher Kettenlänge. Das gleiche Verhalten zeigen β-alkylsubstituierte Stearinsäureester. Es wird weiter versucht, inwieweit das Einsteinsche Viskositätsgesetz in veränderter Fassung zur Klärung dieses Viskositätsverhaltens herangezogen werden kann.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since the isolation of pectins by the usual technical processes is inevitably bound up with some splitting up the most preserving conditions were ascertained, by which it is possible, to extract sufficient pectin from the pulp of apples. By picking fruits of the most favourable time of fructescence, by eliminating all encymatic activity, by observing the lowest temperatures for extraction and choosing a suitable pH a pectin was obtained, that had undergone scarcely any splitting process. The percentage of methoxyl in that pectin was very nearly the same as that calculated for a completely esterifieated polygalakturonic acid. The molekular weight was determined by measuring the viscosity on a nitrate of that pectin. Here a nitration process was used, that was more preserving than that formerly applied. The values obtained were higher than those obtained so far. The „free pectin“ in apple - juice was found to have a lower molecular weight.
    Notes: Da nach den üblichen technischen Verfahren die Isolierung von Pektinen unvermeidlich mit einem gewissen Abbau verbunden ist, wurden die schonendsten Bedingungen festgestellt, unter denen es noch möglich ist, Pektin aus dem Fruchtfleisch von Äpfeln in ausreichender Menge zu gewinnen. Durch Wahl des günstigsten Reifezustandes, Ausschaltung einer Enzymtätigkeit, Einhaltung möglichst neidriger Extraktionstemperaturen und eines geeigneten pH konnte ein wenig abgebautes Pektin crhalten werden, dessen Methoxylgehalt dem für eine vollständig veresterte Polygalakturonsäure berechneten sehr nahe kommt. Die Molekulargröße wurde viskosimetrisch an einem aus diesem Material gewonnenen Pektinnitrat bestimmt, das nach einer schonenderen Nitrierungsmethode als der bisher üblichen hergestellt war. Die erhaltenen Werte liegen über den bisher beobachteten. Das im Apfelsaft vorhandene „freie Pektin“ wurde als niedriger molekular befunden.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus einer Zusammenstellung von Viskositätsmessungen an niedermolekularen Kettenmolekülen mit Doppelbindungen geht hervor, daß die trans-Formen eine höhere und die cis-Formen eine niedrigere Viskosität haben als die analogen gesättigten Verbindungen. Die verschiedene Viskosität von trans-, cis- und gesättigten Verbindungen kann mit der verschiedenen Form und Elastizität der Kettenmoleküle erklärt werden. Maleinsäureester und Maleinsäurepolyester lassen sich mit Brom als Katalysator in die entsprechenden Fumarester umlagern.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 15-40 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des Vinylchlorids bei 50° unter Zusatz verschiedener Mengen Benzoylperoxyd als Katalysator untersucht, indem der Umsatz das Molekulargewicht und die Zeitdauer beginnender Trübung durch Ausfallen des Polymerisats bestimmt wurde.Der Umsatz steigt zunächst langsam, dann schneller mit der Zeit an; über 80 - 90% nimmt er nur noch sehr langsam zu, so daß die letzten 1 - 2% praktisch nicht mehr polymerisieren. Mit sinkender Katalysatorkonzentration wird die Reaktion langsamer, derart, daß sich die Umsatzzeitkurven durch Dehnung der Zeitachse proportional der Wurzel aus der ursprünglichen Katalysatorkonzentration zur Deckung bringen lassen. Bis zu 70 - 80% läßt sich der Umsatz durch die Gl. u = (eat  -  1)b gut darstellen, wobei b = 0,1 und a = 0,240 · √c20 zu setzen ist.  -  Gegen Ende der Reaktion ließ sich im restlichen Monomeren Salzsäure nachweisen.Das Molekulargewicht nimmt mit steigender Menge Benzoylperoxyd und Sauerstoff deutlich ab; bei mäßigen Peroxydkonzentrationen wird dieser Effekt in der Streuung der Versuchswerte nicht sichtbar.  -  Die Zeit bis zur beginnenden Trübung ändert sich umgekehrt proportional der Wurzel aus der Katalysatorkonzentration und ist ferner unter reinem Sauerstoff größer, unter Stickstoff kleiner als unter Luft.Der Katalysator verschwindet während der Polymerisation, und zwar in um so stärkerem Maße, je höher seine ursprüngliche Konzentration, und um so weniger, je größer die Menge an Sauerstoff ist.  -  Mit Kaliumpersulfat erfolgt die Polymerisation nur in der wäßrigen Phase.Mit den Beobachtungen im Einklang steht das folgende Reaktionsschema (B = Benzoylperoxyd, M = monomeres Vinylchlorid). Die Hemmung der Polymerisation durch eine Anzahl von dritten Stoffen wurde orientierend, etwas eingehender die durch Styrol untersucht. Schwache Reduktionsmittel, Vinylderivate und einige anorganische Stoffe hemmen die Polymerisation, während chemisch indifferente Stoff sie nicht beeinflussen. Die Hemmung beruht vermutlich auf vorzeitigem Kettenabbruch.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 78-90 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The determined P2O5-contents of pectin preparations in the ashes originates partly from inorganic and organic accompanying substances (phosphatides), but partly from esterfied pectin chains by H3PO4; an interlocking of the pectin chains by H3PO4-bridges to „Übermolekülen“ must be assumed in the protopectin, which are relatively set back in comparison to the interlocking by polyvalent metal ions over carboxyl groups.
    Notes: Der bei Pektinpräparaten festzustellende P2O5-Gehalt in der Asche stammt teils von anorganischen und organischen Begleitstoffen (Phosphatiden), teils aber auch von Veresterungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4; im Protopektin der Pflanzen hat man Vernetzungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4-Brücken zu „Übermolekülen“ anzunehmen, die zahlenmäßig jedoch gegenüber den Vernetzungen durch mehrwertige Metallionen über die Karboxylgruppen zurücktreten.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 156-183 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The investigation of the submicroscopic structure of silk fibroin yields the following results: 1There is no variation of double refraction when changing the medium of imbibition. In contrast to the statement of Ohara no rod double refraction can be found. Therefore, silk fibroin does not represent a composite body in the sense of Wiener's theory. The intrinsic double refraction of silk fibroin for sodium light is 1,5960  -  1,5454 = 0,0506 and for white light (λ = 550 mμ) 0,0514.1In the electron microscope the lack of interfibrillar spaces, which are necessary for a Wiener body can be shown. The fibroin is not individualized into microfibrils of constant diameter (as in cellulose fibres) but breaks into strands of diffcrent size when treated in a blendor.
    Notes: 1Die Untersuchungen von Ohara (1933) über das polarisationsoptische Verhalten des Seidenfibroins wurden einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen und dabei Abweichungen von der Wienerschen Theorie festgestellt.2Die Hauptbrechungsindizes von Fibroinfäden, die 40 Stunden bei 100°C über P2O5 getrocknet worden waren, wurden nach der Immersionsmethode von Becke gemessen und zu für eine Wellenlänge von 589 mμ gefunden. Daraus resultiert eine Doppelbrechung von 0,0506 und für den Schwerpunkt des weißen Lichtes bei 550 mμ eine solche von 0,0514.3Imbibitionsversuche an trockenem und feuchtem Fibroin ergeben eindeutig das Fehlen eines Stäbchendoppelbrechungseffektes. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den Untersuchungen von Ohara. Der mit Hilfe der Imbibitionsmethode gefundene Wert der Doppelbrechung stimmt mit dem der Immersionsmethode gut überein.4Die Abweichungen von diesem Wert in Wasser und wäßrigen Gemischen als Imbibitionsmedien lassen sich weitgehend mit Hilfe der Quellung erklären.5Durch Quellung und nachfolgende Imbibition kann keine Verstärkung eines etwa nur schwach entwickelten Stäbchendoppelbrechungseffektes erreicht werden.6Elektronenoptische Aufnahmen vermitteln Einblick in den Feinbau des Fibroins, welches aus feinen Fibrillen mit ganz verschiedenen Durchmessern besteht, die sehr fest und dicht gepackt sind.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 134-155 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die molekulare Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit ist eine additive Eigenschaft für substanzen mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht und ergibt sich mit großer Annäherung aus der Summe der Geschwindigkeiten der verschiedenen Radikale, die das Molekül bilden.Die Übereinstimmung zwischen der experimentell festgestellten Geschwindigkeit und der auf Grund der Geschwindigkeiten der Radikale berechneten scheint besser zu sein als die auf Grund der Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten nach Lagemann und Corry berechneten. Wie schon von diesen Forschern angegeben, liefern die Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse nur für unverzweigte Verbindungen.In den Verbindungen mit niedrigen Molekulargewichten führt die Gegenwart von Verzweigungen in den Molekülen zu einer Erniedrigung der molekularen Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit, die jedoch sehr geringfügig ist (12 Einheiten für die Methyl- und 20 für die Äthylgruppe in anderen Stellungen als  - 1 und  - 2).Für Verbindungen mit hohem Molekulargewicht und unverzweigter Kette stimmt der Wert der grundmolekularen Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit, d. h. bezogen auf die Grundgruppe, mit den auf Grund der Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten und auch mit den auf Grund der Radikalgeschwindigkeiten berechneten überein. Für verzweigte Moleküle ist die Übereinstimmung für die Radikalgeschwindigkeit besser, wobei die Erniedrigung der grundmolekularen Geschwindigkeit infolge der Verzweigungen höher ist im Falle von Verbindungen mit hohem als mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht.Die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses zwischen der experimentellen und berechneten Geschwindigkeit kann ein Mittel darstellen, um Anzahl und Größe der Verzweigungen zu bestimmen. Diesem Verhältnis ist die Bezeichnung „Formfaktor“ gegeben worden.Der Formfaktor ist gleich 1 oder etwas höher für die unverzweigten oder wenig verzweigten Verbindungen mit hohem Molekulargewicht (Paraffine, Polyäthylene, Polyäthylenoxyd, Nylon), niedriger als 1 für die verzweigten Verbindungen: 0,90 im Naturgummi, der eine Methylverzweigung an jedem vierten Kohlenstoffatom in den langen Ketten trägt, und 0,79-0,80 in den Polyisobutylenen mit zwei Methylverzweigungen an jedem zweiten Kohlenstoffatom in der Kette.Niedrigere Werte als der Naturgummi und unwesentlich höhere als die Polyisobutylene weisen die Formfaktoren des Polyalfabutylens und des Polystyrols auf (0,82), die eine äthylische, bzw, eine phenylische Gruppe auf jedes zweite Kohlenstoffatom in der langen Kette besitzen; dies beweist auch einen Einfluß der Länge der Verzweigungen auf den Formfaktor in dem Sinne, daß letzterer um so mehr erniedrigt wird, je größer die Verzweigung ist.Der Einfluß der Häufigkeit der Verzweigungen und ihrer Länge auf den Formfaktor wird beim Polymethylmetakrylat bestätigt, da diese Verbindung den niedrigsten von uns festgestellten Formfaktor aufweist; diese Verbindung besitzt nämlich zwei Verzweigungen an jedem zweiten Kohlenstoffatom der Kette, und zwar eine Methylgruppe und eine methylierte Karboxylgruppe.Die Übereinstimmung der Formfaktoren des Buna und des hydrierten Buna mit dem des Polyalfabutylens ist ein weiterer Beweis, daß die nicht bei niedriger Temperatur ausgeführte Polymerisierung des Butadiens in den Stellungen 1 - 2 oder 2 - 3 und nicht in der Stellung 1 - 4 stattfindet. Dies steht im Einklang mit den kürzlich mitgeteilten Versuchsergebnissen von Hanson und Halverson bei gestrecktem Buna.Der niedrige Formfaktor des Polyvinylisobutyläthers (0,79) kann ein Zeichen für den Einfluß der sekundären Verzweigungen auf den Formfaktor sein.Schließlich bestätigt die Unveränderlichkeit des Formfaktors für alle untersuchten Polyisobutylene mit verschiedenen Molekulargewichten, daß für hochmolekulare Verbindungen die grundmolekulare Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit und demzufolge der Formfaktor vom Molekulargewicht unabhängig ist.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 194-208 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Par des recherches sur la repartition des longueurs de chaine de la cellulose de hêtre et de pin, degradée par oxydation dans une solution ammoniacale d'oxyde de cuivre, il est montré que, comme dans le coton ou la cellulose de ramie, apparait une homogénisation du degrée de polymerisation entre 400 et 500. Également dans les produits degradés par hydrolyse on peut aussi remarquer cet effect, cependant on ne peut le mesurer quantitativement à cause des anomalies de viscosité. D'après ces constatations il est confirmé qu'il existe également dans les celluloses de bois des liaisons à rupture facile sur une distance d'environ 500 restes glucosiques, qui par action d'oxydants ou d'acides sont coupées beaucoup plus rapidement que les liaisons β-glucosiques. Cette structure periodique est la même pour toutes les sortes de cellulose jusqu'alors étudiés quant à ces liaisons a rupture facile, cependant les vitesses de rupture sont differentes. Des clichés obtenus au microscope electronique prouvent que ces liaisons sont ordonnées dans les plans perpendiculairs à l'axe de la fibre.
    Notes: Durch Untersuchung der Kettenlängenverteilung von oxydative in Kupferoxydammoniaklösung abgebauten Buchen- und Fichtencellulosen wird gezeigt, daß ebenso wie bei Baumwoll- und Ramiecellulosen eine Vereinheitlichung bei Polymerisationsgraden zwischen 400 und 500 eintritt. Auch bei hydrolytisch abgebauten Produkten ist dieser Effekt zu bemerken, läßt sich jedoch wegen der Viskositätsanomalien nicht quantitativ auswerten. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß auch in Holzcellulosen im Abstand von ca. 500 Glucoseresten Lockerstellen vorhanden sind, die durch Oxydationsmittel und Säuren erheblich schneller gespalten werden als die β-glucosidischen Bindungen. Diese periodische Struktur ist für alle bisher untersuchten Cellulosearten im Abstand der Lockerstellen identisch, jedoch unterschieden durch das Verhältnis der Spaltungsgeschwindigkeiten. Aus elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wird geschlossen, daß die Lockerstellen in Ebenen senkrecht zur Faserrichtung angeordnet sind.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 763-765 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductance of a series of salts made by the addition of n-butyl bromide to 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers (1.5 to 90 mole per cent vinylpyridine) has been measured in dioxane (∊′ = 2.2), ethylene dichloride (∊′ = 10.2), and a series of nitromethane-dioxane mixtures (16.0 ≤ ∊′ ≤ 39.4). Three independent arguments deduced from the data show that ionic association under the influence of interionic electrostatic forces must occur in solutions of polyelectrolytes in such a way that a certain average fraction of the counter ions accompany the large polycation and contribute nothing to conductance. First, the conductance at fixed copolymer composition and fixed salt concentration decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Second, at a given counter ion concentration in a given solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing pyridonium content of the chain. Third, for a given salt and solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing salt concentration at a rate much slower than that characteristic of simple electrolytes.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x-ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65-70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
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    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 415-416 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 483-513 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 176-199 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es werdenn für cine Reihe von Erscheinungen bei Lösungen mit Fadenmolekülen, wie die künstliche Doppelbrechung, die Viskosität, den Depolarisationsgrad des molekularen Streulichtes, die Abhängigkeit vom Polymerisationsgrad und von der Form (Stäbchenform und statistische Grenzfälle) angegeben. Ferner werden Methoden zur Untersuchung von Verzweigungen und zur Betimmung der Mikroform mitgeteilt.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 401-403 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The osmotic pressures of two samples of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide (average D. P. 730 and 1900) were measured in 93% ethanol in the concentration range 0.02-0.20 g./100 cc. The osmotic pressures were higher than those of the corresponding parent polymers, due to partial dissociation of bromide ions. Because of the low dielectric constant ( ε′ = 28) of the solvent and the high concentration of positive charge in the polycations, however, a large fraction of the bromide ions (≥ 95%) were bound by electrostatic attraction to the cations and contributed neither to osmotic pressure nor to conductance. Unlike neutral polymers, the ratio (osmotic pressure over concentration) increases with dilution, due to increasing dissociation with dilution. Addition of an excess of a simple one-one electrolyte (lithium bromide) almost completely suppressed the dissociation of the polysalt and gave osmotic pressures of the same order of magnitude as those of the neutral polymers. The resulting curves were linear, with a considerably smaller slope than for the parent polymer. Combining the results on osmotic pressure with conductance data, the transference numbers of the polycations were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.52 for degrees of polymerization 730 and 1900 respectively. The conductance of lithium bromide is decreased by the addition of these polyelectrolytes, possible due to the association of an excess of anions to the polycations under the influence of their electrostatic fields.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
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    Notes: Measurement of the infrared absorption spectrum of the lowmolecular liquid polymer formed at room temperature from gaseous isobutene using BF3 as a catalyst and D2O as a cocatalyst indicates that the dominant end groups in the final polymer are (CH3)3C and , and that the cocatalyst D2O undergoes partial conversation to H2O during reaction. These results substantiate the mechanism advanced by Polanyi and others, namely: (a) initiation through formation of the trimethyl carbonium ion by acceptance by isobutene of a proton (or deuteron) from the catalyst-cocatalyst complex, and (b) termination by explusion of a proton from a methyl group to the anionic complex fragment, with corresponding catalyst regeneration, i.e.:
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 13-36 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus has been constructed which enables one to follow continuously the formation of monomer during degradation in vacuum. Experimental results are presented on the degradation of fractionated and unfractionated polystyrene over a range of temperatures from 340-400°C. in vacuum. A mechanism has been proposed which accounts satisfactorily for the apparent zero-order reaction and for the dependence of the rate of degradation on chain length. This mechanism allows one to estimate relative number average molecular weights and the number of weak points per original chain. The influence of a platinum surface on degradation has been indicated. The degradation of poly-alpha-methylstyrene has been investigated over a range of temperatures from 281 to 363°C. in vacuum. The mechanism of the degradation of branched polymer chains has been discussed. The degradation of cross-linked polystyrene containing various amount of m-divinylbenzene has been studied at 364°C. in vacuum. The reaction shows long induction periods depending on the amount of m-divinylbenzene and on the presence of benzoyl peroxide during polymerization. The degradation of polyethylene shows this polymer to be more heat resistant than polystyrene. Various grades of different average molecular weight have been investigated over a range of temperatures from 375 to 436°C. in vacuum. The energy of activation has been found dependent on chain length. A mechanism has been suggested to account for the observed experimental results.
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    Notes: Quantum yields for the inactivation of crystalline swine pepsin have been determined as a function of pH at 2537 A. The quantum yield is near a minimum at pH 4.08, at which point a value of 0.0019 was found, rises rapidly above pH 6, and shows a slight maximum near pH 2.7. The maximum is more pronounced with polychromatic light. The quantum yield (at pH 2.01) was found to be the same with either hemoglobin or casein as a substrate. Urea had no effect on the quantum yield although urea alone, 7 M, inactivates pepsin at an appreciable rate. Urea and light denaturation do not modify the absorption spectrum of pepsin in the same way. The data of Gates has been recalculated; it shows an increase of quantum yields with decreasing wave length. It has been concluded, from experiments with model substances, that inactivation can occur by the absorption of a quantum by any aromatic group in pepsin.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 63-74 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A relationship between tack temperature and molecular weight has been deduced and illustrated with polyvinyl acetate polymers. Provided the molecular weight is high enough to prevent cohesive failure, the adhesion of polyvinyl acetate to cellulose and aluminum is independent of molecular weight. The influence of humidity on adhesion of polymers to cellulose is shown. The influence of polymer composition on adhesion is illustrated with copolymers of vinyl acetate and methyl vinyl ketone and with styrene and methyl vinyl ketone. Above a mole fraction of ketone of 0.8, adhesion increases rapidly. The interdependence of tack temperature and composition on adhesion is exemplified with ethylene - vinyl chloride copolymers. A temperature dependence of adhesion is cited for copolymers containing maleic acid.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 83-86 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A number of equations are suggested for estimating intrinsic viscosity from one measurement of relative viscosity at a convenient concentration. Experimental data illustrate the validity of the equations.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 91-91 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 219-220 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 224-224 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 515-522 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the light transmission of polythene has been measured. On raising the temperature of a sheet of polymer the light transmitted increases steadily at an increasing rate until the sample becomes glass clear at the melting point (ca. 112°C.). On cooling from the melt the specimen becomes very opaque a few degrees below the melting point, then becomes much more transparent and thereafter the light transmission decreases as temperature falls, the transmission-temperature curve approximating to the curve for rising temperature. Changes in the spherulite structure of polythene film on heating and cooling have been observed under the microscope and recorded on a cinéfilm. Decay of spherulites on heating is seen not to occur by the reverse of the process by which they are formed from the melt, and the light transmission results are discussed in relation to the spherulitic structure of the polymer.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 533-537 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 146-163 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Polystyrole unterscheiden sich von anderen Vinylpolymeren dadurch, daß sie in guten Lösungsmitteln dem Staudingerschen Viskositätsgesetz gehorchen, wobei allerdings der Wert der Km -Konstante von den bei der Polymerisation vorliegenden Bedingungen abhängt. Die hierfür geltenden Beziehungen werden an Hand eines umfangreichen, aus zahlreichen Arbeiten entnommenen Materials geklärt.In schlechten Lösungsmitteln verhalten sich Polystyrole genau so wie andere Vinylpolymere (etwa zahlenmäßig übereinstimmend mit den Polyisobutylenen). Es gilt dann für sie die Gleichung von W. Kuhn.Zur Deutung der verschiedenen Km -Wurde bisher eine Verzweigung der Kettenmoleküle angenommen. Anknüpfend an Überlegungen von W. Kern und M. L. Huggins wird eine andere Deutung vorgeschlagen, die darauf beruht, daß jedes Monomere in einer 1- oder einer d-Form addiert werden kann. Bei tiefer Temperatur entstehen Kettenmoleküle mit alternierenden 1- und d-Bindungen, welche in guten Lösungsmitteln ziemlich steif und daher nur schwach geknäult sind. Bei höheren Temperaturen entstehen d-d- (bzw. 1-1-)Gruppierungen, die zu scharfen und starren Winkelungen der Kettenmoleküle Anlaß geben und dadurch die Km -Konstante herabsetzen. - Bei peroxydischer Polymerisation treten außerdem Verzweigungen auf.
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  • 88
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 210-216 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Verbindungen zwischen Glucose und Eiweißstoffen lassen sich durch Kondensation der letzteren mit Tetracetyl-1-cyanato-d-glucose oder bequemer mit d-Glucose-1-cyanamid gewinnen. Der Umsatz mit d-Glucose-1-cyan-amid ist proportional dem Lysingehalt des Proteins und führt sehr wahrscheinlich zu d-Glucose-guanido-proteinen.
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  • 89
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 200-209 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Oxy-cellulose wird nach der Azid-methode an Eiweißstoffe gebunden. In ihrer Kettenlänge nicht abgebaute Cellulose wird über ihre Glykolsäure-äther nach der Azid-methode mit Proteinen kondensiert. Es werden zwei Typen von Stoffen erhalten. Bei den kohlenhydratarmen ist jedes Cellulosemolekül von mehreren Proteinmolekülen umgeben. Bei den kohlenhydratreichen treffen mehrere Cellulosemoleküle auf jedes Proteinmolekül.
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  • 90
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Durch Verestern von Gummi arabicum und Kuppeln nach der Azid-methode an Proteine wurden Arabicyl-proteine erhalten. Diese sind bei pH 7,5 - 8 gut löslich in Wasser, enthalten erhebliche Mengen an Polysaccharid und können bei pH 6 - 6,5 ausgefällt werden.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Les bâtonnets d'une solution colloidale de vanadium pentoxyde ont été appliqués sur un porte-objet en verre. L'examen au microscope électronique de la surface, d'aprés la méthode d'emprinte polystyrol-silice, montre les bâtonnets séparés, dont la forme et la grandeur sont quelque peu défigurées.
    Abstract: A thick layer of a sol of vanadium pentoxide with thread-like particles has been put on a glass slide. The electron-microscopic examination by means of the polystyrenesilica-replica-method shows the single threads in the surface of the dried layer. Only this method reproduces form and size of the threads somewhat distorted.
    Notes: Vanadinpentoxydstäbchen wurden aus einem Sol in dicker Schicht auf Glas aufgetragen. Die Oberfläche des Belages wurde nach dem Polystyrol-Quarzabdruckverfahren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Stäbehen sind einzeln sichtbar. Das Abdruckverfahren gibt aber die Stäbchengröße und -gestalt etwas verzerrt wieder.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 359-376 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization reaction which occurs when butene vapor is mixed with boron trifluoride gas has been studied under various conditions. It has been found that this polymerization occurs only if a third component, or cocatalyst, is present. The function of the cocatalyst has been investigated, and the mechanism of the polymerization reaction is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 538-538 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 543-544 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 96
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 545-554 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Legumin of green peas and horse beans was dissolved in solutions of several salts and the viscosity and reducing capability of these solutions was determined. The amounts of iodine required for titration (reducing capability) are dependent on the pH of the solution and on the temperature; between pH 5.0 to 5.8 and +5° to +25° the titration values are almost constant. By comparing several neutral salts it was found that in the cases of sodium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, calcium chloride and magnesium nitrate the reducing capability and intrinsic viscosity of legumin both are low; however, in the case of potassium thiocyanate both values are high. No denaturation takes place in solutions containing 2-30% ethyl- or propylic alcohol and calcium chloride or like salts. Sodium salicylate causes denaturation; the intrinsic viscosity and reducing capability of legumin in these solutions is high. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate has a strong peptizing action on legumin and denaturates it. After a mild deamination of legumin with nitrous acid only slight differences in viscosity and reducing capability could be observed. The solutions containing much propylic alcohol and salt grew in time more and more viscous, if the concentration of legumin was high, but remained of the same viscosity when the concentration of legumin was low. It was concluded that in these cases the high viscosity of legumin is due not to unfolding of the compact coils of native legumin, but to the interaction of the particles with the molecules of the solvent and to subsequent structuration. Loosening and transformation in more elongated particles may be assumed in the cases with thiocyanate, salicylate, and the detergent.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
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