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  • Articles  (2,022)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,009)
  • 04. Solid Earth  (5)
  • 04.07. Tectonophysics  (5)
  • 01.01. Atmosphere  (4)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2,009)
  • Elsevier  (11)
  • American Geophysical Union  (2)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • 2020-2022  (13)
  • 1950-1954  (2,009)
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  • Articles  (2,022)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) co-occur with emissions of these gases from volcanic and urban environments. Therefore, it remains a challenge for the scientific community to identify the contamination sources and quantify the specific contributions. Stable isotopes have many applications in different fields under geosciences, including volcanology, environmental surveying, and climatology. Isotopic surveys allow identification of photosynthetic fractionation in tree forests and gas sources in urban zones, and tracking of volcanic degassing. Thus, the stable isotopic composition of the local GHGs allows the evaluation of the environmental impacts and assists in mitigating the emissions. The present study aimed to distinguish the tropospheric sources of CO2 in the different ecosystems based on the stable isotopic composition of CO2. The study relies on field experiments performed in both volcanic and urban zones of the Mediterranean region. Experiments to identify the CO2 origins in the field were designed and conducted in the laboratory. The CO2 in the air in Palermo, the soil CO2 released at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), and the CO2 emitted at Cava dei Selci (Rome, Italy) were selected for conducting case studies. Isotope surveying of the CO2-containing air in Palermo revealed that the CO2 content was correlated to human activity. Mobile-based measurements of carbon isotope were conducted to distinguish the different sources of CO2 at the district scale. In particular, the isotopic surveying process distinguished landfill-related CO2 emissions from the fossil fuel burning ones. The underlying geological reservoir was identified as the main source of air CO2 at Cava dei Selci. Finally, partitioning of soil CO2 enabled estimation of the geological CO2 estimation in the Vulcano Porto settled zones. The results of the present study revealed that detailed investigations on stable isotopes assist in tracking the CO2 sources and the fate of gas emissions. The fine-tuned experimental solutions assisted in broadening the research perspectives. In addition, deeper insights into the carbon cycle were obtained.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118446
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Carbon dioxide ; Greenhouse gas emissions ; Volcanic gases ; Mediterranean region ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: InSAR images allow to detect the coseismic deformation, delimiting the epicentral area where the larger displacement has been concentrated. By inspecting the InSAR fringe patterns it is commonly recognized that, for dip-slip faults, the most deformed area is elliptical, or quadrilobated for strike-slip faults. This area coincides with the surface projection of the volume coseismically mobilized in the hanging wall of thrusts and normal faults, or the crustal walls adjacent to strike-slip faults. In the present work we analyzed a dataset of 32 seismic events, aiming to compare the deformation fields in terms of shape, spatial extents, and amount of deformed rock volumes, and the corresponding earthquake type and magnitudes. The dimension of the deformed area detected by InSAR scales with the magnitude of the earthquake, and we found that for M ≥ 6 is always larger than 100 km2, increasing to more than 550 km2 for M ≈ 6.5. Moreover, the comparison between InSAR and Peak Ground Accelerations documents the larger shaking within the areas suffering higher vertical deformation. As well established, the seismic epicenter rarely coincides with the area of larger shaking. Instead, the higher macro- seismic intensity often corresponds to the area of larger vertical displacement (either downward or upward), apart local site amplification effects. Outside this area, the vertical displacement is drastically lower, determining the strong attenuation of seismic waves and the decrease of the peak ground acceleration in the surrounding far- field area. Indeed, the segment of the activated fault constrains the area where the vertical oscillations are larger, allowing the contemporaneous maximum freedom degree of the crustal volume affected by horizontal maximum shaking, i.e., the near-field or epicentral area; therefore, the epicentral area and volume are active, i.e., they coseismically move and are contemporaneously crossed by seismic waves (active volume and surface active domain) where trapped waves and constructive interference are expected, whereas the surrounding far-field area is mainly fixed and passively crossed by seismic waves (passive volume and surface passive domain). All these considerations point out that InSAR images of areas affected by earthquakes are a powerful tool representing the fingerprint of the epicentral area where the largest shaking has taken place during an earthquake. Seismic hazard assessments should primarily rely on the expected future active domains.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103667
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: InSAR coseismic vertical deformation ; Constructive waves inferference ; Seismic hazard assessment ; Earthquake epicentral area ; Near-field active domain ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-31
    Description: We analyze the gross crustal structure of the Atlantic Ocean passive continental margins from north to the south, comparing eleven sections of the conjugate margins. As a general result, the western margins show a sharper continental-ocean transition with respect to the eastern margins that rather show a wider stretched and thinner margin. The Moho is in average about 5.7 ±1 dipping toward the interior of the continent on the western side, whereas it is about 2.7 ±1 in the eastern margins. Moreover, the stretched continental crust is on average 244 km wide on the western side, whereas it is up to about 439 km on the eastern side of the Atlantic. This systematic asymmetry reflects the early stages of the diachronous Mesozoic to Cenozoic continental rifting, which is inferred as the result of a polarized westward motion of both western and eastern plates, being Greenland, Northern and Southern Americas plates moving westward faster with respect to Scandinavia, Europe and Africa, relative to the underlying mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101205
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Passive continental margin ; Westward drift of the lithosphere ; Moho dip Continental-ocean transition ; Asymmetric rift ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-09-21
    Description: We compare differences and similarities in the annual stratospheric HNO3 cycle derived from ground‐based measurements at the South Pole during 1993 and 1995, after correcting an error in earlier published profile retrievals for 1993 which led to under estimation of mixing ratios. The data series presented here provide profiling over the range ∼16–48 km, and cover the fall‐winter‐spring cycle in the behavior of HNO3 in the extreme Antarctic with a large degree of temporal overlap. With the exception of one gap of 20 days, the combined data sets cover a full annual cycle. The record shows an increase in HNO3 above 30 km occurring about 20 days before sunset, which appears to be the result of higher altitude heterogeneous conversion of NOx as photolysis diminishes. Both years show a strong increase in HNO3 beginning about polar sunset, in a layer peaking at about 25 km, as additional NOx is heterogeneously converted to nitric acid. When temperatures drop to the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation range near the end of May, gas phase HNO3 is rapidly reduced in the lower stratosphere, although at least 2–3 weeks of temperatures ≤192 K appear to be required to complete most of the gas‐phase removal at the upper end of the depletion range (22–25 km). Despite a significant difference in residual sulfate loading from the explosion of Mount Pinatubo, there appears to be little gross difference in the timing and effects of PSC formation in removing gas phase HNO3 in these 2 years, though removal may be more rapid in 1995. Incorporation of gas phase HNO3 into PSCs appears to be nearly complete up to ∼25 km by midwinter. We also see a repeat of the formation of gas phase HNO3 in the middle stratosphere in early midwinter of 1995 with about the same timing as in 1993, suggesting that this phenomenon is driven by a repetition of dynamical transport and appropriate temperatures and pressures in the polar night, and not (as has been suggested) by ion‐based heterogeneous chemistry that requires triggering by large relativistic electron fluxes. High‐altitude HNO3 production peaks during a period of ∼20 days, but appears to persist for up to ∼40 days in the 40–45 km range, ceasing well before sunrise. This HNO3 descends rapidly throughout the production period, at a rate in good agreement with theoretically determined midwinter subsidence rates. As noted in earlier studies, later warming of this region above PSC evaporation temperatures does not cause reappearance of large amounts of HNO3, indicating that most PSCs gravitationally sink out of the stratosphere before early spring. We present evidence that smaller PSCs do evaporate to ∼1 to 3.5 ppbv of HNO3 in the lower stratosphere, however, working downward from ∼25 km as temperatures rise during the late winter. There is a delay of ∼15 days after sunrise before photolysis causes significant depletion in the altitude range below ∼30 km, where subsidence has carried virtually all higher‐altitude HNO3 by polar sunrise. Some continued subsidence and photolysis combine to keep mixing ratios less than ∼5 ppbv below 30 km until the final breakdown of the vortex in November brings larger amounts of HNO3 with air from lower latitudes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 17739-17750
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ozone depletion ; HNO3 ; Antarctic stratosphere ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-09-07
    Description: While mantle convection is a fundamental ingredient of geodynamics, the driving mechanism of plate tectonics remains elusive. Are plates driven only from the thermal cooling of the mantle or are there further astronomical forces acting on them? GPS measurements are now accurate enough that, on long baselines, both secular plate motions and periodic tidal displacements are visible. The now 〉20 year-long space geodesy record of plate motions allows a more accurate analysis of the contribution of the horizontal component of the body tide in shifting the lithosphere. We review the data and show that lithospheric plates retain a non-zero horizontal component of the solid Earth tidal waves and their speed correlates with tidal harmonics. High-frequency semidiurnal Earth's tides are likely contributing to plate motions, but their residuals are still within the error of the present accuracy of GNSS data. The low-frequency body tides rather show horizontal residuals equal to the relative motion among plates, proving the astronomical input on plate dynamics. Plates move faster with nu- tation cyclicities of 8.8 and 18.6 years that correlate to lunar apsides migration and nodal precession. The high- frequency body tides are mostly buffered by the high viscosity of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle, whereas low-frequency horizontal tidal oscillations are compatible with the relaxation time of the low-velocity zone and can westerly drag the lithosphere over the asthenospheric mantle. Variable angular velocities among plates are controlled by the viscosity anisotropies in the decoupling layer within the low-velocity zone. Tidal oscillations also correlate with the seismic release.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103179
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Body tide ; Plate tectonics ; Geeodynamics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: Many long-term monitoring sites in Antarctic regions, which deploy ground-based stratospheric remote sensors and fly radiosondes or ozonesondes on balloons, supported the Airborne Polar Experiment in September and October 1999. Support consisted of supplying data to the campaign in real time, and in some cases by increasing the frequency of measurements during the campaign. The results will strengthen scientific conclusions from the airborne measurements. But results from these sites are allowing important scientific studies of new aspects of the ozone hole in their own right, because like the aircraft and its campaign, many sites traverse the vortex edge and are close to the largest source of lee waves, or measure infrequently observed trace gases such as HNO3. Examples of such studies are the behaviour and value of NO2 in midwinter, ozone filamentation with no apparent horizontal advection, the frequency and amplitude of gravity waves over the Antarctic Peninsula, mixing in the lowest stratosphere in Antarctic spring, the mechanism and frequency of HNO3 enhancement above the ozone peak in midwinter, and trends in UV dose in southern South America.
    Description: Published
    Description: 835–845
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ozone depletion ; APE-GAIA ; Antarctic stratosphere ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-10-06
    Description: The partitioning of carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) released by soils at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) was performed by combining the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux and the carbon isotope measurements. Based on this method, the amount of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 of volcanic origin was quantified six times during the period 2015–2018. The data analysis allowed us to establish the correlation between CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 soil degassing and changes in the contribution of volcanic fluids. Carbon isotope determinations were performed in situ to enhance the coverage of data collection in space and time. These data were combined with both the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 contents in the ground gases and the soil CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 flux. The amount of volcanic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was distinguished from that of biogenic origin by implementing a three-component mixing model. The results of this study indicate that the increase in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 output in September 2018 reflects the increase in volcanic gas emissions. The measurement method and analysis presented in this work are sufficiently general to be applicable to the monitoring programs of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106972
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; CO2 flux ; CO2 isotope composition ; Volcano monitoring ; Volcanic unrest ; Volcanic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: Highlights -Gas blowouts from water wells are frequent in the southeastern zone of Rome -Emitted gas killed some pets and families had to be evacuated for security reasons -Gas has a magmatic origin with the highest helium R/Ra of Colli Albani gas discharges -Monitoring of soil CO2 flux and air gas concentration allowed to assess gas hazard -Gas diffusing in soil reached nearby houses creating dangerous indoor conditions
    Description: The southeastern zone of Rome city is located at the northwest periphery of the quiescent Colli Albano volcano. This zone is characterized by the presence of a shallow (depth ~ 45–50 m) gas pressurized aquifer that produces gas blowouts when it is reached by wells. Three gas blowouts occurred in this zone in 2003, 2008 (another one was discovered during the present study) and 2016 and in this paper we describe in detail the latter two. The emitted gas consists mostly of CO2 (〉90 vol%) and contains a low but significant quantity of H2S (0.3–0.5 vol%) and it has the highest helium isotopic R/Ra value (1.90) of all Colli Albani natural gas discharges, suggesting its likely magmatic origin. In both the described gas blowouts, dozens of families had to be prudentially evacuated from their houses and the emitted gas killed some animals. We monitored, continuously or by discrete surveys, the soil CO2 flux, the indoor and outdoor air concentration of CO2 and H2S, the environmental parameters and we checked whether the cementation of the gas releasing wells had been effective. In both cases, the upper part of the wells had been partly closed with an inflating packer to avoid free gas dispersion in atmosphere; as a consequence gas diffused laterally from the wells into the permeable surficial soil up to reach the nearest houses creating hazardous indoor conditions, particularly for CO2 in some basements. During the well cementation operations, and in one case because of the packer rupture, gas and nebulized water were freely discharged from the wells into the atmosphere, and high air CO2 and H2S concentrations were found. Fortunately gas was quickly dispersed by strong winds. The positive results obtained in all the studied gas blowouts demonstrate that our applied geochemistry approach represents a model of intervention useful for the assessment of the hazard associated to accidental endogenous gas release. This model is of fundamental importance also to overcome the risk problems created by accidental gas blowout from wells in an urbanized environment, up to the safe return of the people in their evacuated houses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104769
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Rome gas blowouts zone ; Hazard assessment of endogenous gas blowouts from wells ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Recent measurements of surface vertical displacements of the European Alps show a correlation between vertical velocities and topographic features, with widespread uplift at rates of up to ~2–2.5 mm/a in the North-Western and Central Alps, and ~1 mm/a across a continuous region from the Eastern to the South-Western Alps. Such a rock uplift rate pattern is at odds with the horizontal velocity eld, characterized by shortening and crustal thickening in the Eastern Alps and very limited deformation in the Central and Western Alps. Proposed me- chanisms of rock uplift rate include isostatic response to the last deglaciation, long-term erosion, detachment of the Western Alpine slab, as well as lithospheric and surface de ection due to mantle convection. Here, we assess previous work and present new estimates of the contributions from these mechanisms. Given the large range of model estimates, the isostatic adjustment to deglaciation and erosion are su cient to explain the full observed rate of uplift in the Eastern Alps, which, if correct, would preclude a contribution from horizontal shortening and crustal thickening. Alternatively, uplift is a partitioned response to a range of mechanisms. In the Central and Western Alps, the lithospheric adjustment to deglaciation and erosion likely accounts for roughly half of the rock uplift rate, which points to a noticeable contribution by mantle-related processes such as detachment of the European slab and/or asthenospheric upwelling. While it is di cult to independently constrain the patterns and magnitude of mantle contributions to ongoing Alpine vertical displacements at present, future data should provide additional insights. Regardless, interacting tectonic and surface mass redistribution processes, rather than an individual forcing, best explain ongoing Alpine elevation changes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 589-604
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-09-21
    Description: [1] We present the first intercomparison between the two most comprehensive records of gas‐phase HNO3 profiles in the Antarctic stratosphere, covering the greater part of 1993 and 1995. We compare measurements by the Stony Brook Ground‐Based Millimeter‐wave Spectrometer (GBMS) at the South Pole with Version 5 HNO3 data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite. Trajectory tracing was used to select MLS measurements in the 70°–80°S latitude band that sampled air observed by the GBMS during passage over the Pole. When temperatures were near the HNO3 condensation range, additional screening was performed to select MLS measurements that sampled air parcels within 1.5 K of the temperature they experienced over the Pole. Quantitative comparisons are given at 7 different potential temperature levels spanning the range ∼19–30 km. Agreement between the data sets is quite good between 465 and 655 K (∼20–25 km) during a large fraction of the year. Agreement is best during winter and spring, when seasonally averaged differences are generally within 1 ppbv below ∼25 km. At higher altitudes, and during summer and fall, the agreement becomes worse, and GBMS measurements can exceed MLS values by more than 3 ppbv. We provide evidence that differences occurring in the lower stratosphere during fall are due to lack of colocation between the two data sets during a period of strong poleward gradients in HNO3. Remaining discrepancies between GBMS and MLS V5 HNO3 measurements are thought to be due to instrumental or retrieval biases.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 4809
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: MLS ; Nitric acid ; polar stratosphere ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-10-19
    Description: The chemical and isotopic features of the fluids (water and gases) in the Lucane thermal area (southern Italy) have been investigated in order to verify their origin, water temperature in the geothermal reservoir, and to recognize the main natural processes concerning the water composition during ascent towards the surface. The Lucane geothermal system is placed in the southern sector of the Apennines chains, a seismically active area, close to the southern base of the Mt. Alpi carbonate massif. Along the study area, two main sets of high-angle faults form an almost orthogonal fault system that, as suggested by local structural geology, acts as a preferential pathway for uprising deep fluids. Here, we recognized two different types of waters: (i) cold shallow waters having a meteoritic origin and interacting with carbonate rocks (dolomite and calcite), whose dissolved gases show a dominant atmospheric contribution and (ii) hypothermal waters (average temperature of 21 °C), having a meteoritic origin and interacting with both carbonate rocks and inter-bedded evaporitic deposit. Geochemical data allow estimating a geothermal reservoir temperature between 30 °C and 60 °C, according to silica and Ca/ Mg geothermometers, respectively. A heat discharge related to hypothermal groundwater flow between 7.75E +06 and 2.00E+07 J/s was computed. δ18O and δ2Η data allowed recognizing a meteoric origin for hypothermal (hereafter TL) waters, with mean recharge (infiltration) elevations between 1300 and 1700 m a.s.l. These waters are gas-rich (e.g., CO2 and He), which amounts are higher than those in air-saturated water (ASW). Carbon and helium isotope signature in the TL waters indicate their mainly crustal origin and involve a tectonic control on fluid migration through the crust. Furthermore, we observe that the He isotopic signature in gases dissolved in TL waters is stable over time and its monitoring could be a powerful tool to assess the seismogenetic processes since their preparatory phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106618
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geochemistry ; tectonics ; geothermy ; earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Description: Understanding how long-term subduction dynamics relates to the short-term seismicity and crustal tec tonics is a challenging but crucial topic in seismotectonics. We attempt to address this issue by linking long-term geodynamic evolution with short-term seismogenic deformation in the Northern Apennines. This retreating subduction orogen displays tectonic and seismogenic behaviors on various spatiotemporal scales that also characterize other subduction zones in the Mediterranean area. We use visco-elasto-plastic seismo-thermo-mechanical (STM) modeling with a realistic 2D setup based on available geological and geophysical data. The subduction dynamics and seismicity are coupled in the numerical modeling, and driven only by buoyancy forces, i.e., slab pull. Our results suggest that lower crustal rheology and lithospheric mantle temperature modulate the crustal tectonics of the Northern Apennines, as inferred by previous studies. The observed spatial distribution of upper crustal tectonic regimes and surface displacements requires buoyant, highly ductile material in the subduction channel beneath the internal part of the orogen. This allows protrusion of the asthenosphere in the lower crust and lithospheric delamination associated with slab retreat. The resulting surface velocities and principal stress axes generally agree with present-day observations, suggesting that slab delamination and retreat can explain the dynamics of the orogen. Our simulations successfully reproduce the type and overall distribution of seismicity with thrust faulting events in the external part of the orogen and normal faulting in its internal part. Slab temperatures and lithospheric mantle stiffness affect the cumulative seismic moment release and spatial distribution of upper crustal earthquakes. The properties of deep, sub-crustal material are thus shown to influence upper crustal seismicity in an orogen driven by slab retreat, even though the upper crust is largely decoupled from the lithospheric mantle. Our simulations therefore highlight the effect of deep lower crustal rheologies, self-driven subduction dynamics and mantle properties in controlling shallow deformation and seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228481
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Geodynamics ; Seismotectonics orogen ; Delamination ; Northern Apennines ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-03-03
    Description: The elevation of an orogenic belt is commonly related to crustal/lithosphere thickening. Here, we discuss the Apennines as an example to show that topography at a plate margin may be controlled not only by isostatic adjustment but also by dynamic, mantle-driven processes. Using recent structural constraints for the crust and mantle we find that the expected crustal isostatic component explains only a fraction of the topography of the belt, indicating positive residual topography in the central Apennines and negative residual topography in the northern Apennines and Calabria. The trend of the residual topography matches the mantle flow induced dynamic topography estimated from regional tomography models. We infer that a large fraction of the Apennines topography is related to mantle dynamics, producing relative upwellings in the central Apennines and downwellings in the northern Apennines and Calabria where subduction is still ongoing. Comparison between geodetic and geological data on vertical motions indicates that this dynamic process started in the early Pleistocene and the resulting uplift appears related to the formation and enlargement of a slab window below the central Apennines. The case of the Apennines shows that at convergent margins the elevation of a mountain belt may be significantly different from that predicted solely by crustal isostasy and that a large fraction of the elevation and its rate of change are dynamically controlled by mantle convection.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163-174
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 54-56 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction Primer and Metal PaintingThe complex reactions which take place when reaction or wash primers are applied to metallic surfaces lead to the formation of an insoluble surface layer, which combines with the basic metal and the subsequent coats of paint that are applied to it. There are many different ways in which reaction primers can be made up and their composition depends upon the nature and properties of the metallic surface to be protected. The latest developments and experiences with these “metallic wanderers” are recorded.
    Notes: Die komplexen Reaktionen, die bei Auftrag von Reaktions- oder Wash-Primer/ auf Metall ablaufen, führen zur Bildung einer unlöslichen metallorganischen Deckschicht, die zugleich mit dem Grundmetall und den nachfolgenden Anstrichschichten „verwächst“. Der Aufbau von Reaktionsprimer ist vielfach verschieden und richtet sich auch nach der zu schützenden Metallart. Es werden neuere Erfahrungen mit diesen “Metallwandlern“ mitgeteilt”.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Corrosion of iron resulting from Temperature Differences of the ElectrolytesThe article investigates the dependence of corrosion on differences in temperature, such as are encountered in the chemical industry. Iron electrodes immersed in neutral KCL solutions of varying temperatures will form a “corrosion element”, wherein the iron in the colder solution forms the cathode and that in the warmer solution forms the anode. The addition of KNO3 causes the iron in the colder solution to act as the cathode, whilst that in the warmer solution becomes the anode. This behaviour is traced back to the formation of thin yet visible covering layers on the iron in the KNO3 solution.With electrolytic concentrations of approximately 〉 0,1 n-(KCl + KNO3) currents are induced. These currents are of such a magnitude that they are able to protect the cathode almost completely from the effects of local corrosion.
    Notes: Die Abhängigkeit der Korrosion von Temperaturdifferenzen, wie sie in chemischen Apparaturen und Industrieanlagen auftreten, wird untersucht. Eisenelektroden in neutralen KCL-Lösungen verschiedener Temperaturen lassen sich zu elektrochemischen Korrosionselementen zusammenschließen, bei denen das Eisen in der kälteren Lösung die Kathode, in der wärmeren Lösung die Anode ist. Durch Zusatz von KNO3 wird das Eisen in der kälteren Lösung zur Anode, in der wärmeren Lösung zur Kathode. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten wird auf die Ausbildung dünner, aber sichtbarer Deckschichten auf dem Eisen in der wärmeren KNO3-Lösung zurückgeführt.Bei Elektrolytkonzentrationen etwa 〉0,1 n-(KCL + KNO3) treten Stromdichten auf, die so groß sind, daß sie die Kathode praktisch vollkommen vor Lokalkorrosion schützen können.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Cerium-Cerium Alloys and Cerro alloysThe article opens with a brief historical survey of the production of cerium and cerium alloys, particular attention being paid to the manufacture of gas mantles and flints for lighters. A 99,92-99,93% pure metal is obtained by electrolysis or by the treatment of Cerium Cloride or Cerium Fluoride with Sodium or Lithium. Cerium plays an important part in the production and working of spheroidal cast iron, as a protective agent and as a catalyst. It si of particular value in various smelting processes, since it has a pronounced deoxydizing effect. The second part of the article is devoted tot he various cerium alloys, several of which are noteworthy for their very low melting point (47,2°C).
    Notes: Zunächst wird ein kurzer geschichtlicher Überblick über die Herstellung von Cer und Cerlegierungen gegeben, wobei besonders die Gasglühlichtindustrie und die Fabrikation von Zündmetall für Feuerzeuge berücksichtigt wird. Durch Schmelzflußelektrolyse oder durch Umsetzung von Cerchlorid bzw. Cerfluorid mit Natrium oder Lithium wird ein Metall in 99,92-99,93%iger Reinheit erzeugt. Cer spielt u. a. bei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Sphäroid-Gußeisen, zum Schutz von Werkstücken, also Katalysator, eine beachtliche Rolle. Für die Schmelztechnik ist es von besonderem Wert, da es sehr stark desoxydierend wirkt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist den verschiedenen Cerrolegierungen gewidmet, von denen sich einige durch einen sehr niedrigen Schmelzpunkt (47,2°C) auszeichnen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 56-64 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 79-80 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 78-78 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 155-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 159-160 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 139-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Protective Lead Coating by PaintThe number of metallic pigments capable of being used as a rust preventative is small. Ultra-finely pulverised lead has proved to be far superior to all other metals. However, the addition of a binder in all respects suitable to the pigment is an absolute necessity when lead is used. Chlorinated rubber has been proved to be of particular value in this respect. The use of “Plumbol” paint also applies a coating of lead on the surface of iron, one coat of which has the same protective value as three or four coats of oil-bound paints. Weathering tests have also substantiated the protective value of lead coating paints as compared with the usual oil-bound paints. A maximum of protection is obtained against the action of certain chemical agents (soda lye, potash lye, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid and other cold dilute acids), but no protection against the effect of nitrose (a solution of nitrosyl sulphuric acid in sulphuric acid, formed in the lead-chamber process) fumes and nitric acid results. Generally speaking, a coating of „Plumbol“ paint affords the same protection as a coating of metallic lead the same thickness.
    Notes: Die Zahl der verwendungsfähigen metallischen Pigmente in Rostschutzfarben ist gering. Feinstgepulvertes Blei zeigt sich allen übrigen Metallen überlegen. Erforderlich ist bei Bleiverwendung ein dem Pigment vollkommen angepaßter Bindemittelzusatz. Chlorkautschuk hat sich hier besonders bewährt. Man erzielt durch den „Plumbol“-Pinselaufstrich gleichsam eine „Verbleiung„ des Eisens. Im Effekt ist ein einmaliger Aufstrich einer 3-4 - fachen Ölfarbauflage ebenbürtig.  -  Bewitterungsversuche zeigen vergleichsweise die wesentlich bessere Schutzwirkung der „Pinselverbleiung“ gegenüber den üblichen Ölanstrichen. Der Schutz erweist sich gegen chemische Agentien (Natronlauge, Kalilauge, schweflige Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säuren) als äußerst widerstandsfähig. Nicht jedoch gegen nitrose Gase und Salpetersäure.  -  eine „Plumbol“- Anstrich-Folie bietet im im allgemeinen den gleichen Schutz wie eine Schicht von metallischem Blei gleicher Dicke.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 155-155 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 158-158 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 178-182 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 172-177 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The application of Electro-chemical Methods to the Investigation of Corrosion of Steel by FluoridesElectro-chemical methods can be advantageously employed in investigations on the corrosion of steel by Fluorine compounds and Hexafluosilicic acid compounds, such as are frequently to be found in mixtures used for the preservation of wood. Evidence of passivation by covering can be recognised by the anodic leg of the current potential curves obtained when steel is immersed in various solution containing alkaline fluorides. These are distinctly noticeable in the case of solutions containing alkaline fluorides, but the effect is not quite so marked with solutions containing Bifluorides. The low solubility of the products of corrosion and higher concentrations of solutions, with resultant formation of covering layers, favour the appearance of these effects. However, passivity cannot be substantiated in the case of solutions of hexafluosilicic acid and its salts. The anodic behaviour of steel in the various solutions under notice in this article runs on parallel lines with that which results from continuous immersion of steel in similar solutions.
    Notes: Zur Klärung der bei Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Stahl in Lösungen von Fluorverbindungen und Hexafluorkieselsäureverbindungen, wie sie häufig im Gemisch für Zwecke des Holzschutzes verwendet werden, können elektrochemische Methoden mit Vorteil angewandt werden. An den anodischen Ästen der Strom-Spannungskurven von Stahl in den verschiedenen fluoridhaltigen Lösungen können Passivitätserscheinungen durch Bedeckung erkannt werden. Diese sind in den Lösungen der Alkalifluoride besonders deutlich, in den Bifluoridlösungen ebenfalls, aber nicht so ausgeprägt vorhanden. Die gering Löslichkeit der entstehenden Korrosionen begünstigen infolge Deckschichtenbildung; dagegen ist in den Lösungen der Hexafluorkieselsäure und deren Salzen eine Passivität nicht festzustellen. Das anodische Verhalten von Stahl in den verschiedenen Lösungen, das in Korrosionsstromversuchen verfolgt wird, läuft parallel mit den Befunden von Dauertauchversuchen in den entsprechenden Lösungen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 246-251 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: A Review of Welding and Soldering Methods for Aluminium and Light Metal AlloysThe properties of light metals in which they differ from those of heavy metals  -  particularly iron  -  and which must be taken into account when welding, are stated. Information is given on gas fusion, arc welding and inert arc welding methods as applied to the welding of pure aluminium. The resistance welding of pure aluminium and aluminium alloys and the differences in welding methods are described. Particular attention is paid to the welding of materials capable of being heat-treated.The causes of tension cracks and fissures during the welding of these materials are given. The welding of magnesium alloys, both cast and rolled, is described. The soldering of aluminium and light metal alloys, the various types of solder, their uses and their properties are dealt with. The soldering of light metals for electrical purposes is also described. A tabular representation of the basic methods used for the repair of light metal castings by welding and soldering closes the article.
    Notes: Die Eigenschaften der Leichtmetalle, durch welche sie sich beim Schweißen von Schwermetallen  -  insbesondere von Eisen  -  grundsätzlich unterscheiden, werden hervorgehoben. Es wird über das Gasschmelzschweißen das Lichtbogenschweißen und das Schutzgasschweißen von Reinaluminium berichtet. Auf das Widerstandsschweißen von Aluminium wird eingegangen. Die Unterschiede zwischen dem Schweißen von Reinaluminium und von Aluminium-Legierungen werden dargelegt, wobei besonders das Schweißen von vergütbaren Werkstoffen behandelt wird.Die Gründe für das Auftreten von Spannungsrissen bei diesen Werkstoffen werden angegeben. Das Schweißen von Magnesium-Legierungen (Guß- und Walzlegierungen) wird beschrieben und auf die Ursachen der Spannungsrisse eingegangen. Das Löten von Aluminium und Leichtmetall-Legierungen, die verschiedenen Lote, ihre Anwendung und ihre Eigenschaften werden behandelt; hierbei wird auch das Löten von Leichtmetallen in der Elektrotechnik beschrieben. Es wird eine Darstellung der grundlegenden Vorgänge bei der Reparatur von Leichtmetall-Gußstücken durch Schweißen und Löten gegeben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 269-269 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 271-274 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 277-277 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 278-278 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 395-398 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The Corrosion of Metals and Metallic Coatings in Tropical and Sub-tropicalExtremely high temperatures and humidities can be encountered in a tropical climate, which naturally can be the cause of extensive corrosion. The great difference between maximum day temperature and minimum night temperatures are particularly dangerous in this respect, since they lead to corrosion as a result of sweating, due to condensation of water vapour. This can even occur under conditions which otherwise would not normally favour corrosion. Corrosion through sweating can also occur inside the package or container during transport and storage. The action is greatly accelerated by the presence of minute quantities of chlorides, mostly deposited by atomised sea water. A case under investigation proved that corrosive action is also accelerated in desert locations, far removed from the sea, by particles of sand containing salt, which are blown into the package or container by the action of wind. The article concludes with a summary of the behaviour of various metals and metallic coatings in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
    Notes: Im tropischen Klima können oft extrem hohe Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeitsgehalte auftreten, die naturgemäß zu besonders starken Korrosionen führen können. Besonders gefährlich sind die starken Temperaturschwankungen zwischen der Tageshöchsttemperatur und den niedrigsten Temperaturen bei Nacht, die durch Kondensation von Wasserdampf zu starken Schwitzkorrosionen selbst unter sonst nicht besonders stark aggressiven Bedingungen führen, Schwitzkorrosionen können bereits beim Transport innerhalb der Verpackung und bei Lagerung auftreten. Sie werden durch geringe Chloridmengen, meist aus zerstäubtem Seewasser stammend, stark beschleunigt. An einem näher untersuchten Beispiel wird gezeigt, daß der Angriff auch in den Wüstengegenden, weitab vom Meere, durch vom Winde aufgewirbelten salzhaltigen Sand erheblich beschleunigt werden kann. Abschließend wird eine Übersicht über das Verhalten verschiedener Metalle und Metallüberzüge im tropischen und subtropischen Klima gegeben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 64-67 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 74-75 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 118-118 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 11-17 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the Passivity of Thallium in Perchloric Acid, Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulphide SolutionsWhilst only a single rapid drop in potential could be observed in the case of solutions of perchloric acid and sodium sulphate, two successive drops in current potential were observed with electrolytes containing chlorine ions. This proves that two different phases occur in passivity. The Muller-Machu Time Law of Covering Passivity was found to hold good for both drops in potential, which points to a mechanical passivity of Thallium caused by covering layers.Measurements of the current potential showed that the anodic behavior of Thallium is characterised by two values, Tl+ and Tl3+. It was found that, in all the electrolytes examined, the Thallium is the first to be converted to Tl+ in solution. This action is independent of current potential. This action may have a duration of only a few seconds (e.g., in the case of 0,48 n HClO4) or several minutes (as in the case of solutions containing chlorine ions). The duration of this action depends on the current potential and the particular electrolyte used. During the primary phase of the passivating action the passivating surface layer also consists of a Thallium-1-compound. The continued passage of current causes a transformation of the metal at the passive anode, which then once again dissolves to the accompaniment of an emission of Tl3+ -Ions. At this stage a second mechanical passivation by a covering layer of a Thallium-III-salt occurs. It therefore follows that all types of passivity only depend upon the formation of covering layers.
    Notes: Während in Perchlorsäurelösungen und Natriumsulfatlösungen nur ein einziger schneller Abfall der Stromstärke beobachtet werden konnte, wurden in den Chlorionen enthaltenden Elektrolyten zwei aufeinander folgende Stromstärkeabfälle festgestellt. Dies beweist, daß zwei verschiedene Stadien der Passivität auftreten. Das Zeitgesetz der Bedeckungspassivität von Müller-Machu wurde für beide Stromstärkeabfälle als streng gültig gefunden, was auf eine mechanische Passivität des Thalliums durch Deckschichten hinweist.Durch Potentialmessungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß das anodische Verhalten des Thalliums durch sein Auftreten in zwei Wertigkeitsstifen, nämlich Tl+ und Tl3+ gekennzeichnet ist. In allen untersuchten Elektrolyten geht das Thallium zunächst und unabhängig von der angewandten Stromdichte als Tl+ in Lösung. Dieser Vorgang kann, je nach der angewandten Stromdichte und dem benutzten Elektrolyten, nur einige Sekunden (z. B. in 0,48 n HClO4) oder bis mehrere Minuten (in Chlorionen enthaltenden Lösungen) dauern. Auch die passivierende Deckschicht besteht in der ersten Stufe des Passivierungsvorganges aus einer Thallium-I-Verbindung. Bei weiterem Stromdurchgang tritt an der passiven Anode eine Umwandlung des Metalles ein, wobei es nunmehr wieder unter Aussendung von Tl3+-Ionen in Lösung geht. In dieser Verbindungsform erfolgt dann eine zweite mechanische Passivierung durch eine Deckschicht, die aus einem Thallium-III-salz besteht.Es beruhen somit alle Arten von Passivität nur auf der Ausbildung von Deckschichten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 29-30 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 39-39 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 49-54 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The Anodic Behaviour of Aluminium and Al—Mg Alloys in Sulphuric Acid and Sodium Sulphate SolutionsAttempts were made to remove the film of oxide from aluminium and Al— Mg alloys, so that a pure aluminium surface could be obtained. Dilute sulphuric Acid and Sodium sulphate solutions of various concentrations were used as electrolytes. Only one cathodic polarisation had a slight effect on the loosening of the oxide film. However, a very rapid passivation always followed this activation (caused by the chemical action of the aqueous solutions). Hydrochloric acid and NaOH solutions in high concentrations did dissolve the oxide film, but did not permit of any anodic passivation in these solutions. It was possible to obtain activation in sulphuric acid containing chlorine ions, but, even in this solution passivation commenced as soon as the current was switched off. This passivation was caused by the chemical action of the electrolytes the porosity of the natural oxide film was reduced to 10-5 sq. cm./sq. cm. by activation, and a maximum value of 10-2 sq. cm./sq. cm. was obtained. As a result of the strong chemical affinity of aluminium, it is only possible to obtain a clean metallic surface for fractions of seconds.
    Notes: Es wurde versucht, den Oxydfilm von Aluminium und Al—Mg—Legierungen zu entferne, um reine Aluminiumoberflächen zu erhalten. Hierbei wurden verdünnte Schwefelsäure und Natriumsulfatlösungen verschiedener Konzentration als Elektrolyte benützt. Nur eine kathodische Polarisation hatte einen geringen, die natürliche Oxydschicht auflockernden aktivierenden Einfluß. Nach der Aktivierung trat jedoch immer wieder eine sehr schnelle Passivierung nur durch chemische Einwirkung der wäßrigen Lösung wieder ein. Salzsäuren und NaOH—Lösungen stärkerer Konzentration lösten wohl die Oxydschichten auf, gestatteten aber keine anodische Passivierung in diesen Lösungen. Eine Aktivierung konnte wohl in einer chlorionenhaltigen Schwefelsäure erzielt werden, aber auch in dieser Lösung trat augenblicklich nach Abschaltung des Stromes wieder Passivierung durch chemische Einwirkung des Elektrolyten ein. Die Porosität der natürlichen Oxydschicht wurde zu 10-4 bis 10-5 cm2/cm2 ermittelt, die maximal auf 10-2 cm2/cm2 durch Aktivierung gebracht werden konnte. Auf Grund der starken chemischen Affinität des Aluminiums ist die Erzielung einer freien, unbedeckten Metalloberfläche nur für Bruchteile von Sekunden möglich.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 138-139 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 151-155 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 177-178 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 184-192 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 196-196 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 224-230 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 237-237 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 237-237 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 241-243 
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the Building-up of the Double Layer on Iron and Lead Electrodes in SoilsThe building-up of the double layer on Iron and Lead electrodes was followed by means of the Hickling method. The results obtained from the present series of experiments were in agreement with results obtained from previous experiments on the corrosion of Iron and Lead when buried in soils. This applied particularly to the type of corrosion obtained when the water content of the soil was below the saturation point. Only the first part of the Helmholtz double layer was formed on an Iron elctrode buried in a sandy soil of low water content. When the saturation point was exceeded, the building-up took place in exactly the same manner as in distilled water. A Lead elctrode buried in a clay soil was found to have a double layer similar to that obtained when the electode is immersed in electrolytes. In this case the capacity of the differents parts of the double layer is greater than that of the Helmholtz double layer.
    Notes: Der Aufbau der Doppelschicht an der Fe- und Pb-Elektrode wurde mit Hilfe der Hicklingschen Methode verfolgt. Im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen, die bei früheren Korrosionsversuchen mit Eisen und Blei im Erdreich erhalten wurden, ergab sich bei den Untersuchungen, die völlige übereinstimmung bezüglich der Entstehung der Korrosionstype, wenn sich der Boden hinsichtlich seines Wassergehaltes unter seiner Sättigungsgrenze befindet. Auf einer Fe-Elektrode bildet sich in sandhaltigem Boden bei niedrigen Wassergehalten nur der erste Teil der Helmholtz-Doppelschicht aus, nach Überschreiten der Sättigungsgrenze weist diese die gleiche Ausbildung auf wie in destilliertem Wasser. Eine Pb-Elektrode weist dagegen in tonhaltigem Boden eine Doppelschicht auf, die der ähnelt, die sich in einem Elektrolyt ausbildet. In diesem Fall ist die Kapazität des diffusen Teils der Doppelschicht größer als die der Helmholtz-Doppelschicht.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 264-266 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 182-184 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 192-194 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 237-237 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 392-395 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of the corrosion of Ceramic Products during Operation by means of Temperature-indicating ColoursThe outer temperatures of furnaces bear a constant relation to the operating temperature. The degree of temperature depends only upon the construction of the oven and the fire-resistant materials used. The destruction of the furnace brickwork during operation results in a reduction in the thickness of the bricks used and in the destruction of the bounds by cracks. The consequent local increases in temperature of the outer wall can, in both cases, be determined by the use of Thermocolours and Thermochrom sticks, and will thus serve as a timely warning of the possibility of damage. The colour changes show, by means of the isotherm, the extent of any damage. The colour changes show, by means of the isotherm, the extent of any damage that may already have occurred. Since any existing damage is detected in its early stages, any necessary repairs and possible shutdowns can be prevented.The article closes with a few examples from actual practice illustrative of the timely determination of corrosion of ceramic materials and products.
    Notes: Die Außentemperatur von Öfen steht im konstanten Zusammenhang mit der Betriebstemperatur, sie ist in ihrer Höhe nur abhängig von der angewandten Bauweise und den verwendeten feuerfesten Produkten. Die Zerstörung des Ofenmauerwerkes während des Betriebes erfolgt einerseits in einer Verringerung der Stärke des Steines, andererseits in der Zerstörung des Verbandes durch Risse und Sprünge. Die in beiden Fällen erfolgende lokale Steigerung der Außenwandtemperatur kann durch Thermocolorfarben und Thermochromstifte rechtzeitig erfaßt und flächenmäßig sichtbar gemacht werden, wobei die Farbumschläge durch ihre Isotherme den Umfang der Schadenstelle umschreiben; danach können frühzeitig die Maßnahmen für eine meist kurzfristige Ausbesserung noch vor Eintreten eines größeren Schadens getroffen werden.Durch einige Beispiele aus der Praxis wird die frühzeitige Erfassung der Korrosion keramischer Produkte erläutert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 19-20 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 26-28 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 37-37 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 40-40 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 56-56 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 72-74 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 84-87 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic corrosion PreventionThe article opens with a short definition of the term „Cathodic Corrosion Prevention“ and then describes the possibilities and limits of the application of cathodic protection by the use of outside current supplies in conjunction with an auxiliary insoluble anode. The appearance of cathodic corrosion, which limits the possibilities of this method of corrosion prevention, is described in detail.The results of tests made with iron and aluminum which was subjected to various representative forms of corrosion are given. The current required per sq. metre and per annum, as determined from these tests, forms a criterion for the cost of cathodic corrosion protection.
    Notes: Nach einer kurzen Definition des Begriffes „kathodischer Korrosionsschutz“ wird auf die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Anwendung des kathodischen Schutzes mit einer äußeren Stromquelle und einer unlöslichen Hilfsanode hingewiesen. Die Erscheinung der „kathodischen Korrosion“, die die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung des kathodischen Schutzes begrenzt, wird eingehend besprochen.Versuche mit Eisen und Aluminum in einigen typischen Korrosionsmitteln werden mitgeteilt, wobei der Bedarf an elektrischer Energie je m2 und Jahr einen Anhaltspunkt für die Kosten des kathodischen Schutzes gibt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of the condition of the Surface of Iron upon the Rapidity of Corrosion when buried in SoilExperiments were made to determine the action of various soils sand, clay and loam upon elements Ferough (damp soil) Fe smooth and Ferough (soils I/II) Fesmooth. Current measurements made with element Ferough (damp soil) Fesmooth demonstrated that the reversal of direction of the current, which is dependent on the dampness of the soil, only takes place between very narrow limits. These limits are correlated to the point at which the soil saturated with water goes over to the unsaturated state.The period of time in which the potential difference between two electrodes of varying surface condition (Ferough Fesmooth) placed in soil, disappears after a definite quantity of electrolyte has been added, could be plotted as characteristic curves. Such curves could give information upon the increased soil activity.
    Notes: Messungen über die unterschiedliche Bodenaggressivität (Sand, Ton und Lehm) wurden mit den Elementen Ferauh (feuchter Boden) Feglatt durchgeführt. Stromstärkemessungen mit dem Element Ferauh (feuchter Boden) Feglatt ergaben, daß Umkehr der Stromrichtung, die von der Feuchtigkeit des Bodens abhängt, nur in einem sehr engen Feuchtigkeitsbereich stattfindet, der dem Übergang von mit Wasser gesättigtem in den ungesättigten Boden zugeordnet ist.Die Zeit, in welcher das Potential zwischen zwei Elektroden verschiedener Oberflächenbeschaffenheit (Ferauh, Feglatt) in einem Boden nach Zufügen einer bestimmten Elektrolytmenge verschwindet, dürfte charakteristische Kurven ergeben, die Aufschluß über eine vergrößerte Bodenaggressivität liefern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 92-94 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Basic Causes of “Short” Fractures in MetalsThis article forms a report on various lectures delivered at a Meeting which was held to determine the present extent of knowledge of “short” fractures. The lectures were published in Nos. 415 (1953) of the “Raeder Rundschau”, and dealt exhaustively with the phenomena of “short” fractures of various metals in use in industry, as well as of welded and non-welded components. The lectures also included a survey of the causes of “short” fractures as far as present-day knowledge and the various theories on fractures permitted. In addition, various important questions regarding the various methods of testing metals for their liability to short fracture “are discussed”.
    Notes: Referat über Vorträge anläßlich einer Tagung über den heutigen Stand des Sprödbruchproblems.  -  Die in Heft 4/5 (1953) der „Radex-Rundschau“ veröffentlichten Vorträge behandelten das grundsätzliche Erscheinungsbild des spröden Bruches bei verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen, ungeschweißten und geschweißten Konstruktionsteilen und gaben eine Uebersicht über die Entstehung von spröden Brüchen, soweit sie nach unseren heutigen Kenntnissen und Anschauungen über den Aufbau der metallischen Werkstoffe und auf Grund der Bruchtheorien abgeleitet werden könne. Ferner wurde auch eingehend die technisch wichtige Frage der Prüfverfahren zur Feststellung der Sprödbruchempfindlichkeit eines Werkstoffes erörtert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 104-106 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 98-104 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Theory of Chemical Polarisation during Solution, Separation and Overstressing of MetalsIt was shown that the appearance of surface layers is an essential factor in the chemical polarisation which occurs during the solution, separation, overstressing, inhibitory action, polishing and passivity of metals. The surface layers exercise a restraining effect on the adjustment of the equilibrium of association. These layers are to be found on practically all metals and even in solutions which are capable of dissolving the material of which the layers are composed. They are created by a slowing down in the speed of the diffusion of the ions necessary for the dissolving of the metal in relation to the more rapid formation of layers on the surface of the metal. Such surface layers differ from the usual macromolecular surface layers, such as oxides or scale, rust, salts, etc., in their solubility. Their formation continues at a very high reproductive rate, even though the top layers are removed, and they form an indication of the behaviour of the metal in solutions after it has been subjected to suitable preliminary treatment. In contra-distinction to the irreversible macro-molecular surface layers, the afore-mentioned layers can be regarded as being reversible micro-molecular coverings.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß das Auftreten von Deckschichten ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der chemischen Polarisation, bei der Auflösung oder Abscheidung von Metallen, bei der Überspannung, Inhibitorwirkung, Glanzwirkung und Passivität ist. Die Deckschichten bewirken eine Hemmung der Gleichgewichtseinstellung. Sie sind auf praktisch allen Metallen und selbst in solchen Lösungen vorhanden, die an sich befähigt wären, die Deckschichtsubstanz aufzulösen. Sie entstehen durch eine geringere Geschwindigkeit des Diffusionsvorgangs, der für die Metallauflösung erforderlichen Ionen im Vergleich zur schnelleren Deckschichtenbildung unmittelbar auf der Metalloberfläche. Derartige Deckschichten unterscheiden sich wesentlich von den bekannten makromolekularen Deckschichten wie Oxyd- oder Zunderschichten, Rost, Salzschichten usw. durch ihre verschiedene Löslichkeit. Sie bilden sich selbst nach ihrer Entfernung immer wieder und zwar sehr gut reproduzierbar nach und sind ein Kennzeichen für das Metall hinsichtlich seines Verhaltens bei einer bestimmten Vorbehandlung in einer bestimmten Lösung. Sie können im Gegensatz zu den irreversiblen makromolekularen Deckschichten als reversible, mikromolekulare Bedeckungen angesehen werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Passivation of light metals for paintingAluminum and magnesium alloys are forming natural oxide films, the strengthening of which is performed by several methods of chemical and electrolytic oxidation. Light metals are also protected by insoluble films of metal salts (phosphate films) in a similar manner as the iron metals. In recent years a new method was developed whereby metal organic protective films are produced by using so-called reaction primers (wash primers). All these protective films are functioning likewise as anticorrosive coatings and as adhesive substrates for paint and lacquer coatings.
    Notes: Aluminium- und Magnesium-Legierungen bilden an der Luft natürliche Oxydhäute, deren Verstärkung durch die verschiedenen Verfahren der chemischen und elektrolytischen Oxydation der Leichtmetalle angestrebt wird. Außer durch die unlöslichen Oxydschichten werden Leichtmetalle ebenso wie Eisenmetalle auh durch unlösliche Metallsalzschichten (Phosphatfilme etc.) geschützt. Auch die durch die sog. Reaktionsprimer oder Metallwandler erzeugten metallorganischen Deckschichten werden als antikorrosive Überzüge und Haftgründe für die nachfolgende Lackierung angewendet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 110-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 110-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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